විකිපීඩියා siwiki https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80 MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter මාධ්‍යය විශේෂ සාකච්ඡාව පරිශීලක පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව විකිපීඩියා විකිපීඩියා සාකච්ඡාව ගොනුව ගොනුව සාකච්ඡාව මාධ්‍යවිකි මාධ්‍යවිකි සාකච්ඡාව සැකිල්ල සැකිලි සාකච්ඡාව උදවු උදවු සාකච්ඡාව ප්‍රවර්ගය ප්‍රවර්ග සාකච්ඡාව ද්වාරය ද්වාරය සාකච්ඡාව TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 7053 750574 749852 2025-06-24T05:42:01Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ රටවල්]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = බ්‍රසීල සම්මේලන ජනරජය | common_name = බ්‍රසීලය | native_name = {{lang|pt|República Federativa do Brasil}} | image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg | alt_flag = | image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg | alt_coat = | symbol_type = ලාංඡනය | other_symbol = {{vunblist |{{lang|pt|[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]}}<br />බ්‍රසීලයේ ජාතික මුද්‍රාව <br />[[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}} | other_symbol_type = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව | national_motto = <br />{{lang|pt|Ordem e Progresso}}<br />"පිළිවෙල සහ ප්‍රගතිය" | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]}}<br />"බ්‍රසීල ජාතික ගීය"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hino Nacional Brasileiro Coral BDMG.ogg]]</div> | flag_anthem = <br />{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]}}<ref name="HinoBandeira">{{Cite web |last=Exército Brasileiro |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |language=pt}}</ref><br />"ජාතික කොඩි ගීය"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Ministry of Education).ogg]]</div> | image_map = BRA orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = | capital = [[බ්‍රසීලියා]] | coordinates = {{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[සාඕ පවුලෝ]]<br />{{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}} | languages_type = නිල භාෂාව<br />{{nobold|සහ ජාතික භාෂාව}} | languages = [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] | languages2_type = පිළිගත් ප්‍රාදේශීය භාෂා | languages2 = කලාපීය නිල භාෂා බලන්න | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} *45.3% [[පාර්ඩෝ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|පාර්ඩෝ]] *43.5% [[සුදු බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|සුදු]] *10.2% [[ඇෆ්‍රෝ-බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|කළු]] *0.6% [[බ්‍රසීලයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ආදිවාසී]] *0.4% [[ආසියානු බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානුවන්]]{{efn|The Brazilian census uses the term ''amarela'' (or ''yellow'' in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/[[Arab Brazilian|Arabs]], who are included in the white category, and South Asians.}} {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="census2022">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | title=Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=22 December 2023 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් | government_type = ෆෙඩරල් [[ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]] | leader_title1 = ජනාධිපති | leader_name1 = ලූලා ද සිල්වා | leader_title2 = උප ජනාධිපති | leader_name2 = [[ජෙරල්ඩෝ ඇල්ක්මින්]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී<br />මණ්ඩලයේ සභාපති}} | leader_name3 = හියුගෝ මොටා | leader_title4 = ෆෙඩරල් සෙනෙට්<br />සභාවේ සභාපති | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|ඩේවි ඇල්කොලුම්බ්‍රේ}} | leader_title5 = {{nowrap|ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ ෆෙඩරල්<br />අධිකරණයේ සභාපති}} | leader_name5 = ලුයිස් රොබර්ටෝ බරෝසෝ | legislature = {{nowrap|ජාතික සම්මේලනය}} | upper_house = {{nowrap|ෆෙඩරල් සෙනෙට් සභාව}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|නියෝජිත මණ්ඩලය}} | sovereignty_type = ස්වාධීනත්වය | sovereignty_note = පෘතුගාලයේ සිට | established_event1 = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ | established_date1 = 1822 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 | established_event2 = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ | established_date2 = 1825 අගෝස්තු 29 | established_event3 = ජනරජය | established_date3 = 1889 නොවැම්බර් 15 | established_event4 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 1988 ඔක්තෝබර් 5 | area_km2 = 8515767 | area_label = සමස්ත | area_rank = 5 වෙනි | area_sq_mi = 3287597 | percent_water = 0.65 | population_estimate = {{increase neutral}} 212,583,750<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=População estimada do país chega a 212,6 milhões de habitantes em 2024 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/41111-populacao-estimada-do-pais-chega-a-212-6-milhoes-de-habitantes-em-2024 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 203,080,756<ref>{{Cite news |last=Araujo |first=Gabriel |editor1-last=Grattan |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Rumney |editor2-first=Emma |date=28 June 2023 |title=Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629025834/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 බ්‍රසීල සංගණනය | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 7 වෙනි | population_census_rank = 7 වෙනි | population_density_km2 = 23.8<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Agência de Notícias – IBGE |language=pt-BR |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705200605/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 64 | population_density_rank = 193 වෙනි | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 4.958<ref name="IMFWEO.BR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=223,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Brazil) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 8 වෙනි | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 23,238<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 78 වෙනි | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 2.126<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 8 වෙනි | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} ඩොලර් 9,964<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 78 වෙනි | Gini = 51.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> | HDI = 0.786<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 84 වෙනි | currency = බ්‍රසීලියානු රියල් (R$) | currency_code = BRL | time_zone = බ්‍රසීලයේ වේලාව | utc_offset = −02:00 to −05:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = දකුණ | calling_code = +55 | iso3166code = | cctld = [[.br]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} *83.60% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]] **56.75% [[කතෝලික ආගම]] **26.85% [[රෙපරමාදු ආගම]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.84% [[ආධ්‍යාත්ම]] |1.05% [[අප්‍රිකානු-බ්‍රසීලියානු ආගම්]] |4.07% වෙනත් |9.28% ආගමක් නැත |0.17%ක් සඳහන් කර නැත}} | religion_ref = <ref name="2022 religion">{{cite web |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/43593-censo-2022-catolicos-seguem-em-queda-evangelicos-e-sem-religiao-crescem-no-pais|title=Censo 2022: católicos seguem em queda; evangélicos e sem religião crescem no país |publisher=IBGE|access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> | religion_year = 2022 }} '''බ්‍රසීලය''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|Brasil}}, {{IPA|pt-BR|bɾaˈziw|pron|Pt-br-brasil.ogg}}.}} නිල වශයෙන් '''බ්‍රසීල සම්මේලන ජනරජය''', දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රටයි. එය භූමි ප්‍රමාණය අනුව ලෝකයේ පස්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර ජනගහනය අනුව හත්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර එහි ජනගහනය මිලියන 212 කට වඩා වැඩිය. මෙම රට ප්‍රාන්ත 26 කින් සහ ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයකින් සමන්විත සම්මේලනයක් වන අතර එය අගනුවර වන බ්‍රසීලියාවට සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි. එහි වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ නගරය සාඕ පවුලෝ වන අතර පසුව රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ වේ. ලොව වැඩිම පෘතුගීසි කථිකයන් සිටින බ්‍රසීලය සහ පෘතුගීසි නිල භාෂාවක් වන ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපවල එකම රට වේ. නැගෙනහිරින් අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වූ බ්‍රසීලයට කිලෝමීටර් 7,491 (සැතපුම් 4,655) ක වෙරළ තීරයක් ඇත.<ref name="CIA Geo">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|section=geography|access-date=4 May 2018|year=2018}}</ref> දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් අඩක් පමණ ආවරණය වන එය, ඉක්වදෝරය සහ චිලී හැර මහාද්වීපයේ අනෙකුත් සියලුම රටවල් සහ භූමි ප්‍රදේශවලට මායිම් වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--not specified--> |date=<!--not specified--> |title=Brazil – Land |url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=<!--not specified--> |website=Permanent Missions |publisher=United Nations |at=Geography}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය පුළුල් පරාසයක නිවර්තන සහ උපනිවර්තන භූ දර්ශන මෙන්ම තෙත්බිම්, සැවානා, සානු සහ පහත් කඳු ආවරණය කරයි. ලොව විශාලතම ගංගා පද්ධතිය සහ වඩාත් පුළුල් කන්‍යා නිවර්තන වනාන්තරය ඇතුළුව ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැඩි කොටසක් එහි අඩංගු වේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ විවිධ වන ජීවීන්, විවිධ පාරිසරික පද්ධති සහ ආරක්ෂිත වාසස්ථාන රාශියක් පුරා විහිදෙන පුළුල් ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් ඇත.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> මහා විවිධත්වය සහිත රටවල් 17 අතර රට පළමු ස්ථානයේ සිටින අතර, එහි ස්වාභාවික උරුමය සැලකිය යුතු ගෝලීය උනන්දුවක් දක්වන විෂය වේ, මන්ද පාරිසරික හායනය (වන විනාශය වැනි ක්‍රියාවලීන් හරහා) දේශගුණික විපර්යාස සහ ජෛව විවිධත්වය අහිමි වීම වැනි ගෝලීය ගැටළු වලට සෘජුවම බලපායි. 1500 දී පෘතුගීසි ගවේෂක පෙඩ්‍රෝ අල්වාරෙස් කබ්රාල් ගොඩබෑමට පෙර බ්‍රසීලයේ විවිධ ස්වදේශික ජනයා වාසය කළහ. වතුකරයේ වැඩ කිරීම සඳහා වහල් අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළ පෘතුගාලය විසින් එය හිමිකර ගෙන පදිංචි කරන ලදී. 1815 වන තෙක් බ්‍රසීලය යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස පැවති අතර, පෘතුගීසි අධිකරණය රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ වෙත මාරු කිරීමෙන් පසු එය පෘතුගාලය සමඟ එක්සත් රාජධානියක් දක්වා උසස් කරන ලදී. බ්‍රගන්සාහි පෙඩ්‍රෝ කුමරු 1822 දී රටේ නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරමින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ පාලනය වන ඒකීය රාජ්‍යයක් වන බ්‍රසීල අධිරාජ්‍යය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. 1824 දී බ්‍රසීලයේ පළමු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් ද්වි-මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර එය දැන් ජාතික කොංග්‍රසය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ, සහ ආගමික නිදහස සහ මාධ්‍ය නිදහස වැනි මූලධර්ම ඇතුළත් කරන ලද නමුත් වහල්භාවය රඳවා ගත් අතර, එය 19 වන සියවස පුරාම ක්‍රමයෙන් අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර 1888 දී එහි අවසාන අහෝසි කිරීම දක්වා. 1889 දී හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් පසු බ්‍රසීලය ජනාධිපති ජනරජයක් බවට පත්විය. 1930 දී සන්නද්ධ විප්ලවයක් පළමු ජනරජය අවසන් කර ගෙටුලියෝ වර්ගාස් බලයට ගෙන ආවේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පාලනයට මුලින් කැපවී සිටියද, 1937 දී ස්වයං කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් පසුව වර්ගාස් ඒකාධිපති බලතල ලබා ගත් අතර එය එස්ටාඩෝ නොවෝ හි ආරම්භය සනිටුහන් කළේය. 1945 දී වර්ගාස් බලයෙන් පහ කිරීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කරන ලදී. 1964 දී ඒකාධිපති මිලිටරි ඒකාධිපතිත්වයක් මතු වූ අතර 1985 දක්වා පාලනය කළ අතර ඉන් පසුව සිවිල් පාලනය නැවත ආරම්භ විය. 1988 දී බලාත්මක කරන ලද බ්‍රසීලයේ වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව එය ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ෆෙඩරල් ජනරජයක් ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වයි.<ref name="Constituição">{{Cite web |year=1988 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |language=pt}} {{cite web |year=2007 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=v-brazil.com |quote=Unofficial translate}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය කලාපීය සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකි<ref name="SchaeferPoffenbarger2014">{{Cite book |last1=M. Schaefer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together |last2=J. Poffenbarger |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38794-3 |page=32 |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Burges2016">{{Cite book |last=Sean W. Burges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-69658-2 |pages=114–15 |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183445/https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gina">{{Cite journal|last=Gardini|first=Gian Luca|year=2016|title=Brazil: What Rise of What Power?|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume=35|pages=5–19|doi=10.1111/blar.12417|issn=0261-3050|doi-access=free}}</ref> සහ නැගී එන ගෝලීය බලවතෙකි.<ref name="FRIDE">{{Cite web |last=Gratius |first=Susanne |date=April 2008 |title=The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? |url=http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |website=[[FRIDE]]}}</ref><ref name="Collecott">{{Cite web |last=Peter Collecott |date=29 October 2011 |title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status |url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=The Diplomatic Courier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm|title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon|last=Clendenning|first=Alan|date=17 April 2008|work=USA Today|access-date=12 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm|archive-date=20 August 2011|agency=The Associated Press|page=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DominguezKim2013">{{Cite book |last1=Jorge Dominguez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98 |title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana |last2=Byung Kook Kim |publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-76983-2 |pages=98–99}}</ref> එය නාමික සහ PPP යන දෙකෙන්ම ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ආර්ථිකයන් 10 න් එකක් වන,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=FTSE Country Classification |url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[FTSE Group]]}}</ref><ref name="wb-upper-middle">{{Cite web |title=Country and Lending Groups |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |publisher=World Bank |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275}}</ref> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සහ දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ධනයේ විශාලතම කොටස වේ. සංකීර්ණ හා බෙහෙවින් විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ ආර්ථිකයක් සහිත බ්‍රසීලය, විවිධ කෘෂිකාර්මික භාණ්ඩ, ඛනිජ සම්පත් සහ නිෂ්පාදිත නිෂ්පාදනවල ලෝකයේ ප්‍රධාන හෝ ප්‍රාථමික අපනයනකරුවන්ගෙන් එකකි.<ref name="Neilson102">{{Cite book |last1=Jeff Neilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834 |title=Value Chain Struggles |last2=Bill Pritchard |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4 |page=102 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210521/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=25 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> එහි පොහොසත් සංස්කෘතිය සහ ඉතිහාසය හේතුවෙන්, රට යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන ගණන අනුව ලෝකයේ දහතුන්වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre&nbsp;— World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය, G20, BRICS, G4, Mercosur, ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, Ibero-American රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය සහ පෘතුගීසි භාෂා රටවල ප්‍රජාවෙහි ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි; එය අරාබි ලීගයේ නිරීක්ෂක රාජ්‍යයක් සහ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ප්‍රධාන නේටෝ නොවන මිත්‍රයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandiver |first=John |date=9 May 2019 |title=Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013035014/https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP |url=https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526041219/https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> == නිරුක්තිය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}} == ඉතිහාසය == === පූර්ව-කැබ්‍රලීන් යුගය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|පූර්ව-කැබ්‍රලීන් යුගය|inline=yes}} === පෘතුගීසි යටත් විජිතකරණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|පෘතුගීසි යටත් විජිතකරණය|inline=yes}} === රාජධානියට නැගීම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|රාජධානියට නැගීම|inline=yes}} === ස්වාධීන අධිරාජ්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|ස්වාධීන අධිරාජ්‍යය|inline=yes}} === මුල් ජනරජය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|මුල් ජනරජය|inline=yes}} === හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වය|inline=yes}} === සමකාලීන යුගය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|සමකාලීන යුගය|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}} === භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ ජල විද්‍යාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ ජල විද්‍යාව|inline=yes}} === ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} == රජය සහ දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === නීතිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය|inline=yes}} === හමුදා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|හමුදා|inline=yes}} === විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය|inline=yes}} === නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ|inline=yes}} === මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්|inline=yes}} === දේශපාලන උප අංශ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|දේශපාලන උප අංශ|templates=Brazil Labelled Map|inline=yes}} == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}} === විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} === බලශක්තිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}} === ප්‍රවාහනය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ජාතිය සහ ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|ජාතිය සහ ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය|inline=yes}} === ආගම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}} === සෞඛ්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|සෞඛ්‍යය|inline=yes}} === අධ්‍යාපනය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}} === භාෂාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}} === නාගරිකකරණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|නාගරිකකරණය|inline=yes}} == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ගෘහ නිර්මාණ|inline=yes}} === සංගීතය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}} === සාහිත්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}} === සිනමාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}} === දෘශ්‍ය කලා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}} === නාට්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|නාට්‍ය|inline=yes}} === ආහාර පිසීම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}} === මාධ්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|මාධ්‍ය|inline=yes}} === ක්‍රීඩා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩා|inline=yes}} == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> ==යොමු කිරීම්== {{Reflist | refs= <ref name=imf>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=54&pr1.y=7&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Brazil |publisher=International Monetary Fund (IMF) |accessdate=1 April 2016}} </ref> }}{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[Category:සමුහාණ්ඩු]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ රටවල්]] gtshqxi4s6i9wke090wtafuiq9o44ys 750580 750574 2025-06-24T05:47:28Z Ttheek 66430 −[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ රටවල්]]; +[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]] [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = බ්‍රසීල සම්මේලන ජනරජය | common_name = බ්‍රසීලය | native_name = {{lang|pt|República Federativa do Brasil}} | image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg | alt_flag = | image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg | alt_coat = | symbol_type = ලාංඡනය | other_symbol = {{vunblist |{{lang|pt|[[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]]}}<br />බ්‍රසීලයේ ජාතික මුද්‍රාව <br />[[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|100px|link=National Seal of Brazil]]}} | other_symbol_type = ජාතික මුද්‍රාව | national_motto = <br />{{lang|pt|Ordem e Progresso}}<br />"පිළිවෙල සහ ප්‍රගතිය" | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]}}<br />"බ්‍රසීල ජාතික ගීය"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Hino Nacional Brasileiro Coral BDMG.ogg]]</div> | flag_anthem = <br />{{lang|pt|[[Brazilian Flag Anthem|Hino à Bandeira Nacional]]}}<ref name="HinoBandeira">{{Cite web |last=Exército Brasileiro |title=Hino à Bandeira Nacional |url=http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=29 January 2014 |language=pt}}</ref><br />"ජාතික කොඩි ගීය"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Brazilian Flag Anthem (Ministry of Education).ogg]]</div> | image_map = BRA orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = | capital = [[බ්‍රසීලියා]] | coordinates = {{Coord|15|47|S|47|52|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[සාඕ පවුලෝ]]<br />{{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|display=inline}} | languages_type = නිල භාෂාව<br />{{nobold|සහ ජාතික භාෂාව}} | languages = [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] | languages2_type = පිළිගත් ප්‍රාදේශීය භාෂා | languages2 = කලාපීය නිල භාෂා බලන්න | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} *45.3% [[පාර්ඩෝ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|පාර්ඩෝ]] *43.5% [[සුදු බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|සුදු]] *10.2% [[ඇෆ්‍රෝ-බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|කළු]] *0.6% [[බ්‍රසීලයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|ආදිවාසී]] *0.4% [[ආසියානු බ්‍රසීලියානුවන්|නැගෙනහිර ආසියානුවන්]]{{efn|The Brazilian census uses the term ''amarela'' (or ''yellow'' in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/[[Arab Brazilian|Arabs]], who are included in the white category, and South Asians.}} {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="census2022">{{cite web | url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | title=Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=22 December 2023 | archive-date=22 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml | url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් | government_type = ෆෙඩරල් [[ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]] | leader_title1 = ජනාධිපති | leader_name1 = ලූලා ද සිල්වා | leader_title2 = උප ජනාධිපති | leader_name2 = [[ජෙරල්ඩෝ ඇල්ක්මින්]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී<br />මණ්ඩලයේ සභාපති}} | leader_name3 = හියුගෝ මොටා | leader_title4 = ෆෙඩරල් සෙනෙට්<br />සභාවේ සභාපති | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|ඩේවි ඇල්කොලුම්බ්‍රේ}} | leader_title5 = {{nowrap|ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණ ෆෙඩරල්<br />අධිකරණයේ සභාපති}} | leader_name5 = ලුයිස් රොබර්ටෝ බරෝසෝ | legislature = {{nowrap|ජාතික සම්මේලනය}} | upper_house = {{nowrap|ෆෙඩරල් සෙනෙට් සභාව}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|නියෝජිත මණ්ඩලය}} | sovereignty_type = ස්වාධීනත්වය | sovereignty_note = පෘතුගාලයේ සිට | established_event1 = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ | established_date1 = 1822 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 | established_event2 = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ | established_date2 = 1825 අගෝස්තු 29 | established_event3 = ජනරජය | established_date3 = 1889 නොවැම්බර් 15 | established_event4 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 1988 ඔක්තෝබර් 5 | area_km2 = 8515767 | area_label = සමස්ත | area_rank = 5 වෙනි | area_sq_mi = 3287597 | percent_water = 0.65 | population_estimate = {{increase neutral}} 212,583,750<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=População estimada do país chega a 212,6 milhões de habitantes em 2024 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/41111-populacao-estimada-do-pais-chega-a-212-6-milhoes-de-habitantes-em-2024 |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Agência de Notícias - IBGE |language=pt-BR}}</ref> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 203,080,756<ref>{{Cite news |last=Araujo |first=Gabriel |editor1-last=Grattan |editor1-first=Steven |editor2-last=Rumney |editor2-first=Emma |date=28 June 2023 |title=Brazil census shows population growth at its slowest since 1872 |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230629025834/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/ |archive-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 බ්‍රසීල සංගණනය | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 7 වෙනි | population_census_rank = 7 වෙනි | population_density_km2 = 23.8<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 {{!}} Agência de Notícias |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |access-date=11 January 2024 |website=Agência de Notícias – IBGE |language=pt-BR |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705200605/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 64 | population_density_rank = 193 වෙනි | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 4.958<ref name="IMFWEO.BR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=223,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Brazil) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 8 වෙනි | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 23,238<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 78 වෙනි | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} ඩොලර් ට්‍රිලියන 2.126<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 8 වෙනි | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} ඩොලර් 9,964<ref name="IMFWEO.BR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 78 වෙනි | Gini = 51.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{Cite web |title=Gini index - Brazil |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BR |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> | HDI = 0.786<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 84 වෙනි | currency = බ්‍රසීලියානු රියල් (R$) | currency_code = BRL | time_zone = බ්‍රසීලයේ වේලාව | utc_offset = −02:00 to −05:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = දකුණ | calling_code = +55 | iso3166code = | cctld = [[.br]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} *83.60% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි ආගම]] **56.75% [[කතෝලික ආගම]] **26.85% [[රෙපරමාදු ආගම]] {{Tree list/end}} |1.84% [[ආධ්‍යාත්ම]] |1.05% [[අප්‍රිකානු-බ්‍රසීලියානු ආගම්]] |4.07% වෙනත් |9.28% ආගමක් නැත |0.17%ක් සඳහන් කර නැත}} | religion_ref = <ref name="2022 religion">{{cite web |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/43593-censo-2022-catolicos-seguem-em-queda-evangelicos-e-sem-religiao-crescem-no-pais|title=Censo 2022: católicos seguem em queda; evangélicos e sem religião crescem no país |publisher=IBGE|access-date=2025-06-06}}</ref> | religion_year = 2022 }} '''බ්‍රසීලය''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|Brasil}}, {{IPA|pt-BR|bɾaˈziw|pron|Pt-br-brasil.ogg}}.}} නිල වශයෙන් '''බ්‍රසීල සම්මේලන ජනරජය''', දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම රටයි. එය භූමි ප්‍රමාණය අනුව ලෝකයේ පස්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර ජනගහනය අනුව හත්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර එහි ජනගහනය මිලියන 212 කට වඩා වැඩිය. මෙම රට ප්‍රාන්ත 26 කින් සහ ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයකින් සමන්විත සම්මේලනයක් වන අතර එය අගනුවර වන බ්‍රසීලියාවට සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි. එහි වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ නගරය සාඕ පවුලෝ වන අතර පසුව රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ වේ. ලොව වැඩිම පෘතුගීසි කථිකයන් සිටින බ්‍රසීලය සහ පෘතුගීසි නිල භාෂාවක් වන ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපවල එකම රට වේ. නැගෙනහිරින් අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයෙන් මායිම් වූ බ්‍රසීලයට කිලෝමීටර් 7,491 (සැතපුම් 4,655) ක වෙරළ තීරයක් ඇත.<ref name="CIA Geo">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|section=geography|access-date=4 May 2018|year=2018}}</ref> දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් අඩක් පමණ ආවරණය වන එය, ඉක්වදෝරය සහ චිලී හැර මහාද්වීපයේ අනෙකුත් සියලුම රටවල් සහ භූමි ප්‍රදේශවලට මායිම් වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--not specified--> |date=<!--not specified--> |title=Brazil – Land |url=http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154830/http://www.un.int/brazil/brasil/brazil-land.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=<!--not specified--> |website=Permanent Missions |publisher=United Nations |at=Geography}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය පුළුල් පරාසයක නිවර්තන සහ උපනිවර්තන භූ දර්ශන මෙන්ම තෙත්බිම්, සැවානා, සානු සහ පහත් කඳු ආවරණය කරයි. ලොව විශාලතම ගංගා පද්ධතිය සහ වඩාත් පුළුල් කන්‍යා නිවර්තන වනාන්තරය ඇතුළුව ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණියේ වැඩි කොටසක් එහි අඩංගු වේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ විවිධ වන ජීවීන්, විවිධ පාරිසරික පද්ධති සහ ආරක්ෂිත වාසස්ථාන රාශියක් පුරා විහිදෙන පුළුල් ස්වාභාවික සම්පත් ඇත.<ref name="CIA Geo" /> මහා විවිධත්වය සහිත රටවල් 17 අතර රට පළමු ස්ථානයේ සිටින අතර, එහි ස්වාභාවික උරුමය සැලකිය යුතු ගෝලීය උනන්දුවක් දක්වන විෂය වේ, මන්ද පාරිසරික හායනය (වන විනාශය වැනි ක්‍රියාවලීන් හරහා) දේශගුණික විපර්යාස සහ ජෛව විවිධත්වය අහිමි වීම වැනි ගෝලීය ගැටළු වලට සෘජුවම බලපායි. 1500 දී පෘතුගීසි ගවේෂක පෙඩ්‍රෝ අල්වාරෙස් කබ්රාල් ගොඩබෑමට පෙර බ්‍රසීලයේ විවිධ ස්වදේශික ජනයා වාසය කළහ. වතුකරයේ වැඩ කිරීම සඳහා වහල් අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළ පෘතුගාලය විසින් එය හිමිකර ගෙන පදිංචි කරන ලදී. 1815 වන තෙක් බ්‍රසීලය යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස පැවති අතර, පෘතුගීසි අධිකරණය රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ වෙත මාරු කිරීමෙන් පසු එය පෘතුගාලය සමඟ එක්සත් රාජධානියක් දක්වා උසස් කරන ලදී. බ්‍රගන්සාහි පෙඩ්‍රෝ කුමරු 1822 දී රටේ නිදහස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරමින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ පාලනය වන ඒකීය රාජ්‍යයක් වන බ්‍රසීල අධිරාජ්‍යය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. 1824 දී බ්‍රසීලයේ පළමු ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් ද්වි-මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර එය දැන් ජාතික කොංග්‍රසය ලෙස හැඳින්වේ, සහ ආගමික නිදහස සහ මාධ්‍ය නිදහස වැනි මූලධර්ම ඇතුළත් කරන ලද නමුත් වහල්භාවය රඳවා ගත් අතර, එය 19 වන සියවස පුරාම ක්‍රමයෙන් අහෝසි කරන ලද අතර 1888 දී එහි අවසාන අහෝසි කිරීම දක්වා. 1889 දී හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් පසු බ්‍රසීලය ජනාධිපති ජනරජයක් බවට පත්විය. 1930 දී සන්නද්ධ විප්ලවයක් පළමු ජනරජය අවසන් කර ගෙටුලියෝ වර්ගාස් බලයට ගෙන ආවේය. ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පාලනයට මුලින් කැපවී සිටියද, 1937 දී ස්වයං කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් පසුව වර්ගාස් ඒකාධිපති බලතල ලබා ගත් අතර එය එස්ටාඩෝ නොවෝ හි ආරම්භය සනිටුහන් කළේය. 1945 දී වර්ගාස් බලයෙන් පහ කිරීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කරන ලදී. 1964 දී ඒකාධිපති මිලිටරි ඒකාධිපතිත්වයක් මතු වූ අතර 1985 දක්වා පාලනය කළ අතර ඉන් පසුව සිවිල් පාලනය නැවත ආරම්භ විය. 1988 දී බලාත්මක කරන ලද බ්‍රසීලයේ වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව එය ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ෆෙඩරල් ජනරජයක් ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වයි.<ref name="Constituição">{{Cite web |year=1988 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213194044/http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |language=pt}} {{cite web |year=2007 |title=Brazilian Federal Constitution |url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928070506/http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=v-brazil.com |quote=Unofficial translate}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය කලාපීය සහ මධ්‍යම බලවතෙකි<ref name="SchaeferPoffenbarger2014">{{Cite book |last1=M. Schaefer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 |title=The Formation of the BRICS and its Implication for the United States: Emerging Together |last2=J. Poffenbarger |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-38794-3 |page=32 |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Burges2016">{{Cite book |last=Sean W. Burges |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 |title=Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-69658-2 |pages=114–15 |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183445/https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gina">{{Cite journal|last=Gardini|first=Gian Luca|year=2016|title=Brazil: What Rise of What Power?|journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research|volume=35|pages=5–19|doi=10.1111/blar.12417|issn=0261-3050|doi-access=free}}</ref> සහ නැගී එන ගෝලීය බලවතෙකි.<ref name="FRIDE">{{Cite web |last=Gratius |first=Susanne |date=April 2008 |title=The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? |url=http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |website=[[FRIDE]]}}</ref><ref name="Collecott">{{Cite web |last=Peter Collecott |date=29 October 2011 |title=Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status |url=http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=The Diplomatic Courier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm|title=Booming Brazil could be world power soon|last=Clendenning|first=Alan|date=17 April 2008|work=USA Today|access-date=12 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm|archive-date=20 August 2011|agency=The Associated Press|page=2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DominguezKim2013">{{Cite book |last1=Jorge Dominguez |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98 |title=Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana |last2=Byung Kook Kim |publisher=Center for International Affairs, Harvard University |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-76983-2 |pages=98–99}}</ref> එය නාමික සහ PPP යන දෙකෙන්ම ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ආර්ථිකයන් 10 න් එකක් වන,<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2018 |title=FTSE Country Classification |url=https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=[[FTSE Group]]}}</ref><ref name="wb-upper-middle">{{Cite web |title=Country and Lending Groups |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |publisher=World Bank |quote=Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275}}</ref> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ සහ දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ධනයේ විශාලතම කොටස වේ. සංකීර්ණ හා බෙහෙවින් විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ ආර්ථිකයක් සහිත බ්‍රසීලය, විවිධ කෘෂිකාර්මික භාණ්ඩ, ඛනිජ සම්පත් සහ නිෂ්පාදිත නිෂ්පාදනවල ලෝකයේ ප්‍රධාන හෝ ප්‍රාථමික අපනයනකරුවන්ගෙන් එකකි.<ref name="Neilson102">{{Cite book |last1=Jeff Neilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834 |title=Value Chain Struggles |last2=Bill Pritchard |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4 |page=102 |access-date=16 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210521/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=25 October 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> එහි පොහොසත් සංස්කෘතිය සහ ඉතිහාසය හේතුවෙන්, රට යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම ස්ථාන ගණන අනුව ලෝකයේ දහතුන්වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre&nbsp;— World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314170923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list |archive-date=14 March 2021 |access-date=25 May 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලය එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය, G20, BRICS, G4, Mercosur, ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය, Ibero-American රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය සහ පෘතුගීසි භාෂා රටවල ප්‍රජාවෙහි ආරම්භක සාමාජිකයෙකි; එය අරාබි ලීගයේ නිරීක්ෂක රාජ්‍යයක් සහ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ප්‍රධාන නේටෝ නොවන මිත්‍රයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandiver |first=John |date=9 May 2019 |title=Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally |url=https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013035014/https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256 |archive-date=13 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2023 |website=Stars and Stripes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2019 |title=Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP |url=https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526041219/https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/ |archive-date=26 May 2023 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> == නිරුක්තිය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}} == ඉතිහාසය == === පූර්ව-කැබ්‍රලීන් යුගය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|පූර්ව-කැබ්‍රලීන් යුගය|inline=yes}} === පෘතුගීසි යටත් විජිතකරණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|පෘතුගීසි යටත් විජිතකරණය|inline=yes}} === රාජධානියට නැගීම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|රාජධානියට නැගීම|inline=yes}} === ස්වාධීන අධිරාජ්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|ස්වාධීන අධිරාජ්‍යය|inline=yes}} === මුල් ජනරජය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|මුල් ජනරජය|inline=yes}} === හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වය|inline=yes}} === සමකාලීන යුගය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉතිහාසය|සමකාලීන යුගය|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}} === භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ ජල විද්‍යාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ ජල විද්‍යාව|inline=yes}} === ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ භූගෝලය|ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} == රජය සහ දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === නීතිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය|inline=yes}} === හමුදා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|හමුදා|inline=yes}} === විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය|inline=yes}} === නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ|inline=yes}} === මානව අයිතිවාසිකම් === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|මානව අයිතිවාසිකම්|inline=yes}} === දේශපාලන උප අංශ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|දේශපාලන උප අංශ|templates=Brazil Labelled Map|inline=yes}} == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය|inline=yes}} === විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} === බලශක්තිය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}} === ප්‍රවාහනය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ආර්ථිකය|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ජාතිය සහ ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|ජාතිය සහ ජනවාර්ගිකත්වය|inline=yes}} === ආගම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}} === සෞඛ්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|සෞඛ්‍යය|inline=yes}} === අධ්‍යාපනය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}} === භාෂාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}} === නාගරිකකරණය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ ජන විකාශනය|නාගරිකකරණය|inline=yes}} == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ගෘහ නිර්මාණ|inline=yes}} === සංගීතය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}} === සාහිත්‍යය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}} === සිනමාව === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}} === දෘශ්‍ය කලා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}} === නාට්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|නාට්‍ය|inline=yes}} === ආහාර පිසීම === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ආහාර පිසීම|inline=yes}} === මාධ්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|මාධ්‍ය|inline=yes}} === ක්‍රීඩා === {{Excerpt|බ්‍රසීලයේ සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩා|inline=yes}} == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> ==යොමු කිරීම්== {{Reflist | refs= <ref name=imf>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=54&pr1.y=7&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Brazil |publisher=International Monetary Fund (IMF) |accessdate=1 April 2016}} </ref> }}{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[Category:සමුහාණ්ඩු]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]] 8dqtt7ur4zoctltt6l6zeyt4h570m2e 0 11354 750471 734408 2025-06-23T13:11:14Z Seniru Himanjana 52135 750471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp-semi-indef}}{{pp-move-indef}} {{Infobox former monarchy | royal_title = රජවරු | realm = [[සිංහල රාජධානිය|ලක්දිව]] | coatofarms = | coatofarmssize = | coatofarmscaption = මහනුවර රාජධානියේ රාජකීය ධජය | image = The Consecration Of King Sinhala-Prince Vijaya (Detail From The Ajanta Mural Of Cave No 17).jpg | caption = විජය කුමරු | first_monarch = [[විජය රජ]] | last_monarch = [[ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජ]] | style = | residence = <small>[[තම්බපණ්ණිය]], [[අනුරාධපුරය]], [[පොළොන්නරුව]], [[දඹදෙනිය]], [[යාපහුව]], [[කුරුණෑගල]], [[ගම්පොල]], [[කෝට්ටේ]], [[මහනුවර]]</small> | appointer = | began = 543 BCE (වංශකථා වලට අනුව) | ended = 1815 CE | pretender = |native_name=}} මහාවංශයට අනුව [[ලක්දිව]] [[#තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 543–505)|පළමු රාජධානිය]] ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද්දේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 543දී [[විජය රජ|විජය කුමරුන්]] විසින් [[තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය]] පිහිටුවීමත් සමගයි. විවිධ වෙනස්කම් වෙමින් වසර දහස් ගණනක් පැවත් එය ක්‍රි.ව. 1815 දී [[ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජ|ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජුගේ]] රජ සමයනේ අවසන් විය. මෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ [[සිංහල රාජධානිය|සිංහල රාජධානියේ]] අනුප්‍රාප්තික රාජධානිවල රාජ්‍ය කළ රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුවකි.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Mahavamsa: Original Version Chapters 1 – 37|url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/|publisher=Mahavamsa.org|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref> මෙම ලැයිස්තුව [[දීපවංසය]], [[මහාවංසය]], [[චූලවංසය]] සහ [[රාජාවලිය]] වැනි දිවයිනේ [[වංශකථා]]වල සඳහන් සම්ප්‍රදායික '''සිංහලේ රාජාවලිය''' පාදක කොටගෙන නිර්මාණය කොට ඇත. මෙය සිංහල ජාතික රජවරුන් ලැයිස්තුවක් නොවේ. සිංහල රාජාණ්ඩුව පාලනය කළ සියලු සිංහල සහ විදෙස් පාලකයින් කාලානුක්‍රමය අනුව මෙහි පෙළගස්වා ඇත. {{plain list| {{Color box|#ccccff|border=darkgray}} නිල් පැහැයෙන් ඉස්මතු කොට ඇත්තේ සිංහල රාජාණ්ඩුවේ විදේශ පාලකයින් ය. }} ==සටහන්== මෙම රාජාවලිය පරිහරණයේ දී මනසේ රඳවාගත යුතු කරුණු කිහිපයකි. පළමුව, මෙහි ආදිතම රජවරුන් සඳහා දක්වා ඇති දිනයන් නිසැකවම තහවුරු කිරීමට අපහසු ය; හඳුනා ගැනීමට අපහසු දින (?) සංකේතයක් මගින් දක්වා තිබේ. එසේම වසර 2500ක පමණ ඉතිහාසය තුළ ශ්‍රී ලංකා දිවයින නොයෙකුත් විදේශ බලයන්ගේ ග්‍රහණයට නතු විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන්ම [[දකුණු ඉන්දියාව|දකුණු ඉන්දියාවෙන්]] පැමිණි ආක්‍රමණිකයින් මේ අතර ප්‍රධාන වේ. ඇතැම්හු සිහසුන පැහැරගෙන දිවයින සිය අධිරාජ්‍යයේ කොටසක් බවට පත් කරගත්හ. මේ සඳහා වඩාත්ම ප්‍රධාන නිදසුන් ලෙස ක්‍රි.ව. 985දී [[චෝළ ග්‍රහණයට නතු වූ අනුරාධපුරය|චෝළයන්]] සහ 1815දී [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාව|බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන්]] දැක්විය හැක. කෙසේනමුත්, [[ලංකාවේ පෘතුගීසි යුගය|පෘතුගීසි]] සහ [[ලංකාවේ ලන්දේසි යුගය|ලන්දේසි]] යුගවල දී මහනුවර සිහසුන පැහැරගැනීමක් සිදු නොවූ අතර, දිවයිනේ ඇතැම් ප්‍රදේශ යටත් කරගැනීම පමණක් සිදු විය. ===කාලානුක්‍රමය පිළිබඳ සටහන=== [[බෞද්ධ යුගය|බෞද්ධ යුගයේ]] පාදක දිනය වන ක්‍රි.පූ. 543 සම්බන්ධයෙන් නොයෙකුත් මතභේද පවතියි. ක්‍රි.පූ. 483 [[බුදුන් වහන්සේ]]ගේ මහා පරිනිර්වාණය සිදුවූ දිනය යැයි සැලකේ. [[විල්හෙල්ම් ගයිගර්]] සඳහන් කරන පරිදි ''දීපවංසය'' හා ''මහාවංසය'' [[දකුණු ආසියාව|දකුණු ආසියානු]] [[කාලානුක්‍රමය|කාලානුක්‍රමයේ]] ප්‍රධාන මූලාශ්‍ර වේ; එහි දිනායනය කොට ඇත්තේ [[අශෝක]] අධිරාජයා‍‍ගේ රාජාභිෂේකය පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් වර්ෂ 218කට පසුව සිදුවූ බව ය. [[චන්ද්‍රගුප්ත මෞර්ය]] සිහසුනට පත්වූයේ මෙයට වර්ෂ 56කට පෙර, එනම් බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වාණයෙන් වර්ෂ 162කට පසුව ය. චන්ද්‍රගුප්ත‍ගේ සිහසුනට පත්වීම ආසන්න වශයෙන් ක්‍රි.පූ. 321 අවට වර්ෂ දෙකක කාලය තුළ සිදුවන්නට ඇත. ([[මෙගස්තීනිස්]] අනුව). එමනිසා පරිනිර්වාණය සඳහා ලැබෙන ආසන්නතම දිනය වන්නේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 485 සහ ක්‍රි.පූ. 481 අතර දිනයකි. මෙය ක්‍රි.පූ. 483 ලෙස ගැනෙන [[මහායාන]] කාලානුක්‍රමය සමග හොඳින් ගැළපේ.<ref name="WG">{{cite book| last = Geiger (Tr)| first = Wilhelm| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Mahawamsa or Great Chronicle of Ceylon| publisher = Oxford University Press (for the Pali Text Society)| year = 1912| location = Oxford| url = http://lakdiva.org/culavamsa/vol_0.html| isbn = | page = 300| access-date = 2017-08-07| archive-date = 2008-10-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081030142737/http://lakdiva.org/culavamsa/vol_0.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> ගයිගර් අනුව, මෙම ගණන් බැලීමේ දෙකෙහි වෙනස හටගෙන ඇත්තේ IIIවන උදය (946–954 හෝ 1007–1015) සහ පරාක්‍රම පාණ්ඩ්‍ය (1046–1048 පමණ) රාජ්‍ය සමයයන් අතර කාලයේ ය. මෙකල දිවයිනෙහි සැලකිය යුතු කලබලකාරී වාතාවරණයක් පැවතිණි.<ref name="WG"/> කෙසේනමුත්, ක්‍රි.ව. 428දී ''චා-චා මො-හෝ-නාන්'' විසින් චීනය වෙත යැවුණු තානාපති මණ්ඩලයක් පිළිබඳ සඳහන් වේ. මෙම නම ඇතැම්විට මෙම කාලයේ රාජ්‍ය කළ (සම්ප්‍රදායික කාලානුක්‍රමය අනුව) 'රාජා (රජ) මහානාම' යන්නෙහි විකරණයක් විය හැක.<ref>S G M Weerasinghe, ''A history of the cultural relations between Sri Lanka and China: an aspect of the Silk Route'', Colombo: Central Cultural Fund, 1995, {{ISBN|955-613-055-1}}, p.40</ref> එපමණක් නොව, ක්‍රි.ව. 642දී පමණ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව වෙත සංචාරය කිරීමට උත්සාහ දැරූ දේශාටක භික්ෂුවක වූ [[ෂුවාන්සෑං]]හට ශ්‍රී ලාංකික භික්ෂූන් (ඇතැම්විට [[කාංචිපුරම්]]හි විසූ) විසින් රාජධානියේ එකල ගැටලු පැවති බව පවසා තිබිණි. ඒ නිසා ඔහු එම ගමනින් වැළකී ඇත;<ref>Stephen Spencer Gosch, Peter N. Stearns, ''Premodern Travel in World History'', Routledge, 2008; {{ISBN|0-415-22940-5}}, p.93</ref> මෙය සිහසුන වෙනුවෙන් අග්ගබෝධි III සිරිසඟබෝ, IIIවන ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස සහ දාඨෝපතිස්ස I හත්ථදාඨ අතර 632–643 කාලයේ පැවති අරගලකාරී කාලසීමාවට අනුරූප වේ. මෑතකාලීන [[ඉන්දුවේදය|ඉන්දුවේදීය]] පර්යේෂණ අනුව පෙණීගොස් ඇත්තේ බුද්ධ පරිනිර්වාණය මින් පෙර යෝජනා කෙරුණු දිනයට වඩා තරමක් පසු කාලයක සිදුවන්නට ඇති බවයි. 1988දී මෙම ගැටලුව සම්බන්ධයෙන් [[ගෝටින්ජන්]]හි පැවති සමුළුවක දී විද්වතුන් බහුතරයක් දැරූ මතය වූයේ මෙම ගැටලුව පවතින්නේ ක්‍රි.පූ. 440–360 අතර කාලසීමාව හා සම්බන්ධව බවයි. කෙසේනමුත්, ඔුවන්ගේ ගණනයන් පාදක වී තිබුණේ දීපවංසයගමහාවංසය මත නොව [[ටිබෙට් බුදු දහම|ටිබෙට් බුදු දහමේ]] කාලානුක්‍රමය මත ය. ඉන්දියානු පාලක සුසුනාගගේ පුත් කාලාශෝක සමග [[බින්දුසාර]]ගේ පුත් [[අශෝක]] අධිරාජයා හඳුනාගැනීමට වැඩිදියුණු කළ කාලානුක්‍රමයක් අවශය වේ.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cousins|first=L. S.|title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article|url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/node2/|publisher=indology|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref> සැලකිය යුතු කරුණක් වන්නේ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික වංශකථා පාදක වී ඇත්තේ වඩාත් පැරණි කෘති මත වන අතර, ථෙරවාද බෞද්ධ ත්‍රිපිටකය පළමුවරට ග්‍රන්ථාරූඪ කෙරුණේ ද ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වීමයි. පහත ලැයිස්තුව කෙරෙහි පාදක කොටගෙන ඇති කාලානුක්‍රමය සම්ප්‍රදායික ථෙරවාද/ ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය ක්‍රමය මත ගොඩනගා ඇති අතර, එයට පාදක වී ඇති ක්‍රි.පූ. 543 දිනය මහායාන දින දර්ශනයට වඩා වර්ෂ 60ක් මුල් දිනයකි. කෙසේනමුත්, ක්‍රි.ව. 1048න් පමණ පසු දැක්වෙන දිනයන් එකිනෙකට සමකාලීන බැව් පෙනේ. ==තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 543–505)== {{anchor|තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය}} {{Main article|තම්බපණ්ණි රාජධානිය}} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 543–505)=== {{Main article|විජය රාජවංශය}} {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" !width=15%|නම!!width=105px|රුව!!width=20%|උපත!!width=20%|විවාහයන්!!width=19%|මරණය!!හිමිකම |- |'''[[විජය රජ|විජය]]'''<br />ක්‍රි.පූ. 543 – ක්‍රි.පූ. 505 ||[[File:The Consecration Of King Sinhala-Prince Vijaya (Detail From The Ajanta Mural Of Cave No 17).jpg|100px|විජය රජුගේ රාජාභිෂේකය නිරූපිත අජන්තා බිතු සිතුවමක්]] ||?<br />[[සිංහපුර]]<br />[[සිංහබාහු]] සහ [[සිංහසීවලී]] යුවළගේ පුත්‍රයායි ||[[කුවේණි]]<br /> දරුවන් :- ජීවහත්ත හා දිසාලා [[පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රාජවංශය|පාණ්ඩ්‍ය කුමරියක්]] ||ක්‍රි.පූ. 505<br />[[තම්බපණ්ණිය]] ||[[සිංහල රාජධානිය|රාජධානිය]] පිහිටුවී ය.<br />[[කුවේණි]] සමග විවාහ විය. |} ==උපතිස්ස නුවර රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 505–377)== {{anchor|උපතිස්ස නුවර රාජධානිය}} {{Main article|උපතිස්ස නුවර රාජධානිය}} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 505–377)=== {{Main article|විජය රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- |||align="center"|[[උපතිස්ස රජ|උපතිස්ස]]<br><small>''(අනුරාජ)'' ''(වසරක අරාජික සමය)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 505||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 504||align="center"|*විජයගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍යවරයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[පඬුවස්දෙව් රජ|පණ්ඩුවාසදේව]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 504||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 474||align="center"|*විජයගේ බෑණා ය. |- |||align="center"|[[අභය රජ|අභය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 474||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 454||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුවාසදේවගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[තිස්ස කුමරු|තිස්ස]]<br><small>''(අනුරාජ)'' ''(වසර දාහතක අරාජික සමය)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 454||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 437||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුවාසදේවගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයායි<br>*අභයගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි‍. |- |||align="center"|[[පණ්ඩුකාභය රජ|පණ්ඩුකාභය]]||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 474||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 367||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 437||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 377||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුවාසදේවගේ මුණුපුරායි.<br>*අභය සහ තිස්සගේ බෑණායි. |} ==අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 377 – ක්‍රි.ව. 1017)== {{anchor|අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය}} {{Main article|අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය}} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 377–237)=== {{Main article|විජය රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- |||align="center"|[[පණ්ඩුකාභය රජ|පණ්ඩුකාභය]]||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 474||align="center"|367 BC||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 377||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 367||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුවාසදේව රජුගේ මුණුපුරායි.<br>*අභය හා තිස්සගේ බෑණායි. |- |||align="center"|[[මුඨසිව රජ|මුටසීව]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 367||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 307||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුකාභය රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:King Devanampiya Tissa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස රජ|දේවානම්පිය තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 267||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 307||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 267||align="center"|*මුටසීවගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[උත්තිය රජ|උත්තිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 267||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 257||align="center"|*මුටසීවගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |||align="center"|[[මහාසිව රජ|මහාසිව]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 257||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ‍. 247||align="center"|*මුටසීවගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[සූරතිස්ස රජ|සූරතිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 237||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 247||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 237||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුකාභයගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |} ===සේන සහ ගුත්තික (ක්‍රි.පූ. 237–215)=== {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" !width=15%|නම!!width=105px|රුව!!width=20%|උපත!!width=20%|විවාහ!!width=19%|මරණය!!හිමිකම |-bgcolor=#ccccff |'''[[සේන හා ගුත්තික|සේන සහ ගුත්තික]]'''<br>ක්‍රි.පූ. 237 – ක්‍රි.පූ. 215 || ||- ||- ||- ||සටනේ දී සූරතිස්ස රජුව පරාජය කළේ ය. |} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 215–205)=== {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" !width=15%|නම!!width=105px|රුව!!width=20%|උපත!!width=20%|විවාහ!!width=19%|මරණය!!හිමිකම |- |'''[[අසේල රජ|අසේල]]'''<br>ක්‍රි.පූ. 215 – ක්‍රි.පූ. 205 || ||?<br>[[මුඨසිව රජ|මුටසීව]] රජුගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. ||- ||ක්‍රි.පූ. 205<br>[[අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය|අනුරාධපුර]] ||[[මුඨසිව රජ|මුටසීව]] රජුගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |} ===එළාර (ක්‍රි.පූ. 205–161)=== {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" !width=15%|නම!!width=105px|රුව!!width=20%|උපත!!width=20%|විවාහ!!width=19%|මරණය!!හිමිකම |-bgcolor=#ccccff |'''[[එළාර රජ|එළාර]]'''<br> ක්‍රි.පූ. 205 – ක්‍රි.පූ. 161 ||[[File:Elara’s bell and cow.jpg|100px|එළාර]] ||ක්‍රි.පූ. 235<br>[[චෝළ අධිරාජ්‍යය]] ||- ||ක්‍රි.පූ. 161<br>[[අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය|අනුරාධපුර]] ||සටනේ දී අසේල රජුව පැරදවී ය. |} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 161–103)=== {{Main article|විජය රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Anuradhapura17.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|මහා [[දුටුගැමුණු රජු|දුට්ඨගාමිණී අභය]] <br><small>''(හෙවත් දුට්ඨගාමිණී හෝ දුටුගැමුණු)'' </small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 161||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 137||align="center"|*එළාර රජුව පැරදවී ය.<br>*[[කාවන්තිස්ස රජ|කාවන්තිස්ස රජුගේ]] වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*මුලින් රුහුණේ පාලකයා විය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සද්ධාතිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 137||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 119||align="center"|*දුටුගැමුණු රජුගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[තුලත්ථන රජ|තුලත්ථන]]<br><small>''(තුල්නා)'' </small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 119||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 119||align="center"|*සද්ධාතිස්සගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[ලංජතිස්ස රජ|ලංජතිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 119||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 109||align="center"|*තුලත්ථන රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරායි.<br>*සද්ධාතිස්ස රජුගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[ඛල්ලාඨනාග රජ|ඛල්ලාඨනාග]]<br><small>''(කලුන්නා)'' </small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 109||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 104||align="center"|*ලංජතිස්ස රජුගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*සද්ධාතිස්සගේ තෙවන පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[වළගම්බා රජු|වට්ටගාමිණී අභය]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් වළගම්බාහු I)''<br>''(වළගම්බා)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 104||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 103||align="center"|*සද්ධාතිස්ස රජුගේ සිව්වන පුත්‍රයායි. |} ===පංච ද්‍රවිඩයන් (ක්‍රි.පූ. 103–89)=== {{Main article|පංච ද්‍රවිඩයන්}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පුලහත්ථ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 103||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 100||align="center"|*දමිළ ප්‍රධානියෙකි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[බාහිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 100||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 98||align="center"|*පුලහත්ථගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍යවරයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පනයමාර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 98||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 91||align="center"|*බාහියගේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පිළයමාර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 91||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 90||align="center"|*පනයමාරගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍යවරයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[දාඨික]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 90||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 88||align="center"|*පිළයමාරගේ ප්‍රධාන අමාත්‍යවරයායි. |} ===විජය රාජවංශය (ක්‍රි.පූ. 89 – ක්‍රි.ව. 66)=== {{Main article|විජය රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[වළගම්බා රජු|වට්ටගාමිණී අභය]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් වළගම්බාහු)''<br>''(වළගම්බා)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 89||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 76||align="center"|*සද්ධාතිස්ස රජුගේ සිව්වන පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මහාචූලි මහාතිස්ස රජ|මහාචූලි මහාතිස්ස]]<br><small>''(මහාචූලි මහාතිස්ස)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 76||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 62||align="center"|*ඛල්ලාටනාග රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*වළගම්බා රජුගේ බෑණා සහ හදාගත් පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[චෝරනාග රජ|චෝරනාග]] <br><small>''(මහානාග)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 62||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 50||align="center"|*වළගම්බා රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*මහාචූලි මහාතිස්සගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ කුඩා තිස්ස රජ|කුඩා තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 50||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|*මහාචූලි මහාතිස්ස රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px|]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ Iවන සිව|සිව I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ වටුක|වටුක]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ දාරුභාතික තිස්ස|දාරුභාතික තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ නීලිය|නීලිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුලා රැජින]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 47||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 42||align="center"|*චෝරනාග සහ කුඩාතිස්සගේ වැන්දඹුවයි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[කූටකණ්ණ තිස්ස රජ|කූටකණ්ණ තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 42||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 20||align="center"|*කුඩා තිස්සගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*මහාචූලි මහාතිස්ස රජුගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:King Bathikabhaya.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[භාතිකාභය අභය රජ|භාතිකාභය අභය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|ක්‍රි.පූ. 20||align="center"|ක්‍රි.ව. 9||align="center"|*කූටකණ්ණ තිස්ස රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මහාදාඨික මහානාග රජ|මහාදාඨික මහානාග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|9||align="center"|21||align="center"|*භාතික අභය රජුගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අමණ්ඩගාමිණී අභය රජ|අමණ්ඩගාමිණී අභය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|21||align="center"|30||align="center"|*මහාදාඨික මහානාග රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[කණිරජානු තිස්ස රජ|කණිරජානු තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|30||align="center"|33||align="center"|*අමණ්ඩගාමිණී අභය රජුගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[චූලාභය රජ|චූලාභය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|33||align="center"|35||align="center"|*අමණ්ඩගාමිණී අභය රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සීවලී රැජින]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|35||align="center"|35||align="center"|*චූලාභය රජුගේ සොයුරියයි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අරාජික සමය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|35||align="center"|38||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[ඉලනාග රජ|ඉලනාග]]<br><small>''(එලන්නා)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|38||align="center"|44||align="center"|*සීවලී රැජිනගේ බෑණා ය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධුපරයේ චන්දමුඛ රජ|චන්දමුඛ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|44||align="center"|52||align="center"|*ඉලනාගගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[යසලාලක තිස්ස රජ|යසලාලක]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|52||align="center"|60||align="center"|*චන්දමුඛසිව රජුගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සුභ රජ|සුභරාජ]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් සුභ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|60||align="center"|66||align="center"|*යසලාලකතිස්ස රජුගේ දොරටුපාලකයායි. |} ===I වන ලම්බකර්ණ රාජවංශය (66–436)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[වසභ රජ|වසභ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|66||align="center"|110||align="center"|*ලම්බකර්ණ වංශයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[වංකනාසිකතිස්ස රජ|වංකනාසික තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|110||align="center"|113||align="center"|*වසභ රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන ගජබාහු රජ|ගජබාහු I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|113||align="center"|135||align="center"|*වංකනාසික තිස්ස රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මහල්ලකනාග රජ|මහල්ලකනාග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|135||align="center"|141||align="center"|*Iවන ගජබාහුගේ මාමණ්ඩියයි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ භාතික තිස්ස රජ|භාතික තිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|141||align="center"|165||align="center"|*මහල්ලකනාගගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[කනිට්ඨතිස්ස රජ|කනිට්ඨතිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|165||align="center"|193||align="center"|*භාතිකතිස්ස රජුගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[චූලනාග රජ|චූලනාග]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් ඛුජ්ජනාග)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|193||align="center"|195||align="center"|*කනිට්ඨතිස්සගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ කුඩානාග රජ|කුඩානාග]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් කුංචනාග)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|195||align="center"|196||align="center"|*චූල නාගගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන සිරිනාග රජ|සිරිනාග I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|196||align="center"|215||align="center"|*කුඩා නාගගේ මස්සිනායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[වෝහාරිකතිස්ස රජ|වෝහාරිකතිස්ස]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් වීර තිස්ස / වෝහාරකතිස්ස)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|215||align="center"|237||align="center"|*Iවන සිරිනාගගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අභයනාග රජ|අභයනාග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|237||align="center"|245||align="center"|*වෝහාරකතිස්ස‍ගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන සිරිනාග රජ|සිරිනාග II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|245||align="center"|247||align="center"|*වෝහාරකතිස්සගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ විජය කුමාර රජ|විජය කුමාර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|247||align="center"|248||align="center"|*IIවන සිරිනාගගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන සංඝතිස්ස රජ|සංඝතිස්ස I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|248||align="center"|252||align="center"|*ලම්බකර්ණ වංශිකයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන සිරි සංඝබෝධි රජ|සිරි සංඝබෝධි I]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් සිරි සඟබෝ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|252||align="center"|254||align="center"|*ලම්බකර්ණ වංශිකයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[ගෝඨාභය රජ|ගෝඨාභය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|254||align="center"|267||align="center"|*රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයායි.<br>*ලම්බකර්ණ වංශිකයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස රජ|ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස I]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් දෙටුතිස් I)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|267||align="center"|277||align="center"|*ගෝඨාභයගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මහාසේන රජ|මහාසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|277||align="center"|304||align="center"|*ජෙට්ඨතිස්සගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*ගෝඨාභයගේ බාල පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සිරිමේඝවණ්ණ රජ|සිරිමේඝවණ්ණ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|304||align="center"|332||align="center"|*මහාසේනගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස රජ|ජෙට්ඨ තිස්ස II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|332||align="center"|341||align="center"|*සිරිමේඝවණ්ණගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[බුද්ධදාස රජ|බුද්ධදාස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|341||align="center"|370||align="center"|*IIවන ජෙට්ඨතිස්සගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන උපතිස්ස රජ|උපතිස්ස I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|370||align="center"|412||align="center"|*බුද්ධදාස රජුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ මහානාම රජ|මහානාම]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|412||align="center"|434||align="center"|*Iවන උපතිස්සගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සොත්ථිසේන රජ|සොත්ථිසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|434||align="center"|434||align="center"|*මහානාම රජුගේ දෙමළ බිසවකගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ ඡත්තගාහක ජන්තු|ඡත්තගාහක ජන්තු]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් ඡත්තගාහක)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|434||align="center"|435||align="center"|*මහානාම රජුගේ සිංහල රැජිනගේ දියණිය වූ සංඝාගේ සැමියායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මිත්තසේන රජ|මිත්තසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|435||align="center"|436||align="center"|*සිහසුන පැහැරගත්තෙකි. |} ===ෂඩ් ද්‍රවිඩයින් (436–463)=== {{Main article|ෂඩ් ද්‍රවිඩයින්}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පණ්ඩු (ෂඩ් ද්‍රවිඩයින්)|පණ්ඩු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|436||align="center"|441||align="center"|*පාණ්ඩ්‍ය ආක්‍රමණිකයෙකි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පාරින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|441||align="center"|441||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[ඛුද්ද පාරින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|441||align="center"|447||align="center"|*පණ්ඩුගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[තිරිතර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|447||align="center"|447||align="center"|*සිව්වන දෙමළ පාලකයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[දාඨිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|447||align="center"|450||align="center"|*පස්වන දෙමළ පාලකයායි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Twin fish flag of Pandyas.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|103x103පික්]]|| align="center" |[[පීඨිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|450||align="center"|452||align="center"|*සයවන දෙමළ පාලකයායි. |} ===මෝරිය රාජවංශය (463–691)=== {{Anchor|මෝරිය රජවරු (459–684)}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[ධාතුසේන රජු|ධාතුසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|463||align="center"|479||align="center"|*මාහානාමගේ දියණිය වූ සංඝාගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*27 වසරක පාණ්ඩ්‍ය පාලනයෙන් අනුරාධපුරය මුදා ගත්තේ ය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[පළමුවන කාශ්‍යප රජ|කාශ්‍යප I]]<br><small>''(සිහසුන පැහැරගැනීම)'',''(සීගිරියේ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|479||align="center"|497||align="center"|*පල්ලව බිසවකට දාව උපන් ධාතුසේන රජුගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන මොග්ගල්ලාන රජ|මොග්ගල්ලාන I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|497||align="center"|515||align="center"|*ධාතුසේනගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*කාශ්‍යපගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[කුමාර ධාතුසේන රජ|කුමාර ධාතුසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|515||align="center"|524||align="center"|*මොග්ගල්ලානගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ කිත්තිසේන|කිත්තිසේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|524||align="center"|524||align="center"|*කුමාර ධාතුසේනගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ IIවන සිව රජ|සිව II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|524||align="center"|525||align="center"|*කීර්ති සේනගේ මාමණ්ඩියයි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන උපතිස්ස රජ|උපතිස්ස II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|525||align="center"|526||align="center"|*කුමාර ධාතුසේනගේ බෑණායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සිලාකාල අම්බසාමණේර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|526||align="center"|539||align="center"|*ලම්බකර්ණ පෙළපතේ කුමරෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[දාඨාපභූති රජ|දාඨාපභූති]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|539||align="center"|540||align="center"|*සිලාකාලගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන මොග්ගල්ලාන රජ|මොග්ගල්ලාන II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|540||align="center"|560||align="center"|*දාඨාපතිස්සගේ වැඩිමහල් සොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපුරයේ කිත්තිසිරි මේඝවණ්ණ රජ|කිත්තිසිරි මේඝවණ්ණ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|560||align="center"|561||align="center"|*IIවන මොග්ගල්ලානගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මහානාග රජ|මහානාග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|561||align="center"|564||align="center"|*දාඨාපතිස්ස රජුගේ යුධ අමාත්‍යවරයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන අග්ගබෝධි රජ|අග්ගබෝධි I]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|564||align="center"|598||align="center"|*මහානා‍ගගේ සොහොයුරෙකි‍<br>*මහානාග රජුගේ බෑණා සහ උප-රජු විය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන අග්ගබෝධි රජ|අග්ගබෝධි II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|598||align="center"|608||align="center"|*Iවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ බෑණා සහ ඥාති පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන සංඝතිස්ස රජ|සංඝතිස්ස II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|608||align="center"|608||align="center"|*IIවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ සොහොයුරා සහ අසිපත්ධාරියා විය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන මොග්ගල්ලාන රජ|මොග්ගල්ලාන III]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|608||align="center"|614||align="center"|*IIවන අග්ග‍බෝධි රජ සමයේ ප්‍රධාන සෙන්පතියා විය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[සිලාමේඝවණ්ණ රජ|සිලාමේඝවණ්ණ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|614||align="center"|623||align="center"|*මොග්ගල්ලාන රජුගේ අසිපත්ධාරියායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන අග්ගබෝධි රජ|අග්ගබෝධි III]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|623||align="center"|623||align="center"|*සිලාමේඝවණ්ණගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස රජ|ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස III]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|623||align="center"|624||align="center"|*සංඝතිස්ස රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන අග්ගබෝධි රජ|අග්ගබෝධි III]]<br><small>''(ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපිත)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|624||align="center"|640||align="center"|*සිලාමේඝවණ්ණගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන දාඨෝපතිස්ස රජ|දාඨෝපතිස්ස I]]<br><small>''(හත්ථදාඨ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|640||align="center"|652||align="center"|*ජෙට්ඨතිස්ස (දාඨාසිව) රජුගේ සෙන්පතියෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන කස්සප රජ|කස්සප II]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|652||align="center"|661||align="center"|*IIවන අග්බෝගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*දාඨෝපතිස්ස රජුගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන දප්පුල රජ|Iවන දප්පුල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|661||align="center"|664||align="center"|*සිලාමේඝවණ්ණගේ බෑණායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන දාඨෝපතිස්ස]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|673||align="center"|664||align="center"|673||align="center"|*Iවන දාඨෝපතිස්ස (හත්ථදාඨ) රජුගේ ඥාති පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන අග්ගබෝධි]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|673||align="center"|689||align="center"|*දාඨෝපතිස්සගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[අනුරාධපු‍රයේ උන්හනගර හත්ථදාඨ|උන්හනගර හත්ථදාඨ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|691||align="center"|691||align="center"|*රාජකීය පෙළපතේ ප්‍රධානියකු වූ මොහුව සිහසුනට පත්කරන ලද්දේ ධනවත් දෙමළ නිලධාරියකු විසිනි. |} ===II වන ලම්බකර්ණ රාජවංශය (691–1017)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[මානවම්මරජ|මානවම්ම]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|691||align="center"|726||align="center"|*Iවන කස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*සිලාමේඝවණ්ණගෙන් පැවතෙන්නෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Vවන අග්ගබෝධි]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|726||align="center"|732||align="center"|*මානවම්මගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන කස්සප]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|732||align="center"|738||align="center"|*Vවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන මහින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|738||align="center"|741||align="center"|*IIIවන කස්සපගේ ‍බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[VIවන අග්ගබෝධි]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|741||align="center"|781||align="center"|*IIIවන කස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[VIIවන අග්ගබෝධි]]<br><small>''(පොළොන්නරුවේ සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|781||align="center"|787||align="center"|*මහින්දගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන මහින්ද]]<br><small>''(සිලාමේඝ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|787||align="center"|807||align="center"|*VIවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන දප්පුල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|807||align="center"|812||align="center"|*IIවන මහින්දගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*IIවන මහින්දගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන මහින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|812||align="center"|816||align="center"|*IIවන දප්පුලගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[VIIIවන අග්ගබෝධි]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|816||align="center"|827||align="center"|*IIIවන මහින්දගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන දප්පුල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|827||align="center"|843||align="center"|*VIIIවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IXවන අග්ගබෝධි]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|843||align="center"|846||align="center"|*IIIවන දප්පුලගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන සේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|846||align="center"|866||align="center"|*IXවන අග්ගබෝධිගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන සේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|866||align="center"|901||align="center"|*Iවන සේනගේ බෑණායි.<br>*කස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Iවන උදය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|901||align="center"|912||align="center"|*IIවන සේනගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන කස්සප]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|912||align="center"|929||align="center"|*IIවන සේනගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*Iවන උදයගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Vවන කස්සප]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|929||align="center"|939||align="center"|*IVවන කස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන දප්පුල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|939||align="center"|940||align="center"|*Vවන කාස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Vවන දප්පුල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|940||align="center"|952||align="center"|*IVවන දප්පුලගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIවන උදය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|952||align="center"|955||align="center"|*IIවන සේනගේ බෑණායි.<br>*Vවන දප්පුලගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන සේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|955||align="center"|964||align="center"|*IIවන උදයගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IIIවන උදය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|964||align="center"|972||align="center"|*IIIවන සේනගේ උප-රජෙකි (රජුගේ හොඳම මිතුරෙකි) |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන සේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|972||align="center"|975||align="center"|*Vවන කස්සපගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*IIIවන උදයගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන මහින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|975||align="center"|991||align="center"|*IVවන සේනගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*IIIවන උදයගේ බෑණායි.<br>*සේනගේ උප-රජෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Vවන සේන රජ|Vවන සේන]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|991||align="center"|1001||align="center"|*IVවන මහින්දගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Dutthagamani.png|80px]]||align="center"|[[Vවන මහින්ද රජ|Vවන මහින්ද]]<br><small>''(පලාගොස් රුහුණ පාලනය කළේ ය)<br>(1017දී පමණ පිටුවහල් කරන ලදී)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|1029||align="center"|1001||align="center"|1017||align="center"|*Vවන සේනගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |} ==චෝළ ග්‍රහණයට නතු වූ අනුරාධපුර (1017–1070)== {{Main article|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ චෝළ පාලනය}} ===චෝළ රාජවංශය (1017–1070)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- bgcolor=#ccccff | || align="center" |[[Iවන රාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝළ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1044||align="center"|1017||align="center"|1044||align="center"|*[[පළමුවන රාජ රාජ චෝළ රජ|Iවන රාජ රාජ චෝළ]] රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*යටත් කරගත් ප්‍රදේශ චෝළ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පළාතක් බවට පත්කරන ලදී. |- bgcolor=#ccccff | || align="center" |[[රාජාධිරාජ චෝළ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1054||align="center"|1018||align="center"|1054||align="center"|*රාජේන්ද්‍රගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff | || align="center" |[[IIවන රාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝළ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1063||align="center"|1051||align="center"|1063||align="center"|*රාජේන්ද්‍රගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff | || align="center" |[[වීරරාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝළ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1070||align="center"|1063||align="center"|1070||align="center"|*රාජේන්ද්‍රගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- bgcolor=#ccccff | || align="center" |[[අතිරාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝළ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1070||align="center"|1067||align="center"|1070||align="center"|*වීරරාජේන්ද්‍ර චෝළගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |} ==පොළොන්නරු රාජධානිය (1056–1236)== {{Main article|පොළොන්නරු රාජධානිය}} ===විජයබාහු රාජවංශය (1056–1187)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |||align="center"|[[Iවන විජයබාහු රජ|I වන විජයබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1056||align="center"|1111||align="center"|*සිංහල රාජකීය පවුලේ සාමාජිකයෙකි. |- |||align="center"|[[Iවන ජයබාහු රජ|I වන ජයබාහු]]<br><small>''(පොළොන්නරුව සහ රුහුණ)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1110||align="center"|1111||align="center"|*Iවන විජයබාහුගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*Iවන විජයබාහුගේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ද විය. |- |||align="center"|[[Iවන වික්‍රමබාහු රජ|I වන වික්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1132||align="center"|1111||align="center"|1132||align="center"|*Iවන විජයබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[IIවන ගජබාහු රජ|II වන ගජබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1131||align="center"|1153||align="center"|*Iවන වික්‍රමබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Statue of Parakramabahu in Polonnaruwa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[පළමුවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|I වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]<br><small>''(මහා පරාක්‍රමබාහු)''</small>||align="center"|1123||align="center"|1186||align="center"|1153||align="center"|1186||align="center"|*Iවන විජයබාහුගේ මුණුපුරායි. |- |||align="center"|[[IIවන විජයබාහු රජ|II වන විජයබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1186||align="center"|1187||align="center"|*Iවන පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ බෑණායි. |- |||align="center"|[[VIවන මහින්ද|VI වන මහින්ද]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1187||align="center"|1187||align="center"|*කාලිංග වංශිකයෙකි. |} {| style="margin:0.5em auto; clear: both; width: 100%; text-align: center;" class="toccolours" |- |colspan=48|'''රජරට, රුහුණ, දක්ඛිණදේශ යුගය''' |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 |rowspan=2|'''රාජධානිය''' |colspan=48 |'''රජ''' |- bgcolor=#E0E0E0 align=left |colspan=5 width=8%| 1090 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1100 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1110 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1120 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1130 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1140 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1153 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1160 |colspan=5 width=8%| 1170 |colspan=3 width=5%| 1180 |- |bgcolor=#F0F0F0| '''[[රජරට]]''' |colspan=10 bgcolor=#E6CDB4| |colspan=11 bgcolor=#B8CCE4|[[Iවන වික්‍රමබාහු රජ]] |colspan=10 bgcolor=#FCCF8B|[[IIවන ගජබාහු රජ]] |colspan=17 bgcolor=#CCC0DA| |- |bgcolor=#F0F0F0| '''[[දක්ඛිණදේශ]]''' |colspan=10 bgcolor=#E6CDB4|[[Iවන විජයබාහු රජ]] |colspan=8 bgcolor=#D0D0AA|[[මානාභරණ රජ]] |colspan=8 bgcolor=#B6DDE8|[[කිත්ති සිරි මේඝ රජ]] |colspan=22 bgcolor=#CCC0DA|[[පළමුවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ]] |- |bgcolor=#F0F0F0| '''[[රුහුණ]]''' |colspan=10 bgcolor=#E6CDB4| |colspan=8 bgcolor=#FEC6FB|[[ශ්‍රී වල්ලභ රජ]] සහ [[කිත්ති සිරි මේඝ රජ]] |colspan=7 bgcolor=#FAFEC6|[[ශ්‍රී වල්ලභ රජ]] |colspan=7 bgcolor=#D7E4BC|[[මානාභරණ රජ]] |colspan=16 bgcolor=#CCC0DA| |- |} ===කාලිංග රාජවංශය (1187–1197)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:King Nissanka Malla.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[නිශ්ශංකමල්ල රජ|නිශ්ශංකමල්ල]]||align="center"|1157 or 1158||align="center"|1196||align="center"|1187||align="center"|1196||align="center"|*Iවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ බෑණා හෝ ඥාති පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |||align="center"|[[Iවන වීරබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1196||align="center"|1196||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංකමල්ලගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[IIවන වික්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1196||align="center"|1196||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංකමල්ලගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |||align="center"|[[චෝඩගංග රජ|චෝඩගංග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1196||align="center"|1197||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංකමල්ලගේ බෑණායි. |} ===විජයබාහු රාජවංශය, ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපිත (1197–1200)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Lilavati - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[ලීලාවතී රැජින|ලීලාවතී රැජින]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1197||align="center"|1200||align="center"|*Iවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ වැන්දඹුවයි. |} ===කාලිංග රාජවංශය, ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපිත (1200–1209)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Sahasamalla - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[සහස්සමල්ල රජ|සහස්සමල්ල]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1200||align="center"|1202||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංකමල්ල රජුගේ බාල සොහොයුරායි. |- |||align="center"|[[කල්‍යාණවතී රැජින|කල්‍යාණවතී රැජින]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1202||align="center"|1208||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංකමල්ල රජුගේ අගමෙහෙසියයි |- |||align="center"|[[ධර්මාශෝක රජ (සිංහලේ)|ධර්මාශෝක]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1208||align="center"|1209||align="center"|*[[අයස්මන්ත සෙනෙවියා|අයස්මන්ත]] විසින් කල්‍යාණවතී රැජින ධුරයෙන් පහකොට මොහුව සිහසුනට පත්කරන ලදී. |- |||align="center"|[[අනිකංග මහාධිපාද|අනිකංග]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1209||align="center"|1209||align="center"|*ධර්මාශෝකගේ පියායි. |} ===විජයබාහු රාජවංශය, ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපිත (1209–1210)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Lilavati - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[ලීලාවතී රැජින|ලීලාවතී]]<br><small>''(1වන ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1209||align="center"|1210||align="center"|*Iවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ වැන්දඹුවයි. |} ===ලෝකිස්සර (1210–1211)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- bgcolor=#ccccff |||align="center"|[[ලෝකිස්සර]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1210||align="center"|1211||align="center"|දෙමළ හමුදා නායකයෙකි. |} ===විජයබාහු රාජවංශය, ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපිත (1211–1212)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- |align="center"|[[File:Lilavati - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[ලීලාවතී රැජින|ලීලාවතී]]<br><small>''(2වන ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1211||align="center"|1212||align="center"|*Iවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ වැන්දඹුවයි. |} ===පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රාජවංශය (1212–1215)=== {{Main article|පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- bgcolor=#ccccff |||align="center"|[[IIවන පරාක්‍රම පාණ්ඩ්‍ය|II වන පරාක්‍රම පාණ්ඩ්‍ය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1212||align="center"|1215||align="center"|*පාණ්ඩ්‍ය රජෙකි. |} ===නැගෙනහිර ගංග රාජවංශය (1215–1236)=== {{Main article|නැගෙනහිර ගංග රාජවංශය}} කාලිංග මාඝගේ ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, සමස්ත දිවයිනම පාලනය කිරීමේ අභිප්‍රාය සහ පොළොන්නරු රාජධානිය යන දෙකම වැනසී ගියේ ය. මෙයදිවයිනේ දකුණු සහ බටහිර පෙදෙස්වලට දැවැන්ත සිංහල ජන සංක්‍රමණයක් සඳහා හේතු විය. සම්පූර්ණ දිවයිනම යටත් කරගැනීමට නොහැකි වූ මාඝ [[යාපනය රාජධානිය]] පිහිටුවා එහි ප්‍රථම [[යාපනය රාජධානියේ පාලකයින් ලැයිස්තුව|පාලකයා]] බවට පත් විය. [[යාපනය රාජධානිය]] පිහිටා තිබූයේ වර්තමාන උතුරුදිග ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වන අතර, 1220 අවට කාලයේ දිවයිනේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශයෙහි [[IIIවන විජයබාහු රජ|IIIවන විජයබාහු]] රජු විසින් [[දඹදෙණිය රාජධානිය]] ස්ථාපනය කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web|last=Codrington|first=Humphry William|title=The Dambadeniya And Gampola Kings|url=http://lakdiva.org/codrington/chap05.html|publisher=lakdiva.org|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref> {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- bgcolor=#ccccff |[[ගොනුව:Kalinga Kingdom.gif|මධ්‍යය|frameless|74x74පික්]]|| align="center" |[[කාලිංග මාඝ රජ|කාලිංග මාඝ]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1215||align="center"|1236||align="center"|*කාලිංගයේ කුමරෙකි. |} ==දඹදෙණිය රාජධානිය (1220–1345)== {{main article|දඹදෙණිය රාජධානිය}} ===සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය (1220–1345)=== {{Main article|සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- |||align="center"|[[IIIවන විජයබාහු රජ|IIIවන විජයබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1220||align="center"|1224||align="center"|*සිංහල රාජකීය රුධිර පෙළපතේ දේශප්‍රේමී කුමරෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Parakramabahu II - Massa Photo 1.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[II වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|IIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1234||align="center"|1269||align="center"|*IIIවන විජයබාහුගේ වැඩිමහල් පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Vijayabahu IV - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[IVවන විජයබාහු රජ|IVවන විජයබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1270 ඔක්තෝබර්||align="center"|1267/8||align="center"|October 1270||align="center"|*IIවන පණ්ඩිත පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Buwanekabahu - Massa.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[I වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|Iවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]<br><small>''(යාපහුවේ සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1271||align="center"|1283||align="center"|*IVවන විජයබාහුගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |||align="center"|[[අරාජික සමය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1283||align="center"|1302||align="center"| |- |||align="center"|[[III වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|IIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]<br><small>''(පොළොන්නරුවේ සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1302||align="center"|1310||align="center"|*Iවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ බෑණායි.<br>*IVවන විජයබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[දෙවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|IIවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]<br><small>''(කුරුණෑගල සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1310||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|*Iවන ුබවනෙකබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*IIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරායි. |- |||align="center"|[[පණ්ඩිත පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|IVවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]<br><small>''(කුරුණෑගල සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|*IIවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |||align="center"|[[තුන්වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|IIIවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]<br><small>''(කුරුණෑගල සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|*වන්නි බුවනෙකබාහු ලෙස ද හැඳින්වේ. |- |||align="center"|[[V වන විජයබාහු රජ|Vවන විජයබාහු]]<br><small>''(කුරුණෑගල සිට)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1325/6||align="center"|1344/5||align="center"|*යාපාපටුනේ චන්ද්‍ර බානුගේ දෙවන පුත්‍රයායි. |} ==ගම්පොළ රාජධානිය (1345–1412)== {{main article|ගම්පොළ රාජධානිය}} ===සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය (1345–1412)=== {{Main article|සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්ව්‍රපාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාව |- | || align="center" |[[හතරවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|IVවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1344/5||align="center"|1353/4||align="center"|*Vවන විජයබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- | || align="center" |[[පස්වන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|Vවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]<br><small>''(දැදිගම සිට)''</small>||align="center"|1311||align="center"|-||align="center"|1344/5||align="center"|1359||align="center"|*Vවන විජයබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*IVවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- | || align="center" |[[III වන වික්‍රමබාහු රජ|IIIවන වික්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1357||align="center"|1374||align="center"|*IVවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- | || align="center" |[[පස්වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|Vවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1372/3||align="center"|1391/2||align="center"|*නිශ්ශංක අලකේශ්වරට දාව IIIවන වික්‍රමබාහුගේ සොයුරියට උපන් පුත්‍රයායි. |- | || align="center" |[[IIවන වීරබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1391/2||align="center"|1397||align="center"|*Vවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජුගේ මස්සිනායි. |- | || align="center" |IIවන වීරබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයෙක්||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1397||align="center"|1397||align="center"| |- | || align="center" |IIවන වීරබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයෙක්||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1397||align="center"|1397||align="center"| |- | || align="center" |[[අලගක්කෝනාර|වීර අලකේශ්වර]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් විජයබාහු VI)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1397||align="center"|1409||align="center"| |- | || align="center" |[[පරාක්‍රමබාහු ඈපා]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1409||align="center"|1412||align="center"|*IVවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජුගේ අමාත්‍යවරයකු වූ<br>සේනාලංකාධිකාර සෙනෙවිරත්ගේ මුණුපුරායි. |} ==කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය (1412–1597)== {{main article|කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය}} ===සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය (1412–1597)=== {{Main article|සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- |align="center"|[[File:Coin Lion P bahu obvin.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[හයවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|VIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1412||align="center"|1467||align="center"|*VIවන විජයබාහු රජුගේ සහ සුනේත්‍රා දේවි රැජිනගේ පුත්‍රයායි.<br>*එසේ නොවේ නම් යාපා පටුනේ චන්ද්‍ර බානුගේ තෙවන පුත්‍රයා විය හැක. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[දෙවන ජයබාහු රජ|IIවන ජයබාහු]]<br><small>''(වීර පරාක්‍රමබාහු VII)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1467||align="center"|1472||align="center"|*VIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජුගේ සත්‍ය දියණිය වූ [[උලකුඩය දේවිය|උලකුඩය දේවියගේ]] පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[හයවන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|VIවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් සපුමල් කුමාරයා)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1472||align="center"|1480||align="center"|*VIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[කෝට්ටේ VIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු රජ|VIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1480||align="center"|1484||align="center"| |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[කෝට්ටේ VIIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු|VIIIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1484||align="center"|1518||align="center"|*අම්බුලුගල කුමාරයායි.<br>*VIවන පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයෙකි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[කෝට්ටේ IXවන ධර්ම පරාක්‍රමබාහු|IXවන ධර්ම පරාක්‍රමබාහු]]<br><small>''(කැලණියෙහි)''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|-||align="center"|1509||align="center"|1528||align="center"|*VIIIවන වීර පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[කෝට්ටේ සත්වන විජයබාහු රජ|VIIවන විජයබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1521||align="center"|1509||align="center"|1521||align="center"|*IXවන ධර්ම පරාක්‍රමබාහුගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*මැණික් කඩවරහි රජු විය. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[හත්වන බුවනෙකබාහු රජ|VIIවන බුවනෙකබාහු]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1551||align="center"|1521||align="center"|1551||align="center"|*විජයබාහුගේ වැඩිමහල්ම පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:Flag of Kotte.svg|80px]]||align="center"|[[දොන් ජුවන් ධර්මපාල රජ|ධර්මපාල]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් ''දොන් ජුවන් ධර්මපාල'')''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|1597 මැයි 27||align="center"|1551||align="center"|1597 මැයි 27||align="center"|*VIIවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ මුණුපුරා මෙන්ම උරුමකරුවා ද විය. |} ==සීතාවක රාජධානිය (1521–1593)== {{main article|සීතාවක රාජධානිය}} ===සිරි සඟබෝ රාජවංශය (1521–1593)=== {{Main article|සිරි සඟ බෝ රාජවංශය}} {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධය |- |align="center"| ||align="center"|[[මායාදුන්නේ රජ|මායාදුන්නේ]]||align="center"|1501||align="center"|1581||align="center"|1521||align="center"|1581||align="center"|*VIIවන බුවනෙකබාහුගේ සොහොයුරායි.<br>*VIIවන විජයබාහුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:ටිකිරි කුමාරයා.jpg|80px|]]||align="center"|[[Iවන රාජසිංහ රජ|I වන රාජසිංහ]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් ''ටිකිරි බණ්ඩා'')''</small>||align="center"|1544||align="center"|1593||align="center"|1581||align="center"|1593||align="center"|*මායාදුන්නේගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |} ==මහනුවර රාජධානිය (1590–1815)== {{main article|මහනුවර රජවරුන් ලැයිස්තුව|මහනුවර රාජධානිය}} ===දිනරාජ රාජවංශය (1590–1739)=== {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! width=9% | රුව ! width=25% | නම ! width=9% | උපත ! width=9% | මරණය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සම‍යේ ආරම්භය ! width=9% | රාජ්‍ය සමයේ අවසානය ! width=30% | පූර්වප්‍රාප්තික(යන්) සමග සම්බන්ධතාවය |- |align="center"|[[File:King Vimaladharmasuriya I.jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[පළමුවන විමලධර්මසූරිය රජ|Iවන විමලධර්මසූරිය]]<br><small>''(හෙවත් ''‍ඔස්ට්‍රියාවේ දොන් ජුවාන්'')''</small>||align="center"|-||align="center"|1604||align="center"|1590||align="center"|1604||align="center"|*විජයසුන්දර බණ්ඩාරගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[ගොනුව:King of Kandy.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|80x80පික්]]|| align="center" |[[සෙනරත් රජ|සෙනරත්]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1635||align="center"|1604||align="center"|1635||align="center"|*Iවන විමලධර්මසූරිය රජුගේ ඥාති සොහොයුරායි. |- |align="center"|[[File:King Rajasingha II (1608-1687).jpg|80px]]||align="center"|[[දෙවන රාජසිංහ රජ|IIවන රාජසිංහ]]||align="center"|1608||align="center"|1687 දෙසැම්බර් 6||align="center"|1635||align="center"|1687 නොවැම්බර් 25||align="center"|*සෙනරත් රජුගේ සහ දෝන කැතරිනා බිසව‍ගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[ගොනුව:King of Kandy.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|78x78පික්]]|| align="center" |[[IIවන විමලධර්මසූරිය රජ|IIවන විමලධර්මසූරිය]]||align="center"|-||align="center"|1707 ජූනි 4||align="center"|1687||align="center"|1707 ජූනි 4||align="center"|*IIවන රාජසිංහ රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |- |align="center"|[[ගොනුව:King of Kandy.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|90x90පික්]]|| align="center" |[[ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු|ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ]]||align="center"|1690||align="center"|1739 මැයි 13||align="center"|1707 ජූනි 4||align="center"|1739 මැයි 13||align="center"|*IIවන විමලධර්මසූරිය රජුගේ පුත්‍රයායි. |} ===මහනුවර නායක්කර් රාජවංශය (1739–1815)=== {{main article|මහනුවර නායක්කාරවරු}} {|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable" !width=15%|නම!!width=105px|රුව!!width=20%|උපත!!width=20%|විවාහ!!width=19%|මරණය!!අයිතිය |- |'''[[විජයරාජසිංහ රජ|ශ්‍රී විජය රාජසිංහ]]'''<br>1739 මැයි 13 – <br>1747 අගෝස්තු 11 ||[[ගොනුව:King of Kandy.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless]] ||?<br>[[මදුරෛ]], [[මදුරෛ නායක් රාජවංශය]]<br>[[පිට්ටි නායක්කර්]]ගේ පුත්‍රයායි. ||මදුරෛ භාර්යාවන් 1 ||1747 අගෝස්තු 11<br>[[මහනුවර]] ||[[ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු|වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ]] රජුගේ මස්සිනායි. |- |'''[[කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ රජු|කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ]]'''<br>1747 අගෝස්තු 11 – <br>1782 ජනවාරි 2 |[[ගොනුව:Painting at Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara.jpg|මධ්‍යය|frameless|140x140පික්]] ||1734<br>[[මදුරෛ]], [[මදුරෛ නායක් රාජවංශය]]<br>[[නරේනප්පා නායක්කර්]]ගේ පුත්‍රයායි. ||මදුරෛ බිසෝවරුන් 6<br>[[යකඩ දෝලි]]<br>පුත්‍රයින් 2, දියණියන් 6 ||1782 ජනවාරි 2<br>[[මහනුවර]] ||[[විජයරාජසිංහ රජ|ශ්‍රී විජය රාජසිංහ]] රජුගේ මස්සිනායි. |- |'''[[ශ්‍රී රාජාධි රාජසිංහ රජු|ශ්‍රී රාජාධි රාජසිංහ]]'''<br>1782 ජනවාරි 2 – <br>1798 ජූලි 26 |[[ගොනුව:King of Kandy.svg|මධ්‍යය|frameless]] ||?<br>[[මදුරෛ]]<br>[[නරේනප්පා නායක්කර්]]ගේ පුත්‍රයායි. ||[[උපේන්ද්‍රම්මා රැජින]] ||1798 ජූලි 26<br>[[මහනුවර]] ||[[කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ රජු|කීර්ති ශ්‍රී රාජසිංහ]]ගේ සොහොයුරායි. |- |'''[[ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ රජ|ශ්‍රී වික්‍රම රාජසිංහ]]'''<br><small>(හෙවත් ''IVවන රාජසිංහ; කන්නසාමි'')</small><br>1798 ජූලි 26– <br>1815 මාර්තු 5 |[[File:Sri Vikrama Rajasinha.jpg|100px]] ||1780<br>[[මදුරෛ]]<br>[[ශ්‍රී වෙන්කට පෙරුමාල්]] සහ [[සුබ්බම්මා නායක]]ගේ පුත්‍රයායි. ||භාර්යාවන් 4<br>(දරුවන් 3) ||1832 ජනවාරි 30<br>[[වෙල්ලෝර් බලකොටුව]], [[ඉන්දියාවේ වෙළඳ සමාගම යටතේ පාලනය]] ||[[ශ්‍රී රාජාධි රාජසිංහ රජු|ශ්‍රී රාජාධි රාජසිංහ]]ගේ බෑණායි. |- |} [[ගොනුව:Allan Ramsay - King George III in coronation robes - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250x250පික්|තුන්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජ]] ==සම්පූර්ණ දිවයිනම යටත්විජිතයක් වීම == 1796දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් මුල්වරට දිවයිනට පැමිණි අතර, ලන්දේසීන්ගේ මෙරට වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල පාලනය නතු කරගැනීමට සමත් විය. [[මහනුවර යුද්ධ]] සහ 1815 [[උඩරට ගිවිසුම]] අත්සන් කිරීමෙන් පසුව, දිවයින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රජු වූ [[එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි තුන්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජ|තුන්වන ජෝර්ජ් රජතුමා]] රාජ්‍ය නායකයා ලෙස පිළිගන්නා ලදී. මෙලෙසින් වසර 2350 කට අධික කාලයක් පැවති රාජාණ්ඩුව අවසන් විය. ==රාජධානිය නැවත පිහිටුවීම== {{main article|ලංකාවේ රජ}} වසර 133 අධික බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය අවසන් කරමින් 1948 පෙබරවාරි 4 දින නිදහස ලබා නැවතත් ලංකා නමින්, රාජධානිය යලි පිහිටවීය. ක්‍රි.ව. 1972 මැයි 22 ශ්‍රී ලංකා නමින් ජනරජයක් පිහිටුවීමෙන් රාජධානිය අහෝසි විය. ==කාලරේඛාව== {{Timeline of the Sinhalese Monarchy}} {{෴}} ==ආශ්‍රේයයන්== {{Reflist|30em}} ==වැඩිදුර කියවීමට== ===ප්‍රාථමික මූලාශ්‍ර=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last1=Dhammakitti|last2=tr. Geiger|first2=Wilhelm|last3=tr. Rickmers|first3=C. Habel|title=Culavamsa: Being the More Recent part of the Mahavamsa|date=1212|publisher=Ceylon Govt. Information Dept.|location=Colombo|edition=1929|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8984544?selectedversion=NBD9900672}} * {{cite book|last1=tr. Geiger|first1=Wilhelm|last2=Bode|first2=Mabel Haynes|title=Mahavamsa : the great chronicle of Ceylon|date=1912|publisher=[[ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් යුනිවර්සිටි ප්‍රෙස්|Oxford University Press]]|location=London|url=https://archive.org/stream/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich#page/n5/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last1=ed. Gunasekara|first1=B.|title=The Rajavaliya : or, A historical narrative of Sinhalese kings from Vijaya to Vimala Dharma Surya II|date=1900|publisher=Government Printer, Ceylon|location=Colombo|isbn=81-206-1029-6|url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B3138965X/|access-date=2017-08-07|archive-date=2018-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420070027/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B3138965X/|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book|last1=Knox|first1=Robert|title=An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon|date=1681|publisher=Richard Chiswell|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFpTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=robert+knox&hl=en&sa=X&ei=r2JKVPfOOafGmwXnnoGIAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=robert%20knox&f=false}} * {{cite book|last1=ed. & tr. Oldenberg|first1=Hermann|title=The Dîpavaṃsa, an Ancient Buddhist Historical Record|date=1879|publisher=[[විලියම්ස් සහ නෝර්ගේට්|Williams and Norgate]]|url=https://archive.org/stream/dpavasaanancien01oldegoog#page/n5/mode/2up}} {{Refend}} ===ද්විතීයික මූලාශ්‍ර=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last=Blaze|first=L. E|title=History of Ceylon|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1995|isbn=978-81-206-1074-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFxCJ9__KBMC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Upatissa+Nuwara&source=bl&ots=DeSlQ2TwAz&sig=DVv4YodN0e4ry_80HXStgUx6wfU&hl=en&ei=6NRYS_H9GpLo7AOI-ISkCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Upatissa%20Nuwara&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=de Silva| first = K. M.| title = A History of Sri Lanka| publisher = Vijitha Yapa|year=2005| location = [[කොළඹ|Colombo]]| pages = 782 | isbn = 955-8095-92-3}} * {{cite book|last=Mittal|first=J. P.|title=History of Ancient India: From 4250 BC to 637 AD|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=2006|volume=Volume 2 of History of Ancient India: A New Version|chapter=Other dynasties|isbn=81-269-0616-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C&pg=PA405&lpg=PA405&dq=Kingdom+of+Thambapanni&source=bl&ots=4xMmuWX1y9&sig=ZtwIAAwEEY8aBY0GGQYpvUoobCU&hl=en&ei=TWi5SuXABtiQkQWv3eDiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#v=onepage&q=Kingdom%20of%20Thambapanni&f=false}} * {{cite book|last=Nicholas|first=C. W.|author2=Paranavitana, S.|title=A Concise History of Ceylon|publisher=Colombo University Press|year=1961}} * {{cite book|last=Siriweera|first=W. I. |title=History of Sri Lanka|publisher=Dayawansa Jayakodi & Company|year=2004|isbn=978-955-551-257-2}} * {{cite book|last=Wijesooriya|first=S.|title=A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa|publisher=Participatory Development Forum|year=2006|isbn=978-955-9140-31-3}} {{refend}} ==බාහිර සබැඳි== * [http://lakdiva.org/codrington/sovereigns.html ලක්දිව, ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍යේශයන් ලැයිස්තුව] * [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/gen3000.html විජය සහ ලංකා රජවරු] * [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/slm-kings.htm ශ්‍රී ලංකා නායකයින්ගේ සම්පූර්ණ ලැයිස්තුව] * [http://www.mahavamsa.org/ මහාවංස ශ්‍රී ලංකා ඉතිහාසය] {{Monarchs of Sri Lanka}} {{Sinhalese Monarchy}} {{Epochs of Sri Lanka Monarchs}} {{Sri Lanka topics}} [[Category:රාජාවලි|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]] [[Category:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය|රජවරු]] [[Category:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තනතුරුධාරීන් ලැයිස්තුව|රජවරු]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉතිහාසය - සිංහලේ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රජවරු]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලනය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:අනුරාධපුර]] tvrb9eppmtf235qow7g1louw5efcw2n 0 20069 750576 749062 2025-06-24T05:45:16Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = බොලිවියා බහුජාතිකත්ව රාජ්‍යය | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|es|Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia}}|{{native name|qu|Puliwya Achka Aylluska Mamallaqta}}|{{nativename|ay|Wuliwya Walja Ayllunakana Marka}}|{{native name|gn|Tetã Hetate'ýigua Volívia}}}} | common_name = බොලිවියාව | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;line-height:normal;text-align:center;font-size:84%; |title = {{resize|1.0 em|Co-official names}}{{efn|name=a|In Bolivia, [[Languages of Bolivia|other languages]] have been officially recognized as legitimate [[Indigenous language|autochthonous languages]]. * {{langx|qu|Puliwya Achka Aylluska Mamallaqta}} * {{langx|ay|Wuliwya Walja Suyunakana Marka}} |{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:80%;font-weight:normal; |rowclass1 = mergedrow |label1=[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]: |data1={{lang|qu|Puliwya Achka Aylluska Mamallaqta}} |rowclass2 = mergedrow |label2=[[Aymara language|Aymara]]: |data2={{lang|ay|Wuliwya Walja Suyunakana Marka}} |label3=[[Guaraní language|Guaraní]]: |data3={{lang|gn|Tetã Blúrinasionál Volívia}} }} }}}} | image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg | flag_alt = තිරස් ත්‍රිවර්ණ (ඉහළ සිට පහළට රතු, කහ සහ කොළ) | flag_alt2 = (ඉහළ වමේ සිට පහළ දකුණට) විකර්ණ සහිත 7 × 7 හතරැස් පැච්වර්ක්, වර්ණ ඉරි සාදයි (කොළ, නිල්, දම්, රතු, තැඹිලි, කහ, සුදු, කොළ, නිල්, දම්, රතු, තැඹිලි, කහ, ඉහළ දකුණේ සිට පහළ වමට) | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Banner of the Qulla Suyu (1979).svg|100px|]]</div> | other_symbol_type = Dual flag: {{nobold|{{lang|es|[[Wiphala]]}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title= Spatial Concepts for Decolonizing the Americas |last1= León |first1= Ana María |last2= Herscher |first2= Andrew |editor-first1= Felipe |editor-last1= Hernández |editor-first2= Fernando Luiz |editor-last2= Lara |chapter= Indigenous Modernities: The Tocapu and Other American Grids |year= 2021 |isbn= 978-1-5275-7653-7 |page= 43 |publisher= Cambridge Scholars |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F9BJEAAAQBAJ&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PA43 |access-date= 18 March 2023 |archive-date= 10 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230410184646/https://books.google.com/books?id=F9BJEAAAQBAJ&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PA43 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Culture and Customs of Bolivia |last= Galván |first= Javier A. |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-0-313-38364-9 |page= xxiii |publisher= ABC-CLIO |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7RHY5j45GcAC&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PR23 |access-date= 18 March 2023 |archive-date= 5 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405182429/https://books.google.com/books?id=7RHY5j45GcAC&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PR23 |url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |title= Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'s Constitution of 2009, English translation |website=constituteproject.org |publisher= Constitute (Oxford University Press)|access-date= 22 March 2022|quote= The symbols of the State are the red, yellow and green tri-color flag; the Bolivian national anthem; the coat of arms; the wiphala; the rosette; the kantuta flower and the patujú flower. (Art. 6 ii)}}</ref> | flag_caption = ජාතික ධජය | image_coat = Escudo de Bolivia.svg | symbol_type = ලාංඡනය | coa_size = 100 | national_anthem = {{native name|es|Himno Nacional de Bolivia|nolink=yes}}<br />"බොලිවියාවේ ජාතික ගීය"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Himno Nacional de Bolivia instrumental.ogg|center]]</div> | image_map = BOL orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=South America |region_color= gray}} | capital = [[සුක්‍රේ, බොලිවියාව|සුක්‍රේ]]{{efn|name=central_cities|Sucre is the constitutional capital and seat of the judicial branch of government, while the executive, legislative, and electoral branches are seated in La Paz.}} | admin_center = [[ලා පාස්, බොලිවියාව|ලා පාස්]]{{efn|name=central_cities}} | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[සැන්ටා කෲස් ඩි ලා සියෙරා, බොලිවියාව|සැන්ටා කෲස් ඩි ලා සියෙරා]]}}<br />{{coord|17|48|S|63|10|W}} | official_languages = {{Plainlist| * ස්පාඤ්ඤ * ක්වෙචුවා * අයිමාරා * ගුරානි * අනෙකුත් දේශීය භාෂා }} | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=27c | title=National Profiles &#124; World Religion | access-date=12 March 2024 | archive-date=12 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312161315/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=27c | url-status=live}}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 92.8% [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]] ** 81.4% [[කතෝලික]] ** 11.4% වෙනත් [[ක්‍රිස්තියානි]] {{Tree list/end}} |6.5% ආගමක් නැත| 0.7% වෙනත්}} | demonym = බොලිවියානු | government_type = ඒකීය [[ජනාධිපති ජනරජය]] | leader_title1 = ජනාධිපති | leader_name1 = [[ලුයිස් ආර්ස්]] | leader_title2 = උප ජනාධිපති | leader_name2 = [[ඩේවිඩ් චොකෙහුවාන්කා]] | leader_title3 = සෙනෙට් සභාවේ සභාපති | leader_name3 = [[ඇන්ඩ්‍රොනිකෝ රොඩ්‍රිගස්]] | leader_title4 = නියෝජිත මණ්ඩලයේ සභාපති | leader_name4 = [[ඕමාර් යුජ්රා]] | legislature = [[බහුවිධ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව]] | upper_house = සෙනෙට් සභික මණ්ඩලය | lower_house = නියෝජිත මණ්ඩලය | sovereignty_type = '''ස්වාධීනත්වය''' | sovereignty_note = '''ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන්''' | established_event1 = ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද්දේ | established_date1 = 1825 අගෝස්තු 6 | established_event2 = හඳුනා ගන්නා ලද්දේ | established_date2 = 1847 ජූලි 21 | established_event3 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date3 = 2009 පෙබරවාරි 7 | area_km2 = 1,098,581 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 27 වෙනි <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 424,163 | percent_water = 1.29 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}11,312,620<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resultados |url=https://nube.ine.gob.bo/index.php/s/ynI3jPF0thMBWdR/download?path=%2F&files=RESULTADOS%20cpv%202024.xlsx |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Censo Bolivia |language=es-VE |format=XLSX}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 84 වෙනි | population_density_km2 = 10.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 26,9 | population_density_rank = 224 වෙනි | FR_total_population_estimate_year = 11,428,245 (2019)<ref name=imf>{{cite web| url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=58&pr.y=4&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=| title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects| publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]| access-date=29 August 2020| archive-date=27 May 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527192142/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=58&pr.y=4&sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=218&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=| url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 144.098<ref name="IMFWEO.BO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=218,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,LUR,LP,&sy=2025&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 (Bolivia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 94 වෙනි | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 11,574<ref name="IMFWEO.BO" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 120 වෙනි | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} ඩොලර් බිලියන 56.339<ref name="IMFWEO.BO" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 94 වෙනි | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඩොලර් 4,525<ref name="IMFWEO.BO" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 126 වෙනි | Gini = 40.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false Gini index]</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.733<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady/--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=30 April 2025|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 108 වෙනි | currency = බොලිවියානු බොලිවියානෝ | currency_code = BOB | time_zone = [[UTC−04:00|BOT]] | utc_offset = −04:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = දකුණ | calling_code = +591 | iso3166code = | cctld = [[.bo]] }} '''බොලිවියාව''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Bolivia.ogg|b|ə|ˈ|l|ɪ|v|i|ə}}; {{IPA|es|boˈliβja|lang|ES-pe - Bolivia.ogg}}; {{langx|gn|Mborivia}} {{IPA|gn|ᵐboˈɾiʋja|}}; {{langx|ay|Wuliwya}} {{IPA|ay|wʊlɪwja|}}; {{langx|qu|Puliwya}} {{IPA|qu|pʊlɪwja|}}|group=upper-alpha}} නිල වශයෙන් '''බොලිවියා බහුජාතිකත්ව රාජ්‍යය''',{{efn|{{langx|es|link=no|Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia}} {{IPA|es|esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja||ES-pe - Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.ogg}}|group=upper-alpha}} යනු මධ්‍යම දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ පිහිටා ඇති ගොඩබිම් සහිත රටකි. එහි කලාප සහ නගර හරහා පුළුල් පරාසයක දේශගුණික හා ජෛවගෝල ආවරණය කරන, විශාල ඇමසෝනියානු තැනිතලා, නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්, කඳු, ග්‍රාන් චාකෝ පළාත, උණුසුම් නිම්න, උස් උන්නතාංශ ඇන්ඩියන් සානු සහ හිමෙන් වැසුණු කඳු මුදුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම් රටකි. එහි නැගෙනහිර මායිම දිගේ ලෝකයේ විශාලතම නිවර්තන තෙත්බිම වන පැන්ටනාල් හි කොටසක් එයට ඇතුළත් වේ. එය උතුරින් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් බ්‍රසීලය, ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පැරගුවේ, දකුණින් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව, නිරිත දෙසින් චිලී සහ බටහිරින් පේරු යන රටවලින් මායිම් වේ. රජයේ ආසනය ලා පාස් වන අතර එහි විධායක, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සහ මැතිවරණ ශාඛා අඩංගු වන අතර ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත අගනුවර අධිකරණයේ ආසනය වන සුක්‍රේ වේ. විශාලතම නගරය සහ ප්‍රධාන කාර්මික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන්නේ ඇන්ඩියන් නොවන සංස්කෘතියක් සහිත රටේ නැගෙනහිරින් බොහෝ දුරට පැතලි කලාපයක් වන ලැනොස් ඔරියන්ටල්ස් (නැගෙනහිර නිවර්තන පහත් බිම්) හි පිහිටා ඇති සැන්ටා කෲස් ඩි ලා සියෙරා ය. බොලිවියා බහුජාතිකත්ව රාජ්‍යය ව්‍යවස්ථානුකූලව ඒකීය රාජ්‍යයක් වන අතර එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තු නවයකට බෙදා ඇත. එහි භූගෝලය ඇන්ඩීස් හි බටහිර හිමෙන් වැසුණු කඳු මුදුන්වල සිට ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය තුළ පිහිටා ඇති නැගෙනහිර පහත් බිම් දක්වා උන්නතාංශය උච්චාවචනය වන විට වෙනස් වේ. රටෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇන්ඩියන් කඳු වැටිය තුළ පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 1,098,581 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 424,164) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් බොලිවියාව බ්‍රසීලය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව, පේරු සහ කොලොම්බියාවෙන් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ පස්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර පැරගුවේ සමඟ ඇමරිකාවේ ගොඩබිම් සහිත රටවල් දෙකෙන් එකකි. එය දකුණු අර්ධගෝලයේ විශාලතම ගොඩබිම් සහිත රටයි. මිලියන 12 ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති රටේ ජනගහනය,<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bolivia|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> බහු වාර්ගික වන අතර, එයට ඇමරින්ඩියන්, මෙස්ටිසෝස්, ආසියානුවන්, අරාබිවරුන්, යුදෙව්වන් සහ යුරෝපීයයන් සහ අප්‍රිකානුවන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් ඇතුළත් වේ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන නමුත්, ස්වදේශික භාෂා 36 කට ද නිල තත්ත්වය ඇති අතර, ඒවායින් බහුලව භාවිතා වන්නේ ගුවාරානි, අයිමාරා සහ කෙචුවා ය. ස්පාඤ්ඤ යටත් විජිතකරණයට සියවස් ගණනාවකට පෙර, ඇන්ඩියන් බොලිවියාව බවට පත් වූ බොහෝ දේ ටිවානාකු දේශපාලනයේ කොටසක් වූ අතර එය ක්‍රි.ව. 1000 දී පමණ බිඳ වැටුණි. 1440 ගණන්වල කොල-ඉන්කා යුද්ධය බටහිර බොලිවියාවේ ඉන්කා පාලනයේ ආරම්භය සනිටුහන් කළේය. බොලිවියාවේ නැගෙනහිර සහ උතුරු පහත් බිම්වල ඇන්ඩියන් නොවන ස්වාධීන ඇමසෝනියානු සහ ගුවාරානි ගෝත්‍රිකයන් වාසය කළහ. පේරු හි කුස්කෝ සිට පැමිණි ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණිකයින් 16 වන සියවසේදී බලහත්කාරයෙන් කලාපයේ පාලනය අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. පසුකාලීන ස්පාඤ්ඤ යටත් විජිත සමයේදී, බොලිවියාව චාර්කාස් හි සැබෑ ප්‍රේක්ෂකයින් විසින් පාලනය කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤය තම අධිරාජ්‍යය ගොඩනඟා ගත්තේ පොටෝසි හි සෙරෝ රිකෝ වෙතින් ලබාගත් රිදී මත ය. 1809 මැයි 25 වන දින සුක්‍රේ හි අසාර්ථක කැරැල්ලකින් පසුව, සයිමන් බොලිවර් වෙනුවෙන් නම් කරන ලද ජනරජය පිහිටුවීමට පෙර වසර දහසයක් සටන් වැදුණි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2013 |title=Salem Press |url=https://salempress.com/store/samples/great_lives_from_history_19th/great_lives_from_history_19th_bolivar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825121538/https://salempress.com/store/samples/great_lives_from_history_19th/great_lives_from_history_19th_bolivar.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013 |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref> 19 වන සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, බොලිවියාවට අසල්වැසි රටවලට පර්යන්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ කිහිපයක පාලනය අහිමි විය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස බ්‍රසීලයේ අක්කර භූමිය සහ චිලී විසින් රටේ පැසිෆික් වෙරළබඩ කලාපය අත්පත් කරගත් පැසිෆික් යුද්ධය (1879) වැනි. 1971 දී හියුගෝ බන්සර් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ පිටුබලය ලත් කුමන්ත්‍රණයකට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, ජුවාන් ජෝස් ටොරස්ගේ සමාජවාදී රජය හමුදා ඒකාධිපතිත්වයක් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරන තෙක් 20 වන සියවසේ බොලිවියාව හමුදා සහ සිවිල් ආණ්ඩු අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයක් අත්විඳින ලදී. බන්සර්ගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රය වාමාංශික සහ සමාජවාදී විරුද්ධ පක්ෂ සහ අනෙකුත් ආකාරයේ විරුද්ධ මත මර්දනය කළ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ගණන් කළ නොහැකි බොලිවියානු පුරවැසියන් වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ඝාතනය කිරීම සිදු විය. 1978 දී බන්සර් බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලද අතර, වසර විස්සකට පසු, බොලිවියාවේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීව තේරී පත් වූ ජනාධිපතිවරයා ලෙස (1997-2001) නැවත පැමිණියේය. 2006–2019 ඊවෝ මොරාලෙස්ගේ ජනාධිපති ධුරය යටතේ, රට සැලකිය යුතු ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් සහ දේශපාලන ස්ථාවරත්වයක් අත්විඳිය හැකි වුවද, ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පසුබෑමක් පිළිබඳ චෝදනා එල්ල වූ අතර,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Velasco Guachalla|first1=V. Ximena|last2=Hummel|first2=Calla|last3=Handlin|first3=Sam|last4=Smith|first4=Amy Erica|author4-link=Amy Erica Smith|date=2021|title=Latin America Erupts: When Does Competitive Authoritarianism Take Root?|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797786|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=32|issue=3|pages=63–77|doi=10.1353/jod.2021.0034|issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018072257/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/797786|archive-date=18 October 2022|access-date=17 May 2024|doi-access=|s2cid=242488702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weyland|first=Kurt|date=2013|title=Latin America's Authoritarian Drift: The Threat from the Populist Left|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512750|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=24|issue=3|pages=18–32|doi=10.1353/jod.2013.0045|issn=1086-3214|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027143941/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/512750|archive-date=27 October 2022|access-date=17 May 2024|s2cid=154433853}}</ref> තරඟකාරී ඒකාධිපති පාලන තන්ත්‍රයක් ලෙසද විස්තර කරන ලදී.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Maxwell A.|date=2018|title=Making Sense of Competitive Authoritarianism: Lessons from the Andes|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=60|issue=2|pages=1–22|doi=10.1017/lap.2018.3|issn=1531-426X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Loxton|first2=James|date=2013|title=Populism and competitive authoritarianism in the Andes|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738864|journal=Democratization|volume=20|issue=1|pages=107–136|doi=10.1080/13510347.2013.738864|issn=1351-0347|url-access=subscription|s2cid=145185278}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sánchez-Sibony|first=Omar|date=2021|title=Competitive Authoritarianism in Morales's Bolivia: Skewing Arenas of Competition|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=63|issue=1|pages=118–144|doi=10.1017/lap.2020.35|issn=1531-426X|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2023 වන විට ෆ්‍රීඩම් හවුස් බොලිවියාව අර්ධ වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, 66/100 ලකුණු ලබා ඇත.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolivia: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/bolivia/freedom-world/2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428184805/https://freedomhouse.org/country/bolivia/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> නූතන බොලිවියාව නොබැඳි ව්‍යාපාරයේ (NAM) සාමාජිකයෙකි,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam|title=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative|newspaper=The Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019023811/https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/|archive-date=19 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඇමරිකානු රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානය (OAS), ඇමසන් සහයෝගිතා ගිවිසුම් සංවිධානය (ACTO), දකුණේ බැංකුව, ALBA, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ජාතීන්ගේ සංගමය (USAN) සහ දකුණු පොදු වෙළඳපොළ (Mercosur).<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Bolivia's Busy Month|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/26/bolivia-mercosur-gas-lithium-arce-coup-economy-politics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105112744/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/07/26/bolivia-mercosur-gas-lithium-arce-coup-economy-politics/|archive-date=5 January 2025|access-date=25 January 2025|magazine=Foreign Policy}}</ref> බොලිවියාව සංවර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතින රටක් වන අතර දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දෙවන දුප්පත්ම රට ලෙස පවතී, නමුත් එය දරිද්‍රතා අනුපාත අඩු කර ඇති අතර දැන් මහාද්වීපයේ වේගයෙන්ම වර්ධනය වන ආර්ථිකයක් (GDP අනුව) ඇත. එහි ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික සම්පත් අතර කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය, වන වගාව, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය, පතල් කැණීම් සහ රෙදිපිළි සහ ඇඳුම් වැනි භාණ්ඩ, පිරිපහදු කළ ලෝහ සහ පිරිපහදු කළ ඛනිජ තෙල් ඇතුළත් වේ. බොලිවියාව භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව ඉතා පොහොසත් වන අතර ටින්, රිදී, ලිතියම් සහ තඹ නිපදවන පතල් ඇත. කොකා ශාක නිෂ්පාදනය සහ පිරිපහදු කළ කොකේන් සඳහා ද රට ප්‍රසිද්ධය. 2021 දී ඇස්තමේන්තුගත කොකා වගාව සහ කොකේන් නිෂ්පාදනය පිළිවෙලින් හෙක්ටයාර 39,700 ක් සහ මෙට්‍රික් ටොන් 317 ක් ලෙස වාර්තා විය.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=ONDCP Releases Data on Coca Cultivation and Production in the Andean Region {{!}} ONDCP |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/briefing-room/2022/07/14/ondcp-releases-data-on-coca-cultivation-and-production-in-the-andean-region/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002050917/https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/briefing-room/2022/07/14/ondcp-releases-data-on-coca-cultivation-and-production-in-the-andean-region/ |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=21 September 2023 |website=The White House}}</ref> == නිරුක්තිය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}} == ඉතිහාසය == === පූර්ව යටත් විජිත සමය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|පූර්ව යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}} === යටත් විජිත සමය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|යටත් විජිත සමය|inline=yes}} === නිදහස සහ ඉන් පසුව ඇති වූ යුද්ධ === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|නිදහස සහ ඉන් පසුව ඇති වූ යුද්ධ|inline=yes}} === 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය|inline=yes}} === 20 වන සියවසේ අග භාගය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|20 වන සියවසේ අග භාගය|inline=yes}} === ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සංක්‍රාන්තිය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සංක්‍රාන්තිය|inline=yes}} ==== 1997–2002 ජෙනරාල් බන්සර් ජනාධිපති ධුරය ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|1997–2002 ජෙනරාල් බන්සර් ජනාධිපති ධුරය|inline=yes}} ==== 2002–2005 සැන්චෙස් ද ලොසාඩා / මේසා ජනාධිපති ධුරය ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|2002–2005 සැන්චෙස් ද ලොසාඩා / මේසා ජනාධිපති ධුරය|inline=yes}} ==== 2005–2019 මොරාලෙස් ජනාධිපති ධුරය ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|2005–2019 මොරාලෙස් ජනාධිපති ධුරය|inline=yes}} ==== අන්තර්කාලීන රජය 2019–2020 ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|අන්තර්කාලීන රජය 2019–2020|inline=yes}} ==== ලුයිස් ආර්ස් රජය: 2020 - වර්තමානය ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ලුයිස් ආර්ස් රජය: 2020 - වර්තමානය|inline=yes}} ==== ජුවාන් හෝසේ සුනිගාගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණය: 2024-වර්තමානය ==== {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ජුවාන් හෝසේ සුනිගාගේ කුමන්ත්‍රණය: 2024-වර්තමානය|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === භූ විද්‍යාව === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය|භූ විද්‍යාව|inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}} === දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ ගැටළු === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණික විපර්යාස පිළිබඳ ගැටළු|inline=yes}} === ජෛව විවිධත්වය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය|ජෛව විවිධත්වය|inline=yes}} === පාරිසරික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ භූගෝලය|පාරිසරික ප්‍රතිපත්තිය|inline=yes}} == රජය සහ දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === අගනුවර === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|අගනුවර|inline=yes}} === විදේශ සබඳතා === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|විදේශ සබඳතා|inline=yes}} === මිලිටරි === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|මිලිටරි|inline=yes}} === නීතිය සහ අපරාධ === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය සහ අපරාධ|inline=yes}} === පරිපාලන අංශ === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|පරිපාලන අංශ|inline=yes}} == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} === කෘෂිකර්මය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ආර්ථිකය|කෘෂිකර්මය|inline=yes}} === ඛනිජ සම්පත් === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ආර්ථිකය|ඛනිජ සම්පත්|inline=yes}} === සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ආර්ථිකය|සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය|inline=yes}} == ප්‍රවාහනය == === මාර්ග === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ප්‍රවාහනය|මාර්ග|inline=yes}} === ගුවන් === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ප්‍රවාහනය|ගුවන්|inline=yes}} == තාක්ෂණය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ තාක්ෂණය||inline=yes}} === ජල සැපයුම සහ සනීපාරක්ෂාව === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ තාක්ෂණය|ජල සැපයුම සහ සනීපාරක්ෂාව|inline=yes}} == කෘෂිකර්මය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ කෘෂිකර්මය||inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}} === භාෂාව === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}} === ආගම === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}} === විශාලතම නගර === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ ජන විකාශනය|විශාලතම නගර|inline=yes}} == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === අධ්‍යාපනය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}} === සෞඛ්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය|සෞඛ්‍ය|inline=yes}} === මාධ්‍ය === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය|මාධ්‍ය|inline=yes}} === කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම් === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය|කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම්|inline=yes}} === ක්‍රීඩා === {{Excerpt|බොලිවියාවේ සංස්කෘතිය|ක්‍රීඩා|inline=yes}} ==සටහන්== <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම්== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව|colwidth=30em}}{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]] b131cj2q51p5bez5wob2df6qqy37hx4 10 26341 750520 123472 2025-06-24T04:58:22Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750520 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{infobox settlement/{{infobox settlement/pref|{{{pref}}}|{{{name}}}}} |metv={{#if:{{{km|}}}{{{m|}}} |{{{km|}}}{{{m|}}} |{{#if:{{{mi|}}} |{{round |{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{mi}}}|R}}*1.609344}} |{{precision|{{formatnum:{{{mi}}}|R}}}} }} |{{round |{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{ft}}}|R}}*0.3048}} |{{max |{{precision|{{formatnum:{{{ft}}}|R}}}} |-{{Order of magnitude|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{ft}}}|R}}*0.3048}}}} }} }} }} }} |metu={{#if:{{{km|}}}{{{mi|}}}|k}}m |impv={{#if:{{{mi|}}}{{{ft|}}} |{{{mi|}}}{{{ft|}}} |{{#if:{{{km|}}} |{{round |{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{km}}}|R}}/1.609344}} |{{max |{{precision|{{formatnum:{{{km}}}|R}}}} |-{{Order of magnitude|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{km}}}|R}}/1.609344}}}} }} }} |{{round |{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{{m}}}|R}}/0.3048}} |{{precision|{{formatnum:{{{m}}}|R}}}} }} }} }} |impu={{#if:{{{km|}}}{{{mi|}}}|mi|ft}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> fjwtvwks1pq6z1eqnunaf5h2pa73b5r 4 30230 750494 264939 2025-06-23T16:55:38Z Ttheek 66430 /* ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ආධුනික සංස්කාරක ( හෝ Grognard) */ 750494 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>__NOTOC__</noinclude> {| class="wikitable" align="left" style="float: left; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0.0em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em" |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===ලේඛනගත සංස්කාරක (හෝ Signator)=== |- |{{Registered Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Registered Editor}}''' |{{Signator}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Signator}}''' |{{Registered Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Registered Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Registered Editor}}''' <br />{{Signator Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Signator Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Signator}}''' <br /><br />{{Registered Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Registered Editor Ribbon}}''' {{-}}''''' |අවශ්‍යතා: *එක් සංස්කරණයක් * එක් දින සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===ආධුනික සංස්කාරක (හෝ Burba)=== |- |{{Novice Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Novice Editor}}''' |{{Burba}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Burba}}''' |{{Novice Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Novice Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Novice Editor}}''' <br />{{Burba Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Burba Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Burba}}''' <br /><br />{{Novice Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Novice Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතා: *සංස්කරණයන් 200ක් සහ *එක් මාසයක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===අභ්‍යාසලාභී සංස්කාරක (හෝ Novato)=== |- |{{Apprentice Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Apprentice Editor}}''' |{{Novato}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Novato}}''' |{{Apprentice Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Apprentice Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Apprentice Editor}}''' <br />{{Novato Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Novato Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Novato}}''' <br /><br />{{Apprentice Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Apprentice Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතාවයන්: * සංස්කරණයන් 1,000ක් සහ *මාස 3ක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ ආධුනික සංස්කාරක ( හෝ Grognard)=== |- |{{Journeyman Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Journeyman Editor}}''' |{{Grognard}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard}}''' |<br />{{Journeyman Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Journeyman Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Journeyman Editor}}''' <br />{{Grognard Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Grognard}}''' <br /><br />{{Journeyman Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Journeyman Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතාවයන්: * සංස්කර්ණයන් 2,000ක් සහ * මාස 6 ක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===විශිෂ්ට සංස්කාරක (or Grognard Extraordinaire)=== |- |{{Yeoman Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Yeoman Editor}}''' |{{Grognard II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard II}}''' |{{Yeoman Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Yeoman Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Yeoman Editor}}''' <br />{{Grognard II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Grognard II}}''' <br /><br />{{Yeoman Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Yeoman Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතා: *4,000 සංස්කරණ හා *අවුරුද්දක සේවා කාලය |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===ප්‍රවීණ සංස්කාරක (හෝ Grognard Mirabilaire)=== |- |{{Experienced Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Experienced Editor}}''' |{{Grognard III}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard III}}''' |{{Experienced Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Experienced Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Experienced Editor}}''' <br />{{Grognard III Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Grognard III Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Grognard III}}''' <br /><br />{{Experienced Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Experienced Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතාවයන්: *සංස්කරණයන් 6,000 ක් සහ *අවුරුදු 1½ ක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===කෘතහස්ත සංස්කාරක (හෝ Tutnum)=== |- |{{Veteran Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor}}''' |{{Tutnum}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum}}''' |{{Veteran Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Veteran Editor}}''' <br />{{Tutnum Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Tutnum}}''' <br /><br />{{Veteran Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතා: *සංස්කරණය 8000ක් සහ *වසර 2ක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===කෘතහස්ත සංස්කාරක II ශ්‍රේණිය (හෝ Grand Tutnum)=== |- |{{Veteran Editor II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor II}}''' |{{Tutnum II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum II}}''' |{{Veteran Editor II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Veteran Editor II}}''' <br />{{Tutnum II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Tutnum II}}''' <br /><br />{{Veteran Editor II Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor II Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *12,000 edits and *2½ years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Veteran Editor III (or Most Perfect Tutnum)=== |- |{{Veteran Editor III}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor III}}''' |{{Tutnum III}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum III}}''' |{{Veteran Editor III Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor III Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Veteran Editor III}}''' <br />{{Tutnum III Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum III Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Tutnum III}}''' <br /><br />{{Veteran Editor III Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor III Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *16,000 edits and *3 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Veteran Editor IV (or Tutnum of the Encyclopedia)=== |- |{{Veteran Editor IV}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor IV}}''' |{{Tutnum IV}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum IV}}''' |{{Veteran Editor IV Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor IV Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Veteran Editor IV}}''' <br />{{Tutnum IV Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Tutnum IV Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Tutnum IV}}''' <br /><br />{{Veteran Editor IV Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Veteran Editor IV Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *20,000 edits and *3½ years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ සංස්කාරක (හෝ Labutnum)=== |- |{{Senior Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor}}''' |{{Tutnum V}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum}}''' |{{Senior Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Senior Editor}}''' <br />{{Labutnum Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Labutnum}}''' <br /><br />{{Senior Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor Ribbon}}''' |අවශ්‍යතාවයන්: *සංස්කරනයන් 24,000 ක් සහ *අවුරුදු 4 ක සේවාව |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Senior Editor II (or Most Pluperfect Labutnum)=== |- |{{Senior Editor II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor II}}''' |{{Labutnum II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum II}}''' |{{Senior Editor II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Senior Editor II}}''' <br />{{Labutnum II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Labutnum II}}''' <br /><br />{{Senior Editor II Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor II Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *35,000 edits and *4½ years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Senior Editor III (or Labutnum of the Encyclopedia)=== |- |{{Senior Editor III}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor III}}''' |{{Labutnum III}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum III}}''' |{{Senior Editor III Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor III Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Senior Editor III}}''' <br />{{Tutnum VII Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Labutnum III Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Labutnum III}}''' <br /><br />{{Senior Editor III Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Senior Editor III Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *50,000 edits and *5 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Master Editor (or Illustrious Looshpah)=== |- |{{Master Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor}}''' |{{Looshpah}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Looshpah}}''' |{{Master Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Master Editor}}''' <br />{{Looshpah Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Looshpah Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Looshpah}}''' <br /><br />{{Master Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *75,000 edits and *6 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Master Editor II (or Almighty Looshpah)=== |- |{{Master Editor II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor II}}''' |{{Looshpah II}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Looshpah II}}''' |{{Master Editor II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Master Editor II}}''' <br />{{Looshpah II Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Looshpah II Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Looshpah II}}''' <br /><br />{{Master Editor II Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Master Editor II Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *100,000 edits and *8 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Sovereign Editor (or Redoubtable Togneme) === |- |{{Sovereign Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Sovereign Editor}}''' |{{Togneme}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Togneme}}''' |{{Sovereign Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Sovereign Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Sovereign Editor}}''' <br />{{Togneme Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Togneme Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Togneme}}''' <br /><br />{{Sovereign Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Sovereign Editor Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *250,000 edits and *10 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Ultimate Editor (or Rocambolesque Bordonth) === |- |{{Ultimate Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Ultimate Editor}}''' |{{Bordonth}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Bordonth}}''' |{{Ultimate Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Ultimate Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Ultimate Editor}}''' <br />{{Bordonth Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Bordonth Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Bordonth}}''' <br /><br />{{Ultimate Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Ultimate Editor Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *500,000 edits and *12 years' service |- | colspan="4" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #BBBBBB;" | ===Vanguard Editor (or Laureate Kipzock Inziklopediock) === |- |{{Vanguard Editor}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Vanguard Editor}}''' |{{Kipzock}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Kipzock}}''' |{{Vanguard Editor Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Vanguard Editor Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Vanguard Editor}}''' <br />{{Kipzock Userbox}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Kipzock Userbox}}''' <br />'''{{tl|User Kipzock}}''' <br /><br />{{Vanguard Editor Ribbon}} {{-}}'''{{tl|Vanguard Editor Ribbon}}''' |Requirements: *1,000,000 edits and *15 years' service |} cjr6jor6vsm1ske6245xuqoyu61uk0u 0 30957 750578 736929 2025-06-24T05:46:46Z Ttheek 66430 wth [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටවල්]] ඉවත් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය | common_name = එක්සත් ජනපදය |native_name = United States of America | image_flag = Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg | alt_flag = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | flag_caption = ජාතික ධජය | flag_type_article = Flag of the United States | image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg | coat_alt = {{nbsp}} <!--Used to denote purely decorative images--> | symbol_type = රාජ්‍ය ලාංඡනය | symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse | national_motto = "[[අපි විශ්වාස කරන දෙවියන් වහන්සේ කෙරෙහි]]"<ref>{{USC|36|302}}</ref>{{collapsible list |title={{nowrap|අනෙකුත් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආදර්ශ පාඨ:<ref name="de facto Motto">{{cite web |publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}</ref>}} |titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em; |liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap; |{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"බොහෝ දෙනෙකුගෙන්, එකක්" |{{native phrase|la|"[[Annuit cœptis]]"|italics=off}}<br />"දේවාරක්ෂාව අපගේ ව්‍යාපාරවලට අනුග්‍රහය දක්වයි." |{{native phrase|la|"[[Novus ordo seclorum]]"|italics=off}}<br />"යුගයන්හි නව අනුපිළිවෙල" }} | national_anthem = "[[තරු විසිරුණු බැනරය]]"<ref>{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H.R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&page=1508}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</div> <!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. | march="[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]"<ref name="urluscode.house.gov">{{cite web |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. "The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march." |access-date=September 10, 2017}}</ref><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:"The Star-Spangled Banner" - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]</div> --> <!-- Consensus map, see talk page. -->| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:USA orthographic.svg|frameless|alt=Orthographic map of the U.S. in North America]]|Show globe ([[U.S. state|states]] and [[Washington, D.C.|D.C.]] only)|[[File:US insular areas SVG.svg|upright=1.15|frameless|alt=World map showing the U.S. and its territories]]|Show the U.S. and [[Territories of the United States|its territories]]|[[File:NOAA Map of the US EEZ.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show territories with [[Exclusive economic zone of the United States|their exclusive economic zone]]|default=1}} | map_width = 220px | capital = [[වොෂින්ටන්, ඩී.සී.]]<br />{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}} | largest_city = [[නිව්යෝර්ක් නගරය]]<br />{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}} | official_languages = ෆෙඩරල් මට්ටමින් කිසිවක් නැත.{{efn|name=officiallanguage|රාජ්‍ය 50 න් විසිඅටක්ම ඉංග්‍රීසි පමණක් නිල භාෂාවක් ලෙස පිළිගනී. [[හවායි ප්‍රාන්තය]] හවායි සහ ඉංග්‍රීසි යන දෙකම නිල භාෂා ලෙස පිළිගනී, [[ඇලස්කා ප්‍රාන්තය]] ඉංග්‍රීසි සමඟ [[ඇලස්කාවේ ස්වදේශීය භාෂා]] 20 ක් නිල වශයෙන් පිළිගනී, සහ [[දකුණු ඩැකෝටා ප්‍රාන්තය]] ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ සියලුම සියුක්ස් උපභාෂා නිල භාෂා ලෙස පිළිගනී. ප්‍රාන්ත දහනවයක් සහ කොලොම්බියා දිස්ත්‍රික්කය නිල භාෂාවක් නොමැත.}}{{Discuss|section=RFC: Is English the official language of the United States?}} | languages_type = ජාතික භාෂාව | languages = ඉංග්‍රීසි{{efn|ඉංග්‍රීසි යනු ''[[තථ්‍ය]]'' භාෂාවයි. වැඩි විස්තර සඳහා, [[එක්සත් ජනපදයේ භාෂා]] බලන්න.}} <!-- NOTE: For English, don't add "American English" -->| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''ජාතිය අනුව:'' * 61.6% සුදු * 12.4% කළු * 6% ආසියානු * 1.1% ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානු * 0.2% පැසිෆික් දූපත් වැසියෝ * 10.2% ජාතීන් දෙකක් හෝ වැඩි ගණනක් * 8.4% වෙනත් }} {{plainlist|''සම්භවය අනුව:'' * 81.3% හිස්පැනික් හෝ ලතින් නොවන * 18.7% හිස්පැනික් හෝ ලතින් }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2020CensusData">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2020InteractiveCensusData">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2020 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR |access-date=}}</ref> | demonym = ඇමරිකානුවන්{{efn|name=demonym|ඓතිහාසික හා අවිධිමත් යක්ෂ නාමය [[යැන්කි]] 18 වන සියවසේ සිට ඇමරිකානුවන්, නව එංගලන්ත වැසියන් හෝ ඊසානදිග වැසියන් සඳහා යොදාගෙන ඇත.}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia and Fact-index: Ohio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}</ref> | government_type = [[ෆෙඩරල්]] ජනාධිපති ජනරජය <!-- Remember to keep WP:NPOV in mind when changing this in the future. --> <!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House -->| leader_title1 = ජනාධිපති | leader_name1 = [[ඩොනල්ඩ් ට්‍රම්ප්]] | leader_title2 = උප ජනාධිපති | leader_name2 = [[ජේ.ඩී. වැන්ස්]] | leader_title3 = මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩල කථානායක | leader_name3 = [[මයික් ජොන්සන්]] | leader_title4 = අගවිනිසුරු | leader_name4 = ජෝන් රොබට්ස් | legislature = කොංග්‍රසය | upper_house = සෙනෙට් සභාව | lower_house = නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය | sovereignty_type = ස්වාධීනත්වය | sovereignty_note = [[මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය]] වෙතින් | established_event1 = නිදහස් ප්‍රකාශනය | established_date1 = 1776 ජූලි 4 | established_event2 = සම්මේලන කාලය | established_date2 = 1781 මාර්තු 1 | established_event3 = පිළිගැනීම | established_date3 = 1783 සැප්තැම්බර් 3 | established_event4 = ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 1788 ජුනි 21 | area_link = එක්සත් ජනපදයේ භූගෝලය | area_label = මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය | area_footnote = <ref name="CensusGov2010HTML">Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010.}}</ref>{{efn|name=largestcountry}} | area_rank = 3 වෙනි | area_sq_mi = 3,796,742 | percent_water = 7.0<ref>{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}</ref> (2010) | area_label2 = භූමි ප්‍රමාණය | area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3 වෙනි) | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281{{efn|name="pop"}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 340,110,988<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 3 වෙනි | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure based on (population/land + water area) in July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 185 වෙනි | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ඇ.ඩො. ට්‍රිලියන 29.168{{efn|name=PPP}}<ref name="IMFWEO.US">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (United States) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=October 22, 2024 |access-date=October 22, 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2 වෙනි | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ඇ.ඩො. 86,601<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8 වෙනි | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} ඇ.ඩො. ට්‍රිලියන 29.168<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1 වෙනි | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ඇ.ඩො. 86,601<ref name="IMFWEO.US" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 6 වෙනි | Gini = 41.6<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = {{efn|බදු සහ මාරු කිරීම් සඳහා ගැලපීමෙන් පසු}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-282.html |title=Income in the United States: 2023 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=53 |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> | HDI = 0.927<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2023/24 |language=en |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 20 වෙනි | currency = [[එක්සත් ජනපද ඩොලරය]] ([[$]]) | currency_code = USD | utc_offset = −4 to −12, +10, +11 | utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{efn|name="time"}} | date_format = මාමා/දිදි/වවවව | drives_on = දකුණ{{efn|name="drive"}} | calling_code = +1 | iso3166code = US | cctld = [[.us]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between .us vs .com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 67% ක්‍රිස්තියානි |-- 33% රෙපරමාදු |-- 22% කතෝලික |-- 1% මෝමන්වාදය |-- 11% අනෙකුත් ක්‍රිස්තියානි |22% අනාගමික |2% යුදෙව් ආගම |6% වෙනත් ආගම |3% පිළිතුරු නැත }} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref name="Staff-2007">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref> }} කට වහරේ '''එක්සත් ජනපදය''' හෝ '''ඇමරිකාව''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන '''ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය''' , ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ පිහිටා ඇති රටකි. එය ප්‍රාන්ත 50 කින් සමන්විත ෆෙඩරල් ජනරජයක් වන අතර එහි ෆෙඩරල් අගනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කය ලෙස වොෂින්ටන් ඩී.සී. වේ. යාබද ප්‍රාන්ත 48 උතුරින් කැනඩාව සහ දකුණින් මෙක්සිකෝව මායිම් කරයි, වයඹ දෙසින් අර්ධ-විදේශීය [[ඇලස්කාව|ඇලස්කා ප්‍රාන්තය]] සහ පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ හවායි දූපත් සමූහය සමඟ ප්‍රාන්ත 50 වේ. ෆෙඩරල් ලෙස පිළිගත් ගෝත්‍රික ආණ්ඩු 574 ක් සහ ඉන්දියානු රක්ෂිත 326 ක් ගෝත්‍රික ස්වෛරීත්ව අයිතිවාසිකම් සහිත දේශීය යැපෙන ජාතීන් ලෙස නීත්‍යානුකූලව වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. එක්සත් ජනපදය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් භූමි පහක් සහ විවිධ ජනාවාස නොවූ දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි.{{efn|එක්සත් ජනපදයට අයත් නමුත් එහි කොටසක් නොවන ප්‍රධාන භූමි ප්‍රදේශ පහ වන්නේ [[ඇමරිකානු සැමෝවා]], [[ගුවාම්]], [[උතුරු මරියානා දූපත්]], [[පුවර්ටෝ රිකෝ]] සහ [[එක්සත් ජනපද වර්ජින් දූපත්]] ය. ස්ථිර ජනගහනයක් නොමැති අවිවාදිත දූපත් හත වන්නේ [[බේකර් දූපත]], [[හව්ලන්ඩ් දූපත]], [[ජාවිස් දූපත]], [[ජොන්ස්ටන් ඇටෝල්]], [[කිංමන් පරය]], [[මිඩ්වේ ඇටෝල්]] සහ [[පැල්මයිරා ඇටෝල්]] ය. ජනාකීර්ණ [[බාජෝ නුවෝ ඉවුර]], [[නවාසා දූපත]], [[සෙරානිල්ලා ඉවුර]] සහ [[වේක් දූපත]] කෙරෙහි එක්සත් ජනපද ස්වෛරීභාවය මතභේදාත්මක ය.<ref name="HRI-2012">{{multiref2|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. State Department |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm |title=Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights |date=December 30, 2011 |at=Item 22, 27, 80 |access-date=April 6, 2016}}|{{Cite web |publisher=U.S. General Accounting Office Report |url=https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093032/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |archive-date=November 3, 2013 |date=November 1997 |pages=1, 6, 39n |access-date=April 6, 2016}}}}</ref>}} එය මහා විවිධත්වයෙන් යුත් රටකි, ලෝකයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම භූමි ප්‍රමාණය{{efn|වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 9,147,590 ක ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය භූමි ප්‍රමාණය අනුව ලෝකයේ තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වන අතර, [[රුසියාව]] සහ [[චීනය]] ​​ට පසුවය. මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය (භූමිය සහ ජලය) අනුව, එහි වෙරළබඩ සහ භෞමික ජල ප්‍රදේශ ඇතුළත් කළහොත්, රුසියාව සහ [[කැනඩාව]] ට පසුව තුන්වන විශාලතම රට වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, එහි අභ්‍යන්තර ජලය පමණක් ඇතුළත් නම් (බොක්ක, ශබ්ද, ගංගා, විල් සහ [[මහා විල්]]), රුසියාව, කැනඩාව සහ චීනයට පසුව එක්සත් ජනපදය සිව්වන විශාලතම රට වේ. <br /> වෙරළබඩ/භෞමික ජලය ඇතුළත්ව: වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 9,833,517<ref>{{cite web |title=China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=June 10, 2016 |website=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref> <br /> Only internal waters included: {{cvt|9,572,900|km2|order=flip}}<ref>{{cite web |title=United States |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219194413/https://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts |archive-date=December 19, 2013 |access-date=January 31, 2010 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>|name=largestcountry}} සහ තුන්වන විශාලතම ජනගහනය, මිලියන 340 ඉක්මවයි.{{efn|එක්සත් ජනපද සංගණන කාර්යාංශයේ නවතම නිල ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තුව (2024) ප්‍රාන්ත 50 සහ කොලොම්බියා දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා වන අතර එය 340,110,988 ක් වේ; එය එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමි ප්‍රදේශ පහේ සහ පිටත දූපත් වල පදිංචිකරුවන් මිලියන 3.6 ක් බැහැර කරයි. සංගණන කාර්යාංශය අඛණ්ඩව යාවත්කාලීන කරන ලද නමුත් නිල නොවන ජනගහනය ද සපයයි:[https://www.census.gov/popclock/ www.census.gov/popclock]|name=pop clock}} පැලියෝ-ඉන්දියානුවන් වසර 12,000 කට පෙර බෙරිං ගොඩබිම් පාලම හරහා උතුරු ඇමරිකාවට සංක්‍රමණය වී විවිධ ශිෂ්ටාචාර සහ සමාජ පිහිටුවා ගත්හ. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගවේෂණය සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය 1513 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ ෆ්ලොරිඩාව පිහිටුවීමට හේතු විය. එය දැන් මහාද්වීපික එක්සත් ජනපදය ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයේ පළමු යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතය විය. ප්‍රංශය ද මේ කාලයේදී යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට පටන් ගත් නමුත් ප්‍රධාන ජනාවාස ඇති වූයේ බොහෝ කලකට පසුවය. පසුකාලීන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය 1607 දී වර්ජිනියාවේ ජනපද දහතුනෙහි පළමු ජනාවාසයට හේතු විය. වේගයෙන් ව්‍යාප්ත වන දකුණු ජනපදවල දැඩි කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය වහල්භාවයට පත් අප්‍රිකානුවන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් සංක්‍රමණය කිරීම දිරිමත් කළේය. බදුකරණය සහ දේශපාලන නියෝජනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අධිරාජ්‍යය|බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කිරීටය]] සමඟ ඇති වූ ගැටුම් ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවයට හේතු වූ අතර, දෙවන මහාද්වීපික කොංග්‍රසය 1776 ජූලි 4 වන දින නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. 1775–1783 විප්ලවවාදී යුද්ධයේ ජයග්‍රහණයෙන් පසුව, රට උතුරු ඇමරිකාව හරහා බටහිර දෙසට ව්‍යාප්ත වෙමින්, ඉන්දියානු යුද්ධවලට සටන් කරන අතරතුර ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් නෙරපා හරින ලදී. 1803 දී නැපෝලියන් ප්‍රංශයෙන් ලුසියානා මිලදී ගැනීම සහ 1848 දී මෙක්සිකානු-ඇමරිකානු යුද්ධය අවසන් වීම ව්‍යාප්තිය සඳහා විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලබා දුන්නේය. තවත් රාජ්‍යයන් ඇතුළත් වූ විට, වහල්භාවය පිළිබඳ උතුරු-දකුණු බෙදීමක් 1861-1865 ඇමරිකානු සිවිල් යුද්ධයේදී සංගමයට එරෙහිව සටන් කළ ඇමරිකානු කොන්ෆෙඩරේට් රාජ්‍යයන් වෙන් වීමට හේතු විය. එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජයග්‍රහණය සහ සංරක්ෂණයත් සමඟ, වහල්භාවය ජාතික වශයෙන් අහෝසි කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ අග භාගය වන විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤ-ඇමරිකානු යුද්ධයේ ජයග්‍රහණයත් සමඟ එක්සත් ජනපදය මහා බලවතෙකු ලෙස ස්ථාපිත වූ අතර, පළමු ලෝක යුද්ධයට සහභාගී වීමෙන් එම තත්ත්වය තහවුරු විය. 1941 දෙසැම්බරයේ පර්ල් වරායට ජපානය එල්ල කළ ප්‍රහාරයෙන් පසුව, එක්සත් ජනපදය දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයට අවතීර්ණ විය; එහි ප්‍රතිවිපාකය එක්සත් ජනපදය සහ සෝවියට් සංගමය ලෝකයේ සුපිරි බලවතුන් ලෙස ඉතිරි කළේය. සීතල යුද්ධය අතරතුර, රටවල් දෙකම දෘෂ්ටිවාදාත්මක ආධිපත්‍යය සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර බලපෑම සඳහා අරගල කළේය. 1991 දී සීතල යුද්ධයේ අවසානය සහ [[සෝවියට් සංගමය|සෝවියට් සංගමයේ]] බිඳවැටීම එක්සත් ජනපදය ලෝකයේ එකම සුපිරි බලවතා ලෙස ඉතිරි කළේය. එක්සත් ජනපද ජාතික රජය යනු ජනාධිපති ව්‍යවස්ථාපිත ෆෙඩරල් ජනරජයක් වන අතර වෙනම ශාඛා තුනක් සහිත ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයකි: ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක, විධායක සහ අධිකරණ. එහි ජනගහනය මත පදනම් වූ පහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයක් වන නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය සහ සෑම ප්‍රාන්තයක් සඳහාම සමාන නියෝජනයක් මත පදනම් වූ ඉහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයක් වන සෙනෙට් සභාව යන ද්වි-මණ්ඩල ජාතික ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් ඇත. 1850 ගණන්වල සිට රටේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී සහ රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂ ඇමරිකානු දේශපාලනය ආධිපත්‍යය දරයි. ෆෙඩරල්වාදය ප්‍රාන්ත 50 කට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වයං පාලනයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ඇමරිකානු වටිනාකම් යුරෝපීය ප්‍රබුද්ධ ව්‍යාපාරයෙන් ආභාෂය ලබා ගන්නා දේශපාලන සම්ප්‍රදායක් මත පදනම් වේ. බොහෝ ජනවාර්ගික හා සිරිත් විරිත්වල ද්‍රවාංකයක් වන එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සියවස් ගණනාවක සංක්‍රමණ මගින් හැඩගැසී ඇති අතර එහි මෘදු බල බලපෑම ගෝලීය වශයෙන් ළඟා වේ. ලෝකයේ වඩාත්ම සංවර්ධිත රටවලින් එකක් වන ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය ආර්ථික තරඟකාරිත්වය, ඵලදායිතාව, නවෝත්පාදනය, මානව හිමිකම් සහ උසස් අධ්‍යාපනය අතින් ඉහළම ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් අතර වේ. 2024 දී නාමික ගෝලීය ආර්ථික නිමැවුමෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා එක්සත් ජනපදය විසින් සිදු කරන ලද අතර, 1890 පමණ සිට එහි ආර්ථිකය නාමික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් ලොව විශාලතම රට වී ඇත. ඕනෑම රටක ධනයෙන් විශාලතම ප්‍රමාණය එය සතුව ඇති අතර OECD රටවල් අතර ඉහළම ඒක පුද්ගල ඉවත දැමිය හැකි ගෘහස්ථ ආදායමක් ඇත, නමුත් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ධන අසමානතාවය අනෙකුත් බොහෝ සංවර්ධිත රටවලට වඩා ඉහළ ය. එක්සත් ජනපදය බහු ජාත්‍යන්තර සංවිධානවල සාමාජිකයෙකු වන අතර ගෝලීය දේශපාලන, සංස්කෘතික, ආර්ථික සහ හමුදා කටයුතුවල ප්‍රමුඛ කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කරයි. == නිරුක්තිය == {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ නිරුක්තිය||inline=yes}} == ඉතිහාසය == === ආදිවාසී ජනතාව === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|ආදිවාසී ජනතාව|inline=yes}} === යුරෝපීය ගවේෂණය, ජනපදකරණය සහ ගැටුම් (1513–1765) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|යුරෝපීය ගවේෂණය, ජනපදකරණය සහ ගැටුම් (1513–1765)|inline=yes}} === ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවය සහ මුල් ජනරජය (1765–1800) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|ඇමරිකානු විප්ලවය සහ මුල් ජනරජය (1765–1800)|inline=yes}} === බටහිර දෙසට ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ සිවිල් යුද්ධය (1800–1865) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|බටහිර දෙසට ව්‍යාප්තිය සහ සිවිල් යුද්ධය (1800–1865)|inline=yes}} === පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධ යුගය (1865-1917) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|පශ්චාත් සිවිල් යුද්ධ යුගය (1865-1917)|inline=yes}} === සුපිරි බලවතෙකු ලෙස නැගී සිටීම (1917–1945) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|සුපිරි බලවතෙකු ලෙස නැගී සිටීම (1917–1945)|inline=yes}} === සීතල යුද්ධය (1945–1991) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|සීතල යුද්ධය (1945–1991)|inline=yes}} === සමකාලීන (1991–වර්තමානය) === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ඉතිහාසය|සමකාලීන (1991–වර්තමානය)|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}} === ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ භූගෝලය|ජෛව විවිධත්වය සහ සංරක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} == රජය සහ දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === ජාතික රජය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|ජාතික රජය|inline=yes}} === දේශපාලන පක්ෂ === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|දේශපාලන පක්ෂ|inline=yes}} === උප අංශ === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|උප අංශ|inline=yes}} === විදේශ සබඳතා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|විදේශ සබඳතා|inline=yes}} === හමුදා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|හමුදා|inline=yes}} === නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ යුක්තිය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ රජය සහ දේශපාලනය|නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ අපරාධ යුක්තිය|inline=yes}} == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} === '''විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය''' === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආර්ථිකය|විද්‍යාව සහ තාක්ෂණය|inline=yes}} === අභ්‍යවකාශ පියාසැරිය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආර්ථිකය|අභ්‍යවකාශ පියාසැරිය|inline=yes}} === බලශක්තිය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආර්ථිකය|බලශක්තිය|inline=yes}} === ප්‍රවාහනය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ආර්ථිකය|ප්‍රවාහනය|inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == === ජනගහනය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|ජනගහනය|inline=yes}} === භාෂාව === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|භාෂාව|inline=yes}} === ආගමන === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගමන|inline=yes}} === ආගම === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}} === නාගරීකරණය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|නාගරීකරණය|inline=yes}} === සෞඛ්‍යය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|සෞඛ්‍යය|inline=yes}} === අධ්‍යාපනය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ජන විකාශනය|අධ්‍යාපනය|inline=yes}} == සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය == {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය||inline=yes}} === සාහිත්‍යය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|සාහිත්‍යය|inline=yes}} === ජනමාධ්‍ය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|ජනමාධ්‍ය|inline=yes}} === රංග ශාලා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|රංග ශාලා|inline=yes}} === දෘශ්‍ය කලා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|දෘශ්‍ය කලා|inline=yes}} === සංගීතය === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|සංගීතය|inline=yes}} === විලාසිතා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|විලාසිතා|inline=yes}} === සිනමාව === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|සිනමාව|inline=yes}} === ආහාර === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|ආහාර|inline=yes}} === ක්‍රීඩා === {{Excerpt|එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සංස්කෘතිය සහ සමාජය|ක්‍රීඩා|inline=yes}} == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == {{reflist}}{{උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍ය සහ යැපෙන භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} * [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:උතුරු ඇමරිකානු රටවල්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇමරිකාව]] qailmrpa8g8ytqywi0zwjlzrfgkzz5b 0 54558 750675 732478 2025-06-24T08:38:18Z 103.21.164.55 New reasons added to ' Hethu' section 750675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{සමුද්දේශ විරහිත|date=ජනවාරි 2025}}{{Infobox disease | Name = Anal fistula <br> භගන්දරා | Image = Piles diffdiag 01.svg | Alt = | Caption = Different types of anal fistula (right side of image) | DiseasesDB = | GeneReviewsID = | GeneReviewsName = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|60|3|k|55}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|565.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 2710 | MeshID = }}'''භගන්දරා''' යනු ගුදමාර්ග අපිඡ්චදය සහ ගුදය අවට සම අතර අස්වාභාවික සිදුරක් (හෝ සිදුරු කිහිපයක්) ඇතිවීමේ රෝගයයි. ==වෛද්‍යවේදය== ===හේතු === ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ආහාර රටාව මේ සදහා බලපායි. පිටි සහ තෙල් අධික ආහාර දීර්ගකාලීනව ගැනීම සහ වතුර පානය මද කම මේ සදහා හේතුවේ. ස්වභාවික ආහාර සඳහා යොමු වීමත්.. සකසන ලද ආහාර භාවිතය අවම කිරීමත් සුදුසුයි.<ref>Dushan</ref> ===රෝග නිශ්චය=== ===ප්‍රතිකාර=== ==ආයුර්වේදය== ===හේතු=== ===රෝග නිශ්චය=== ===ප්‍රතිකාර=== {{Authority control}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:රෝග]] {{Disease-stub}} qpjq5t115tl00q5mzzez59qaq39unp4 0 55674 750498 469847 2025-06-24T03:22:11Z 103.21.164.32 සන්නිවේදන යනු කුමක්ද යන නිර්වචනය නිවැරදි කලා 750498 wikitext text/x-wiki "Communication" යන ලතින් වචනයෙන් ඔවුන් අදහස් කරන ලද්දේ "පොදු වශයෙන් බෙදා ගැනිම" නො එසේ නම් "දැනුම් දීම" යන අර්ථය වේ. ඒ අනුව එහි පරිස්මාප්ත අර්ථයෙන්ම යම් කරුණක් අනන්‍යයන්ගේ දැන ගැනිම පිණිස බෙදා හැරීම යන්න ඉන් ගම්‍ය වේ නම් "සන්නිවෙදනය යනු, සන්නිවේදක පාර්ශවයක් අතර හා ග්‍රාහක පාර්ශවයක් අතර තොරතුරු සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කිරීමේ හා ප්‍රතිග්‍රහනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලිය" ලෙස හැදින්විය හැක. '''අප සන්නිවේදනය කරන්නේ ඇයි?''' අප ජීවත් වන පරිසරය අනුව සන්නිවේදනය කරුණු ගණනාවක් නිසවෙන් වැදගත් වේ. පහත දැක්වෙන්නේ පොදු වශයෙන් සියලු දෙනාටම ආදේශ කළ කරුණු කිහිපයකි. * යම් විෂයනුබද්ධ කරුණක් සකච්ඡා කිරිම සඳහා. * තම හැකියවන් අන් අයට දැනුම් දීම සඳහා. * ‍යම් සම්මුතියක් (appointment) ඇති කර ගැනිම සඳහා. * යහළුවන් සමඟ සතුටු සාමීචියේ යෙදිම සඳහා. * යම් ගොණුවක් (File) හුවමාරු කරගැනීම සඳහා. * ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික තැපෑල මඟින් පණිවුඩ යැවීම සඳහා. * කෙටි පණිවුඩ (SMS) යැවීම සඳහා. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සන්නිවේදනය]] agf0pnx5zmdi5oxykju3j0lurkn6ivu 0 65251 750561 737950 2025-06-24T05:29:44Z Ttheek 66430 −[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]]; +[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|නගරය|ජනපදය|රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ (ජනපදය)|වෙනත් භාවිත|රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ (වක්‍රෝක්තිහරණය)}} {{Infobox settlement |name = රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ |settlement_type = [[මහනගර]] |official_name = ''Município do Rio de Janeiro''<br>Municipality of Rio de Janeiro |nickname = ''Cidade Maravilhosa'' (විශ්මයජනක නගරය) ''Princesa Maravilhosa'' (විශ්මයජනක කුමරිය) |image_skyline = Rio_Collage.png |image_caption = ඉහළ සිට, වමේ සිට දකුණට: [[''ක්‍රයිස්ට් ද රෙඩීමර්'']], Botafogo's බොක්ක, රියෝ නගර මධ්‍යය, [[Rio–Niterói Bridge|Rio–Niterói bridge]], [[මරකානා ක්‍රීඩාංගණය]] සහ [[Barra da Tijuca]] හි පුළුල් දර්ශනයක් [[Pedra da Gávea]] සිට |image_flag = Rio de Janeiro (RJ) - Bandeira.svg |image_shield = Rio de Janeiro (RJ) - Brasao.svg |image_map = RiodeJaneiro Municip RiodeJaneiro.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ (ජනපදය) තුළ පිහිටීම |motto = |pushpin_map = Brazil |pushpin_map_caption = බ්‍රසීලය තුළ පිහිටීම |coordinates_display = inline, titleme |coordinates_region = BR |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2 = [[States of Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|බ්‍රසීලය}} |subdivision_name1 = ගිනිකොණ |subdivision_name2 = [[File:Bandeira do estado do Rio de Janeiro.svg|border|22px]] [[රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ (ජනපදය)|රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ]] |leader_title = [[නගරාධිපති]] |leader_name = [[w:en:Eduardo Paes|එදුවාර්දෝ පේස්]] |leader_party = [[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]] (2009–present) |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1 මාර්තු 1565 |area_total_km2 = 1221 |area_total_sq_mi = 486.5 |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_metro_sq_mi = 1759.6 |population_as_of = 2014 |population_metro = 12,090,607 (2nd) |area_metro_km2 = |population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2013/estimativa_2013_dou.pdf |title=2013 population estimates. Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) (1 July 2013). |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |date= |accessdate=22 July 2014}}</ref> |population_total = 6,453,682 |population_rank = [[List of largest cities in Brazil|2nd]] |population_urban = 11,616,000 |population_density_km2 = 5377 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_demonym = [[Carioca]] |timezone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] |utc_offset = −3 |timezone_DST = [[Time in Brazil#Summer time|BRST]] |utc_offset_DST = −2 |coordinates_type = type:city |latd = 22 |latm = 54 |lats = 30 |latNS = S |longd = 43 |longm = 11 |longs = 47 |longEW = W |elevation_m = from 0 to 1020 |elevation_ft = from 0 to 3349 |area_code = +55 21 |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = 20000-000 |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = [http://www.rio.rj.gov.br/ Rio de Janeiro, RJ] |footnotes = {{නිලනාම ලැයිස්තුව| embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 2012 <small>(36th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = vi | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1100 1100] | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = Brazil | designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas|Latin America and Europe]] }} }} '''රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|iː|oʊ|_|d|i|_|ʒ|ə|ˈ|n|ɛər|oʊ|,_|-|d|eɪ|_|ʒ|ə|-|,_|-|d|ə|_|dʒ|ə|-|}}; {{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒɐˈnejɾu}};<ref>It is pronounced {{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u dʒi ʒaˈnejɾu|}} in the variety of [[Brazilian Portuguese]] spoken in Rio de Janeiro according to ''Larousse Concise Dictionary: Portuguese-English'', 2008, p. 339. Vowel reduction at {{IPA|/a ~ ɐ/}} was added as it is the most often used speech pattern in vernacular, colloquial and educated colloquial modes of speech. {{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u dʑi ʑəˈnejɾu|}} is possibly the way most Brazilians, and particularly most {{lang|pt|''cariocas''}}, would actually pronounce it. The [[European Portuguese]] pronunciation is: {{IPA-pt|ˈʁi.u ðɨ ʒɐˈnɐjɾu|}}.</ref> ''River of January''), හෝ '''රියෝ''' (Rio) ලෙස කෙටියෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] දෙවන වැඩිම ජනගහණයක් සහිත නගරයයි. එය ඇමෙරිකා මහද්වීප තුළ හයවන වැඩිම ජනගහණයක් සහිත නගරය ද වෙයි. රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ, එනමින්ම හැඳින්වෙන රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ ජනපදයේ අගනුවරයි. එම ජනපදය බ්‍රසීලයේ තෙවන වැඩිම ජනගහණයක් සහිත ජනපදය වෙයි. රියෝ නගරයේ කොටසක් යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් වශයෙන් නම්කොට ඇත. එය හැඳින්වෙන්නේ "''රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ: කඳුකරය සහ මුහුද අතර කැරියෝකා භූ දර්ශන''" නමිනි. යුනෙස්කෝව විසින් එහි සංස්කෘතික වැදගත්කම සළකා 2012 ජුලි 1 දින ලෝක උරුම ලැයිස්තුවට එක් කරන ලදී. රියෝ නගරය පිහිටුවන ලද්දේ පෘතුගීසි ජාතිකයින් විසින් 1565 වසරේ දී ය. එවකට එය පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යයට අයත් විය. 1889 සිට 1960 දක්වා එය බ්‍රසීල ජනරජයේ අගනගරය විය. 1960 දී [[බ්‍රසිලියා]] නගරය, බ්‍රසීලයේ අගනුවර බවට පත් කරන ලදී. බ්‍රසීලයේ දෙවන විශාලතම නාගරික GDP අගය සහිත නගරය වන්නේ රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ වන අතර, 2008 වසරේදී ඇස්තමේන්තුගත බ්‍රසීලියානු රියාල් බිලියන 343 (IBGE, 2008) (ආසන්න වශයෙන් US$ බිලියන 201) ක අගයක් වාර්තා කරමින් ලෝකයෙන්ම 30 වන විශාලතම නාගරික GDP අගය සහිත නගරය බවට පත් විය. බ්‍රසීලියානු තෙල්, පතල් සහ ජනසන්නිවේදන සමාගම් වල මූලස්ථානය වන්නේ රියෝ නගරයයි. එමෙන්ම විශ්ව විද්‍යාල සහ ආයතන රැසක්ම පිහිටා ඇත්තේ රියෝ නගරයේයි. රියෝ නගරය දක්ෂිණ අර්ධගෝලයේ වැඩිම සංචාරක ආකර්ෂණයක් සහිත නගර අතුරින් එකක් වෙයි. එහි සැණකෙළි, සම්බා නර්තන, bossa nova (බ්‍රසීලියානු සංගීත ආකාරයක්) සහ බාරා ඩා ටිජුකා (Barra da Tijuca), කොපකැබනා (Copacabana), ඉපනේමා (Ipanema) සහ ලෙබ්ලොන් (Leblon) වැනි දර්ශනීය balneario වෙරළ තීරයන් නිසා එය ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වී ඇත. තවද කොර්කොවාඩෝ (Corcovado) කඳු මුදුනෙහි පිහිටා ඇති, නව ලෝක පුදුම හතෙන් එකක් ලෙස නම් කර ඇති ක්‍රයිස්ට් ද රෙඩීමර් (Christ the Redeemer) ප්‍රතිමාව, එමෙන්ම කේබල් කාර් සහිත සර්ගාලෝෆ් කන්ද, Sambodromo ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කානිවල් සමයේ පෙරහැර සඳහා භාවිතයට ගැනෙන වීදිය සහ ලොව විශාලතම පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩාංගණයක් වන මරකානා ක්‍රීඩාංගණය ආදිය රියෝ නගරයේ සුප්‍රසිද්ධ භූ ස්මාරක වෙයි. [[2016 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික්]] සහ [[2016 ගිම්හාන පැරාලිම්පික්]] උළෙල සඳහා සත්කාරකත්වය දරනු ලබන්නේ රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝවයි. දකුණු ඇමෙරිකානු රටක මෙන්ම පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කරනු ලබන රටක ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල පැවැත්වෙන්නේ පළමු වරටයි. එමෙන්ම දක්ෂිණ අර්ධගෝලයේ නගරයක ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල පවත්වනු ලබන තෙවන අවස්ථාව ද මෙය වෙයි. 1950 සහ [[2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය|2014]] FIFA ලෝක කුසලාන අවසාන මහා තරග, 2013 Confederations cup සහ XV පෑන් ඇමරිකන් ක්‍රීඩා උළෙල මරකානා ක්‍රීඩාංගණයේ පවත්වා ඇත. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 79ccm7id9pl0imtuwc7untzkf2ww1g9 14 65255 750547 362109 2025-06-24T05:23:24Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 2m92d7e8cjf2pg2ky5r5234s0vxwdu0 750553 750547 2025-06-24T05:25:18Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] ඉවත් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore}} co14t6zd6tzm4ugm6s5twxn4ikv2ukr 0 66747 750488 750004 2025-06-23T16:41:25Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = රජ වැඩකාරයෝ</br> Raja wedakarayo | image = Raja Wedakarayo.jpg | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->නිහාල් චන්ද්‍රසිරි ඉන්ද්‍රානි චන්ද්‍රසිරි | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | screenplay = [[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | story = "අන්දර් බාහර්" හින්දි චිත්‍රපටය ඇසුරෙනි | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = විජය කුමාරණතුංග [[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = සරත් ද අල්විස් | cinematography = එම් ඒ ගෆූර් | editing = එම් එස් අලිමාන් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1987|09|11|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} ==රංගනය== *විජය කුමාරණතුංග *[[ටෝනි රණසිංහ]] *[[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] *[[සනත් ගුණතිලක]] *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *සුමනා ගෝමස් *[[රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි]] *සෝනියා දිසා *සමන්ති ලැනරෝල් *චන්දි රසිකා *ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා *[[ශෂී විජේන්ද්‍ර]] *මැණික් කුරුකුලසූරිය *ලිලියන් එදිරිසිංහ *ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ටිරෝන් මයිකල් *පියතිලක අතපත්තු *සරත් ද සිල්වා *ගාමිණි කුමාර් *අරුණ ශාන්ති *ලාල් කුමාර් *විනී සිගේරා *හේමසිරි හල්පිට *ජයලත් ප්‍රනාන්දු *උදිත ලක්ෂ්මන් ප්‍රනාන්දු *සිසිර කුමාරතුංග *සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස් *නිහාල් ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර *ශ්‍රීමතී රසාදරී *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== *සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් ද අල්විස් #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], අමිත් වල්පොල #'''මල්බර වසන්තේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], [[ලතා වල්පොල]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා''' - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද #'''සීතාදෝ මේ කැකුළීමා''' - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #'''රෑ බෝ වූ මේ පැයේ''' - මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා #'''රාගේ මා ගයනා මේ ගීතේ''' - [[ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]] ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් පඬුවාවල *අංග රචනය – ඩබ්ලිව්. සෙල්වරාජ් *කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් සිල්වා *සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ඩී. එච්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, උපාලි අරම්පොල, පාලිත සිල්වා, අබේසිංහ අල්විස්, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, රංජිත් පෙරේරා *රසායනාගාර සහාය - සුනිල් ප්‍රනාන්දු, ලක්ෂ්මන් සිරිවර්ධන, ජගත් සෙනෙවිරත්න, ජයරත්න පෙරේරා, වසන්ත ජයතිස්ස, රංජිත් රණසිංහ *සැකසුම – රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය *නිෂ්පාදන විධායක – බර්ටි තලගල<ref>{{Citation |title=සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080659/http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 }}</ref> oq7sbal99wqgaj8gtn91ofea58an6fe 750493 750488 2025-06-23T16:51:50Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = රජ වැඩකාරයෝ</br> Raja wedakarayo | image = Raja Wedakarayo.jpg | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->නිහාල් චන්ද්‍රසිරි ඉන්ද්‍රානි චන්ද්‍රසිරි | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | screenplay = [[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | story = "අන්දර් බාහර්" හින්දි චිත්‍රපටය ඇසුරෙනි | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = විජය කුමාරණතුංග [[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = සරත් ද අල්විස් | cinematography = එම් ඒ ගෆූර් | editing = එම් එස් අලිමාන් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1987|09|11|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} ==රංගනය== *විජය කුමාරණතුංග *[[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] *[[සනත් ගුණතිලක]] *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *සුමනා ගෝමස් *[[රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි]] *සෝනියා දිසා *සමන්ති ලැනරෝල් *චන්දි රසිකා *ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා *[[ශෂී විජේන්ද්‍ර]] *මැණික් කුරුකුලසූරිය *ලිලියන් එදිරිසිංහ *ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ටිරෝන් මයිකල් *පියතිලක අතපත්තු *සරත් ද සිල්වා *ගාමිණි කුමාර් *අරුණ ශාන්ති *ලාල් කුමාර් *විනී සිගේරා *හේමසිරි හල්පිට *ජයලත් ප්‍රනාන්දු *උදිත ලක්ෂ්මන් ප්‍රනාන්දු *සිසිර කුමාරතුංග *සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස් *නිහාල් ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර *ශ්‍රීමතී රසාදරී *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== *සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් ද අල්විස් #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], අමිත් වල්පොල #'''මල්බර වසන්තේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], [[ලතා වල්පොල]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා''' - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද #'''සීතාදෝ මේ කැකුළීමා''' - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #'''රෑ බෝ වූ මේ පැයේ''' - මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා #'''රාගේ මා ගයනා මේ ගීතේ''' - [[ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]] ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් පඬුවාවල *අංග රචනය – ඩබ්ලිව්. සෙල්වරාජ් *කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් සිල්වා *සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ඩී. එච්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, උපාලි අරම්පොල, පාලිත සිල්වා, අබේසිංහ අල්විස්, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, රංජිත් පෙරේරා *රසායනාගාර සහාය - සුනිල් ප්‍රනාන්දු, ලක්ෂ්මන් සිරිවර්ධන, ජගත් සෙනෙවිරත්න, ජයරත්න පෙරේරා, වසන්ත ජයතිස්ස, රංජිත් රණසිංහ *සැකසුම – රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය *නිෂ්පාදන විධායක – බර්ටි තලගල<ref>{{Citation |title=සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080659/http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 }}</ref> 0hpyj81caypl5l9i6j6hjuhznrdalij 750524 750493 2025-06-24T05:12:13Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = රජ වැඩකාරයෝ</br> Raja wedakarayo | image = Raja Wedakarayo.jpg | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->නිහාල් චන්ද්‍රසිරි ඉන්ද්‍රානි චන්ද්‍රසිරි | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->[[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | screenplay = [[සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස්]] | story = "අන්දර් බාහර්" හින්දි චිත්‍රපටය ඇසුරෙනි | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = විජය කුමාරණතුංග [[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = සරත් ද අල්විස් | cinematography = එම් ඒ ගෆූර් | editing = එම් එස් අලිමාන් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1987|09|11|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} ==රංගනය== *විජය කුමාරණතුංග *[[ගීතා කුමාරසිංහ]] *[[සනත් ගුණතිලක]] *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *සුමනා ගෝමස් *[[රෙක්ස් කොඩිප්පිලි]] *සෝනියා දිසා *සමන්ති ලැනරෝල් *චන්දි රසිකා *ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා *[[ශෂී විජේන්ද්‍ර]] *මැණික් කුරුකුලසූරිය *ලිලියන් එදිරිසිංහ *ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ටිරෝන් මයිකල් *පියතිලක අතපත්තු *සරත් ද සිල්වා *ගාමිණි කුමාර් *අරුණ ශාන්ති *ලාල් කුමාර් *විනී සිගේරා *හේමසිරි හල්පිට *ජයලත් ප්‍රනාන්දු *උදිත ලක්ෂ්මන් ප්‍රනාන්දු *සිසිර කුමාරතුංග *සුනිල් සෝම පීරිස් *නිහාල් ප්‍රේමචන්ද්‍ර *ශ්‍රීමතී රසාදරී *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== *සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - සරත් ද අල්විස් #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], අමිත් වල්පොල #'''මල්බර වසන්තේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], [[ලතා වල්පොල]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා''' - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද #'''සීතාදෝ මේ කැකුළීමා''' - ග්‍රේෂන් ආනන්ද, ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #'''රෑ බෝ වූ මේ පැයේ''' - මායා දමයන්ති පෙරේරා #'''රාගේ මා ගයනා මේ ගීතේ''' - [[ෆ්‍රෙඩී සිල්වා]] #'''පෙර ජාති ජාති මා සංසාරේ''' – [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]] ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් පඬුවාවල *අංග රචනය – ඩබ්ලිව්. සෙල්වරාජ් *කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ලයනල් සිල්වා *සටන් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - ටෙඩී විද්‍යාලංකාර *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ඩී. එච්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, උපාලි අරම්පොල, පාලිත සිල්වා, අබේසිංහ අල්විස්, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, රංජිත් පෙරේරා *රසායනාගාර සහාය - සුනිල් ප්‍රනාන්දු, ලක්ෂ්මන් සිරිවර්ධන, ජගත් සෙනෙවිරත්න, ජයරත්න පෙරේරා, වසන්ත ජයතිස්ස, රංජිත් රණසිංහ *සැකසුම – රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය *නිෂ්පාදන විධායක – බර්ටි තලගල<ref>{{Citation |title=සංරක්ෂිත පිටපත |url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 |access-date=2016-07-26 |archive-date=2015-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409080659/http://www.sarasaviya.lk/movies/?fn=sa14071750 }}</ref> [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] a5yxsc3elhhwykvruyh5snesh5nx454 0 66829 750481 745495 2025-06-23T16:33:47Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස *[[හර්බි සෙනෙවිරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ 6rth3pkpphrgezf6zorqj22ssudpes8 750483 750481 2025-06-23T16:37:29Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස *[[හර්බට් එම් සෙනෙවිරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ 5pzwyqx4kpqnnzu54n1q10etne3k8df 750484 750483 2025-06-23T16:37:55Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස *[[හර්බට් එම්. සෙනෙවිරත්න]] ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ rhdz2rngngbj7l0o5fel7q00rxbq01w 750485 750484 2025-06-23T16:38:52Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ 7ukx9nro3oqxnusaono8ih5zn8f6xz5 750486 750485 2025-06-23T16:39:25Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *[[මර්වින් ජයතුංග]] *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ c27ju66ap6o8n65nlmfaxyg0ebeqr11 750487 750486 2025-06-23T16:39:50Z 212.104.228.73 /* රංගනය */ 750487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ 7ukx9nro3oqxnusaono8ih5zn8f6xz5 750525 750487 2025-06-24T05:12:52Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = බඹර පැටික්කි | image = | alt = | caption = | film name = <!--(for non-English films: film's name in its native language)--> | director = <!-- or: | directors = -->සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද | producer = <!-- or: | producers = -->ඩබ්ලිව් ඒ කිරිඇල්ල(කිරිඇල්ල චිත්‍රපට) | writer = <!-- or: | writers = -->ආනන්ද හේවගේ | screenplay = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | story = ආනන්ද හේවගේ | based on = <!-- {{based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --> | starring = [[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා | narrator = <!-- or: | narrators = --> | music = [[සරත් දසනායක]] | cinematography = කේ.ඩී. දයානන්ද | editing = ස්ටැන්ලි ද අල්විස් | studio = <!-- or: | production companies = -->විජය චිත්‍රාගාරය, ලංකා චිත්‍රාගාරය රාජ්‍ය චිත්‍රපට සංස්ථා චිත්‍රාගාරය | distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = --> | released = {{film date|1984|06|01|}} | runtime = | country = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකා]] | language = [[සිංහල]] | budget = | gross = <!--(please use condensed and rounded values, e.g. "£11.6 million" not "£11,586,221")--> }} '''බඹර පැටික්කී''' යනු සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරනු ලැබූ 1984දී තිරගතවූ චිත්‍රපටයකි. ==රංගනය== *[[රවින්ද්‍ර රන්දෙණිය]] *මාලිනී ෆොන්සේකා *මර්වින් ජයතුංග *ඇන්තනි සී. පෙරේරා *[[විල්සන් කරුණාරත්න]] *[[බන්දු සමරසිංහ]] *එඩි ජූනියර් *පර්ල් වාසුදේවි *මාටින් ගුණදාස ==ගීතයන්== සංගීත අධ්‍යක්ෂණය - [[සරත් දසනායක]] ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය - උපාලි නවලවිතාන,සෝමපාල ලීලානන්ද ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 06 #මේ අහල්ලා අහල්ලා - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], මොහිදීන් බෙග්, පර්ල් වාසුදේවි, ටයිටස් සී. පෙරේරා #ගී ගලා ඇසේ - [[එච්.ආර්. ජෝතිපාල]], ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #දිදි හාදු දී – ඇන්ජලින් ගුණතිලක #රුං රුං මලේ බඹර රාශි – ලතා වල්පොල #නිසංසලේ රෑ මේ – ටයිටස් සී. පෙෙරේරා ==නිෂ්පාදනය== *සහාය අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා උපාලි අමරතුංග *අංග රචනය – ඊබට් විජේසිංහ, රංජිත් මතඟවීර *නැටුම් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය – එස්. මලල් *ශබ්ද පරිපාලනය - ජෝර්ජ් මනතුංග **ශබ්ද සහාය – ආනන්ද අමරසිංහ, ඩබ්ලිව්. ජී. පොඩි මහත්තයා, උපාලි අරම්පොල, ඩී. එම්. ඒ. ජයමාන්න, සුන්දර්රාජ්, ඇලෝසියස් රුද්‍රිගු *රසායනාගාර කටයුතු සහ පිටපත් සැකසුම - ජෙරල්ඩ් බී. ජයවර්ධන *නාමාවලිය – නොයෙල් රණසිංහ සහාය – උපාලි අත්තනායක *නිශ්චල ඡායාරූප – ආනන්ද ෆොන්සේකා *ඇඳුම් නිර්මාණය - ස්ටයිලෙක්ස් ටේලර්ස් - වැලිකඩ *කොණ්ඩා මෝස්තර – ලලිත් ධර්මවර්ධන *දෙබස් පටිගත කිරීම - කේ. පී. කේ. බාලසිංහම් *නිෂ්පාදන කළමනාකරණය - සුනිල් කිරිඇල්ල, ලෙස්ලි අමරසිංහ [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] k1aeg3pg1tt9876ep7nnhy0elx5hhua 0 67160 750489 699048 2025-06-23T16:42:30Z 212.104.228.73 /* Sanath Gunathilaka නිළියන් */ 750489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = පරසතු මල් | image = | director = ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා | producer = චිත්‍රා බාලසූරිය(තැප්‍රොබෙන් චිත්‍රපට) | story = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | writer = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | screenplay = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | music = ලයනල් අල්ගම | cinematography = සුමිත්ත අමරසිංහ | editing = ටයිටස් තොටවත්ත | released = {{film date|1966|09|26|}} ||country=ශ්‍රී ලංකාව}} ==[[අඟහරු ග්‍රහලොව|Sanath Gunathilaka]] නිළියන්== *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා *[[පුණ්‍යා හීන්දෙනිය]] *ටෝනි රණසිංහ *අනුලා කරුණාතිලක *ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම *ශාන්ති ලේඛා *ඩී. ආර්. නානායක්කාර *එස්. ඒ. ජේම්ස් *[[දෙනවක හාමිනේ]] *සිරිමතී රසාදරී *ධර්මදාස කුරුප්පු *විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ *චිත්‍රා වාකිෂ්ට *බන්දු ගුණසේකර *ෂෙල්ටන් පෙරේරා *නෙල්සන් කරුණාතිලක *මාපා ගුණරත්න *ඩී. ඒ. බාලසූරිය ==ගීතයන්== ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය – මහගමසේකර ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 03 #පරවුන මල්වල සුවඳ අතීතේ - සුජාතා පෙරේරා #තොලින් තොලට වෑහෙන ගී - ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව #සඳකන් පිණි දිය දිය වී ගලනා – ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරය, දළුගම ගීත පොත් - මුරුගේසු සොක්කලිංගම් ==විශේෂතා== *1967 වසරේ පැවති 4 වැනි සරසවිය සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම තිර නාටක රචක, හොඳම නළුවා, හොඳම ගායිකාව, හොඳම කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණයට හිමි සම්මාන ලැබීය. *විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය තේරූ වසරේ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට පහ අතරට ද තේරුණි. *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකාගේ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණය. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] mqda59wev5z3h8te9qmjelngpkt1p06 750490 750489 2025-06-23T16:43:01Z 212.104.228.73 /* Sanath Gunathilaka නිළියන් */ 750490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = පරසතු මල් | image = | director = ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා | producer = චිත්‍රා බාලසූරිය(තැප්‍රොබෙන් චිත්‍රපට) | story = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | writer = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | screenplay = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | music = ලයනල් අල්ගම | cinematography = සුමිත්ත අමරසිංහ | editing = ටයිටස් තොටවත්ත | released = {{film date|1966|09|26|}} ||country=ශ්‍රී ලංකාව}} ==[[අඟහරු ග්‍රහලොව|Sanath Gunathilaka]] නිළියන්== *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා *[[පුණ්‍යා හීන්දෙණිය]] *ටෝනි රණසිංහ *අනුලා කරුණාතිලක *ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම *ශාන්ති ලේඛා *ඩී. ආර්. නානායක්කාර *එස්. ඒ. ජේම්ස් *[[දෙනවක හාමිනේ]] *සිරිමතී රසාදරී *ධර්මදාස කුරුප්පු *විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ *චිත්‍රා වාකිෂ්ට *බන්දු ගුණසේකර *ෂෙල්ටන් පෙරේරා *නෙල්සන් කරුණාතිලක *මාපා ගුණරත්න *ඩී. ඒ. බාලසූරිය ==ගීතයන්== ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය – මහගමසේකර ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 03 #පරවුන මල්වල සුවඳ අතීතේ - සුජාතා පෙරේරා #තොලින් තොලට වෑහෙන ගී - ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව #සඳකන් පිණි දිය දිය වී ගලනා – ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරය, දළුගම ගීත පොත් - මුරුගේසු සොක්කලිංගම් ==විශේෂතා== *1967 වසරේ පැවති 4 වැනි සරසවිය සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම තිර නාටක රචක, හොඳම නළුවා, හොඳම ගායිකාව, හොඳම කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණයට හිමි සම්මාන ලැබීය. *විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය තේරූ වසරේ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට පහ අතරට ද තේරුණි. *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකාගේ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණය. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] 2m148h0ohzzk40yfdl6l43h5fjwh1yd 750491 750490 2025-06-23T16:43:27Z 212.104.228.73 /* Sanath Gunathilaka නිළියන් */ 750491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} {{Infobox film | name = පරසතු මල් | image = | director = ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා | producer = චිත්‍රා බාලසූරිය(තැප්‍රොබෙන් චිත්‍රපට) | story = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | writer = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | screenplay = පී. කේ. ඩී. සෙනෙවිරත්න | music = ලයනල් අල්ගම | cinematography = සුමිත්ත අමරසිංහ | editing = ටයිටස් තොටවත්ත | released = {{film date|1966|09|26|}} ||country=ශ්‍රී ලංකාව}} ==[[අඟහරු ග්‍රහලොව|Sanath Gunathilaka]] නිළියන්== *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකා *[[පුණ්‍යා හීන්දෙණිය]] *ටෝනි රණසිංහ *අනුලා කරුණාතිලක *ජෝ අබේවික්‍රම *ශාන්ති ලේඛා *[[ඩී. ආර්. නානායක්කාර]] *එස්. ඒ. ජේම්ස් *[[දෙනවක හාමිනේ]] *සිරිමතී රසාදරී *ධර්මදාස කුරුප්පු *විජේරත්න වරකාගොඩ *චිත්‍රා වාකිෂ්ට *බන්දු ගුණසේකර *ෂෙල්ටන් පෙරේරා *නෙල්සන් කරුණාතිලක *මාපා ගුණරත්න *ඩී. ඒ. බාලසූරිය ==ගීතයන්== ගීත ප්‍රබන්ධය – මහගමසේකර ගීත සංඛ්‍යාව - 03 #පරවුන මල්වල සුවඳ අතීතේ - සුජාතා පෙරේරා #තොලින් තොලට වෑහෙන ගී - ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව #සඳකන් පිණි දිය දිය වී ගලනා – ඩබ්ලිව්. ඩී. අමරදේව ගීත පටිගත කිරීම - සරසවි චිත්‍රාගාරය, දළුගම ගීත පොත් - මුරුගේසු සොක්කලිංගම් ==විශේෂතා== *1967 වසරේ පැවති 4 වැනි සරසවිය සම්මාන උළෙලේ හොඳම තිර නාටක රචක, හොඳම නළුවා, හොඳම ගායිකාව, හොඳම කලා අධ්‍යක්ෂණයට හිමි සම්මාන ලැබීය. *විනිශ්චය මණ්ඩලය තේරූ වසරේ ජනප්‍රිය චිත්‍රපට පහ අතරට ද තේරුණි. *ගාමිණී ෆොන්සේකාගේ ප්‍රථම චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂණය. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] 7ddacj0s8q1tba1gna9f0cunln7dzih 0 77623 750477 730989 2025-06-23T15:25:01Z 2402:4000:20C2:4ACA:B9AE:EE31:1D32:2884 translated some words into sinhala 750477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{පරිවර්ථනය}} {{Infobox Writing system |name=Sinhalese alphabet | =සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව |type=[[Abugida]] |time=C. 700–present |languages=[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] |fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]] |fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]] |fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]] |fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]] |fam5=[[Tamil-Brahmi|Tamili]] |fam6=[[Pallava alphabet|Pallava]] |fam7=[[Grantha alphabet]] |sisters=[[Goykanadi]]<br>[[Cham alphabet]]<br>[[Tigalari alphabet]]<br>[[Malayalam script]]<br>[[Dhives akuru]] |unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf U+0D80–U+0DFF] {{smaller|Sinhala}} |[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U111E0.pdf U+111E0–U+111FF] {{smaller|Sinhala Archaic Numbers}}}} |iso15924=Sinh |fam8=[[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba]]}}sinhala akshara malawa{{Contains Indic text}} {{Brahmic}} ''' සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව''' යනු සිංහල භාෂාව සහ සමහරවිට පාලි හෝ සංස්කෘත භාෂාවන් ලියනු ලබන අක්ෂර මාලාවයි.<ref name="World 408">Daniels (1996), p. 408.</ref> සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව පිළිබඳ විද්වත් මත වලට අනුව සිංහල අකාරය ආකාර දෙකකි.එනම් සංවෘත හා විවෘත භේදයයි .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQSAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet|last=Jayarajan|first=Paul M.|date=1976-01-01|publisher=Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref name="World 408" /> Sinhalese is often considered two alphabets, or an alphabet within an alphabet, due to the presence of two sets of letters. The core set, known as the '''''{{IAST|śuddha siṃhala}}''''' (pure Sinhalese, ශුද්ධ සිංහල{{ref|suddhasimhala|img}}) or '''''{{IAST|eḷu hōḍiya}}''''' ({{IAST|[[Elu|Eḷu]]}} alphabet එළු හෝඩිය {{ref|eluhodiya|img}}), can represent all native [[phoneme]]s. In order to render Sanskrit and Pali words, an extended set, the '''''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''''' (mixed Sinhalese, මිශ්‍ර සිංහල{{ref|misrasimhala|img}}), is available.<ref name="Gair1997:15f">Gair and Paolillo 1997: 15f.</ref> ==Characteristics== [[Image:Sinhala-ka-k-ki-img.png|left|thumb|The basic form of the letter k is ක "ka". For "ki", a small arch called ''ispilla'' is placed over the ක: කි. This replaces the inherent {{IPA|/a/}} by {{IPA|/i/}}. It is also possible to have no vowel following a consonant. In order to produce such a pure consonant, a special marker, the ''hal kirīma'' has to be added: ක්. This marker suppresses the inherent vowel.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The alphabet is written from left to right. The Sinhalese script is an abugida, as each consonant has an inherent vowel ({{IPA|/a/}}), which can be changed with the different vowel signs or removed (see image on left for examples).]] [[අබුගිඩා|Most of the Sinhalese letters are curlicues; straight lines are almost completely absent from the alphabet. This is because Sinhala used to be written on dried palm leaves, which would split along the veins on writing straight lines. This was undesirable, and therefore, the round shapes were preferred.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The core set of letters forms the '''''{{IAST|śuddha siṃhala}}''''' alphabet (pure Sinhalese, ශුද්ධ සිංහල{{ref|suddhasimhala|img}}]][[සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව#endnote suddhasimhala|img]]), which is a subset of the '''''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''''' alphabet (mixed Sinhalese, මිශ්‍ර සිංහල{{ref|misrasimhala|img}}). This "pure" alphabet contains all the graphemes necessary to write Eḷu (classical Sinhalese) as described in the classical grammar Sidatsan̆garā (1300 AD).<ref name="Gair1997">Gair and Paolillo 1997.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|This is the reason why this set is also called '''''Eḷu hōdiya''''' ("Eḷu alphabet" එළු හෝඩිය{{ref|eluhodiya|img}}]][[සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව#endnote eluhodiya|img]]). [[අබුගිඩා|The definition of the two sets is thus a historic one. Out of pure coincidence, the phoneme inventory of present-day colloquial Sinhala is such that yet again the ''śuddha'' alphabet suffices as a good representation of the sounds.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|All native phonemes of the Sinhala spoken today can be represented in ''{{IAST|śuddha}}'', while in order to render special Sanskrit and Pali sounds, one can fall back on ''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''. This is most notably necessary for the graphemes for the Middle Indic phonemes that the Sinhalese language lost during its history, such as aspirates.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhalese had special symbols to represent numerals, which were in use until the beginning of the [19th] century. This system is now superseded by Arabic numerals.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/09/19/fea29.html |title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business |publisher=[http://www.sundayobserver.lk Sunday Observer] |accessdate=21 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207073829/http://sundayobserver.lk/2004/09/19/fea29.html |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2006-m12/0127.html |title=Unicode Mail List Archive: Re: Sinhala numerals |publisher=[http://unicode.org Unicode Consortium] |accessdate=21 September 2008}}</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Neither the Sinhala numerals nor U+0DF4 ෴ Sinhalese punctuation kunddaliya is in general use today. The kunddaliya was formerly used as a full stop.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinhala-online.com/sinhala-digits-number-page.html |title=Old Sinhala Numbers and Digits |publisher=[http://www.sinhala-online.com Sinhala Online] |author=Roland Russwurm |accessdate=23 September 2008}}</ref> ==[[අබුගිඩා|History and usage]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The Sinhalese script is a Brahmi derivate, and was imported from Northern India, around the 3rd century BCE,]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 379.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|but was influenced at various stages by South Indian scripts, manifestly influenced by the early Grantha script.]]<ref name="World 408" /> [[අබුගිඩා|There have been found potteries in Anuradhapura from the 6th century BCE, with lithic inscription dating from 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.no/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA119&dq=anuradhapura+brahmi&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY18bj_ufTAhXMWSwKHQjzAdcQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha|date=2003-08-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521011099|language=en}}</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|By the 9th century CE, literature written in Sinhalese script had emerged and the script began to be used in other contexts. For instance, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada-Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used the Sinhalese alphabet.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Today, the alphabet is used by approximately 16,000,000 people to write the Sinhalese language in very diverse contexts, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of Sri Lanka Malay are recorded.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}]]''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (2016 සැප්තැම්බර්)">තහවුරු කර නොමැත</span>]]''&#x5D; ==[[අබුගිඩා|Relations between orthography and phonology]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Most phonemes of the Sinhalese language can be represented by a ''śuddha'' letter or by a ''miśra'' letter, but normally only one of them is considered correct. This one-to-many mapping of phonemes onto graphemes is a frequent source of misspellings.]]<ref name="Matzel151718">Matzel (1983) p. 15, 17, 18</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|While a phoneme can be represented by more than one grapheme, each grapheme can be pronounced in only one way. This means that the actual pronunciation of a word is always clear from its orthographic form.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Śuddha graphemes]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''śuddha'' graphemes are the mainstay of the Sinhalese alphabet and are used on an everyday-basis. Every sequence of sounds of the Sinhalese language of today can be represented by these graphemes. Additionally, the ''śuddha'' set comprises graphemes for retroflex {{angle bracket|ḷ}} and {{angle bracket|ṇ}}, which are no longer phonemic in modern Sinhala. These two letters were needed for the representation of Eḷu, but are now obsolete from a purely phonemic view. However, words which historically contain these two phonemes are still often written with the graphemes representing the retroflex sounds.]] ===[[අබුගිඩා|Consonants]]=== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''śuddha'' alphabet comprises 8 plosives, 2 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 nasals, 2 liquids and 2 glides. Additionally, there are the two graphemes for the retroflex sounds {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, which are not phonemic in modern Sinhala, but which still form part of the set. These are shaded in the table.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The voiceless affricate (ච {{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}) is not included in the ''śuddha'' set by purists since it does not occur in the main text of the Sidatsan̆garā. The Sidatsan̆garā does use it in examples though, so this sound did exist in Eḷu. In any case, it is needed for the representation of modern Sinhala.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|The basic shapes of these consonants carry an inherent {{IPA|/a/}} unless this is replaced by another vowel or removed by the ''hal kirīma''.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-consonants.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Plosives]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiceless]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiced]]''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9A]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ka]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ka]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9C]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ga]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ට]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA7]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṭa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʈa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඩ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA9]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḍa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ta]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|da]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ප]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|බ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ba]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Other letters]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | ''' ''' || | colspan="4" | ''' ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fricatives]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ස]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|sa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|හ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ha]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fricatives]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|affricates]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|(ච)]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|(0DA0)]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|(ca)]]||[[අබුගිඩා|({{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}})]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ජ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ja]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|affricates]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ma]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ma]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|න]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|na]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[na]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|liquid]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|la]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[la]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ra]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ra]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|liquid]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|glide]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|va]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʋa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ya]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ja]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|glide]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#999; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#bbb; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ණ]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|0DAB]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|ṇa]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɳa]}}]] | style="background:#bbb; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#bbb; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ළ]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|0DC5]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|ḷa]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɭa]}}]] | style="background:#bbb;"| | style="background:#999; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels]][[Image:Sinhala u diacritics (wip ku kuu).svg|thumb|right|[[අබුගිඩා|The vocalic diacritics for ''u'' and ''ū'' vary according to the consonant to which they are attached.]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels come in two shapes: independent and diacritic. The independent shape is used when a vowel does not follow a consonant, e.g. at the beginning of a word. The diacritic shape is used when a vowel follows a consonant. Depending on the vowel, the diacritic can attach at several places. The diacritic for {{angle bracket|i}} attaches above the consonant, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|u}} attaches below, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|ā}} follows, while the diacritic for {{angle bracket|e}} precedes. {{angle bracket|o}} finally is marked by the combination of preceding {{angle bracket|e}} and following {{angle bracket|ā}}.]] [[අබුගිඩා|While <a,e,i,o> are regular, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|u}} takes a different shape according to the consonant it attaches to. The most common one is represented on the image on the right for the consonant ප (p). The k-shape is used for some consonants ending at the lower right corner (ක (k),ග (g), ත(t), but not න(n) or හ(h)). Combinations of ර(r) or ළ(ḷ) with {{angle bracket|u}} have idiosyncratic shapes.]]<ref name="JM11">Jayawardena-Moser (2004) p. 11</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you only see boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-vowels.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels]]''' |- style="background:#999; text-align:center;" | | colspan="8" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|short]]''' || | | | | colspan="8" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|long]]''' || | | |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|අ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D85]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|a]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:12px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|inherent]]|| || [[අබුගිඩා|a]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[a, ə]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ආ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D86]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ā]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[aː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DCF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ā]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[aː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D87]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|æ/ä]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æ]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ැ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|æ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æ]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඈ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D88]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ǣ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ෑ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ǣ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඉ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D89]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|i]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[i]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ි]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|i]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[i]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඊ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8A]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ī]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[iː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ී]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ī]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[iː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|උ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8B]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|u]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[u]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ු]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|u]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[u]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඌ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8C]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ū]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[uː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ූ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ū]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[uː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|එ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D91]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|e]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[e]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD9]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|e]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[e]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඒ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D92]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ē]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[eː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ේ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ē]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[eː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඔ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D94]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|o]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[o]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDC]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|o]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[o]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඕ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D95]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ō]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[oː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ō]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[oː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="24" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|In Sinhala the diacritics are called පිලි ''pili'' (vowel strokes). දිග ''diga'' means "long" because the vowel is sounded for longer and දෙක ''deka'' means "two" because the stroke is doubled when written.]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | ! colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Using the consonant 'k' + 'vowel' as an example:]] |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|පිල්ල ''pilla'']]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Name]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Transliteration]] ![[අබුගිඩා|Formation]] ![[අබුගිඩා|Compound form]] ![[අබුගිඩා|ISO 15919]] ![[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|්]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|හල් කිරිම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|hal kirīma]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක්]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක්]] |[[අබුගිඩා|k]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[k]]] |- |[[අබුගිඩා|◌]] | colspan="2" |[[අබුගිඩා|Inherent /a/ (without any ''pili'')]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + අ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌ]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ආ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කා]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kā]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kɑː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ැ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇදය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ædaya]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඇ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කැ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kæ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[kæ]}}]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෑ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ඇදය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga ædaya]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෑ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kǣ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[kæː]}}]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ි]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඉස්පිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ispilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඉ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කි]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ki]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ki]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ී]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ඉස්පිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga ispilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඊ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කී]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kī]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kiː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ු]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|පාපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pāpilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + උ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කු]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ku]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ku], [kɯ]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ූ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග පාපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga pāpilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඌ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කූ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kū]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kuː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෘ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගැටය සහිත ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gæṭa sahita ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ර් + උ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෘ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kru]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kru]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෲ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගැටය සහිත ඇලපිලි දෙක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gæṭa sahita ælapili deka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ර් + ඌ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෲ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|krū]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kruː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෟ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gayanukitta]] | colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Used in conjunction with kombuva for consonants.]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෳ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga gayanukitta]] | colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Not in contemporary use]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + එ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෙ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ke]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ke]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ේ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ හල්කිරීම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha halkirīma]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඒ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කේ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kē]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[keː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බු දෙක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombu deka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඓ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෛ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kai]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌj]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඔ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කො]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ko]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ko]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ හල්ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha halælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඕ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෝ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kō]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[koː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha gayanukitta]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඖ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෞ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kau]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌʋ]]] |} ===[[අබුගිඩා|Prenasalized consonants]]=== [[අබුගිඩා|The prenasalized consonants resemble their plain counterparts. {{angle bracket|m̆b}} is made up by the left half of {{angle bracket|m}} and the right half of {{angle bracket|b}}, while the other three are just like the grapheme for the plosive with a little stroke attached to their left.]]<ref name = "Fairbanks126">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 126</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Vowel diacritics attach in the same way as they would to the corresponding plain plosive.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="9" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-prenasalized-stops.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="9" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Prenasalized consonants]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;" colspan="9"| |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | [[අබුගිඩා|nasal]]||[[අබුගිඩා|obstruent]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|prenasalized <br /> consonant]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]]|| | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඞ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ග]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඟ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0D9F]] | ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ga]]'' | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ණ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඩ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඬ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DAC]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ḍa]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|න]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ද]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඳ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DB3]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆da]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿd̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ම]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|බ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඹ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DB9]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|m̆ba]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ᵐba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="7" | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | colspan="9"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} ===[[අබුගිඩා|Non-vocalic diacritics]]=== [[Image:Sinhala-hal-kiriima.svg|thumb|130px|right|[[අබුගිඩා|The two shapes of the ''hal kirīma'' for p (left) and b (right).]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|The anusvara (often called ''binduva'' 'zero' ) is represented by one small circle ං (Unicode 0D82),]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxii">Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxii</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|and the visarga (technically part of the ''miśra'' alphabet) by two ඃ (Unicode 0D83). The inherent vowel can be removed by a special virama diacritic, the ''hal kirīma'' ( ්), which has two shapes depending on which consonant it attaches to. Both are represented in the image on the right side. The first one is the most common one, while the second one is used for letters ending at the top left corner.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|''Miśra'' set]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''miśra'' alphabet is a superset of ''śuddha''. It adds letters for aspirates, retroflexes and sibilants, which are not phonemic in today's Sinhala, but which are necessary to represent non-native words, like loanwords from Sanskrit, Pali or English. The use of the extra letters is mainly a question of prestige. From a purely phonemic point of view, there is no benefit in using them, and they can be replaced by a (sequence of) ''śuddha'' letters as follows: For the ''miśra'' aspirates, the replacement is the plain ''śuddha'' counterpart, for the ''miśra'' retroflex liquids the corresponding ''śuddha'' coronal liquid,]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxi">Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxi</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|for the sibilants, {{angle bracket|s}}.]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 410.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|ඤ (ñ) and ඥ (gn) cannot be represented by ''śuddha'' graphemes but are found only in fewer than 10 words each. ෆ fa can be represented by ප pa with a Latin {{angle bracket|f}} inscribed in the cup.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-misra-consonants.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Extra miśra plosives]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiceless]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiced]]''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9B]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ka]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9D]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṭha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʈa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඪ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḍha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|tha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|dha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඵ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB5]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|භ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB7]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|bha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Other additional miśra graphemes]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | ''' ''' || | colspan="4" | ''' ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|sibilants]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ශ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|śa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṣa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|sibilants]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|aspirate affricates]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඡ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|cha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඣ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|jha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|aspirate affricates]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඤ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ña]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɲa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඥ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA5]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gna]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡna]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9E]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṅa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ŋa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෆ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|fa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[fa, ɸa, pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඦ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|n̆ja]]<ref>This letter is not used anywhere, neither in modern nor ancient Sinhala. Its usefulness is unclear, but it forms part of the standard alphabet <http://unicode.org/reports/tr2.html>.</ref> ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[nd͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fප]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|n/a]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|fa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[fa, ɸa, pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|There are six additional vocalic diacritics in the ''miśra'' alphabet. The two diphthongs are quite common, while the "syllabic" ṛ is much rarer, and the "syllabic" ḷ is all but obsolete. The latter are almost exclusively found in loanwords from Sanskrit.]]<ref name="Matzel8">Matzel (1983), p. 8</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|The ''miśra'' {{angle bracket|ṛ}} can also be written with ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|r}}+{{angle bracket|u}} or {{angle bracket|u}}+{{angle bracket|r}}, which corresponds to the actual pronunciation. The ''miśra'' syllabic {{angle bracket|ḷ}} is obsolete, but can be rendered by ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|l}}+{{angle bracket|i}}.]]<ref name="Matzel14">Matzel (1983), p. 14</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Miśra {{angle bracket|au}} is rendered as ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|awu}}, ''miśra'' {{angle bracket|ai}} as ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|ayi}}.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-misra-vowels.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Vocalic diacritics]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || || '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|diphthongs]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඓ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D93]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ai]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ai]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:12px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ai]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ai]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඖ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D96]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|au]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[au]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|au]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[au]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|diphthongs]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic r]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඍ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8D]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṛ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ur]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෘ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṛ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ru, ur]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඎ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8E]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṝ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ruː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෲ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DF2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṝ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ruː, uːr]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic r]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic l]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඏ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8F]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḷ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[li]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ෟ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḷ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[li]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඐ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D90]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḹ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[liː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෳ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DF3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḹ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[liː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic l]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="24" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Note that the transliteration of both ළ් and ෟ is {{angle bracket|ḷ}}. This is not very problematic as the second one is extremely scarce.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Names of the graphemes]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The letters of the English alphabet have more or less arbitrary names, e.g. ''em'' for the letter {{angle bracket|m}} or ''bee'' for the letter {{angle bracket|b}}. The Sinhala ''śuddha'' graphemes are named in a uniform way adding ''-yanna'' to the sound produced by the letter, including vocalic diacritics.]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxii"/><ref name="Fairbanks366">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 366</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|The name for the letter අ is thus ''ayanna'', for the letter ආ ''āyanna'', for the letter ක ''kayanna'', for the letter කා ''kāyanna'', for the letter කෙ ''keyanna'' and so forth. For letters with ''hal kirīma'', an epenthetic ''a'' is added for easier pronunciation: the name for the letter ක් is ''akyanna''. Another naming convention is to use ''al-'' before a letter with suppressed vowel, thus ''alkayanna''.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Since the extra ''miśra'' letters are phonetically not distinguishable from the ''śuddha'' letters, proceeding in the same way would lead to confusion. Names of ''miśra'' letters are normally made up of the names of two ''śuddha'' letters pronounced as one word. The first one indicates the sound, the second one the shape. For example, the aspirated ඛ (kh) is called ''bayanu kayanna''. ''kayanna'' indicates the sound, while ''bayanu'' indicates the shape: ඛ (kh) is similar in shape to බ (b) (''bayunu = like bayanna''). Another method is to qualify the ''miśra'' aspirates by ''mahāprāna'' (ඛ: ''mahāprāna kayanna'') and the ''miśra'' retroflexes by ''mūrdhaja'' (ළ: ''mūrdhaja layanna'').]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Consonant conjuncts]]== [[Image:sinhala-shri.png|thumb|left|[[අබුගිඩා|Śrī]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Certain combinations of graphemes trigger special ligatures. Special signs exist for an ර (r) following a consonant (inverted arch underneath), a ර (r) preceding a consonant (loop above) and a ය (y) following a consonant (half a ය on the right).]] <ref name="Karunatillakexxxi" /> <ref name="Fairbanks109">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 109</ref> <ref name="JM12">Jayawardena-Moser (2004), p. 12</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Furthermore, very frequent combinations are often written in one stroke, like ''ddh'', ''kv'' or ''kś''. If this is the case, the first consonant is not marked with a ''hal kirīma''.]] <ref name="Karunatillakexxxi" /> <ref name="Matzel8" /> <ref name="JM12" /> [[අබුගිඩා|The image on the left shows the glyph for ''śrī'', which is composed of the letter ''ś'' with a ligature indicating the ''r'' below and the vowel ''ī'' marked above. Most other conjunct consonants are made with an explicit virama, called ''al-lakuna'' or ''hal kirīma'', and the zero-width joiner as shown in the following table, some of which may not display correctly due to limitations of your system. Some of the more common are displayed in the following table. Note that although modern Sinhala sounds are not aspirated, aspiration is marked in the sound where it was historically present to highlight the differences in modern spelling. Also note that all of the combinations are encoded with the ''al-lakuna'' (Unicode U+0DCA) first, followed by the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) except for touching letters which have the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) first followed by the ''al-lakuna'' (Unicode U+0DCA). Touching letters were used in ancient scriptures but are not used in modern Sinhala. Vowels may be attached to any of the ligatures formed, attaching to the rightmost part of the glyph except for vowels that use the ''kombuva'', where the ''kombuva'' is written before the ligature or cluster and the remainder of the vowel, if any, is attached to the rightmost part. In the table below, appending "o" (''kombuva saha ælepilla'' – ''kombuva'' with ''ælepilla'') to the cluster "ky" {{IPA|/kja/}} only adds a single code point, but adds two vowel strokes, one each to the left and right of the consonant cluster.]] {| class=wikitable align=center |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Letters]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Combined]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Type]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kjo/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්යො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCC]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක‍්‍යො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCC]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rakāransaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rakāransaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rka/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9A]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rēpaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rɡa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9C]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rēpaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kjra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ය්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ය්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''yansaya'' + ''rakāransaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡjra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ය්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ය්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''yansaya'' + ''rakāransaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rkja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ක්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ක්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''rēpaya'' + ''yansaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rɡja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ග්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ග්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''rēpaya'' + ''yansaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kva/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kʃa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC2]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/t̪t̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DAE]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්‍ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/t̪va/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/nd̪a/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DAF]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්‍ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/nd̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DB0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්‍ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪t̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DA8]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DA8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪d̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DB0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪va/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/mma/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ම්ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB8 U+0DCA U+0DB8]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ම්ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB8 U+200D U+0DCA U+0DB8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|touching]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Similarities to other scripts]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala is one of the Brahmic scripts, and thus shares many similarities with other members of the family, such as the Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil script and Devanāgarī. As a general example, {{IPA|/a/}} is the inherent vowel in all these scripts.]]<ref name="World 408" /> [[අබුගිඩා|Other similarities include the diacritic for {{angle bracket|ai}}, which resembles a doubled {{angle bracket|e}} in all scripts and the diacritic for {{angle bracket|au}} which is composed of preceding {{angle bracket|e}} and following {{angle bracket|ḷ}}.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|Script]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|e}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|ai}}]] ![[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|au}}]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Malayalam]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|െ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ൈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ൌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Tamil]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ெ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ை]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ௌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Eastern Nagari]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ে]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ৈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ৌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Dēvanāgarī]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|े]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ै]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ौ]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Likewise, the combination of the diacritics for {{angle bracket|e}} and {{angle bracket|ā}} yields {{angle bracket|o}} in all these scripts.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|Script]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|e}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|ā}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|o}}]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ො]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Malayalam]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|െ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ാ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ൊ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Tamil]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ெ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ா]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ொ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Eastern Nagari]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ে]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|া]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ো]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Dēvanāgarī]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|े]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ा]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ो]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Differences from other scripts]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala alphabet differs from other Indo-Aryan alphabets in that it contains a pair of vowel sounds (U+0DD0 and U+0DD1 in the proposed Unicode Standard) that are unique to it. These are the two vowel sounds that are similar to the two vowel sounds that occur at the beginning of the English words ''at'' (ඇ) and ''ant'' (ඈ).]]<ref>https://www.isoc.org/inet97/proceedings/E1/E1_3.HTM</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Another feature that distinguishes Sinhala from its sister Indo-Aryan languages is the presence of a set of five nasal sounds known as half-nasal or prenasalized stops.]] {| class="wikitable" |[[අබුගිඩා|ඟ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඦ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඬ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඳ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඹ]] |- |[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ga]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ja]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ḍa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆da]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ba]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala transliteration]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala transliteration (Sinhala: රෝම අකුරින් ලිවීම ''rōma akurin livīma'', literally "Roman letter writing") can be done in analogy to Devanāgarī transliteration.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Layman's transliterations in Sri Lanka normally follow neither of these. Vowels are transliterated according to English spelling equivalences, which can yield a variety of spellings for a number of phonemes. {{IPA|/iː/}} for instance can be {{angle bracket|ee}}, {{angle bracket|e}}, {{angle bracket|ea}}, {{angle bracket|i}}, etc. A transliteration pattern peculiar to Sinhala, and facilitated by the absence of phonemic aspirates, is the use of {{angle bracket|th}} for the voiceless dental plosive, and the use of {{angle bracket|t}} for the voiceless retroflex plosive. This is presumably because the retroflex plosive {{IPA|/ʈ/}} is perceived the same as the English alveolar plosive {{IPA|/t/}}, and the Sinhala dental plosive {{IPA|/t̪/}} is equated with the English voiceless dental fricative {{IPA|/θ/}}.]]<ref name="Matzel16">Matzel (1983), p. 16</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Dental and retroflex voiced plosives are always rendered as {{angle bracket|d}}, though, presumably because {{angle bracket|dh}} is not found as a representation of {{IPAslink|ð}} in English orthography.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]== {{Main article|Sinhala (Unicode block)}} [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhalese script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. This character allocation has been adopted in Sri Lanka as the Standard SLS1134.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The main Unicode block for Sinhala is U+0D80–U+0DFF. Another block, Sinhala Archaic Numbers, was added to Unicode in version 7.0.0 in June 2014. Its range is U+111E0–U+111FF.]] {{Unicode chart Sinhala}} {{Unicode chart Sinhala Archaic Numbers}} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Computer support]]== {{External links|section|date=August 2017}} [[Image:Sinhala-script-scim-screenshot.png|thumb|right|[[අබුගිඩා|Input of Sinhala characters into a terminal and Firefox on the xubuntu desktop using SCIM]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Generally speaking, Sinhala support is less developed than support for Devanāgarī for instance. A recurring problem is the rendering of diacritics which precede the consonant and diacritic signs which come in different shapes, like the one for {{angle bracket|u}}.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala does not come built in with Windows XP, unlike Tamil and Hindi. However, all versions of Windows Vista and Windows 10 come with Sinhala support by default, and do not require external fonts to be installed to read Sinhalese script. ''Nirmala UI'' is the default Sinhala font in windows 10.]] [[අබුගිඩා|For Mac OS X, Sinhala font and keyboard support can be found at ''web.nickshanks.com/typography/'' and at ''www.xenotypetech.com/osxSinhala.html''.]] [[අබුගිඩා|For Linux, the IBus, and SCIM input methods allow the use Sinhalese script in applications with support for a number of key maps and techniques such as traditional, phonetic and assisted techniques.]]<ref>[http://imgur.com/owFIn4z A screenshot showing some of the options]</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|In addition, newer versions of Android mobile operating system also support both rendering and input of the Sinhala script.]] ===Online resources=== * [[w:si:Wikipedia:Sinhala font|Sinhala guide of the Sinhalese Wikipedia (in English)]] * [http://www.kaputa.com/uniwriter Online Sinhala Unicode Writer] * [https://words.devadara.com/ Sinhala English Dictionary and Sinhala To Hindi Language Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116115134/https://words.devadara.com/ |date=2023-11-16 }} * [http://groups.google.com/group/Sinhala-Unicode Sinhala Unicode Support Group] * [http://www.ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/ltrl/services/keyboard/ Online Unicode Converter] * [https://spell.devadara.com/ Sinhala spell checker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116115133/https://spell.devadara.com/ |date=2023-11-16 }} ==Image list for readers with font problems== #{{note|suddhasimhala}}[[Image:Sinhala-suddhasinhala-img.png|150px]] #{{note|misrasimhala}}[[Image:Sinhala-misrasinhala-img.png|150px]] #{{note|eluhodiya}} [[Image:Sinhala-eluhodiya-img.png|150px]] ==See also== * [[Sinhalese Braille]] * [[Dutch loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[English loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[Tamil loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[History of Sinhala software]] * [[Singlish Typewriter]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== *{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |authorlink=Peter T. Daniels |title=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |location=Oxford, UK |chapter= Sinhala alphabet |doi= |id= |isbn=0-19-507993-0}} *{{cite book |last=Fairbanks |first=G. W. |author2=J. W. Gair |author3=M. W. S. D. Silva |title=Colloquial Sinhalese (Sinhala) |publisher=South Asia Programm, Cornell University |year=1968 |location=Ithaca, NY |id= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Gair |first=J. W. |author2=John C. Paolillo |title=Sinhala |publisher=South Asia Programm, Cornell University |year=1997 |location=München, Newcastle |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Geiger |first=Wilhelm |title=A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language |publisher=AES Reprint |year=1995 |location=New Delhi |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Jayawardena-Moser |first=Premalatha |title=Grundwortschatz Singhalesisch – Deutsch |publisher=Harassowitz |year=2004 |location=Wiesbaden | edition = 3 |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Karunatillake |first=W. S. |title=An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala |publisher= |year=1992 |location=Colombo | edition = [several new editions] |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Matzel |first=Klaus |title=Einführung in die singhalesische Sprache |publisher=Harrassowitz |year=1983 |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Sinhala script}} *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Sinhala Unicode Character Code Chart] *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U111E0.pdf Sinhala Archaic Numbers Unicode Character Code Chart] *[http://www.ceylon-online.com/sinhala_sign_page.html Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806024953/http://www.ceylon-online.com/sinhala_sign_page.html |date=2009-08-06 }} *[http://www.sinhala-online.com/sinhala-sign-page.html?unicode=yes&languages=English Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations as text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045421/http://sinhala-online.com/sinhala-sign-page.html?languages=english&unicode=yes |date=2016-03-13 }} *[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sinhala.htm Sinhala page at Omniglot] *[http://fsi-language-courses.org/Courses/Sinhala/Basic/Module%201/FSI%20-%20Sinhala%20Basic%20Course%20-%20Module%201%20-%20Student%20Text.pdf ''Sinhala basic course'', module 1, "Beginning signs and letters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313053356/http://fsi-language-courses.org/courses/sinhala/basic/module%201/fsi%20-%20sinhala%20basic%20course%20-%20module%201%20-%20student%20text.pdf |date=2016-03-13 }} (Bonny Graham MacDougall and Kamini de Abrew, [[Foreign service institute]]) <!-- *[http://www.downloads.sinhalaya.com/Pages/SinhalaFont.htm List of free fonts for the Sinhalese script] link now 404 not found as of 09/Nov/08 --> *[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/subasa-tamil-to-sinhala/ Transliteration Add-on for Firefox (Tamil script to Sinhalese script)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013022115/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/subasa-tamil-to-sinhala/ |date=2017-10-13 }} *[http://asiantribune.com/news/2009/11/30/sinhala-accepted-one-world%E2%80%99s-most-creative-alphabets Sinhala Accepted As One Of The World’s Most Creative Alphabets] *[https://unicode.madusanka.net/ Sinhala Unicode Converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002171118/https://unicode.madusanka.net/ |date=2022-10-02 }} {{Sinhala language}} {{list of writing systems}} {{good article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinhalese script}} [[Category:Brahmic scripts]] [[Category:Sinhalese script]] [[Category:Scripts encoded in Unicode 3.0]] ooso6choqldraahcthr9446v1ji7b2q 750480 750477 2025-06-23T16:06:52Z 2402:4000:20C2:4ACA:B9AE:EE31:1D32:2884 edited the trancelate box 750480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writing system |name=Sinhalese alphabet | =සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව |type=[[Abugida]] |time=C. 700–present |languages=[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] |fam1=[[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]] |fam2=[[Phoenician alphabet]] |fam3=[[Aramaic alphabet]] |fam4=[[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]] |fam5=[[Tamil-Brahmi|Tamili]] |fam6=[[Pallava alphabet|Pallava]] |fam7=[[Grantha alphabet]] |sisters=[[Goykanadi]]<br>[[Cham alphabet]]<br>[[Tigalari alphabet]]<br>[[Malayalam script]]<br>[[Dhives akuru]] |unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf U+0D80–U+0DFF] {{smaller|Sinhala}} |[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U111E0.pdf U+111E0–U+111FF] {{smaller|Sinhala Archaic Numbers}}}} |iso15924=Sinh |fam8=[[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba]]}}sinhala akshara malawa{{Contains Indic text}} {{Brahmic}} ''' සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව''' යනු සිංහල භාෂාව සහ සමහරවිට පාලි හෝ සංස්කෘත භාෂාවන් ලියනු ලබන අක්ෂර මාලාවයි.<ref name="World 408">Daniels (1996), p. 408.</ref> සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව පිළිබඳ විද්වත් මත වලට අනුව සිංහල අකාරය ආකාර දෙකකි.එනම් සංවෘත හා විවෘත භේදයයි .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQSAAAAMAAJ|title=History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet|last=Jayarajan|first=Paul M.|date=1976-01-01|publisher=Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref name="World 408" /> Sinhalese is often considered two alphabets, or an alphabet within an alphabet, due to the presence of two sets of letters. The core set, known as the '''''{{IAST|śuddha siṃhala}}''''' (pure Sinhalese, ශුද්ධ සිංහල{{ref|suddhasimhala|img}}) or '''''{{IAST|eḷu hōḍiya}}''''' ({{IAST|[[Elu|Eḷu]]}} alphabet එළු හෝඩිය {{ref|eluhodiya|img}}), can represent all native [[phoneme]]s. In order to render Sanskrit and Pali words, an extended set, the '''''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''''' (mixed Sinhalese, මිශ්‍ර සිංහල{{ref|misrasimhala|img}}), is available.<ref name="Gair1997:15f">Gair and Paolillo 1997: 15f.</ref> ==Characteristics== [[Image:Sinhala-ka-k-ki-img.png|left|thumb|The basic form of the letter k is ක "ka". For "ki", a small arch called ''ispilla'' is placed over the ක: කි. This replaces the inherent {{IPA|/a/}} by {{IPA|/i/}}. It is also possible to have no vowel following a consonant. In order to produce such a pure consonant, a special marker, the ''hal kirīma'' has to be added: ක්. This marker suppresses the inherent vowel.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The alphabet is written from left to right. The Sinhalese script is an abugida, as each consonant has an inherent vowel ({{IPA|/a/}}), which can be changed with the different vowel signs or removed (see image on left for examples).]] [[අබුගිඩා|Most of the Sinhalese letters are curlicues; straight lines are almost completely absent from the alphabet. This is because Sinhala used to be written on dried palm leaves, which would split along the veins on writing straight lines. This was undesirable, and therefore, the round shapes were preferred.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The core set of letters forms the '''''{{IAST|śuddha siṃhala}}''''' alphabet (pure Sinhalese, ශුද්ධ සිංහල{{ref|suddhasimhala|img}}]][[සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව#endnote suddhasimhala|img]]), which is a subset of the '''''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''''' alphabet (mixed Sinhalese, මිශ්‍ර සිංහල{{ref|misrasimhala|img}}). This "pure" alphabet contains all the graphemes necessary to write Eḷu (classical Sinhalese) as described in the classical grammar Sidatsan̆garā (1300 AD).<ref name="Gair1997">Gair and Paolillo 1997.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|This is the reason why this set is also called '''''Eḷu hōdiya''''' ("Eḷu alphabet" එළු හෝඩිය{{ref|eluhodiya|img}}]][[සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව#endnote eluhodiya|img]]). [[අබුගිඩා|The definition of the two sets is thus a historic one. Out of pure coincidence, the phoneme inventory of present-day colloquial Sinhala is such that yet again the ''śuddha'' alphabet suffices as a good representation of the sounds.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|All native phonemes of the Sinhala spoken today can be represented in ''{{IAST|śuddha}}'', while in order to render special Sanskrit and Pali sounds, one can fall back on ''{{IAST|miśra siṃhala}}''. This is most notably necessary for the graphemes for the Middle Indic phonemes that the Sinhalese language lost during its history, such as aspirates.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhalese had special symbols to represent numerals, which were in use until the beginning of the [19th] century. This system is now superseded by Arabic numerals.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/09/19/fea29.html |title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business |publisher=[http://www.sundayobserver.lk Sunday Observer] |accessdate=21 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207073829/http://sundayobserver.lk/2004/09/19/fea29.html |archivedate=7 February 2009 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2006-m12/0127.html |title=Unicode Mail List Archive: Re: Sinhala numerals |publisher=[http://unicode.org Unicode Consortium] |accessdate=21 September 2008}}</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Neither the Sinhala numerals nor U+0DF4 ෴ Sinhalese punctuation kunddaliya is in general use today. The kunddaliya was formerly used as a full stop.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinhala-online.com/sinhala-digits-number-page.html |title=Old Sinhala Numbers and Digits |publisher=[http://www.sinhala-online.com Sinhala Online] |author=Roland Russwurm |accessdate=23 September 2008}}</ref> ==[[අබුගිඩා|History and usage]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The Sinhalese script is a Brahmi derivate, and was imported from Northern India, around the 3rd century BCE,]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 379.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|but was influenced at various stages by South Indian scripts, manifestly influenced by the early Grantha script.]]<ref name="World 408" /> [[අබුගිඩා|There have been found potteries in Anuradhapura from the 6th century BCE, with lithic inscription dating from 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.no/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C&pg=PA119&dq=anuradhapura+brahmi&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY18bj_ufTAhXMWSwKHQjzAdcQ6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha|date=2003-08-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521011099|language=en}}</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|By the 9th century CE, literature written in Sinhalese script had emerged and the script began to be used in other contexts. For instance, the Buddhist literature of the Theravada-Buddhists of Sri Lanka, written in Pali, used the Sinhalese alphabet.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Today, the alphabet is used by approximately 16,000,000 people to write the Sinhalese language in very diverse contexts, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of Sri Lanka Malay are recorded.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}]]''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (2016 සැප්තැම්බර්)">තහවුරු කර නොමැත</span>]]''&#x5D; ==[[අබුගිඩා|Relations between orthography and phonology]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Most phonemes of the Sinhalese language can be represented by a ''śuddha'' letter or by a ''miśra'' letter, but normally only one of them is considered correct. This one-to-many mapping of phonemes onto graphemes is a frequent source of misspellings.]]<ref name="Matzel151718">Matzel (1983) p. 15, 17, 18</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|While a phoneme can be represented by more than one grapheme, each grapheme can be pronounced in only one way. This means that the actual pronunciation of a word is always clear from its orthographic form.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Śuddha graphemes]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''śuddha'' graphemes are the mainstay of the Sinhalese alphabet and are used on an everyday-basis. Every sequence of sounds of the Sinhalese language of today can be represented by these graphemes. Additionally, the ''śuddha'' set comprises graphemes for retroflex {{angle bracket|ḷ}} and {{angle bracket|ṇ}}, which are no longer phonemic in modern Sinhala. These two letters were needed for the representation of Eḷu, but are now obsolete from a purely phonemic view. However, words which historically contain these two phonemes are still often written with the graphemes representing the retroflex sounds.]] ===[[අබුගිඩා|Consonants]]=== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''śuddha'' alphabet comprises 8 plosives, 2 fricatives, 2 affricates, 2 nasals, 2 liquids and 2 glides. Additionally, there are the two graphemes for the retroflex sounds {{IPA|/ɭ/}} and {{IPA|/ɳ/}}, which are not phonemic in modern Sinhala, but which still form part of the set. These are shaded in the table.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The voiceless affricate (ච {{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}) is not included in the ''śuddha'' set by purists since it does not occur in the main text of the Sidatsan̆garā. The Sidatsan̆garā does use it in examples though, so this sound did exist in Eḷu. In any case, it is needed for the representation of modern Sinhala.]]<ref name="Gair1997" /> [[අබුගිඩා|The basic shapes of these consonants carry an inherent {{IPA|/a/}} unless this is replaced by another vowel or removed by the ''hal kirīma''.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-consonants.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Plosives]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiceless]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiced]]''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9A]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ka]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ka]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9C]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ga]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ට]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA7]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṭa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʈa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඩ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA9]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḍa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ta]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|da]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ප]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|බ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ba]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Other letters]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | ''' ''' || | colspan="4" | ''' ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fricatives]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ස]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|sa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|හ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ha]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fricatives]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|affricates]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|(ච)]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|(0DA0)]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|(ca)]]||[[අබුගිඩා|({{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}})]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ජ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ja]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|affricates]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ma]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ma]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|න]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|na]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[na]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|liquid]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|la]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[la]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ra]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ra]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|liquid]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|glide]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|va]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʋa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ya]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ja]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|glide]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#999; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#bbb; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ණ]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|0DAB]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|ṇa]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɳa]}}]] | style="background:#bbb; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#bbb; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ළ]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|0DC5]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|ḷa]]|| style="background:#eee;" | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɭa]}}]] | style="background:#bbb;"| | style="background:#999; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels]][[Image:Sinhala u diacritics (wip ku kuu).svg|thumb|right|[[අබුගිඩා|The vocalic diacritics for ''u'' and ''ū'' vary according to the consonant to which they are attached.]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels come in two shapes: independent and diacritic. The independent shape is used when a vowel does not follow a consonant, e.g. at the beginning of a word. The diacritic shape is used when a vowel follows a consonant. Depending on the vowel, the diacritic can attach at several places. The diacritic for {{angle bracket|i}} attaches above the consonant, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|u}} attaches below, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|ā}} follows, while the diacritic for {{angle bracket|e}} precedes. {{angle bracket|o}} finally is marked by the combination of preceding {{angle bracket|e}} and following {{angle bracket|ā}}.]] [[අබුගිඩා|While <a,e,i,o> are regular, the diacritic for {{angle bracket|u}} takes a different shape according to the consonant it attaches to. The most common one is represented on the image on the right for the consonant ප (p). The k-shape is used for some consonants ending at the lower right corner (ක (k),ග (g), ත(t), but not න(n) or හ(h)). Combinations of ර(r) or ළ(ḷ) with {{angle bracket|u}} have idiosyncratic shapes.]]<ref name="JM11">Jayawardena-Moser (2004) p. 11</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you only see boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-vowels.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Vowels]]''' |- style="background:#999; text-align:center;" | | colspan="8" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|short]]''' || | | | | colspan="8" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|long]]''' || | | |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|අ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D85]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|a]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:12px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|inherent]]|| || [[අබුගිඩා|a]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[a, ə]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ආ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D86]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ā]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[aː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DCF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ā]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[aː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D87]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|æ/ä]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æ]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ැ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|æ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æ]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඈ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D88]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ǣ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ෑ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ǣ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[æː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඉ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D89]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|i]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[i]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ි]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|i]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[i]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඊ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8A]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ī]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[iː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ී]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ī]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[iː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|උ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8B]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|u]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[u]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ු]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|u]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[u]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඌ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8C]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ū]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[uː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ූ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ū]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[uː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|එ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D91]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|e]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[e]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD9]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|e]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[e]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඒ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D92]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ē]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[eː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ේ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ē]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[eː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඔ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D94]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|o]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[o]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDC]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|o]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[o]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඕ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D95]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ō]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[oː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDD]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ō]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[oː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="24" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|In Sinhala the diacritics are called පිලි ''pili'' (vowel strokes). දිග ''diga'' means "long" because the vowel is sounded for longer and දෙක ''deka'' means "two" because the stroke is doubled when written.]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="3" | ! colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Using the consonant 'k' + 'vowel' as an example:]] |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|පිල්ල ''pilla'']]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Name]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Transliteration]] ![[අබුගිඩා|Formation]] ![[අබුගිඩා|Compound form]] ![[අබුගිඩා|ISO 15919]] ![[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|්]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|හල් කිරිම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|hal kirīma]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක්]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක්]] |[[අබුගිඩා|k]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[k]]] |- |[[අබුගිඩා|◌]] | colspan="2" |[[අබුගිඩා|Inherent /a/ (without any ''pili'')]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + අ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌ]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ආ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කා]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kā]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kɑː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ැ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඇදය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ædaya]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඇ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කැ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kæ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[kæ]}}]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෑ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ඇදය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga ædaya]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෑ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kǣ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[kæː]}}]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ි]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ඉස්පිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ispilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඉ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කි]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ki]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ki]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ී]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ඉස්පිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga ispilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඊ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කී]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kī]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kiː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ු]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|පාපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pāpilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + උ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කු]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ku]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ku], [kɯ]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ූ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග පාපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga pāpilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඌ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කූ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kū]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kuː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෘ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගැටය සහිත ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gæṭa sahita ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ර් + උ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෘ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kru]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kru]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෲ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගැටය සහිත ඇලපිලි දෙක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gæṭa sahita ælapili deka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ර් + ඌ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෲ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|krū]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kruː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෟ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gayanukitta]] | colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Used in conjunction with kombuva for consonants.]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෳ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|දිග ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|diga gayanukitta]] | colspan="4" |[[අබුගිඩා|Not in contemporary use]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + එ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෙ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ke]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ke]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ේ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ හල්කිරීම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha halkirīma]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඒ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කේ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kē]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[keː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බු දෙක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombu deka]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඓ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෛ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kai]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌj]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha ælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඔ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කො]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ko]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[ko]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ හල්ඇලපිල්ල]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha halælapilla]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඕ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෝ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kō]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[koː]]] |- | style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|කොම්බුව සහ ගයනුකිත්ත]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kombuva saha gayanukitta]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ක් + ඖ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|කෞ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|kau]] |[[අබුගිඩා|[kʌʋ]]] |} ===[[අබුගිඩා|Prenasalized consonants]]=== [[අබුගිඩා|The prenasalized consonants resemble their plain counterparts. {{angle bracket|m̆b}} is made up by the left half of {{angle bracket|m}} and the right half of {{angle bracket|b}}, while the other three are just like the grapheme for the plosive with a little stroke attached to their left.]]<ref name = "Fairbanks126">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 126</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Vowel diacritics attach in the same way as they would to the corresponding plain plosive.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="9" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-suddha-prenasalized-stops.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="9" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Prenasalized consonants]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;" colspan="9"| |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | [[අබුගිඩා|nasal]]||[[අබුගිඩා|obstruent]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|prenasalized <br /> consonant]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]]|| | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඞ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ග]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඟ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0D9F]] | ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ga]]'' | [[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ණ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඩ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඬ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DAC]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ḍa]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|න]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ද]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඳ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DB3]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|n̆da]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ⁿd̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ම]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|බ]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඹ]] | [[අබුගිඩා|0DB9]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|m̆ba]]'' ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ᵐba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="7" | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | colspan="9"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} ===[[අබුගිඩා|Non-vocalic diacritics]]=== [[Image:Sinhala-hal-kiriima.svg|thumb|130px|right|[[අබුගිඩා|The two shapes of the ''hal kirīma'' for p (left) and b (right).]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|The anusvara (often called ''binduva'' 'zero' ) is represented by one small circle ං (Unicode 0D82),]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxii">Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxii</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|and the visarga (technically part of the ''miśra'' alphabet) by two ඃ (Unicode 0D83). The inherent vowel can be removed by a special virama diacritic, the ''hal kirīma'' ( ්), which has two shapes depending on which consonant it attaches to. Both are represented in the image on the right side. The first one is the most common one, while the second one is used for letters ending at the top left corner.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|''Miśra'' set]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The ''miśra'' alphabet is a superset of ''śuddha''. It adds letters for aspirates, retroflexes and sibilants, which are not phonemic in today's Sinhala, but which are necessary to represent non-native words, like loanwords from Sanskrit, Pali or English. The use of the extra letters is mainly a question of prestige. From a purely phonemic point of view, there is no benefit in using them, and they can be replaced by a (sequence of) ''śuddha'' letters as follows: For the ''miśra'' aspirates, the replacement is the plain ''śuddha'' counterpart, for the ''miśra'' retroflex liquids the corresponding ''śuddha'' coronal liquid,]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxi">Karunatillake (2004), p. xxxi</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|for the sibilants, {{angle bracket|s}}.]]<ref>Daniels (1996), p. 410.</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|ඤ (ñ) and ඥ (gn) cannot be represented by ''śuddha'' graphemes but are found only in fewer than 10 words each. ෆ fa can be represented by ප pa with a Latin {{angle bracket|f}} inscribed in the cup.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-misra-consonants.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Extra miśra plosives]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiceless]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|voiced]]''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9B]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|kha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ka]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඝ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9D]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|velar]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṭha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ʈa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඪ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḍha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɖa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|retroflex]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DAE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|tha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|dha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d̪a]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|dental]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඵ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB5]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|pha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|භ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DB7]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|bha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ba]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|labial]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="12" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|Other additional miśra graphemes]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | ''' ''' || | colspan="4" | ''' ''' | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|translit.]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]] | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|sibilants]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ශ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|śa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṣa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[sa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|sibilants]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|aspirate affricates]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඡ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA1]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|cha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[t͡ʃa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඣ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|jha]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[d͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|aspirate affricates]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඤ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA4]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ña]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɲa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඥ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA5]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|gna]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ɡna]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|nasals]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D9E]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṅa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ŋa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෆ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DC6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|fa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[fa, ɸa, pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ඦ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DA6]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|n̆ja]]<ref>This letter is not used anywhere, neither in modern nor ancient Sinhala. Its usefulness is unclear, but it forms part of the standard alphabet <http://unicode.org/reports/tr2.html>.</ref> ||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[nd͡ʒa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|fප]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|n/a]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|fa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[fa, ɸa, pa]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|other]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="12" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|There are six additional vocalic diacritics in the ''miśra'' alphabet. The two diphthongs are quite common, while the "syllabic" ṛ is much rarer, and the "syllabic" ḷ is all but obsolete. The latter are almost exclusively found in loanwords from Sanskrit.]]<ref name="Matzel8">Matzel (1983), p. 8</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|The ''miśra'' {{angle bracket|ṛ}} can also be written with ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|r}}+{{angle bracket|u}} or {{angle bracket|u}}+{{angle bracket|r}}, which corresponds to the actual pronunciation. The ''miśra'' syllabic {{angle bracket|ḷ}} is obsolete, but can be rendered by ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|l}}+{{angle bracket|i}}.]]<ref name="Matzel14">Matzel (1983), p. 14</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Miśra {{angle bracket|au}} is rendered as ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|awu}}, ''miśra'' {{angle bracket|ai}} as ''śuddha'' {{angle bracket|ayi}}.]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | {{show |(Click on [show] on the right if you see only boxes below) | [[Image:sinhala-misra-vowels.png]] }} |- style="background:#888888; text-align:center;" | colspan="24" | ''' [[අබුගිඩා|Vocalic diacritics]]''' |- style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | colspan="4" | '''[[අබුගිඩා|independent]]''' || || '''[[අබුගිඩා|diacritic]] ''' | | | | | |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|diphthongs]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඓ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D93]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ai]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ai]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:12px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ai]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ai]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඖ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D96]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|au]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[au]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|au]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[au]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|diphthongs]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic r]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඍ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8D]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṛ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ur]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෘ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DD8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṛ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ru, ur]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඎ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8E]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṝ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ruː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෲ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DF2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ṝ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[ruː, uːr]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic r]] |- style="text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic l]] | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඏ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D8F]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḷ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[li]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"|[[අබුගිඩා|ෟ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DDF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḷ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[li]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:right;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ඐ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0D90]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḹ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[liː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc; border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| | style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;"| [[අබුගිඩා|ෳ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|0DF3]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ḹ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|{{IPA|[liː]}}]] | style="background:#ccc;"| | style="background:#aaa; text-align:left;"| [[අබුගිඩා|syllabic l]] |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| | style="background:#aaa;"| | | || || | style="border-right-width:1px; border-right-style:solid;"| || | || || | | style="background:#aaa;"| |- | colspan="24" style="background:#aaa; text-align:center;"| [[අබුගිඩා|Display this table as an image]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Note that the transliteration of both ළ් and ෟ is {{angle bracket|ḷ}}. This is not very problematic as the second one is extremely scarce.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Names of the graphemes]]== [[අබුගිඩා|The letters of the English alphabet have more or less arbitrary names, e.g. ''em'' for the letter {{angle bracket|m}} or ''bee'' for the letter {{angle bracket|b}}. The Sinhala ''śuddha'' graphemes are named in a uniform way adding ''-yanna'' to the sound produced by the letter, including vocalic diacritics.]]<ref name="Karunatillakexxxii"/><ref name="Fairbanks366">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 366</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|The name for the letter අ is thus ''ayanna'', for the letter ආ ''āyanna'', for the letter ක ''kayanna'', for the letter කා ''kāyanna'', for the letter කෙ ''keyanna'' and so forth. For letters with ''hal kirīma'', an epenthetic ''a'' is added for easier pronunciation: the name for the letter ක් is ''akyanna''. Another naming convention is to use ''al-'' before a letter with suppressed vowel, thus ''alkayanna''.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Since the extra ''miśra'' letters are phonetically not distinguishable from the ''śuddha'' letters, proceeding in the same way would lead to confusion. Names of ''miśra'' letters are normally made up of the names of two ''śuddha'' letters pronounced as one word. The first one indicates the sound, the second one the shape. For example, the aspirated ඛ (kh) is called ''bayanu kayanna''. ''kayanna'' indicates the sound, while ''bayanu'' indicates the shape: ඛ (kh) is similar in shape to බ (b) (''bayunu = like bayanna''). Another method is to qualify the ''miśra'' aspirates by ''mahāprāna'' (ඛ: ''mahāprāna kayanna'') and the ''miśra'' retroflexes by ''mūrdhaja'' (ළ: ''mūrdhaja layanna'').]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Consonant conjuncts]]== [[Image:sinhala-shri.png|thumb|left|[[අබුගිඩා|Śrī]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Certain combinations of graphemes trigger special ligatures. Special signs exist for an ර (r) following a consonant (inverted arch underneath), a ර (r) preceding a consonant (loop above) and a ය (y) following a consonant (half a ය on the right).]] <ref name="Karunatillakexxxi" /> <ref name="Fairbanks109">Fairbanks et al. (1968), p. 109</ref> <ref name="JM12">Jayawardena-Moser (2004), p. 12</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Furthermore, very frequent combinations are often written in one stroke, like ''ddh'', ''kv'' or ''kś''. If this is the case, the first consonant is not marked with a ''hal kirīma''.]] <ref name="Karunatillakexxxi" /> <ref name="Matzel8" /> <ref name="JM12" /> [[අබුගිඩා|The image on the left shows the glyph for ''śrī'', which is composed of the letter ''ś'' with a ligature indicating the ''r'' below and the vowel ''ī'' marked above. Most other conjunct consonants are made with an explicit virama, called ''al-lakuna'' or ''hal kirīma'', and the zero-width joiner as shown in the following table, some of which may not display correctly due to limitations of your system. Some of the more common are displayed in the following table. Note that although modern Sinhala sounds are not aspirated, aspiration is marked in the sound where it was historically present to highlight the differences in modern spelling. Also note that all of the combinations are encoded with the ''al-lakuna'' (Unicode U+0DCA) first, followed by the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) except for touching letters which have the zero-width joiner (Unicode U+200D) first followed by the ''al-lakuna'' (Unicode U+0DCA). Touching letters were used in ancient scriptures but are not used in modern Sinhala. Vowels may be attached to any of the ligatures formed, attaching to the rightmost part of the glyph except for vowels that use the ''kombuva'', where the ''kombuva'' is written before the ligature or cluster and the remainder of the vowel, if any, is attached to the rightmost part. In the table below, appending "o" (''kombuva saha ælepilla'' – ''kombuva'' with ''ælepilla'') to the cluster "ky" {{IPA|/kja/}} only adds a single code point, but adds two vowel strokes, one each to the left and right of the consonant cluster.]] {| class=wikitable align=center |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|IPA]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Letters]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Combined]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|Type]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kjo/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්යො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCC]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක‍්‍යො]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCC]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|yansaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rakāransaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rakāransaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rka/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ක]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9A]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rēpaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rɡa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ග]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9C]]|| ''[[අබුගිඩා|rēpaya]]'' |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kjra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ය්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ය්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''yansaya'' + ''rakāransaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ɡjra/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්ය්ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA U+0DCA U+0DBB]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ග්‍ය්‍ර]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBB]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''yansaya'' + ''rakāransaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rkja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ක්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ක්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''rēpaya'' + ''yansaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/rɡja/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්ග්ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+0D9C U+0DCA U+0DBA]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ර්‍ග්‍ය]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DBB U+0DCA U+200D U+0D9C U+0DCA U+200D U+0DBA]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|''rēpaya'' + ''yansaya'']] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kva/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/kʃa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+0DC2]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ක්‍ෂ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0D9A U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC2]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/t̪t̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DAE]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්‍ථ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAE]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/t̪va/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ත්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DAD U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/nd̪a/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DAF]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්‍ද]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DAF]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/nd̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+0DB0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|න්‍ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB1 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪t̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DA8]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ඨ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DA8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪d̪ʰa/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DB0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ධ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DB0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/ⁿd̪va/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+0DC0]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ඳ්‍ව]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB3 U+0DCA U+200D U+0DC0]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|conjunct]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|/mma/]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ම්ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB8 U+0DCA U+0DB8]]|| style="font-size:125%" | [[අබුගිඩා|ම්ම]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|U+0DB8 U+200D U+0DCA U+0DB8]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|touching]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Similarities to other scripts]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala is one of the Brahmic scripts, and thus shares many similarities with other members of the family, such as the Kannada, Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil script and Devanāgarī. As a general example, {{IPA|/a/}} is the inherent vowel in all these scripts.]]<ref name="World 408" /> [[අබුගිඩා|Other similarities include the diacritic for {{angle bracket|ai}}, which resembles a doubled {{angle bracket|e}} in all scripts and the diacritic for {{angle bracket|au}} which is composed of preceding {{angle bracket|e}} and following {{angle bracket|ḷ}}.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|Script]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|e}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|ai}}]] ![[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|au}}]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෛ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ෞ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Malayalam]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|െ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ൈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ൌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Tamil]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ெ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ை]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ௌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Eastern Nagari]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ে]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ৈ]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ৌ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Dēvanāgarī]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|े]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ै]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ौ]] |} [[අබුගිඩා|Likewise, the combination of the diacritics for {{angle bracket|e}} and {{angle bracket|ā}} yields {{angle bracket|o}} in all these scripts.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! [[අබුගිඩා|Script]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|e}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|ā}}]]!! [[අබුගිඩා|{{angle bracket|o}}]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ෙ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ා]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ො]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Malayalam]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|െ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ാ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ൊ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Tamil]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ெ]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ா]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ொ]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Eastern Nagari]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ে]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|া]] |[[අබුගිඩා|ো]] |- | [[අබුගිඩා|Dēvanāgarī]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|े]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ा]]|| [[අබුගිඩා|ो]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Differences from other scripts]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala alphabet differs from other Indo-Aryan alphabets in that it contains a pair of vowel sounds (U+0DD0 and U+0DD1 in the proposed Unicode Standard) that are unique to it. These are the two vowel sounds that are similar to the two vowel sounds that occur at the beginning of the English words ''at'' (ඇ) and ''ant'' (ඈ).]]<ref>https://www.isoc.org/inet97/proceedings/E1/E1_3.HTM</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Another feature that distinguishes Sinhala from its sister Indo-Aryan languages is the presence of a set of five nasal sounds known as half-nasal or prenasalized stops.]] {| class="wikitable" |[[අබුගිඩා|ඟ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඦ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඬ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඳ]]||[[අබුගිඩා|ඹ]] |- |[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ga]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ja]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ḍa]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆da]]||[[අබුගිඩා|n̆ba]] |} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala transliteration]]== [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala transliteration (Sinhala: රෝම අකුරින් ලිවීම ''rōma akurin livīma'', literally "Roman letter writing") can be done in analogy to Devanāgarī transliteration.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Layman's transliterations in Sri Lanka normally follow neither of these. Vowels are transliterated according to English spelling equivalences, which can yield a variety of spellings for a number of phonemes. {{IPA|/iː/}} for instance can be {{angle bracket|ee}}, {{angle bracket|e}}, {{angle bracket|ea}}, {{angle bracket|i}}, etc. A transliteration pattern peculiar to Sinhala, and facilitated by the absence of phonemic aspirates, is the use of {{angle bracket|th}} for the voiceless dental plosive, and the use of {{angle bracket|t}} for the voiceless retroflex plosive. This is presumably because the retroflex plosive {{IPA|/ʈ/}} is perceived the same as the English alveolar plosive {{IPA|/t/}}, and the Sinhala dental plosive {{IPA|/t̪/}} is equated with the English voiceless dental fricative {{IPA|/θ/}}.]]<ref name="Matzel16">Matzel (1983), p. 16</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|Dental and retroflex voiced plosives are always rendered as {{angle bracket|d}}, though, presumably because {{angle bracket|dh}} is not found as a representation of {{IPAslink|ð}} in English orthography.]] ==[[අබුගිඩා|Unicode]]== {{Main article|Sinhala (Unicode block)}} [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhalese script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. This character allocation has been adopted in Sri Lanka as the Standard SLS1134.]] [[අබුගිඩා|The main Unicode block for Sinhala is U+0D80–U+0DFF. Another block, Sinhala Archaic Numbers, was added to Unicode in version 7.0.0 in June 2014. Its range is U+111E0–U+111FF.]] {{Unicode chart Sinhala}} {{Unicode chart Sinhala Archaic Numbers}} ==[[අබුගිඩා|Computer support]]== {{External links|section|date=August 2017}} [[Image:Sinhala-script-scim-screenshot.png|thumb|right|[[අබුගිඩා|Input of Sinhala characters into a terminal and Firefox on the xubuntu desktop using SCIM]]]] [[අබුගිඩා|Generally speaking, Sinhala support is less developed than support for Devanāgarī for instance. A recurring problem is the rendering of diacritics which precede the consonant and diacritic signs which come in different shapes, like the one for {{angle bracket|u}}.]] [[අබුගිඩා|Sinhala does not come built in with Windows XP, unlike Tamil and Hindi. However, all versions of Windows Vista and Windows 10 come with Sinhala support by default, and do not require external fonts to be installed to read Sinhalese script. ''Nirmala UI'' is the default Sinhala font in windows 10.]] [[අබුගිඩා|For Mac OS X, Sinhala font and keyboard support can be found at ''web.nickshanks.com/typography/'' and at ''www.xenotypetech.com/osxSinhala.html''.]] [[අබුගිඩා|For Linux, the IBus, and SCIM input methods allow the use Sinhalese script in applications with support for a number of key maps and techniques such as traditional, phonetic and assisted techniques.]]<ref>[http://imgur.com/owFIn4z A screenshot showing some of the options]</ref> [[අබුගිඩා|In addition, newer versions of Android mobile operating system also support both rendering and input of the Sinhala script.]] ===Online resources=== * [[w:si:Wikipedia:Sinhala font|Sinhala guide of the Sinhalese Wikipedia (in English)]] * [http://www.kaputa.com/uniwriter Online Sinhala Unicode Writer] * [https://words.devadara.com/ Sinhala English Dictionary and Sinhala To Hindi Language Translator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116115134/https://words.devadara.com/ |date=2023-11-16 }} * [http://groups.google.com/group/Sinhala-Unicode Sinhala Unicode Support Group] * [http://www.ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/ltrl/services/keyboard/ Online Unicode Converter] * [https://spell.devadara.com/ Sinhala spell checker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116115133/https://spell.devadara.com/ |date=2023-11-16 }} ==Image list for readers with font problems== #{{note|suddhasimhala}}[[Image:Sinhala-suddhasinhala-img.png|150px]] #{{note|misrasimhala}}[[Image:Sinhala-misrasinhala-img.png|150px]] #{{note|eluhodiya}} [[Image:Sinhala-eluhodiya-img.png|150px]] ==See also== * [[Sinhalese Braille]] * [[Dutch loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[English loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[Tamil loanwords in Sinhala]] * [[History of Sinhala software]] * [[Singlish Typewriter]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}} ==References== *{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=Peter T. |authorlink=Peter T. Daniels |title=The World's Writing Systems |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |location=Oxford, UK |chapter= Sinhala alphabet |doi= |id= |isbn=0-19-507993-0}} *{{cite book |last=Fairbanks |first=G. W. |author2=J. W. Gair |author3=M. W. S. D. Silva |title=Colloquial Sinhalese (Sinhala) |publisher=South Asia Programm, Cornell University |year=1968 |location=Ithaca, NY |id= |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Gair |first=J. W. |author2=John C. Paolillo |title=Sinhala |publisher=South Asia Programm, Cornell University |year=1997 |location=München, Newcastle |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Geiger |first=Wilhelm |title=A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language |publisher=AES Reprint |year=1995 |location=New Delhi |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Jayawardena-Moser |first=Premalatha |title=Grundwortschatz Singhalesisch – Deutsch |publisher=Harassowitz |year=2004 |location=Wiesbaden | edition = 3 |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Karunatillake |first=W. S. |title=An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala |publisher= |year=1992 |location=Colombo | edition = [several new editions] |isbn=}} *{{cite book |last=Matzel |first=Klaus |title=Einführung in die singhalesische Sprache |publisher=Harrassowitz |year=1983 |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Sinhala script}} *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D80.pdf Sinhala Unicode Character Code Chart] *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U111E0.pdf Sinhala Archaic Numbers Unicode Character Code Chart] *[http://www.ceylon-online.com/sinhala_sign_page.html Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806024953/http://www.ceylon-online.com/sinhala_sign_page.html |date=2009-08-06 }} *[http://www.sinhala-online.com/sinhala-sign-page.html?unicode=yes&languages=English Complete table of consonant-diacritic-combinations as text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045421/http://sinhala-online.com/sinhala-sign-page.html?languages=english&unicode=yes |date=2016-03-13 }} *[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sinhala.htm Sinhala page at Omniglot] *[http://fsi-language-courses.org/Courses/Sinhala/Basic/Module%201/FSI%20-%20Sinhala%20Basic%20Course%20-%20Module%201%20-%20Student%20Text.pdf ''Sinhala basic course'', module 1, "Beginning signs and letters"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313053356/http://fsi-language-courses.org/courses/sinhala/basic/module%201/fsi%20-%20sinhala%20basic%20course%20-%20module%201%20-%20student%20text.pdf |date=2016-03-13 }} (Bonny Graham MacDougall and Kamini de Abrew, [[Foreign service institute]]) <!-- *[http://www.downloads.sinhalaya.com/Pages/SinhalaFont.htm List of free fonts for the Sinhalese script] link now 404 not found as of 09/Nov/08 --> *[https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/subasa-tamil-to-sinhala/ Transliteration Add-on for Firefox (Tamil script to Sinhalese script)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013022115/https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/subasa-tamil-to-sinhala/ |date=2017-10-13 }} *[http://asiantribune.com/news/2009/11/30/sinhala-accepted-one-world%E2%80%99s-most-creative-alphabets Sinhala Accepted As One Of The World’s Most Creative Alphabets] *[https://unicode.madusanka.net/ Sinhala Unicode Converter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002171118/https://unicode.madusanka.net/ |date=2022-10-02 }} {{Sinhala language}} {{list of writing systems}} {{good article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinhalese script}} [[Category:Brahmic scripts]] [[Category:Sinhalese script]] [[Category:Scripts encoded in Unicode 3.0]] hyl373nzm39bvwr7vijev9zsrahdsa4 0 82243 750470 470106 2025-06-23T12:10:06Z 2402:4000:20C2:5E68:4139:BCA5:62D8:D341 Dj 750470 wikitext text/x-wiki I am agummu bear. Sadew kavinda. වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු රාජ උරුමකරුවෙකු නොතබාම මිය ගියේය.එමනිසා දකුණු ඉන්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව බිසවගේ සහෝදරයා වු ශ්‍රී විජය රාජසිංහ රජු රජ විය. 7j7plvtsmt21m9mqjungnzy3rdul9u5 750497 750470 2025-06-24T00:35:20Z IDB.S 52205 [[Special:Contributions/2402:4000:20C2:5E68:4139:BCA5:62D8:D341|2402:4000:20C2:5E68:4139:BCA5:62D8:D341]] ([[User talk:2402:4000:20C2:5E68:4139:BCA5:62D8:D341|සාකච්ඡාව]]) ගේ සංස්කරණයන් [[User:Shwetha|Shwetha]] ගේ අවසන් අනුවාදය වෙත ප්‍රතිවර්තනය කෙරිණි 437270 wikitext text/x-wiki ශ්‍රී වීර පරාක්‍රම නරේන්ද්‍රසිංහ රජු රාජ උරුමකරුවෙකු නොතබාම මිය ගියේය.එමනිසා දකුණු ඉන්දියානු සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුව බිසවගේ සහෝදරයා වු ශ්‍රී විජය රාජසිංහ රජු රජ විය. or9uaum3u0h2lu18yklxlmc1olb9whp 10 84968 750577 744680 2025-06-24T05:46:40Z 39.63.193.172 පිටුව වෙනුවට 'To Whom It May Concern, We are a manufacturer and exporter of juggling balls. For pricing, kindly let us know the number of sets you require, and we will provide our best possible offer. Thank you for your time. We look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Hassan Lion Leather Chenab Rangers Road, Sheikh Colony R-116 Sialkot 51310, Pakistan Phone: +92-300-6122353 Email to unsubscribe: li...' ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කරමින් 750577 wikitext text/x-wiki To Whom It May Concern, We are a manufacturer and exporter of juggling balls. For pricing, kindly let us know the number of sets you require, and we will provide our best possible offer. Thank you for your time. We look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Hassan Lion Leather Chenab Rangers Road, Sheikh Colony R-116 Sialkot 51310, Pakistan Phone: +92-300-6122353 Email to unsubscribe: lionleather101@gmail.com md7zoupb9040wgcdrlae25t4n6kbp90 750586 750577 2025-06-24T05:59:59Z Ttheek 66430 Restored revision 744680 by [[Special:Contributions/IDB.S|IDB.S]] ([[User talk:IDB.S|talk]]): Spam (TwinkleGlobal) 750586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | title = [[File:Black W for promotion.png|20px|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;[[Wikipedia|විකිපීඩියාව]] පිළිබඳ [[:Category:Wikipedia_basic_information|මූලික තොරතුරු]] - ([[Help:Searching#Custom search boxes|ගවේෂණය]]) | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle = text-align: center; | name = Basic information | above = * '''[[Help:Contents|Help]]''' **'''[[Help:Directory|directory]]''' **'''[[Help:Menu|menu]]''' * '''[[Wikipedia:Teahouse|Teahouse]]''' (interactive help for new editors) | group1 = [[Wikipedia:About|About Wikipedia]] | list1 = * 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* [[Help:Magic words|Magic words]] ** [[Help:Magic words for beginners|For beginners]] * [[Help:Section|Sections]] * [[Help:Sound file markup|Sounds]] * [[Help:Special characters|Special Characters]] * [[Help:Table|Tables]] * [[Help:Template|Templates]] ** [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|Documentation]] ** [[Wikipedia:Template index|Index]] * [[Wikipedia:Substitution|Substitution]] * [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|Transclusion]] * [[Help:Visual file markup|Image and video markup]] ** [[Help:Pictures|Tutorial]] * [[Help:Link|Linking]] | group11 = [[Wikipedia:Directories and indexes|Directories]] and glossaries | list11 = * [[:Category:Wikipedia directories|Category]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations|Abbreviations]] * [[Wikipedia:Contents|Contents]] * [[Wikipedia:Edit summary legend|Edit summaries]] * [[Wikipedia:Essay directory|Essays]] * [[Wikipedia:Glossary|Glossary]] * [[Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia|Index]] * [[Wikipedia:Shortcut index|Shortcuts]] * [[Wikipedia:Tips|Tips]] }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> fhy9mw9rxow4efzew8oqe2c83emi1x5 0 88830 750562 476545 2025-06-24T05:31:53Z Ttheek 66430 Ttheek විසින් [[රෙඩ් ග්ලෝබෝ]] සිට [[ටී.වී. ග්ලෝබෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී: Misspelled title 476545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Globo logo and wordmark.svg|thumb|right|]] '''රෙඩ් ග්ලෝබෝ''' (Rede Globo) 1965 අප්‍රියෙල් 26 වන දින මාධ්‍ය හිමිකරු රොබර්ටෝ මැරින්හෝ විසින් දියත් කරන ලද බ්‍රසීලියානු නිදහස්-ගුවන් රූපවාහිනී ජාලයකි. එය හිමිකාරීත්වය දරන්නේ මාධ්‍ය සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරයක් වන ග්ලෝබෝ සමූහයයි. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] ks2x5ncuei7sfe4oaue7gxf0o1xpn4o 750565 750562 2025-06-24T05:32:30Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] ඉවත් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750565 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Globo logo and wordmark.svg|thumb|right|]] '''රෙඩ් ග්ලෝබෝ''' (Rede Globo) 1965 අප්‍රියෙල් 26 වන දින මාධ්‍ය හිමිකරු රොබර්ටෝ මැරින්හෝ විසින් දියත් කරන ලද බ්‍රසීලියානු නිදහස්-ගුවන් රූපවාහිනී ජාලයකි. එය හිමිකාරීත්වය දරන්නේ මාධ්‍ය සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරයක් වන ග්ලෝබෝ සමූහයයි. egl9t0eumijgo7a47wvw152t4h06gjz 750566 750565 2025-06-24T05:32:41Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ රූපවාහිනී ජාල]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Globo logo and wordmark.svg|thumb|right|]] '''රෙඩ් ග්ලෝබෝ''' (Rede Globo) 1965 අප්‍රියෙල් 26 වන දින මාධ්‍ය හිමිකරු රොබර්ටෝ මැරින්හෝ විසින් දියත් කරන ලද බ්‍රසීලියානු නිදහස්-ගුවන් රූපවාහිනී ජාලයකි. එය හිමිකාරීත්වය දරන්නේ මාධ්‍ය සමූහ ව්‍යාපාරයක් වන ග්ලෝබෝ සමූහයයි. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ රූපවාහිනී ජාල]] de4pi84s4t9a0ndxq7eg92mmj2ruore 10 99958 750522 742024 2025-06-24T05:02:41Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750522 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]] | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| Government<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | Area <!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = Highest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;census|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Density{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[Gini_coefficient|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[Human Development Index|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | Calling code }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> f64nuyi1wioosqwzaythskxpjydtq7l 750523 750522 2025-06-24T05:05:19Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750523 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]] | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| Government<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | Area <!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = ඉහළම උන්නතාංශය<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;census|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Density{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[Gini_coefficient|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[Human Development Index|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | Calling code }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> smc9uqefhgvrfmgrk4nwy8yd0xavr50 750526 750523 2025-06-24T05:13:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750526 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]] | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| Government<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | Area <!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = ඉහළම උන්නතාංශය<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;සංගණනය|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඝනත්වය{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[ක්‍රය ශක්ති සාම්‍යය|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}ඇස්තමේන්තුව }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;මුළු</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඒක පුද්ගල</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[ගිනි සංගුණකය|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | Calling code }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> 802iyfzvk14b8z0m4vq01syj1v5lxvb 750527 750526 2025-06-24T05:14:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750527 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = [[Demonym|Demonym(s)]] | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| Government<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | Area <!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = ඉහළම උන්නතාංශය<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;සංගණනය|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඝනත්වය{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[ක්‍රය ශක්ති සාම්‍යය|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}ඇස්තමේන්තුව }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;මුළු</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඒක පුද්ගල</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[ගිනි සංගුණකය|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | ඇමතුම් කේතය }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> 1lzwhzn7ky6b5e66mhfsdur4ie6eady 750551 750527 2025-06-24T05:24:50Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750551 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">සහ {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = ජන අන්වර්ථ නම් | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| රජය<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | Area <!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = ඉහළම උන්නතාංශය<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| Population<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;සංගණනය|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඝනත්වය{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[ක්‍රය ශක්ති සාම්‍යය|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}ඇස්තමේන්තුව }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;මුළු</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඒක පුද්ගල</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[ගිනි සංගුණකය|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | ඇමතුම් කේතය }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> 7udizkcjlpdyiu41192y7q0hs7bno84 750564 750551 2025-06-24T05:31:56Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750564 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{main other|{{#invoke:Settlement short description|main}}|}}{{Infobox | child = {{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}} | templatestyles = Template:Infobox political division/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-pol-div vcard | {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|title|above}} = {{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes| |<div class="fn org">{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div> }}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</div>}}{{#if:{{{other_name|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-other nickname">{{{other_name}}}</div>}} <!--** names, type, and transliterations ** --> | subheader = {{#if:{{both|{{if empty|{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}{{#ifeq:{{yesno|{{{embed|}}}}}|yes|1}}|{{{settlement_type|{{{type|}}}}}}}}|<div class="category">{{{settlement_type|{{{type}}}}}}</div>}} | rowclass1 = mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below | data1 = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 1*** --> | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | header2 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type}}} | data3 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type1}}} | data4 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label5 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type2}}} | data5 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label6 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type3}}} | data6 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label7 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type4}}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label8 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type5}}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass9 = mergedbottomrow | label9 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang1_type6}}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang1|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang1_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang1_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- ***Transliteration language 2*** --> | rowclass10 = mergedtoprow | header10 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2}}}&nbsp;transcription(s)}} | rowclass11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label11 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type}}} | data11 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info|}}}}}}} | rowclass12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label12 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type1}}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type1|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info1|}}}}}}} | rowclass13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label13 =&nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type2}}} | data13 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type2|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info2|}}}}}}} | rowclass14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label14 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type3}}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type3|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info3|}}}}}}} | rowclass15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label15 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type4}}} | data15 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type4|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info4|}}}}}}} | rowclass16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label16 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type5}}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type5|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info5|}}}}}}} | rowclass17 = mergedbottomrow | label17 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;{{{translit_lang2_type6}}} | data17 = {{#if:{{{translit_lang2|}}}|{{#if:{{{translit_lang2_type6|}}}|{{{translit_lang2_info6|}}}}}}} <!-- end ** names, type, and transliterations ** --> <!-- ***Skyline Image*** --> | rowclass18 = mergedtoprow | data18 = {{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}{{{image|}}}|<!-- -->{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage<!-- -->|image={{if empty|{{{image_skyline|}}}|{{{image|}}}}}<!-- -->|size={{if empty|{{{image_size|}}}|{{{imagesize|}}}}}|sizedefault=250px<!-- -->|alt={{if empty|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}<!-- -->|title={{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}|{{{image_alt|}}}|{{{alt|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{image_caption|}}}{{{caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{if empty|{{{image_caption|}}}|{{{caption|}}}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Flag, Seal, Shield and Coat of arms*** --> | rowclass19 = mergedtoprow | class19 = maptable | data19 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}{{{image_seal|}}}{{{image_shield|}}}{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}} |{{Infobox settlement/columns | 1 = {{#if:{{{image_flag|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_flag}}}|size={{{flag_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|border={{yesno |{{{flag_border|}}}|yes=yes|blank=yes}}|alt={{{flag_alt|}}}|title=Flag of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{flag_type|}}}|{{{flag_type}}}|ධජය}}|link={{{flag_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 2 = {{#if:{{{image_seal|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_seal|}}}|size={{{seal_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{seal_alt|}}}|title=Official seal of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{seal_type|}}}|{{{seal_type}}}|Seal}}|link={{{seal_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 3 = {{#if:{{{image_shield|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_shield|}}}||size={{{shield_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{shield_alt|}}}|title=Coat of arms of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type=Coat of arms|link={{{shield_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 4 = {{#if:{{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_blank_emblem|}}}|size={{{blank_emblem_size|}}}|sizedefault={{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}|85px|100px}}|alt={{{blank_emblem_alt|}}}|title=Official logo of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}<br />{{Infobox settlement/link|type={{#if:{{{blank_emblem_type|}}}|{{{blank_emblem_type}}}}}|link={{{blank_emblem_link|}}}|name={{{official_name}}}}}}} | 5 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=100px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}}}</div>}} | 0 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize}}}|150}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} }} }} <!-- ***Etymology*** --> | rowclass20 = mergedtoprow | data20 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|'''Etymology''': {{{etymology}}} }} <!-- ***Nickname*** --> | rowclass21 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data21 = {{#if:{{{nickname|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nickname(s)''':]]|'''Nickname(s)''':}}|{{#if:{{{nicknames|}}}|{{#if:{{{nickname_link|}}}|[[{{{nickname_link|}}}|'''Nicknames''':]]|'''Nicknames''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-nick nickname">{{if empty|{{{nickname|}}}|{{{nicknames|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Motto*** --> | rowclass22 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{motto|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨය''':}}|{{#if:{{{mottoes|}}}|{{#if:{{{motto_link|}}}|[[{{{motto_link|}}}|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':]]|'''ආදර්ශ පාඨ''':}}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|&nbsp;<div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}</div>}} <!-- ***Anthem*** --> | rowclass23 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data23 = {{#if:{{{anthem|}}}|{{#if:{{{anthem_link|}}}|[[{{{anthem_link|}}}|'''Anthem''':]]|'''නිල ගීය''':}} {{{anthem}}}}} <!-- ***Song*** --> | rowclass24 = {{#if:{{{etymology|}}}{{{nickname|}}}{{{nicknames|}}}{{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}{{{anthem|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{song|}}}|{{#if:{{{song_type|}}}|{{{song_type}}}:|'''ගීතය''':}} {{{song}}}}} <!-- ***Map*** --> | rowclass25 = mergedtoprow | data25 = {{#if:{{both|{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}|{{{pushpin_map|}}}}}||{{#if:{{{image_map|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map}}}|size={{{mapsize|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|}}}|title={{{map_caption|Location of {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption}}}</div>}} }}}} | rowclass26 = mergedrow | data26 = {{#if:{{{image_map2|}}}|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image_map2}}}|size={{{mapsize2|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt2|}}}|title={{{map_caption2|සිතියමෙහි {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name}}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{map_caption2|}}}|<div class="ib-pol-div-caption">{{{map_caption2}}}</div>}} }} <!-- ***Pushpin Map*** --> | rowclass27 = mergedtoprow | data27 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map_narrow|}}}||{{#if:{{both| {{{pushpin_map|}}} | {{{coordinates|}}} }}| {{location map|{{{pushpin_map|}}} |border = infobox |alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}} |caption ={{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption_notsmall|}}}|{{#if:{{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}|{{{pushpin_map_caption}}}|{{#if:{{{map_caption|}}}|{{{map_caption}}}}}}}}} |float = center |width = {{{pushpin_mapsize|}}} |default_width = 250 |relief= {{{pushpin_relief|}}} |AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}} |overlay_image = {{{pushpin_overlay|}}} |coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}} |label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{{official_name|}}}}}}} }} |marksize =6 |outside = {{{pushpin_outside|}}}<!-- pin is outside the map --> |position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} }} }} | rowclass28 = {{#if:{{{image_map|}}}{{{image_map2|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}|mergedbottomrow|mergedrow}} | label28 = {{if empty|{{{grid_name|}}}|Grid&nbsp;position}} | data28 = {{{grid_position|}}} <!-- ***Subdivisions*** --> | rowclass29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}{{{subdivision_type2|}}}{{{subdivision_type3|}}}{{{subdivision_type4|}}}{{{subdivision_type5|}}}{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label29 = {{{subdivision_type}}} | data29 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type|}}}|{{{subdivision_name|}}} }} | rowclass30 = mergedrow | label30 = {{{subdivision_type1}}} | data30 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type1|}}}|{{{subdivision_name1|}}} }} | rowclass31 = mergedrow | label31 = {{{subdivision_type2}}} | data31 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type2|}}}|{{{subdivision_name2|}}} }} | rowclass32 = mergedrow | label32 = {{{subdivision_type3}}} | data32 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type3|}}}|{{{subdivision_name3|}}} }} | rowclass33 = mergedrow | label33 = {{{subdivision_type4}}} | data33 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type4|}}}|{{{subdivision_name4|}}} }} | rowclass34 = mergedrow | label34 = {{{subdivision_type5}}} | data34 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type5|}}}|{{{subdivision_name5|}}} }} | rowclass35 = mergedrow | label35 = {{{subdivision_type6}}} | data35 = {{#if:{{{subdivision_type6|}}}|{{{subdivision_name6|}}} }} <!--***Established*** --> | rowclass36 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}{{{established_title2|}}}{{{established_title3|}}}{{{established_title4|}}}{{{established_title5|}}}{{{established_title6|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label36 = {{{established_title}}} | data36 = {{#if:{{{established_title|}}}|{{{established_date|}}} }} | rowclass37 = mergedrow | label37 = {{{established_title1}}} | data37 = {{#if:{{{established_title1|}}}|{{{established_date1|}}} }} | rowclass38 = mergedrow | label38 = {{{established_title2}}} | data38 = {{#if:{{{established_title2|}}}|{{{established_date2|}}} }} | rowclass39 = mergedrow | label39 = {{{established_title3}}} | data39 = {{#if:{{{established_title3|}}}|{{{established_date3|}}} }} | rowclass40 = mergedrow | label40 = {{{established_title4}}} | data40 = {{#if:{{{established_title4|}}}|{{{established_date4|}}} }} | rowclass41 = mergedrow | label41 = {{{established_title5}}} | data41 = {{#if:{{{established_title5|}}}|{{{established_date5|}}} }} | rowclass42 = mergedrow | label42 = {{{established_title6}}} | data42 = {{#if:{{{established_title6|}}}|{{{established_date6|}}} }} | rowclass43 = mergedrow | label43 = {{{established_title7}}} | data43 = {{#if:{{{established_title7|}}}|{{{established_date7|}}} }} | rowclass44 = mergedrow | label44 = {{{extinct_title}}} | data44 = {{#if:{{{extinct_title|}}}|{{{extinct_date|}}} }} | rowclass45 = mergedrow | label45 = Founded by | data45 = {{{founder|}}} | rowclass46 = mergedrow | label46 = [[Namesake|Named for]] | data46 = {{{named_for|}}} <!-- ***Seat of government and largest city*** --> | rowclass47 = {{#if:{{{admin_center|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|mergedtoprow}} | label47 = {{#if:{{{capital_type|}}} | {{{capital_type}}} | අගනුවර}}{{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital<!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!------------------------------------------ capital is largest_city/_settlement: ------------------------------------------- --><div class="ib-pol-div-largest">සහ {{{largest_settlement_type|largest city}}}</div> }} | data47 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|{{{capital}}}{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} | rowclass48 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}|mergedrow}} | label48 = {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administrative&nbsp;center }} | data48 = {{#switch:{{{admin_center|}}} |capital | = |[[{{{capital|}}}]] = |{{{capital|}}} = |#default = {{{admin_center}}}{{#if:{{{capital|}}}||{{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|<br/>{{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates}}}|type:city}}}} }} }} | rowclass49 = {{#if:{{{capital|}}}{{{admin_center|}}}|mergedbottomrow}} | label49 = විශාලතම {{{largest_settlement_type|city}}} | data49 = {{#ifeq: {{#ifeq:{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}|capital |capital<!-- -->|{{#switch:{{{capital}}} | [[{{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}}]] = capital | {{{largest_city|}}}{{{largest_settlement|}}} = capital | not capital }}<!-- -->}}|capital <!-- (#ifeq:)-->|<!-- nothing already appears above --> | {{if empty| {{{largest_city|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|}}} }} }} | label50 = {{#if:{{{official_languages_type|}}} | {{{official_languages_type}}} | නිල භාෂා }} | data50 = {{{official_languages|}}} | rowclass51 = mergedrow | label51 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}}&nbsp;languages}} | data51 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_languages|}}} }} | rowclass52 = mergedrow | label52 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_national_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} national&nbsp;languages}} | data52 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_national_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_national_languages|}}} | {{{national_languages|}}} }} | rowclass53 = mergedrow | label53 = {{nobold|1={{#if:{{{recognized_regional_languages|}}}|Recognized|Recognised}} regional&nbsp;languages}} | data53 = {{if empty| {{{recognized_regional_languages|}}} | {{{recognised_regional_languages|}}} | {{{regional_languages|}}} }} | label54 = Common&nbsp;languages | data54 = {{{common_languages|}}} | rowclass55 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedrow}} |{{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} }} | label55 ={{#ifeq:{{{languages_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty| {{{languages_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data55 = {{{languages|}}} | rowclass56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |mergedbottomrow}} | label56 = {{#ifeq:{{{languages2_sub|}}}|yes |<div class="ib-pol-div-lang">{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }}</div> |{{if empty|{{{languages2_type|}}} | Other&nbsp;languages }} }} | data56 = {{{languages2|}}} | label57 = [[Ethnic group|Ethnic&nbsp;groups]] <!-- -->{{#if:{{{ethnic_groups_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic"> ({{{ethnic_groups_year}}}){{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-ethnic">{{{ethnic_groups_ref|}}}</div>}} | data57 = {{{ethnic_groups|}}} | label58 = Religion <!-- -->{{#if:{{{religion_year|}}} |<div class="ib-pol-div-religion"> ({{{religion_year}}}){{{religion_ref|}}}</div>|<div class="ib-pol-div-religion">{{{religion_ref|}}}</div>}} | data58 = {{{religion|}}} | label59 = ජන අන්වර්ථ නම් | data59 = {{#if:{{{demonym|}}} |{{#ifexist:{{{demonym}}} people | [[{{{demonym}}} people|{{{demonym}}}]] | {{{demonym}}} }} }} <!-- ***Government type and Leader*** --> | label60 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} | {{#if:{{{politics_link|}}} | [[{{{politics_link}}}|Government]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Politics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|රජය]]<!-- -->| රජය<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data60 = {{{government_type|}}} <!-- ***Government*** --> | header61 = {{#if:{{{government_type|}}} || {{#if:{{{leader_title1|}}}{{{leader_name1|}}} | රජය}} }} | rowclass62 = mergedrow | data62 = {{#if:{{{leader_name1|}}}|{{Infobox country/multirow|{{{leader_title1|}}} |{{{leader_name1|}}} |{{{leader_title2|}}} |{{{leader_name2|}}} |{{{leader_title3|}}} |{{{leader_name3|}}} |{{{leader_title4|}}} |{{{leader_name4|}}} |{{{leader_title5|}}} |{{{leader_name5|}}} |{{{leader_title6|}}} |{{{leader_name6|}}} |{{{leader_title7|}}} |{{{leader_name7|}}} |{{{leader_title8|}}} |{{{leader_name8|}}} |{{{leader_title9|}}} |{{{leader_name9|}}} |{{{leader_title10|}}} |{{{leader_name10|}}} |{{{leader_title11|}}} |{{{leader_name11|}}} |{{{leader_title12|}}} |{{{leader_name12|}}} |{{{leader_title13|}}} |{{{leader_name13|}}} |{{{leader_title14|}}} |{{{leader_name14|}}} |{{{leader_title15|}}} |{{{leader_name15|}}} }} }} | label63 = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය | data63 = {{{legislature|}}} | rowclass64 = mergedrow | label64 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house1|}}}|{{{type_house1}}}|[[Upper house]]}}</div> | data64 = {{{upper_house|{{{house1|}}}}}} | rowclass65 = mergedbottomrow | label65 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{type_house2|}}}|{{{type_house2}}}|[[Lower house]]}}</div> | data65 = {{{lower_house|{{{house2|}}}}}} | label66 = {{#if:{{{judiciary_link|}}} | [[{{{judiciary_link}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Judiciary of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Judiciary]]<!-- -->| Judiciary<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | data66 = {{{judiciary|}}} <!-- ***Representation in federal/national government*** --> | header67 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}} | {{#if:{{{national_representation|}}} | {{{national_representation}}} | National&nbsp;representation }} }} | rowclass68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation2|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label68 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type1}}}</div> | data68 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type1|}}}|{{{national_representation1|}}} }} | rowclass69 = mergedbottomrow | label69 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{national_representation_type2}}}</div> | data69 = {{#if:{{{national_representation_type2|}}}|{{{national_representation2|}}} }} <!-- ***Geographical characteristics*** --> <!-- ***Area*** --> | rowclass70 = mergedtoprow | header70 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}}{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}} | {{#if:{{{area_link|}}} | [[{{{area_link}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | {{#ifexist:Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Geography of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] | භූමි ප්‍රදේශය<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass71 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}}{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label71 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label|මුළු}}}{{{FR_foot4|}}}</div> | data71 = {{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_km2|}}}{{{area_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_ha|}}}{{{area_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_footnote|}}}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{area_rank_link|}}}|{{{area_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by area}}|{{{area_rank}}}]]) }} }} | rowclass72 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}}{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label72 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Land</div> | data72 = {{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_km2|}}}{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_land_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_land_ha|}}}{{{area_land_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_land_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_land_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_land_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass73 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{percent_water|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label73 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Water</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_km2|}}}{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_km2|}}}|km2|{{{area_water_sq_mi|}}}|sqmi|abbr=on}} |{{#if:{{{area_water_ha|}}}{{{area_water_acre|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{area_water_ha|}}}|ha|{{{area_water_acre|}}}|acre|abbr=on}} }} }}{{{area_water_footnote|}}} }} | rowclass74 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label74 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ජලය&nbsp;(%)</div> | data74 = {{{percent_water|}}} | rowclass75 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label75 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label2|}}}</div> | data75 = {{#if:{{{area_label2|}}}| {{{area_data2|}}} }} | rowclass76 = {{#if:{{{stat_area1|}}}{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label76 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{area_label3|}}}</div> | data76 = {{#if:{{{area_label3|}}}| {{{area_data3|}}} }} | rowclass77 = {{#if:{{{stat_area2|}}}{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label77 = {{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_area1|}}} | data77 = {{#if: {{{stat_area1|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area1|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass78 = {{#if:{{{stat_area3|}}}{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label78 = {{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_area2|}}} | data78 = {{#if: {{{stat_area2|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area2|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass79 = {{#if:{{{stat_area4|}}}{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label79 = {{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_area3|}}} | data79 = {{#if: {{{stat_area3|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area3|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass80 = {{#if:{{{stat_area5|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label80 = {{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_area4|}}} | data80 = {{#if: {{{stat_area4|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area4|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} | rowclass81 = mergedbottomrow | label81 = {{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_area5|}}} | data81 = {{#if: {{{stat_area5|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{stat_area5|}}}|km2||sqmi}} }} <!-- ***Dimensions*** --> | rowclass82 = mergedtoprow | header82 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}}{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}}|Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn">{{{dimensions_footnotes|}}}</div>}} | rowclass83 = mergedrow | label83 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Length</div> | data83 = {{#if:{{{length_km|}}}{{{length_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{length_km|}}}|km|{{{length_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} | rowclass84 = mergedbottomrow | label84 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Width</div> | data84 = {{#if:{{{width_km|}}}{{{width_mi|}}} |{{convinfobox|{{{width_km|}}}|km|{{{width_mi|}}}|mi|abbr=on}} }} <!-- ***Elevation*** --> | rowclass85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_link|}}}|[[{{{elevation_link|}}}|Elevation]]|Elevation}}<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_point}}})}}</div> | data85 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} | rowclass86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_m|}}}{{{elevation_ft|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label86 = ඉහළම උන්නතාංශය<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_max_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_max_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_max_point}}})}}</div> | data86 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_max_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_max_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation max rank*** --> | rowclass87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label87 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data87 = {{#if:{{{elevation_max_m|}}}{{{elevation_max_ft|}}}| {{{elevation_max_rank|}}} }} | rowclass88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | label88 = Lowest&nbsp;elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation">{{{elevation_min_footnotes|}}}{{#if:{{{elevation_min_point|}}}|&#32;({{{elevation_min_point}}})}}</div> | data88 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |{{infobox_settlement/lengthdisp |m ={{{elevation_min_m|}}} |ft ={{{elevation_min_ft|}}} |pref={{{unit_pref}}} |name={{{subdivision_name}}} }} }} <!-- ***Elevation min rank*** --> | rowclass89 = mergedbottomrow | label89 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;Rank | data89 = {{#if:{{{elevation_min_m|}}}{{{elevation_min_ft|}}}|{{{elevation_min_rank|}}}}} <!-- ***Population*** --> <!-- ***Demographics 1*** --> | rowclass90 = mergedtoprow | header90 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}}{{{population_census|}}}{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}} |{{#if:{{{population_link|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{population_link}}}|no|Population|[[{{{population_link}}}|ජනගහනය]]}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexist:Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Demographics of {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|ජනගහනය]]<!-- -->| ජනගහනය<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} }} | rowclass91 = mergedrow | label91 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_estimate_year|}}} |{{{population_estimate_year}}} estimate|ඇස්තමේන්තු}}</div> | data91 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} |{{{population_estimate}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_estimate_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass92 = mergedrow | label92= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label2|}}}</div> | data92= {{#if:{{{population_label2|}}}|{{{population_data2|}}}}} | rowclass93= mergedrow | label93= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{{population_label3|}}}</div> | data93= {{#if:{{{population_label3|}}}|{{{population_data3|}}}}} | rowclass94= mergedrow | data94= {{#if:{{{stat_pop1|}}}{{{stat_pop2|}}}{{{stat_pop3|}}}{{{stat_pop4|}}}{{{stat_pop5|}}}|{{infobox country/multirow|{{{stat_year1|}}}{{{ref_pop1|}}} |{{{stat_pop1|}}}|{{{stat_year2|}}}{{{ref_pop2|}}} |{{{stat_pop2|}}}|{{{stat_year3|}}}{{{ref_pop3|}}} |{{{stat_pop3|}}}|{{{stat_year4|}}}{{{ref_pop4|}}} |{{{stat_pop4|}}}|{{{stat_year5|}}}{{{ref_pop5|}}} |{{{stat_pop5|}}} }} }} | rowclass95= mergedrow | label95= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;{{#if:{{{population_census_year|}}} |{{{population_census_year}}}&nbsp;සංගණනය|Census}}</div> | data95= {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} |{{{population_census}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population}}|{{{population_census_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass96 = mergedbottomrow | label96= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඝනත්වය{{{FR_foot5|}}}</div> | data96= {{#if:{{{population_density_km2|}}}{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}} | {{convinfobox|{{{population_density_km2|}}}|/km2|{{{population_density_sq_mi|}}}|/sqmi|1|abbr=on}}{{{pop_den_footnote|}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{population_density_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|{{{population_density_rank_link|}}}|List of countries and dependencies by population density}}|{{{population_density_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass107= mergedtoprow | label107= [[Gross value added|GVA]] | data107= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}}{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GVA_year|}}} |{{{GVA_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass108= mergedrow | label108= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data108= {{#if:{{{GVA|}}} |{{{GVA}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass109= mergedbottomrow | label109= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data109= {{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita|}}} | {{{GVA_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GVA_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{GVA_per_capita_rank}}})}} }} | rowclass110= mergedtoprow | label110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_type|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_type}}}|[[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|([[ක්‍රය ශක්ති සාම්‍යය|PPP]])}}}} | data110= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}}{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_year|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_year}}}&nbsp;}}ඇස්තමේන්තුව }} | rowclass111= mergedrow | label111= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;මුළු</div> | data111= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP)}}|{{{GDP_PPP_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass112= mergedbottomrow | label112= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;ඒක පුද්ගල</div> | data112= {{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita|}}} |{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}}|{{{GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass113= mergedtoprow | label113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_type|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_type}}}|[[Gross domestic product|GDP]]&nbsp;{{nobold|(nominal)}}}} | data113= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}}{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} |{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_year|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal_year}}}&nbsp;}}estimate }} | rowclass114= mergedrow | label114= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Total</div> | data114= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal|}}} |{{{GDP_nominal}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal)}}|{{{GDP_nominal_rank}}}]])}} }} | rowclass115= mergedbottomrow | label115= <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">•&nbsp;Per capita</div> | data115= {{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita|}}} | {{{GDP_nominal_per_capita}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank|}}} |&#32;([[{{#if:{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita}}|{{{GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank}}}]])}} }} | label116= [[ගිනි සංගුණකය|Gini]]{{#if:{{{Gini_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{Gini_year}}})}}}} | data116= {{#if:{{{Gini|}}} | {{#switch:{{{Gini_change|}}} |increase = {{increaseNegative}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decreasePositive}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{Gini}}}{{{Gini_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add Gini category:---------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>100 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: Gini value above 100}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=60 |{{color|red|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=46 <!-- -->| {{color|darkred|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=30 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{Gini}}}>=0 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error:Gini value below 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid Gini value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -----------Add Gini_rank (if supplied):---------- -->{{#if:{{{Gini_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|{{{Gini_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by income equality}}|{{{Gini_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label117= [[මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකය|HDI]]{{#if:{{{HDI_year|}}} |&nbsp;{{nobold|1=({{{HDI_year}}})}}}} | data117= {{#if:{{{HDI|}}} | {{#switch:{{{HDI_change|}}} |increase = {{increase}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|decrease = {{decrease}}&nbsp;<!-- -->|steady = {{steady}}&nbsp;<!-- -->}}{{{HDI}}}{{{HDI_ref|}}}<br/><!-- ---------Evaluate and add HDI category:--------- -->{{nowrap|1=<!-- -->{{#iferror:<!-- -->{{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>1 <!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value greater than 1}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.799 <!-- -->| {{color|darkgreen|very high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.699 <!-- -->| {{color|forestgreen|high}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>0.549 <!-- -->| {{color|orange|medium}}<!-- -->| {{#ifexpr:{{{HDI}}}>=0.000<!-- -->| {{color|red|low}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: HDI value less than 0}}<!--Handled by outer #iferror, not visible to users--><!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->| {{error|Error: Invalid HDI value}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- ----------Add HDI_rank (if supplied):----------- -->{{#if:{{{HDI_rank|}}} |&nbsp;·&nbsp;[[{{#if:{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|{{{HDI_rank_link|}}}|List of countries by Human Development Index}}|{{{HDI_rank}}}]]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}} | label118= මුදල් | data118= {{#if:{{{currency|}}} | {{{currency}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |([[ISO 4217|{{{currency_code}}}]])}} }} <!-- ***Time Zones*** --> | rowclass119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|mergedrow|mergedbottomrow}} | header119 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}|}} | rowclass120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|mergedrow|mergedtoprow}} | label120 = {{#if:{{{timezone1_location|}}}|{{{timezone1_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2_location|}}}|{{{timezone2_location}}}|{{#if:{{{timezone2|}}}|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]|[[{{#if:{{{timezone_link|}}}|{{{timezone_link}}}|Time zone}}|වේලා කලාපය]]}}}}}} | data120 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset|}}} }}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1|{{{utc_offset}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list}}} {{#if:{{{timezone1|{{{timezone|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1|{{{timezone}}}}}})}}}} }} | rowclass121 = mergedbottomrow | label121 = <div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Summer ([[Daylight saving time|DST]])</div> | data121 = {{#if:{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}} |[[UTC{{{utc_offset1_DST|{{{utc_offset_DST|}}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}|({{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST}}}}}})}} |{{{timezone1_DST|{{{timezone_DST|}}}}}}{{#if:{{{utc_offset_list_DST|}}}|{{{utc_offset_list_DST}}}}} }} <!-- ***Date format*** --> | label130 = Date format | data130= {{{date_format|}}} <!-- ***Electricity*** --> | label131 = [[Mains electricity]] | data131= {{{electricity|}}} <!-- ***Driving side*** --> | label132= [[Left- and right-hand traffic|රිය පැදවීමේ පැත්ත]] | data132= {{#if:{{{drives_on|}}} | {{lcfirst:{{{drives_on}}}}} }} <!-- ***Calling Code(s)*** --> | rowclass133 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}} | label133= {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}} |{{#ifexist:Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}} | [[Telephone numbers in {{{linking_name|{{{common_name|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}}|Calling code]] | ඇමතුම් කේතය }} }} | data133= {{{calling_code|}}} <!-- ***Postal Code(s)*** --> | rowclass134 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedtoprow|}}}} | label134 = {{{postal_code_type}}} | data134 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal_code}}}</div>}}}} | rowclass135 = {{#if:{{{iso_code|}}}|mergedrow|{{#if:{{{postal_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}}}} | label135 = {{{postal2_code_type}}} | data135 = {{#if:{{{postal_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code_type|}}}|{{#if:{{{postal2_code|}}}|<div class="postal-code">{{{postal2_code}}}</div>}} }} }} <!-- ISO Code--> | rowclass136 = {{#if:{{{calling_code|}}}{{{postal_code|}}}{{{postal2_code|}}}|mergedbottomrow|}} | label136= [[ISO 3166|ISO 3166 කේතය]] | data136= {{{iso_code|}}} <!-- ccTLD--> | label137= [[Country code top-level domain|අන්තර්ජාල TLD]] | data137= {{{cctld|}}} <!-- ***Blank Fields (two sections)*** --> | rowclass139 = mergedtoprow | label139 = {{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}} | data139 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec1|{{{blank_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank_info_sec1|{{{blank_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass140 = mergedrow | label140 = {{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}} | data140 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec1|{{{blank1_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec1|{{{blank1_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass141 = mergedrow | label141 = {{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}} | data141 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec1|{{{blank2_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec1|{{{blank2_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass142 = mergedrow | label142 = {{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}} | data142 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec1|{{{blank3_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec1|{{{blank3_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass143 = mergedrow | label143 = {{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}} | data143 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec1|{{{blank4_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec1|{{{blank4_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass144 = mergedrow | label144 = {{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}} | data144 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec1|{{{blank5_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec1|{{{blank5_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass145 = mergedrow | label145 = {{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}} | data145 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec1|{{{blank6_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec1|{{{blank6_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass146 = mergedbottomrow | label146 = {{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}} | data146 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec1|{{{blank7_name|}}}}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec1|{{{blank7_info|}}}}}}}} | rowclass147 = mergedtoprow | label147 = {{{blank_name_sec2}}} | data147 = {{#if:{{{blank_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass148 = mergedrow | label148 = {{{blank1_name_sec2}}} | data148 = {{#if:{{{blank1_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank1_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass149 = mergedrow | label149 = {{{blank2_name_sec2}}} | data149 = {{#if:{{{blank2_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank2_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass150 = mergedrow | label150 = {{{blank3_name_sec2}}} | data150 = {{#if:{{{blank3_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank3_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass151 = mergedrow | label151 = {{{blank4_name_sec2}}} | data151 = {{#if:{{{blank4_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank4_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass152 = mergedrow | label152 = {{{blank5_name_sec2}}} | data152 = {{#if:{{{blank5_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank5_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass153 = mergedrow | label153 = {{{blank6_name_sec2}}} | data153 = {{#if:{{{blank6_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank6_info_sec2|}}}}} | rowclass154 = mergedbottomrow | label154 = {{{blank7_name_sec2}}} | data154 = {{#if:{{{blank7_name_sec2|}}}|{{{blank7_info_sec2|}}}}} <!-- ***Website*** --> | label155 = වෙබ් අඩවිය | data155 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|{{{website}}}}} <!-- ***Footnotes*** --> | belowrowclass = mergedtoprow | below = {{{footnotes|}}} }}{{#switch:{{{coordinates_region|}}}|CA-X|US-X|IN-X=[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with imprecise region codes]] }}{{#if:{{{image_dot_map|}}}{{{dot_mapsize|}}}{{{dot_map_base_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_alt|}}}{{{dot_map_caption|}}}{{{dot_x|}}}{{{dot_y|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with a dot map]] }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox political division]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y | admin_center | admin_center_type | alt | anthem | anthem_link | area_label | area_data2 | area_label2 | area_data3 | area_label3 | area_km2 | area_sq_mi | area_footnotes | area_land_acre | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_magnitude | area_metro_acre | area_metro_footnotes | area_metro_ha | area_metro_km2 | area_metro_sq_mi | area_note | area_rank | area_rank_link | area_rural_acre | area_rural_footnotes | area_rural_ha | area_rural_km2 | area_rural_sq_mi | area_total_acre | area_total_ha | area_total_km2 | area_total_sq_mi | area_urban_acre | area_urban_footnotes | area_urban_ha | area_urban_km2 | area_urban_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_percent | area_water_sq_mi | blank_emblem_link | blank_emblem_size | blank_emblem_type | blank_info | blank_info_sec1 | blank_info_sec2 | blank_name | blank_name_sec1 | blank_name_sec2 | blank1_info | blank1_info_sec1 | blank1_info_sec2 | blank1_name | blank1_name_sec1 | blank1_name_sec2 | blank2_info | blank2_info_sec1 | blank2_info_sec2 | blank2_name | blank2_name_sec1 | blank2_name_sec2 | blank3_info | blank3_info_sec1 | blank3_info_sec2 | blank3_name | blank3_name_sec1 | blank3_name_sec2 | blank4_info | blank4_info_sec1 | blank4_info_sec2 | blank4_name | blank4_name_sec1 | blank4_name_sec2 | blank5_info | blank5_info_sec1 | blank5_info_sec2 | blank5_name | blank5_name_sec1 | blank5_name_sec2 | blank6_info | blank6_info_sec1 | blank6_info_sec2 | blank6_name | blank6_name_sec1 | blank6_name_sec2 | blank7_info | blank7_info_sec1 | blank7_info_sec2 | blank7_name | blank7_name_sec1 | blank7_name_sec2 | calling_code | capital | capital_type | caption | cctld | common_languages | coor_pinpoint | coor_type | coordinates | coordinates_footnotes | currency | currency_code | date_format | demonym | drives_on | electricity | elevation_footnotes | elevation_ft | elevation_link | elevation_m | elevation_max_footnotes | elevation_max_ft | elevation_max_m | elevation_max_point | elevation_max_rank | elevation_min_footnotes | elevation_min_ft | elevation_min_m | elevation_min_point | elevation_min_rank | elevation_point | embed | established_date | established_date1 | established_date2 | established_date3 | established_date4 | established_date5 | established_date6 | established_date7 | established_title | established_title1 | established_title2 | established_title3 | established_title4 | established_title5 | established_title6 | established_title7 | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | etymology | extinct_date | extinct_title | flag_alt | flag_border | flag_link | flag_size | flag_type | footnotes | founder | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank_link | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_rank_link | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_nominal_type | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | GVA_per_capita_rank | GVA_per_capita | GVA_rank | GVA_year | GVA | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_rank_link | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | governing_body | government_footnotes | government_type | grid_name | grid_position | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_rank_link | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | image | image_alt | image_blank_emblem | image_caption | image_flag | image_map | image_map2 | image_seal | image_shield | image_size | image_skyline | imagesize | iso_code | judiciary | judiciary_link | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | leader_name | leader_name1 | leader_name2 | leader_name3 | leader_name4 | leader_name5 | leader_name6 | leader_party | leader_title | leader_title1 | leader_title2 | leader_title3 | leader_title4 | leader_title5 | leader_title6 | legislature | length_km | length_mi | linking_name | lower_house | map_alt | map_alt2 | map_caption | map_caption2 | mapsize | mapsize2 | motto | motto_link | mottoes | name | named_for | national_languages | national_representation | national_representation1 | national_representation2 | national_representation_type1 | national_representation_type2 | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nickname_link | nicknames | official_languages | official_languages_type | official_name | other_name | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_rank_link | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_rank_link | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | postal_code | postal_code_type | postal2_code | postal2_code_type | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_map_caption_notsmall | pushpin_map_narrow | pushpin_mapsize | pushpin_outside | pushpin_overlay | pushpin_relief | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regional_languages | registration_plate | registration_plate_type | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | seal_alt | seal_link | seal_size | seal_type | seat | seat_type | seat1 | seat1_type | seat2 | seat2_type | settlement_type | shield_alt | shield_link | shield_size | short_description | song | song_type | subdivision_name | subdivision_name1 | subdivision_name2 | subdivision_name3 | subdivision_name4 | subdivision_name5 | subdivision_name6 | subdivision_type | subdivision_type1 | subdivision_type2 | subdivision_type3 | subdivision_type4 | subdivision_type5 | subdivision_type6 | timezone | timezone_DST | timezone_link | timezone1 | timezone1_DST | timezone1_location | timezone2 | timezone2_DST | timezone2_location | total_type | translit_lang1 | translit_lang1_info | translit_lang1_info1 | translit_lang1_info2 | translit_lang1_info3 | translit_lang1_info4 | translit_lang1_info5 | translit_lang1_info6 | translit_lang1_type | translit_lang1_type1 | translit_lang1_type2 | translit_lang1_type3 | translit_lang1_type4 | translit_lang1_type5 | translit_lang1_type6 | translit_lang2 | translit_lang2_info | translit_lang2_info1 | translit_lang2_info2 | translit_lang2_info3 | translit_lang2_info4 | translit_lang2_info5 | translit_lang2_info6 | translit_lang2_type | translit_lang2_type1 | translit_lang2_type2 | translit_lang2_type3 | translit_lang2_type4 | translit_lang2_type5 | translit_lang2_type6 | type | unit_pref | upper_house | utc_offset | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset1 | utc_offset1_DST | utc_offset2 | utc_offset2_DST | utc_offset_list | utc_offset_list_DST | website | width_km | width_mi }}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the image parameter|{{#if:{{{image_skyline|}}}|!}}{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_wikidata|}}}{{{wikidata|}}} |[[Category:Pages using infobox political division with the wikidata parameter]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> hz0q76shsp1d7d8rw9bdxi92vaft1kq 3 108149 750475 749367 2025-06-23T15:12:29Z MediaWiki message delivery 16264 /* Wikidata weekly summary #685 */ නව ඡේදය 750475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{දැන්වීම|මෙම පරිශීලකගේ පැරණි සාකච්ඡාව පිටුව [[පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව:Sachira Bhanu(sachi)/archive|මෙතැනට]] සහ [[පරිශීලක සාකච්ඡාව:Sachira Bhanu(sachi)/archive/1|මෙතැනට]] ගෙගොස් ඇත.}} == ඔබගේ පැරණි සාකච්ඡා පිටුව == Mass message log තුළ ඉතා දිගු කලක් සිට ඔබගේ පිටුවට පණිවිඩ ගෙන ඒම පිළිබඳ ගැටලු වාර්තා වේ. එම නිසා පැරණි පණිවිඩ වෙනත් තැනකට ගෙන ගියෙමි. -- [[User:Lee|Lee]] ([[User talk:Lee|talk]]) 08:09, 21 අප්‍රේල් 2023 (යූටීසී) == Wikidata weekly summary #584 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Tomodachi94|Tomodachi94]] (RfP scheduled to end after 21 July 2023 05:02 UTC) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Peuc bot 3|Peuc bot 3]] (Task: One-time import of a database of Québec written literary works) *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MajavahBot|MajavahBot]] (Task: Import version and metadata information for Python libraries from [https://pypi.org/ PyPI]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MNSAJ5XLNLF6XBCYGB3CYHB72O6XVQGL/ The 4th Wikidata Workshop. (Extended deadline)! Papers are due on Thursday, 27 July 2023] ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #101, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=101 Archives] (Challenge started on 2023-07-17 12:01:18 ** Past: Wikidata and Wikibase Q3 office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2023-07-12|Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2023-07-12 ]] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://www.bylinebyline.com/articles/internets-architects-wikipedia-wikimedia-editors#:~:text=the%20internet%20itself.-,KALLI%20MATHIOS,-Can%20you%20describe Issue 01: Who Builds The Internet?] *** [[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-07-17/In_focus|Are the children of celebrities over-represented in French cinema?]] in ''[[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost|The Signpost]]'', July 17, 2023 *** [https://beforesandafters.com/2023/07/11/the-humble-guide-to-building-an-asset-library/ The humble guide to building an asset library] ** Papers *** [https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00569/116618 OpenFact: Factuality Enhanced Open Knowledge Extraction] *** [https://figshare.com/s/a1ed9cdbd917c923b884 "Psychiq and Wwwyzzerdd: Wikidata completion using Wikipedia"] (browser extension to import information from Wikipedia, assisted by a DistilBERT-based ML model to predict Wikidata statements for instance and subclass) *** [https://redc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/redc/article/view/1519/2297 A universal literary canon based on multilingual encyclopedic data: proposal for a measurement method of literary works using quantitative data obtained from Wikidata and Wikipedia] ** Videos *** Live Q & A with Denny Vrandečić - on Wikidata, Abstract Wikipedia and GenAi - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5Aw9fkPyoM YouTube] *** Constructing ethnic language links to open data? Status of Sediq usage on Wikidata (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8FYhm9OI1c YouTube] *** LD4 conference (YouTube) **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFl28pCkoHs Linked data via Vivaldi: A musical journey from Wikidata to the library catalog] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UPgGq1yNM1Q Wikidata Sprint in UNLV Special Collections Highlighting LGBTQ+ Las Vegas] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5CiFIIZSCxo Linking Us Together: Applications of Wikidata in Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online (SUCHO)] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VYoD6-aw80M WikiframeVG: A SPARQL Template-based Wikiframe for Wikidata Graph Exploration] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvrxTh8xfdY Wikidata and the sum of all video games: putting the "linked" in video game metadata] **** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X70oWw3sXk8 How do you model my gender? Studying gender representation in the Wikidata knowledge base] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wdrc.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Recent Changes API] (simple front-end to the actual API) lets you query Wikidata edits by either properties, or labels/aliases/descriptions/sitelinks. You can retrieve any changes, or specify added/changed/removed. Current lag to Wikidata: 1 seconds. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=665 blog]) * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P11889|autosuggest value]] (<nowiki>qualifier for P1963 that suggests which values should be autosuggested to the user that uses the property for items that are instances of the subject</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11870|The Literary Encyclopedia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11871|ComingSoon.it TV series ID]], [[:d:Property:P11872|ComingSoon.it TV program ID]], [[:d:Property:P11873|‎parliament.bg MP ID]], [[:d:Property:P11874|Archivio digitale Fondo Edifici di Culto ID]], [[:d:Property:P11875|Flashpoint database ID]], [[:d:Property:P11876|Choisirleservicepublic.gouv.fr organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P11877|Gameswelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P11878|Vélo'v station ID]], [[:d:Property:P11879|Lithuanian protected object ID]], [[:d:Property:P11880|Saugoma.lt area ID]], [[:d:Property:P11881|Saugoma.lt object ID]], [[:d:Property:P11882|Alienor.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P11883|Musées Occitanie ID]], [[:d:Property:P11884|Trésors de Nice ID]], [[:d:Property:P11885|Image Duplicator ID]], [[:d:Property:P11886|CNR ExploRA author ID]], [[:d:Property:P11887|ECLI court code]], [[:d:Property:P11888|Romanian river code]], [[:d:Property:P11890|‎German University Collections person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/verdict|verdict]] (<nowiki>decision made at the end of a trial by the judge or jury</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Founder of|Founder of]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/underlying structure|underlying structure]] (<nowiki>an instance of the subject becomes an instance of the object if some of its data are lost</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/timetable|timetable]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Archival Information Network authority record|Canadian Archival Information Network authority record]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BDFutbol manager ID 2|BDFutbol manager ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GSA player ID|GSA player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DigiListan artist ID|DigiListan artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FSHF player ID|FSHF player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WWGR player ID|WWGR player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Threads username|Threads username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ProQuest publication ID|ProQuest publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lift Up profile ID|Lift Up profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID|Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ligue nationale de rugby ID|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FantLab translator ID|FantLab translator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Literary Encyclopedia work ID|The Literary Encyclopedia work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acclaimed Music album ID|Acclaimed Music album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hugging Face user or organization ID|Hugging Face user or organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Friedländer ID|Friedländer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMDb keyword|IMDb keyword]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/6$vi List of data journals at Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/_shigapov/status/1678780961214050306 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 28, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110718631093218142 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Antiquity|WikiProject Antiquity]] (aims to gather all contributors working in an aspect or another of Antiquity) *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Lodging|WikiProject Lodging]] (aims at creating, improving, and organizing Wikidata items related to lodging, such as hotels, motels, inns, guest houses and lodging-related topics) * '''Development''' ** Vector 2022 skin: We finished working on removing the strange bolding pattern of the Search Results on Wikidata. Should be rolled out in the next train ([[phab:T327510]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are working on showing the Label of EntitySchema in Statements and Special pages ([[phab:T339924]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We are working on adding the Language Selector to the Mismatch Finder ([[phab:T328149]]) ** mul: We trying out changing how placeholders in Wikibase termboxes work: They’ll soon start falling back across the fallback chain of the language until they hit mul ([[phab:T340832]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 17|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 13:54, 17 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25297678 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #585 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Yahya|Yahya]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 July 2023 17:46 UTC) ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Tomodachi94|Tomodachi94]] (successful) Welcome on board \o/ * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** Missed the initial office hour sessions for preparing a WikidataCon 2023 submission? Join the next sessions on 20th, 22nd, and 26th and bring all your questions. [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon_2023#Office_hours|Wikidata:WikidataCon 2023#Office hours]] (available in both Mandarin and English) *** Live Wikidata editing in Italian, July 25 at 9:00 PM CEST on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2oj_NAENvY YouTube] ** Ongoing *** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #102, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=102 Money] (Challenge started on 2023-07-24 12:01:19) * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/07/12/abstract-wikipedia-gains-new-support-from-the-rockefeller-foundation/ Abstract Wikipedia gains new support from The Rockefeller Foundation] *** [https://addshore.com/2023/07/wikibase-and-reconciliation/ Wikibase and reconciliation], by Adshore *** [https://whoseknowledge.org/wikidata-robot-epistemology/ Wikidata: why we contribute to the robot epistemology] ** Papers *** [https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011235 Ten quick tips for editing Wikidata] ** Videos *** Wikidata data set of the Sediq language (in Chinese) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XMdiI3izrE YouTube] *** How can we utilize Wikidata to protect Puyuma, an endangered language - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfSfKu8WESs YouTube] *** WikiConference India 2023 - Linking Wikidata with Wikivoyage - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_th9xT6-2Pw YouTube] *** WikiConference India 2023 — Structured Data in Wikidata and Commons - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUadi5Mumvg YouTube] ** Dataviz *** [https://mtmx.github.io/wikicommunes/ Wikicommunes] (See also the [https://mastodon.social/@mat@mapstodon.space/109551155521935438 thread] on Mastodon) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/images_near_items.php Images near items] - helps to find Wikimedia Commons images near Wikidata items without image. It can load a category tree of Commons images with coodrinates, and then find Wikidata items of a certain [[d:Property:P31|P31]] with coordinates but without images. Then, it will try to find nearby (<50 meters) pairs. (example [https://wikidata-todo.toolforge.org/images_near_items.php?category=Telephone+booths+in+the+United+Kingdom&depth=5&p31=Q712868&max_distance_m=50 link] for UK red phone booths) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPRW3TAAZK3DPVGN5JKGVJRVPBUJDQNE/ Update on the collaboration between Wikimedia Deutschland, Igbo Wikimedia Usergroup and Wikimedia Indonesia to advance the technical capacities of the movement around Wikidata]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P11899|median household income]] (<nowiki>median of the household income (cumulated salaries etc.) of a specific place, such as city, state, country</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11903|login URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a webpage used to log into a service</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11904|registration page URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a webpage used to sign up for a service</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11891|GamersGlobal series ID]], [[:d:Property:P11892|Threads username]], [[:d:Property:P11893|Dutch word ID]], [[:d:Property:P11895|BSRussia.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P11896|Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia author ID]], [[:d:Property:P11897|World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions ID]], [[:d:Property:P11898|Stage 32 profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11900|Livres Hebdo award ID]], [[:d:Property:P11901|NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11902|NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11905|ifkdb.se player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11906|Livres Hebdo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P11907|stats.fm album ID]], [[:d:Property:P11908|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Property:P11909|Holarse article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11910|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Top scorer|Top scorer]] (<nowiki>This property is for the best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition, or even for the best ever scorer of the history of a competition. The qualifiers to be admitted to this property should be: {{p|54}}; {{p|1532}}; {{p|1013}} (es.: goals / tries / points / etc ).</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BDFutbol referee ID|BDFutbol referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baseball-Reference.com manager ID|Baseball-Reference.com manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USOPC Hall of Fame ID|USOPC Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un défunt sur le site Dans nos cœurs|identifiant d'un défunt sur le site Dans nos cœurs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IbsenStage ID|IbsenStage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Guide movie ID|TV Guide movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID|Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Capitolium Art artist ID|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nurnet ID|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roku Channel Store ID|Roku Channel Store ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/74wp Bubble graph of the first letter of the word for "one" for languages where Wikidata has a Lexeme] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1681314960318799878 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/76rj Searches for trying to replace broken Art UK external IDs] ([[d:Property_talk:P1367#Queries_relating_to_changed_Art_UK_identifiers|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/75ye People linked in the English Wikipedia page "List of current United States governors"] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/110790 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Henrik Ibsen|WikiProject Henrik Ibsen]] is a project for users interested in the Norwegian playwright [[d:Q36661|Henrik Ibsen (Q36661)]]. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Getty Library Wikidata Pilot|WikiProject Getty Library Wikidata Pilot]] - is a WikiProject in the [[d:Q57697861|Getty Library]] at the [[d:Q11203476|Getty Research Institute]] (part of the [[d:Q2919540|J. Paul Getty Trust)]] to create and enhance Wikidata items related to information in materials from the library’s Whitney and Lee Kaplan Collection of African American Visual Culture. * '''Development''' ** EntitySchemas: We expanded the new datatype that is in testing. When a statement links to an EntitySchema it will now show its label when available ([[phab:T338613]]). We are also working on showing them by their label in recent changes and similar places ([[phab:T214885]]). ** mul language code: we are working on improving the termbox to integrate this new language code better ([[phab:T340644]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We are working on adding a language selector to it so you can switch the language of the tool ([[phab:T328149]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We completed two new endpoint for the Wikibase REST API: *** Retrieve all statements from a Property - /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements *** Retrieve a single statement from a Property - /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements/{statement_id} *** You can also retrieve a single statement from a Property from the existing /statements/{statement_id} endpoint [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 24|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat(WMDE)]] 15:42, 24 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25328487 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #587 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Welcome to our new admin [[d:User:Yahya|Yahya]]! ([[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Yahya|see the closed request]]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** The deadline for submitting your proposals for WikidataCon 2023 is July 31st (23:59) anywhere in the world. Submit your proposals at https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/ * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1570826823000288?via%3Dihub An analysis of discussions in collaborative knowledge engineering through the lens of Wikidata], Elisavet Koutsiana et. al. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Bovlb/osm.js|osm.js]] will add a link to the navigation for items that have a Wikidata mapping on the OSM side. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P11899|median household income]] (<nowiki>median of the household income (cumulated salaries etc.) of a specific place, such as city, state, country</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11903|login URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a webpage used to log into a service</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11904|registration page URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a webpage used to sign up for a service</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11916|shortcode]] (<nowiki>string of text replaced by an emoji or other character on a platform (e.g. :heart_eyes:)</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11922|verdict]] (<nowiki>decision made at the end of a trial by the judge or jury</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11898|Stage 32 profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11900|Livres Hebdo award ID]], [[:d:Property:P11901|NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11902|NCI Dictionary of Genetics Terms entry]], [[:d:Property:P11905|ifkdb.se player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11906|Livres Hebdo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P11907|stats.fm album ID]], [[:d:Property:P11908|Ligue nationale de rugby ID]], [[:d:Property:P11909|Holarse article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11910|Musée critique de la Sorbonne ID]], [[:d:Property:P11911|Spotlight PIN ID]], [[:d:Property:P11912|myjewishitaly.it ID]], [[:d:Property:P11913|Minerba One Data Indonesia ID]], [[:d:Property:P11914|Wikibase World ID]], [[:d:Property:P11915|Open Yearbook org id]], [[:d:Property:P11917|ProQuest publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P11918|Friedländer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11919|FIGC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11920|hitparade.ch song ID]], [[:d:Property:P11921|Theapolis theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P11923|IbsenStage ID]], [[:d:Property:P11924|IMDb keyword]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Top scorer|Top scorer]] (<nowiki>This property is for the best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition, or even for the best ever scorer of the history of a competition. The qualifiers to be admitted to this property should be: {{p|54}}; {{p|1532}}; {{p|1013}} (es.: goals / tries / points / etc ).</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Project partner|Project partner]] (<nowiki>property to list the partners of a project or an event, when different from the organizing body.</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Guide movie ID|TV Guide movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID|Digitale Sammlungen Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Capitolium Art artist ID|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nurnet ID|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roku Channel Store ID|Roku Channel Store ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BHL item ID|BHL item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamerProfiles Game ID|GamerProfiles Game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Pouët d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'une démo|identifiant Pouët d'une démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pouët d'un membre d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Pouët d'un membre d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kastelenlexicon ID|Kastelenlexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SEVIS school ID|SEVIS school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Xiaohongshu User ID|Xiaohongshu User ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Musée d'Arts de Nantes ID|Musée d'Arts de Nantes ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7AAt List of people in the NZThesisProject with no assigned gender] ([https://twitter.com/KnitMeAThneed/status/1684841670028980224 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7AAu Cultural institutions having a Mastodon handle] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1684488921474822146 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/78D8 Maps of places in Rennes with an article on French Wikipedia, color-coded by number of pages on the Wikimedia Projects] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1684201272784695296 source]) * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We released the following new stuff to Wikidata: **** GET /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements ([[phab:T339356]]) (new route) **** GET /entities/properties/{property_id}/statements/{statement_id} ([[phab:T338383]]) (new route) **** GET /statements/{statement_id} (now supports statements on Properties) *** We started work on a new route for replacing the data of a statement on a Property ([[phab:T340006]]) ** EntitySchemas: *** We worked on improving the termbox (the table of labels, descriptions and aliases) on EntitySchema pages to bring it more in line with the one on Items and Properties *** We made sure that EntitySchemas are shown by their label instead of ID when available in Recent Changes and similar lists ([[phab:T339924]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We added a language selector so you can switch the interface language ([[phab:T328149]]) ** mul language code: We are working on showing more labels from fallback languags in the termbox ([[phab:T340832]], [[phab:T338330]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 07 31|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:45, 31 ජූලි 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25344567 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #588 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/ Submit your proposal for GLAM Wiki Conference 2023]. Deadline has been extended to August 20, 23:59 anywhere in the world. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blog: [https://itnext.io/creating-interactive-map-visualizations-of-settlements-with-wikidata-and-python-13e8e206acf5 Creating Interactive Map Visualizations of Settlements with Wikidata and Python] ** Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhV3K_DS5YfILLogVfycnWLC7s3E81p0b Wiki Workshop 2023 recording YouTube playlist] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikishootme.toolforge.org/ WikiShootMe] expanded to make it possible to find the Items close to pictures you took so you can upload and add them to them ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/?p=701 source]) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[:d:Template:Synia|Template:Synia]] is a new template which makes it easy to create links to [[:d:Wikidata:Synia|Synia]] from Wikidata. [[:d:Template:Synia+|Template:Synia+]] guesses the relevant configuration pages for each entity depending on the values of P31 and P106. ** [[:Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]], Wikidata's newest sibling project, had a soft launch. Welcome to the Wikimedia wikiverse, functioneers! ** The ORES service will be decommissioned and replaced by Lift Wing. If you have a tool that relies on ORES scores to judge edits or the quality of an Item please read the [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EK65B7QCQHEG37C2ERPIUSP64OX3ZEUJ/|migration announcement]]. We are collecting affected community tools in [[phab:T343419]]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11925|National Union of Composers of Ukraine person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11926|Encyclopaedia Islamica ID]], [[:d:Property:P11927|Master's degree Mon master ID]], [[:d:Property:P11928|Virksomme ord ID]], [[:d:Property:P11929|‎Swetrails route ID]], [[:d:Property:P11930|European Bridge League ID]], [[:d:Property:P11931|CAMEO Chemicals ID]], [[:d:Property:P11932|The Literary Encyclopedia work ID]], [[:d:Property:P11933|IMVDb artist numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P11934|Team France athlete ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/disinherited|disinherited]] (<nowiki>someone who received or will receive no or little the subject's property or title even if otherwise eligible, (partially) the opposite of [[Wikidata:Property proposal/heir or beneficiary]]</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/conference schedule|conference schedule]] (<nowiki>Conference schedule in Pentabarf XML format</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/state of transmission|state of transmission]] *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Works Diamond Catalogue ID|Works Diamond Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Editions Diamond Catalogue ID|Editions Diamond Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NFSA ID|NFSA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Médiathèque Numérique CVS|Identifiant Médiathèque Numérique CVS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DCB Number|DCB Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wadoku id|wadoku id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/USP Libraries Catalogue ID|USP Libraries Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mémoire déposé sur DUMAS|Mémoire déposé sur DUMAS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Experimental Factor Ontology ID|Experimental Factor Ontology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG EGN|BG EGN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Scholar Organization ID|Google Scholar Organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fiba.basketball player ID|fiba.basketball player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: ** Query example: [https://w.wiki/7Cup Entry dates and discovery dates of the objects of the museum of Brittany] ([https://twitter.com/belett/status/1686648138583461888 source]) * '''Development''' ** EntitySchemas: *** We continued the work on giving them the same termbox as Items and Properties ([[phab:T324235]]) *** We finished the work on showing the labels for EntitySchemas in Recent changes, All Pages, Watchlist and edit summaries ([[phab:T339924]], [[phab:T339921]], [[phab:T339925]], [[phab:T343231]]) *** We added missing messages related to IP editing and license notes ([[phab:T343333]], [[phab:T343118]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on the route for replacing the data of a statement on a Property ([[phab:T340006]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 07|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 13:05, 7 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25392004 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #589 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MangadexBot|MangadexBot]] (Task: add metadata from mangadex to manga with [[d:Property:P10589|Mangadex manga ID]]) *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/WingUCTBOT|WingUCTBOT]] (Task: Batch Upload of Niger-Congo B Lexemes, including Senses and Forms) ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Adapt blocking policy to IPv6 networks|Adapt blocking policy to IPv6 networks]] (Regarding the need to block IPv6 addresses and networks by a minimum /64 range ) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Wikimania 2023 (16–19 August, Singapore and Online) program is out: [[wikimania:2023:Program|wikimania:2023:Program]] *** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour August 18, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The first Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover creating a bibliography of diverse LIS articles and books. We will generate a spreadsheet of sources ready for use during subsequent Working Hours. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-August-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Event page]] ** Past: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #104, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=104 Police] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://absolutelymaybe.plos.org/2023/08/02/some-things-i-like-about-the-expanding-wikipedia-universe/ Some Things I Like About the Expanding Wikipedia Universe] *** [https://www.generalist.org.uk/blog/2023/gender-and-blps-on-wikipedia-redux/ Gender and BLPs on Wikipedia, redux] *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/08/09/the-power-of-shared-value-partnership-cis-a2k-acpr-glam-project/ The Power of Shared Value Partnership: CIS-A2K & ACPR- GLAM Project] *** [https://chem-bla-ics.blogspot.com/2023/08/blog-planets-blogging-about-debian.html Blog planets: blogging about Debian, GNOME, Wikimedia, FSFE, and many more] ** Papers ***[https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3447/Text2KG_Paper_13.pdf Semantification of CEUR-WS with Wikidata as a target Knowledge Graph] *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2307.16659.pdf The World Literature Knowledge Graph] *** [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3322/short1.pdf Building a French Revolution Narrative from Wikidata] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcx-d2JhjvA Adding Wikidata To Openstreetmap] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2OdGib4Ido Recording mass paths on Wikimedia and Wikidata] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaX3eGh8EeM FOSS4G 2023 - Tools for linking Wikidata and OpenStreetMap - Edward Betts] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKM2biqHvBU SPARQLE session - Sport, rugby and units - Nicolas VIGNERON] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDUvBuJ_NJ0 Virtual Inauguration: AfLIA Wikidata Online Course for Cohort 2] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8tVpwDNsZw Live Wikidata editing (in Italian)] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNxxX_3IHY0 KGC 2023 Masterclass: Wikibase and Question-Answering by The QA Company's CEO, Dennis Diefenbach] ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/d/57763b5d48fe9825 SEmantic Graphs (SEG) - Cautiously nudging RDF towards more expressivity] (paper) *** [https://observablehq.com/@fgregg/movies-settings-and-population Movie settings and population] (What is the relation between how big a city is and how many movies are set in that city?) *** [https://observablehq.com/@maison-mona/je-wikidata Wikidata study day] *** [https://observablehq.com/@getty/sparql-queries-for-data-cleanup SPARQL Queries for Cross-referencing and Data Cleanup] ** Presentations: [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1XlGUisIh8Tq5eGMaQEk5OehuxZwcfbocTlFtsY_yZ2Q/edit#slide=id.p1 Chemistry in Wikidata visualized with Scholia], Egon Willighagen et al. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://everythingisconnected.toolforge.org/ Everything is connected] - is a knowledge-based puzzle game where players must fit square pieces representing entities in the world together based on their known connections. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/F4SBNGUTRRB3DUL5CY5K4WG2TUVDNVXU/ WMF is moving from ORES to Lift Wing, an open-source machine learning infrastructure]. Your input is vital to train the model for more accurate bad edits detection on Wikidata. Join us in enhancing edits detection by using the Annotation tool: https://annotool.toolforge.org/ * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#New_Wikimedia_Deutschland_Staff_working_on_Wikidata_for_Wikimedia_Projects|Danny Benjafield and Ifeatu Nnaobi are joining the Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4UL7ZBYE2WRGIBQZ3BHGDTVWPRXZ7T4E/ wikifunctions.org is gradually rolling out (with caveats)] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11935|Tolkien Gateway ID]], [[:d:Property:P11936|Biblioteca centrale Cappuccini authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P11937|FSHF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11938|Mandarin-Cantonese Comparative Study ID]], [[:d:Property:P11939|Internet Broadway Database touring theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P11940|British Institute at Ankara person ID]], [[:d:Property:P11941|British Institute at Ankara place ID]], [[:d:Property:P11942|Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal GTB ID]], [[:d:Property:P11943|GSAFD ID]], [[:d:Property:P11944|USP Libraries Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P11945|Nantes Museum of Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P11946|Mythoskop ID]], [[:d:Property:P11947|Lemmy community ID]], [[:d:Property:P11948|NFSA title ID]], [[:d:Property:P11949|PesticideInfo chemical ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Deck compatibility rating|Steam Deck compatibility rating]] (<nowiki>official rating used to determine which games, as a result of the review process, are compatible with Steam Deck and which are not</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name version for other gender|name version for other gender]] (<nowiki>use for when names that are not given name or surnames are gendered (since those two have their own properties), would also be helpful for many noble titles and honorifics as well as affixes</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Curator of|Curator of]] (<nowiki>has curated a collection or (art) exhibition</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Philippine middle name|Philippine middle name]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rumble channel|Rumble channel]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web)|protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/archINFORM Awards ID|archINFORM Awards ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RCS number|RCS number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NFDI4Culture ID|NFDI4Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Windows Package Manager Community package ID|Windows Package Manager Community package ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AFC-Ajax.info player ID|AFC-Ajax.info player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FaroeSoccer referee ID|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam curator ID|Steam curator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Футзал.рус player ID|Футзал.рус player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/alyga.lt player ID|alyga.lt player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CRIS Unique Site Number|CRIS Unique Site Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Höhlenkataster ID (Österreich)|Höhlenkataster ID (Österreich)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sitios ID|Sitios ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC ID|FNAC ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/78DD Map of places located in Rennes with an article on the French Wikipedia] (and colored according to the number of pages in all Wikimedia projects) *** [https://w.wiki/7FGw Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles weapon types, and primary colors] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1690826166066651136 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7AqZ Number of albums in Wikidata by year of release] ([https://wikis.world/@wikidata/with_replies source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7FT9 Objects in Dresden with significant event] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#significant_event_and_time|source]]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Svenska Grillplatser|WikiProject Svenska Grillplatser]] (WikiProject Swedish Grill Places) - The idea is to see what Wikidata and OSM can contribute when it comes to barbecue sites and connections to municipalities, grillplatser.nu, naturkartan. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nollywood|WikiProject Nollywood]] - This is a WikiProject for adding and enhancing items in Wikidata for Nollywood (Nigerian films) held as VHS at the [https://libguides.northwestern.edu/c.php?g=115173&p=749471 Northwestern University Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies]. These films were primarily produced and collected from 1990-2000. Items will be added with information from the catalog record (MARC). * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: We are working on adding and replacing statements on Properties ([[phab:T339363]], [[phab:T340006]]) ** EntitySchemas: *** We continued working on making the mobile termbox from Items and Properties work on EntitySchemas *** We fixed a missing warning for non-logged-in editors and license note ([[phab:T343333]], [[phab:T343118]]) ** IP Masking: We are investigating what implications the upcoming IP Masking changes in MediaWiki have for Wikibase ([[phab:T328454]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2019 10 14|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 11:27, 14 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25392004 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #590 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot 2|TiagoLubianaBot 2]] (Task: The [https://www.opentargets.org/ Open Targets Platform] is an important biomedical resource that makes its data available under a CC0 license waiver. The request at hand is to extend the permissions of [[d:User:TiagoLubianaBot|User:TiagoLubianaBot]] to import information from Open Targets, initially with a focus on physical interactions between proteins and drugs.) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #106, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=106 Sleep] ** Past: *** Wikimania happened over the weekend. You can find a playlist of the events on [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhV3K_DS5YfLj-q0KY_WL7BGkGd_UtwK0 YouTube here] *** Past: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #105, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=105 Wikimania Singapore] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/08/16/celebrating-the-2023-wikimedian-of-the-year-winners/ Celebrating the 2023 Wikimedian of the Year Winners]. Congratulations [[User:Tofeiku|Tofeiku]] and Siobhan Leachman for your dedication to Wikidata \o/ ** Videos *** Add Wikidata link to an OpenStreetMap (relation (in Spanish) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCBz6s9uKJ0 YouTube] *** Promoting GLAM Institution in Indonesia through OSM-Wikidata Mapping - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjBYSKwV8wU YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=84 Psychiq], a Distributed Wikidata Game system, suggests statements to add to Items based on Wikipedia English articles content. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P11950|appears before phonological feature]] (<nowiki>this lexeme form appears only when another lexeme form with this phonological feature comes after it</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11951|appears after phonological feature]] (<nowiki>this lexeme form appears only when it comes after another lexeme form with this phonological feature</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11952|appears before lexeme form]] (<nowiki>this lexeme form appears only when this other specific lexeme form comes after it</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11953|appears after lexeme form]] (<nowiki>this lexeme form appears only when it comes after this other specific lexeme form</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11957|Gottstein code]] (<nowiki>code representing a variant of the cuneiform sign according to the Gottstein system</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P11964|tournament type]] (<nowiki>significance or status of a sports competition for a league, tour, association, etc.</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11947|Lemmy community ID]], [[:d:Property:P11948|NFSA title ID]], [[:d:Property:P11949|PesticideInfo chemical ID]], [[:d:Property:P11954|Unidades de Conservação no Brasil ID]], [[:d:Property:P11955|UMLS Semantic Network ID]], [[:d:Property:P11956|Experimental Factor Ontology ID]], [[:d:Property:P11958|Moroccan geographic code (2015)]], [[:d:Property:P11959|BHL item ID]], [[:d:Property:P11960|TVING ID]], [[:d:Property:P11961|Google Scholar organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P11962|Rumble channel]], [[:d:Property:P11963|GSA player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11965|Roku Channel Store ID]], [[:d:Property:P11966|snookerscores.net tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P11967|OlimpBase FIDE ratings ID]], [[:d:Property:P11968|Antenna Structure Registration Number]], [[:d:Property:P11969|Korean Tour player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11970|Kastelenlexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P11971|NFDI4Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P11972|Pouët group ID]], [[:d:Property:P11973|Pouët group member ID]], [[:d:Property:P11974|Pouët demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P11975|Steam curator ID]], [[:d:Property:P11976|Podbay ID]], [[:d:Property:P11977|Rostocker Matrikelportal ID]], [[:d:Property:P11978|Panjab Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P11979|Diamond Catalogue work ID]], [[:d:Property:P11980|Diamond Catalogue edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P11981|Frankfurt University Library Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P11982|Nurnet ID]], [[:d:Property:P11983|DUMAS thesis ID]], [[:d:Property:P11984|Syok podcast ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/patron deity|patron deity]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Aware Classification|WHO Aware Classification]] (<nowiki>The World Health Organization currently classifies 258 antibiotics into "Access", "Watch", and "Reserve" based partly on the risk of resistance developing as a result of such use and critical nature of the antibiotic in question.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nombre de niveaux|nombre de niveaux]] (<nowiki>number of levels in a video game or number of stages in a particular sport</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/URL du plan du jeu vidéo|URL du plan du jeu vidéo]] (<nowiki>URL of the video game detailed map in subject provided by the site CPC-Power</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Positioning|Positioning]] (<nowiki>A list of all the satellite navigation system (ex. GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BDS, NavIC etc. ) a mobile device, or a smartphone supports. [https://w.wiki/7HE9 List of all the Satellite Navigation System].</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/place on the route|place on the route]] (<nowiki>object, station, facility, city, natural formation or other place on a road, track, route, line, watercourse, utility line or other linear route</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/simule|simule]] (<nowiki>the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANPI person ID (2)|ANPI person ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID|J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID ve Slovníku české literatury po roce 1945|ID ve Slovníku české literatury po roce 1945]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vazhaju Word ID|Vazhaju Word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUDlistings ID|MUDlistings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Mud Connector ID|The Mud Connector ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visiongame.cz game ID|Visiongame.cz game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Visiongame.cz studio ID|Visiongame.cz studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databáze her developer ID|Databáze her developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Numeric ID|Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Living Music Database composer ID|Living Music Database composer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anikore anime ID|Anikore anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wiki.gg wiki ID|wiki.gg wiki ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7GXf Count of items with an article on fr.wikivoyage.org by country] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Wikivoyage|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/7GsR Count of items with an article on fr.wikiquote.org by instance of] ([[:d:User:PAC2/Wikiquote|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/7HCP Count of items that have X amount of statements. A simple showcase of Blazegraph optimizations.] *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 33, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110915045039310848 source]) * '''Development''' ** EntitySchemas: We investigated ways to help you search for EntitySchemas by their Labels, Aliases and Descriptions ([[phab:T341969]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We have added the Language Selector to the Mismatch Finder ([[phab:T328149]]) ** Improved language fallback: We are testing to clearly show the fallback Label in the placeholders for empty Labels ([[phab:T338330]], [[phab:T340832]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 21|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 14:55, 21 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25460662 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #591 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot 2|TiagoLubianaBot 2]] (Task: The [https://www.opentargets.org/ Open Targets Platform] is an important biomedical resource that makes its data available under a CC0 license waiver. The request at hand is to extend the permissions of [[d:User:TiagoLubianaBot|User:TiagoLubianaBot]] to import information from Open Targets, initially with a focus on physical interactions between proteins and drugs.) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #107, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=107 Teeth] (Challenge started on 2023-08-28 12:01:31) ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour August 28, 2023. We will cover adding the articles from our bibliography of diverse LIS resources that we created in our last session to Wikidata! We will learn how to use Zotero, the reference management software, and its browser plugin to automatically extract metadata for articles and convert them to a Wikidata format that can be batch uploaded using QuickStatements. To get a sneak preview of what we will be doing, you can learn more about the Wikidata & Zotero link here: [[d:Wikidata:Zotero|Wikidata:Zotero]]. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Wikidata Working Hours/2023-August-28 Wikidata Working Hour|Event page]] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Papers: [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3462/TADA3.pdf WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata] ** Videos *** Keynote about Wikidata for the Chinese Confernence on Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Computing 2023, by Denny Vrandečić - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXEctjXD_GU YouTube] *** How to fill an Infobox on Wikipedia using Wikidata - Wikipedia For Beginners - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MoGst-hhaqU YouTube] *** The impact of Wikidata-powered inboxes on minority and low-resourced language Wikipedias in Africa (Wikimania 2023) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mog2wXCypA4 YouTube] *** How to create item in Wikidata about a village (in Malayalam) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgocEFUv6ok YouTube] *** Add Wikidata link to an OpenStreetMap relation (in Guarani) - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCBz6s9uKJ0 YouTube] *** WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zz70A8JCGO8 YouTube] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://wikitrivia.tomjwatson.com/ Wikitrivia] is a web-based game that challenges your knowledge of historical events, people, and places. The game is a combination of Sudoku and Scrabble, and all the data used in the game is sourced from Wikidata and Wikipedia. The objective of the game is to place the cards on the timeline in the correct order. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Biyanto Rebin is joining the Software Communication team (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland for 2.5 months as an intern. Welcome! ** Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 27! [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IPGTE5XVAZ32DO3NWDSDQW2A3A4NZB5X/ Project submission deadline - September 29, 2023 at 4pm UTC]. ** [https://www.iamexpat.nl/career/jobs-netherlands/research-academic/postdoctoral-researcher-nlp-digital-humanities-and Postdoctoral researcher (position) in NLP, Digital Humanities, and Semantic Web (0.8 FTE), University of Groningen] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12002|has heir or beneficiary]] (<nowiki>people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P11985|Austrian Cave Register ID]], [[:d:Property:P11986|‎research.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P11987|AFC-Ajax.info player ID]], [[:d:Property:P11988|wiki.gg article ID]], [[:d:Property:P11989|MUDlistings ID]], [[:d:Property:P11990|The Mud Connector ID]], [[:d:Property:P11991|‎Visiongame.cz game ID]], [[:d:Property:P11992|‎Visiongame.cz studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P11993|Databáze her developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11994|wiki.gg wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P11995|Audio+ show ID]], [[:d:Property:P11996|Cent cols ID]], [[:d:Property:P11997|Lift Up profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P11998|Living Music Database composer ID]], [[:d:Property:P11999|Dictionary of Czech literature after 1945 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12000|‎Biographical Directory of Federal Judges numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12001|GamerProfiles game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/simule|simule]] (<nowiki>the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sexe ou genre du protagoniste|sexe ou genre du protagoniste]] (<nowiki>regarding the work in question, For human: male, female, non-binary, intersex, transgender female, transgender male, agender. For animal: male organism, female organism. Groups of same gender use subclass of (P279)</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/unofficial name|unofficial name]] (<nowiki>name which is widely or rarely used, but not official (for nicknames use P1449, for pseudonymes P742)</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VocalEyes Heritage Access 2022|VocalEyes Heritage Access 2022]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiChip article ID|WikiChip article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Demozoo d'une démo|identifiant Demozoo d'une démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Demozoo d'un membre d'un groupe de démo|identifiant Demozoo d'un membre d'un groupe de démo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Czech geological location ID|Czech geological location ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviefone person ID|Moviefone person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviefone movie ID|Moviefone movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Les Petits M'O ID|Les Petits M'O ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minerals.net mineral ID|Minerals.net mineral ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minerals.net gemstone ID|Minerals.net gemstone ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7KAF Map of birthplaces of German women writers] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1694480115403555205 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 34, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/110956754311815912 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7LpT Where were people who went to space born?] ([https://twitter.com/andrawaag/status/966657088687656961 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Research expeditions|WikiProject Research expeditions]] - documents the activities of an international working group on Research expeditions. * '''Development''' ** We started looking at ways to make the Mismatch Finder more powerful and capture more mismatches. ** We updated bootstrap-table library on Wikidata Query Service ([[phab:T328281]]) ** We fixed Lexeme header overlaps page toolbar in Minerva skin ([[phab:T318981]]) ** We fixed lookup component scrollbar problem ([[phab:T325822]]) ** We added telnet as a valid protocol for URL data types ([[phab:T344417]]) ** We added language fallback support for EntitySchemas on Special pages ([[phab:T338798]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 08 28|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:01, 28 අගෝස්තු 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25498876 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #592 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/FlyingAce|FlyingAce]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 September 2023 23:32 UTC) ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Must 'Serious' WikiData sources be selective?|Must 'Serious' WikiData sources be selective?]] (The disagreement regards the interpretation of WD:N rule number two, which states an item is acceptable if: "It refers to an instance of a clearly identifiable conceptual or material entity that can be described using serious and publicly available references.") * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BYQA6RIUH4GAGKIHKOCTMR274XJMCEDZ/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—September 6, 2023]. Time: 15:00-16:00 UTC / 08:00 PT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CET *** Registration for 2nd edition of Wikidata MOOC is scheduled for Saturday September 23. [[https://actualitte.com/article/113238/ressources/wikimedia-2e-edition-du-mooc-wikidata. Link (in French) *** [[m:Wikidata Days 2023|Wikidata Days 2023]], 28-30* Sept. '23 | 10h00-18h00 | Auditorium and Training Room. [https://www.guiadacidade.pt/pt/art/encontro-wikidata-days-2023-308423-11 Registration] (in Portuguess) ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #108, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=108 Roof] (Challenge started on 2023-09-04 12:01:27) * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://slate.com/technology/2023/08/wikipedia-artificial-intelligence-threat.html Wikipedia Will Survive A.I.] (including comments from Selena Deckelmann (WMF) and [[User:Jsamwrites]]) *** [https://addshore.com/2023/08/wikidata-query-service-blazegraph-jnl-file-on-cloudflare-r2-and-internet-archive/ Wikidata query service Blazegraph JNL file on Cloudflare R2 and Internet Archive] *** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/08/31/improving-equity-on-wikipedia-using-wikidata/ Improving equity on Wikipedia using Wikidata] ** Papers *** [https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/40510 Wikidata Research Articles Dataset] *** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/system/files/swj3375.pdf Handling Wikidata Qualifiers in Reasoning] *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.01535.pdf Comparing scalable strategies for generating numerical perspectives] *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.03671.pdf SemOpenAlex: The Scientific Landscape in 26 Billion RDF Triples] ** Videos *** #SPARQL #Wikidata: first name, occupation and Academy, by VIGNERON - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDveI7tn7cc YouTube] (in French) ** Newsletters *** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01#whoseknowledge|Wikidata and the epistemology of robots]] in [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01|RAW]] ((in French) *** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01#synia|Explore Wikidata differently with Synia]] in [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2023-09-01|RAW]] (in French) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Sanqui/referenceurl.js|User:Sanqui/referenceurl.js]] - is a userscript that adds a button to add a reference which immediately suggests [[d:Property:P854|reference URL (P854)]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35226834/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=90681644&l=en Software Engineer (Wikidata) (m/f/d)]. For our Team Wikidata, based in Berlin, we are looking for a permanent Software Engineer (m/f/d), full-time or part-time (min. 32h/week), as soon as possible. ** [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|Wikidata's eleventh birthday]] is around the corner! One of our traditions is to prepare birthday presents to the community. Now is a great time to start preparing yours! ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/423GG6Z424DZYZNFVQ7PTWOLD6QCRRYQ/ Developer account signup from Wikitech removed. Now directing new users towards https://idm.wikimedia.org instead]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12002|has heir or beneficiary]] (<nowiki>people or organizations that received, or will receive, (all or part of) the subject's property or title</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12004|towing capacity]] (<nowiki>the maximum sustainable force with which this vehicle can pull or push another object. Alternatively for road- or track-vehicles, the maximum weight of an object on wheels that this vehicle can reliably and safely pull given usual slopes</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12006|learning outcome]] (<nowiki>specific knowledge, skills, and abilities that students are expected to acquire as a result of participating in a particular education program</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12011|tribe]] (<nowiki>recognised membership in a society, mainly denoted by shared cultural heritage; for ethnicity use P172</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12003|ANPI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12005|Anikore anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12007|Substack profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12008|Artmajeur artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12009|FantLab translator ID]], [[:d:Property:P12010|‎wadoku ID]], [[:d:Property:P12012|identifier in a register in Germany]], [[:d:Property:P12013|Demozoo demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12014|Demozoo group member ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/when used with property|when used with property]] (<nowiki>when used with property</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikimedia Commons campaign|Wikimedia Commons campaign]] (<nowiki>name of a Wikimedia Commons campaign</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/near|near]] (<nowiki>for geo-objects which are located ''near'' some other geo-object</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/animecons.com event id|animecons.com event id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioGRID Publication|BioGRID Publication]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iNaturalist user ID|iNaturalist user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyShows|MyShows]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK News topic ID|NHK News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museoitalia ID|Museoitalia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBpia author ID|DBpia author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7N6r Old Greek personalities with entries in Prosopographia attica] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696988392788042014 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7MPo Largest heist by damage] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1696524669199986968 source]) * '''Development''' ** EntitySchemas: We added language fallbacks to the statements linking to EntitySchemas ([[phab:T338797]]) ** We fixed the issue with overlapping Lexeme headers in the Minerva skin ([[phab:T318981]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We finished the work on PATCHing for statements on Properties ([[phab:T342238]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 04|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 13:52, 4 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25549243 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #593 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** [https://wikibase-lex.sciencesconf.org/ First Wikibase Lexical Data Workshop (wikibase-lex)]. September 13, 14:00 to 18:00, at the Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna. ** [https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20230905_OTS0131/deutschsprachige-wikipedia-community-trifft-sich-in-linz German-speaking Wikipedia community meets in Linz] (in German). September 29 - October 1, 2023. ** [https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/fotomarburg/aktuelles/nachrichten/workshop_openrefine-fuer-bauwerke OpenRefine for beginners] (in German). October 25-26, 2023. ** [https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mini%20Hackathon%20November%202023 The second Mini Hackathon at Wikimedia Nederland], for experienced Wikimedians, will take place on Saturday, November 4. There is room for 30 participants; [https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mini_Hackathon_November_2023 you can apply here]. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2023/09/07/starting-fresh-the-wikibase-rest-api/ Starting fresh: the Wikibase REST API] ** Press *** [https://www.modernghana.com/news/1256630/pamitouch-foundation-pilots-ttag-goes-digital-init.html Pamitouch Foundation pilots TTAG Goes Digital initiative at Accra College of Education]. The Open Foundation West Africa provided an introduction to Wikipedia and its sister tools. The teacher trainees were guided on topics such as Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikibooks, Wikiquote, and Wikiversity. ** Papers *** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23780231231192774 Top Wealth and Its Historical Origins: Identifying Entrenched Fortunes by Linking Rich Lists over 100 Years] - Daria Tisch and Emma Ischinsky *** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051231195552 Wikidata as Semantic Infrastructure: Knowledge Representation, Data Labor, and Truth in a More-Than-Technical Project] - Heather Ford and Andrew Iliadis *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.15298.pdf KGConv, a Conversational Corpus grounded in Wikidata] - Quentin Brabant, Gwenole Lecorve, Lina M. Rojas-Barahona, and Claire Gardent ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVj5Sccu5bk Interoperability among the digital repository Tainacan and the information networks Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons: A case study of FILE ARCHIVE] - Paula Perissinotto & Dalton Martins *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSBEoNnAgPw Link data from local index to Wikidata] - Josef Moravec, Moravian Library in Brno *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ3PkyK0ICs Improving knowledge dissemination with Wikidata: potentialities of structured data in hearing health] - Hector Gabriel Corrale de Matos * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://peppercat.org/ Peppercat] is a website listing government ministers, and other key political leaders, from all over the world, taking data from Wikidata. [https://peppercat.org/about.html More information] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[c:Commons:OpenRefine/Train-the-trainer%20program%202023-24|Open call: train-the-trainer course for candidate OpenRefine-Wikimedia trainers]], with a focus on (structured data on) Wikimedia Commons. [[c:Commons:OpenRefine/Train-the-trainer_program_2023-24|More info and application form here]]. Application deadline is September 15. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12020|state of transmission]] (<nowiki>state of transmission of a work (as a concept, not as a physical item; for that, use P5816)</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12027|describes actor of]] (<nowiki>predicate sense whose actor (an agent or a cause—basically the instigator of an action) is denoted by this sense</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12028|describes undergoer of]] (<nowiki>predicate sense whose undergoer (a patient, a theme, or a recipient—basically a non-instigator of an action) is denoted by this sense</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12013|Demozoo demo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12014|Demozoo group member ID]], [[:d:Property:P12015|‎animecons.com event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12016|Museo Italia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12017|Dans nos cœurs ID]], [[:d:Property:P12018|WWGR player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12019|futzal.rus player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12022|iNaturalist user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12023|alyga.lt player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12024|UETK ID]], [[:d:Property:P12025|Windows Package Manager Community package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12026|SEVIS school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12029|WikiChip article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12030|Mageia package ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Red List of South African Plants conservation status|Red List of South African Plants conservation status]] (<nowiki>conservation status of endemic South African plants assigned by the [[w:South African National Biodiversity Institute]]</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Educational level|Educational level]] (<nowiki>school level in which the subject of the item is taught</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FragDenStaat tag|FragDenStaat tag]] (<nowiki>tag in FragDenStaat.de</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plate|Plate]] (<nowiki>the plate number(s) in the reference source being cited to support the statement being made</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fansly ID|Fansly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/France 3 Régions journalist ID|France 3 Régions journalist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID|Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookBrainz series ID|BookBrainz series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BookBrainz edition ID|BookBrainz edition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ManyVids ID|ManyVids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LoverFans ID|LoverFans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGI Global affiliate ID|IGI Global affiliate ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aparat channel ID|Aparat channel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pandit Project work ID|Pandit Project work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RKDexcerpts|RKDexcerpts]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7Qbr Territories claimed by irredentism] *** [https://w.wiki/7SBr Map of tram stop all over the world] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696636273409106140 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7SBv Map of public archives in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1696607768340230205 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Patagonian Archaeology|WikiProject Patagonian Archaeology]] - The project works on the creation and improvement of items on Patagonian Archaeology in Wikidata ([[d:Q115632712|archeology of the argentine patagonian coast]]). *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Archive of National Debt Redemption Movement|WikiProject Archive of National Debt Redemption Movement]] - The purpose of this project is to promote the use of records related to the [[d:Q623859|National Debt Repayment Movement]] (국채보상운동) by integrating data from the [[d:Q623859|National Debt Repayment Movement]] digital archive into Wikidata. * '''Development''' ** Machine learning: We are migrating some tools that currently use ORES to the new Lift Wing ([[phab:T343731]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work around the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements ** Query Builder: We fixed some issues in the Query Builder language selector ([[phab:T344231]]) ** We’re making the warning for anonymous editors more useful by letting them return to the page they came from after logging in ([[phab:T330550]]); we’re also working on showing those warnings in the first place in WikibaseLexeme ([[phab:T343979]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We are working on the ability to remove a statement from a Property ([[phab:T342976]]) and get the labels of a Property ([[phab:T342977]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 11|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:23, 11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25586579 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #594 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2023-09-18. * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:FlyingAce|FlyingAce]]! ([[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/FlyingAce|see the closed request]]) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Framabot 4|Framabot 4]] (Task: Import [[d:Q484170|commune of France]] contact data from [[d:Q117479181|french official directory]], [https://lannuaire.service-public.fr/ french official directory] ** Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/JoRobot 8|JoRobot 8]] (Task: Removing [[d:Q51759403|good list badge]] from articles in the Catalan Wikipedia) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour September 15, 2023. We will learn how to use Zotero, the reference management software, and its [[d:Wikidata:Zotero|browser plugin]] to automatically extract metadata for articles and convert them to a Wikidata format that can be batch uploaded using QuickStatements.[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-September-15_Wikidata_Working_Hour|More information on the event page]] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Paper: [https://biss.pensoft.net/article/112431/ Documenting Biodiversity in Underrepresented Languages using Crowdsourcing] - Mohammed Kamal-Deen Dnshitobu Fuseini, Agnes Ajuma Abah, Andra Waagmeester ** Press: [https://okfn.de/blog/2023/09/stn-datenstrategie/ Statement by Alliance F5 on the German Government's data strategy] (in German) ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uo_VpAyby1c List of free software in ''le socle interministériel de logiciels libres'' (SILL/the interministerial base of free software) recommended by the French Government in Wikidata] - Nicolas Vigneron *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=py1JkgkEHI8 Georeferencing using OSM and Wikidata] - Oficina Wiki Apoia *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMxb49PvpaA Members of Riksdag (Sweden's parlement)] - Magnus Sälgö *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpiTjxAy_Z8 Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments with Content Partnerships Hub] - Wikimedia Sweden *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LY3UeO6yNb8 From self-documentation to federated querying using Wikibase: a new topology to Media Art Archiving?] - Raphael Tsz Kin Chau * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Ricordisamoa/LowercaseDescription.js|LowercaseDescription.js]] is a script that adds a link to automatically lower the first letter of an item's description in the user's language. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** You can now browse all the Wikibase instances hosted on Wikibase.Cloud: https://www.wikibase.cloud/discovery ** [https://github.com/KBNLwikimedia/Wikibase-resources Wikibase resources], a collection of resources, overviews, links and knowlegde related to Wikibase, collected and curated by [https://www.kb.nl/ KB, national library of the Netherlands] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12031|RBC person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12032|Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål ID]], [[:d:Property:P12033|France 3 Régions journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12034|Médiathèque Numérique CVS ID]], [[:d:Property:P12035|MyShows show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12036|NHK News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12037|‎Sitios ID]], [[:d:Property:P12038|Xiaohongshu user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12039|Fansly ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chronological designation|chronological designation]] (as a typical instance, the stated scholarly journal year to which reference is made by: the reference source being cited to support the statement being made) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of New Jersey Project atlas URL|Flora of New Jersey Project atlas URL]] (URL for a plant species in the Flora of New Jersey Project atlas) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Pathé ID|British Pathé ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ProductReview ID|ProductReview ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BISAC Subject Heading|BISAC Subject Heading]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDItEUR Thema id|EDItEUR Thema id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ONIX Subject Scheme id|ONIX Subject Scheme id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MiMoText ID|MiMoText ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ADVN ID|ADVN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Register of Monumental Trees ID|National Register of Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diktyon|Diktyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Codeberg username|Codeberg username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RAWG tag ID|RAWG tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Albania ID|National Library of Albania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DfE Group UID|DfE Group UID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AARoads Wiki article ID|AARoads Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Armasanicana person ID|Armasanicana person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FloraVeg.EU species ID|FloraVeg.EU species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID| Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7Md7 Google Scholar Organization IDs to Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/annreynolds988/status/1703244710641590321 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7T6X Power stations of this world] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1701996445040009566 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7Tth Usage state of the nuclear power plant] ([https://twitter.com/steinhoff_uwe/status/1702766817993715936 source]) * '''Development''' ** We are planning the migration of some of our existing components from the Wikit to the Codex design system in Query Builder, Mismatch Finder and the Special:NewLexeme page. ** Warnings about not being logged-in will now have a returnto= parameter attached to their links, so that you can don’t use your flow from logging in ([[phab:T330550]]) ** We fixed an issue with the LanguageSwitcher in Query Builder where it would open out of the viewport on some tablet screen widths ([[phab:T344231]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We finished the work on making it possible to remove a statement from a Property ([[phab:T342976]]) and getting the labels of a Property ([[phab:T342977]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 18|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:04, 18 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25623536 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #595 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AytekUstundag-RoyalMapperBot|AytekUstundag-RoyalMapperBot]] (Task: Add missing historical figures from royalmapper database) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming *** [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon 2023|WikidataCon 2023]], the conference dedicated to the Wikidata community, is taking place on October 28-29, online all around the world and onsite in Taipei. You can now [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikidataCon_2023#WikidataCon_2023:_registration_open|register for the conference]]. *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7TM2PG5EWM4F55577Q4HV5SU5TU4X3RQ/ WikiIndaba 2023 Microgrants available for community events!] *** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour September 29. This event is part of a series where you can gain hands-on experience with Wikidata by working on a diverse library and information science (LIS) dataset. In this fourth session, we'll introduce the Wikimedia PAWS environment for data gathering and processing in your Wikidata projects. We'll focus on web scraping for article data using Python and the Beautiful Soup package for parsing. You'll learn about data models for making your data accessible to both machines and humans. This session will be recorded and shared on the event page. [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-September-29_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Event page]]. ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexemes Challenge #110, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=110 Ohm's law] (Challenge started on 2023-09-25 12:01:32) * ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' ** Blogs *** [https://connorshea.gitlab.io/blog/mass-import-wikidata.html Mass-importing games from Steam into Wikidata] by [[User:Nicereddy]] ** Papers *** [https://assets.pubpub.org/ft1w1z4w/Unifying%20Biodiversity%20Knowledge%20to%20Support%20Life%20on%20a%20Sustainable%20Planet%20(1)-31687443808274.pdf Unifying Biodiversity Knowledge to Support Life on a Sustainable Planet] (A Wikimedia Projects White Paper from the Biodiversity Heritage Library). Jacqueline J. Dearborn *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.01535.pdf "Comparing scalable strategies for generating numerical perspectives"] Numerical perspectives help people understand extreme and unfamiliar numbers. (Cao et al, 2023) *** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009913332300112X?dgcid=author Response to Marcin Roszkowski 2023: Modelling doctoral dissertations in Wikidata knowledge graph: Selected issues]. Tamsin L. Braisher ** Press *** [https://inqld.com.au/culture/2023/09/19/they-call-it-the-barassi-line-defining-our-footy-codes-how-fitting-that-seems-right-now/ They call it the Barassi Line, defining our footy codes - how fitting that seems today] - The Barassi Line has been a focus of my research and has recently been plotted and visualised by Brett Tweedie as part of his Wikidata fellowship. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhEJLY51qeI The mess with Wikidata death location and the instance of a location] - salgo60 *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFLaYp7zRzc Developing a linked data workflow using Wikidata] - Will Kent *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGT5xE-jnOY Entity linking historical document OCR by combining Wikidata and Wikipedia] - Kai Labusch *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXa7mz6bp8U From EAD to MARC to Wikidata and back again] - Crystal Yragui, Adam Schiff *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHh5zYdBhYE Adventures in Korean Wikidata] - Margaret Donald *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QlkB3BNg4Eo Getting started on Wikidata] - Mohammed Sadat Abdulai *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2TbEyHLnyC4 Wiki(su)data #2: Wikidata live editing in Italian] - Wikidata in italiano *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKC0SiGp0H4 Wikibase as an institutional repository authority file] - Michael Lindsey * ''' Tool of the week ''' ** [[d:User:Luca.favorido/linkypop.js|User:Luca.favorido/linkypop.js]] is a script that can be used to search an identifier on an external site. It provides a button to search for an identifier as soon as you type it in the property input field. For example, if you type “ORCID”, an icon with a lens will appear, and when you click it, a new tab will open with the ORCID site looking for the name of the researcher. You can then copy the URL and paste it to Wikidata. * ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' ** Want to play a game? [[d:Wikidata:Games|Wikidata:Games]] has some Wikidata-related ones for you. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IPGTE5XVAZ32DO3NWDSDQW2A3A4NZB5X/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 27]! September 29, 2023 at 4pm UTC - Project submission deadline. ** [https://citation-js.toolforge.org/ Citation.js Toolforge] is a service to export citations from Wikidata items in various formats (BibTeX, RIS) and various citations formats (Vancouver, APA, etc) ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EK65B7QCQHEG37C2ERPIUSP64OX3ZEUJ/ As a next step in the deprecation process of ORES the WMF Machine Learning team will switch the backend of ores.wikimedia.org to ores-legacy so users that have not yet migrated to Lift Wing will be transparently migrated]. This change is planned to take place on Monday 25th of September. ** Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35655261/Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-and-FunTech-d-f-m-/?jobDbPVId=92161036&l=en Engineering Manager Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects and FunTech (d/f/m)] * ''' Did you know? ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12041|type of musical notation]] (<nowiki>system of musical notation used on a given music source or composition</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12044|‎chronological designation]] (<nowiki>stated scholarly journal year to which reference is made by: source cited in support of a particular statement may not be the same as the publication date or volume</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12040|J. Paul Getty Museum agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12042|Diktyon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12043|RAWG tag ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Demo|Demo]] (<nowiki>video game or software that this trial version is based on</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ETCS level|ETCS level]] (<nowiki>ETCS level of implementation</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/adoption variant|adoption variant]] (<nowiki>variant of this loanword with the same origin</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Temaportalen ID|Temaportalen ID]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic game ID|Metacritic game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAN ID|BAN ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/handlingar.se ID|handlingar.se ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français|identifiant Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/South African NPO number|South African NPO number]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7YZo Subclass of blogger] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1706181080557240593 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7W2V List of taxon name as first having been described by Dennis P. Gordon] ([https://twitter.com/MeMerricks/status/1704675287055860220 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7YHf Gallery of wood cuts made before 1600, including file description and the link to the Wikimedia Commons file] ([https://wikis.world/@Ustinoff@mastodon.social/111121077812646847 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] (Week 38, 2023) ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111116087976103677 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Chopin Thematic Catalog Concordance|WikiProject Chopin Thematic Catalog Concordance]] - an effort by members of the Music Library Association (MLA) [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) to create and enhance Wikidata items for Frédéric Chopin's musical works. *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Museum AI projects|WikiProject Museum AI projects]] - aims to map AI projects (including events, datasets) from museums into Wikidata and create a data model for it. * ''' Development ''' ** Lexemes: We are fixing an issue that made edit links and styles disappear ([[phab:T344362]]) ** Mismatch Finder: *** We made improvements to the store part of the tool ([[phab:T335864]]) and fixed small issues ([[phab:T344336,]], [[phab:T343344]]) *** We worked on making it possible to upload mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]]) ** We are continuing to migrate tools from ORES to Lift Wing ([[phab:T343731]]) ** We've added Wikifunktions as a new wiki for sitelinks ([[phab:T342857]]) ** Wikibase REST API: We are working on making it possible to get labels, descriptions and aliases from a Property as well as modify the description of an Item [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * ''' Monthly Tasks ''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 09 25|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:58, 25 සැප්තැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25635405 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #596 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Saroj|Saroj]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 October 2023 12:01 (UTC)) ** New request for comments: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/MotoGP riders' links|MotoGP riders' links]] (Update the broken links of [[:d:Property:P3928|MotoGP racer ID (P3928)]]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** November 7, 2023, Hannover, Germany - [https://www.tib.eu/en/tib/news-and-events/news/details/wikiremembrance-researching-and-remembering-national-socialism WikiRemembrance: researching and remembering National Socialism] - Wikipedia and Wikidata's role in documenting memorial sites. ** January 12 - 14, 2024, Berlin, Germany (and online) - [https://www.artmarketstudies.org/cfp-provenance-loves-wiki-2024-online-berlin-12-14-jan-2024/ CFP: Provenance Loves Wiki] - A workshop on art history, art science and provenance research in Wikidata/Wikipedia & Wikibase Ongoing ** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #110, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=110 Ohm's law] (Challenge started on 2023-09-25 12:01:32) This Week ** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 3, 2023: Lars Willighagen will discuss on citation.js.org, Wikidata, and plans for more linked data. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ni0d5qbFZsCQIBtjJzl9X8V7cwLN01gv1MvZ7zpntYU/edit Agenda] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.communitydata.science/the-state-of-wikimedia-research-2022-2023/ The State of Wikimedia Research 2022 - 2023] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.08491.pdf Using Large Language Models for Knowledge Engineering (LLMKE): A Wikidata Case Study] - Zhang et al, 2023 *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.11495.pdf Chain-of-Verification reduces hallucination in Large Language Models] across a variety of tasks, including list-based questions from Wikidata - Dhuliawala et al, 2023 ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSyoDU2r4Q0 Intro about WikiPathways]< showing bits of Wikidata and Scholia *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2whuhQ3628 Wikidata for Better Health (in French)] - Houcemeddine Turki, Faculty of Sciences SFAX < closing session of "Adapting Wikidata to support clinical practice using Data Science, Semantic Web and Machine Learning" ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/d/c3c33fa19bd8754d Implementing a parser for a sample Wiki article] *** [https://observablehq.com/d/0035947e1c7ea36c Artist selection] (in French) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://map.wikimedia.swiss/v/swiss-archives/?l=de Swiss Archives] is an interactive overview map of the Swiss archives present in Wikidata have corresponding Wikipedia articles and in which language (FR, DE, IT), allowing interested Wikimedians to know where they can contribute or expand. - [https://twitter.com/M_Gasser/status/1665605556768321537 Michael Gasser (X post)] * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/64SRNVJI7DMSDRWUVBEEYVISWHAONEGU/ WikidataCon 2023: first version of the program is out] - find out more about the format, registration and [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ scheduled program]. ** The [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/S7OCXSRJQR4ITMOZVJXY6ND3XG4YIGGG/ Search Platform / Query Service Team monthly Open Meeting] is coming up. Got any Wikidata Query Service questions? Feel free to join! ** Wikimedia Deutschland is still looking for an [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/35655261/Engineering-Manager-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-and-FunTech-d-f-m-?jobDbPVId=92161036&l=en Engineering Manager Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects and FunTech]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12050|demo of]] (<nowiki>video game or software that this trial version is based on</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12045|‎Codeberg username]], [[:d:Property:P12046|ADVN ID]], [[:d:Property:P12047|‎MiMoText ID]], [[:d:Property:P12048|BookBrainz series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12049|National Register of Monumental Trees ID]], [[:d:Property:P12051|‎National Library of Albania ID]], [[:d:Property:P12052|AARoads Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12053|BAN ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/self-identified name|self-identified name]] (<nowiki>the name used by an ethnic group to refer to itself</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/non-self-identified name|non-self-identified name]] (<nowiki>name used to identify an ethnic group against their self-determination, e.g. in colonial contexts</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exception to constraint (lexeme)|exception to constraint (lexeme)]] (<nowiki>lexeme that is an exception to the constraint, qualifier to define a property constraint in combination with P2302</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic numeric game ID|Metacritic numeric game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIL ID|DBIL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux|identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu game ID|Gematsu game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Matilda paper ID|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketball Bundesliga Teams UUID|Basketball Bundesliga Teams UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID|World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nordic Women in Film-ID|Nordic Women in Film-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pinakes IDs|Pinakes IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiKids ID|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aves de Chile ID|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klingon Word Wiki id|Klingon Word Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic company ID|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic publication ID|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StopGame series ID|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt ID|Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SlackBuilds package|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/California State Park ID|California State Park ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7ami Most frequent birth places for PTBNP authors] ([[d:User:Epìdosis/sandbox#Birth_and_death_places_on_map|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/7c3B University's museum in France] ([https://twitter.com/Pyb75/status/1708129619558191449 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7dPB 52,153 French words which have both masculine and feminine forms] ([https://twitter.com/_lerner_paul/status/1705206707297685805 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject African Literary Metdata|WikiProject African Literary Metadata]] - a project dedicated to create and improve Wikidata's coverage of African informal literatures. *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject GLAM-BW|WikiProject GLAM-BW]] - a project to connect major collections held by museums in Baden-Württemberg by uploading information on collectors, former collection locations, collecting histories, and objects * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We are finalizing the work on getting the labels, descriptions and aliases of a Property. *** We are finishing work on modifying the descriptions of an Item. ** You can now add sitelinks to Wikifunctions ([[phab:T342857]]) ** We dug into [[wikitech:WMDE/Wikidata/Reports/2023/2023-09-18_Ramifications_of_IP_masking_on_Wikidata_related_extensions|what the upcoming IP-masking changes mean for the Wikidata-related extensions]] and where code changes are needed ** Lexicographical data: *** We improved the “required” marker on Special:NewLexeme, hopefully making its meaning clearer ([[phab:T322683]]) *** If you are not logged-in, you’ll also get the yellow warning when editing Lexeme’s Lemmas, Forms, and Senses ([[phab:T343979]]) ** We added the tlh-latn and tlh-piqd codes for monolingual text, so that now you can add the titles to Shakepear’s works in the original Klingon ([[phab:T286239]]) ** Mismatch Finder: *** Failed uploads now no longer offer to download review results ([[phab:T335864]]) *** We are working on the ability to report mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]]) *** The Mismatch Finder will show a clarifying message when Java Script is disabled ([[phab:T343344]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 02|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 15:08, 2 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25677545 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #597 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:Saroj|Saroj]]! ([[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Saroj|see the closed request]]) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Tildebot|Tildebot]] (Task: Upload about 16,000 [[:d:Property:P12052|AARoads Wiki article ID]] statements based on reconciliation in [[:d:Wikidata:OpenRefine|OpenRefine]]) *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/GamerProfilesBot|GamerProfilesBot]] (Task: Regularly update existing video games with the [[:d:Property:P12001|GamerProfiles game ID]] sourced from [https://gamerprofiles.com GamerProfiles.com]) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 18th October 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour October 13, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The fifth Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover manually adding authors and publishers from our bibliography into Wikidata. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the event page. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-October-13_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page] *** Wikidata's 11th birthday is around the corner, on October 29th! [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|Discover how you can prepare and present a gift to the community and organize a local birthday celebration]]. *** New round open HDI course on Knowledge Graphs. October 11, 2023 - November 21, 2023. Sign up [https://open.hpi.de/courses/knowledgegraphs2023 enrol here]. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2. An online event dedicated to our data modelling challenges. You can already [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|submit a session or ideas]]. ** Ongoing: *** Weekly Lexemes Challenge #112, [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=112 Dogs] (Challenge started on 2023-10-09 12:01:19) * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [http://chrishanretty.co.uk/posts/twfy_wikidata_crosswalk/ Connecting They Work For You to Wikidata] by Chris Hanretty *** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2023/Contents/New Zealand report|Public sculpture photo trail: documenting Auckland sculptures in Wikidata; Aotearoa's Wikimedia Laureate]] by [[outreach:User:Prosperosity|Prosperosity]] & [[outreach:User:Giantflightlessbirds|Giantflightlessbirds]] *** [https://www.deseret.com/2023/10/4/23901215/most-famous-musicians-of-all-time These are the top 10 most famous musicians of all time, according to MIT], by Hannah Murdock *** [https://addshore.com/2023/10/covid-19-wikipedia-pageview-spikes-2019-2022/ COVID-19 Wikipedia pageview spikes, 2019-2022] < Wikipedia pageviews spikes using Wikidata as a source for determining page titles for topics across languages. By [[d:User:Addshore|Addshore]] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.15047.pdf Large language models converge toward human-like concept organization] by Jonathan Gabel Christiansen, Mathias Lykke Gammelgaard, and Anders Søgaard ** Press *** [https://www.zdnet.com/article/is-ai-lying-to-us-these-researchers-built-an-llm-lie-detector-of-sorts-to-find-out/ Is AI lying to us? These researchers built an LLM lie detector of sorts to find out] - Tiernan Ray, ZDNET ("Step one is to come up with a list of over 20,000 questions and known answers, drawn from sources such as Wikidata, for which the large language model, in this case, OpenAI's GPT-3.5, can be reliably expected to provide the correct answer.") ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3W634CXHdI8 Graphic Possibilities 50 States of Comics Wikidata Tutorial] < discusses data modeling, notability, cultural importance of Comic books and how to add them to Wikidata. By Kate Topham *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7aYSiqafSg Linking cultural heritage data in practice] < discusses interlinking diverse museum data between Sweden’s National Museum and National Historical Museums and Wikidata. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVWn97wFfFM Data Scraping, Gathering & Annotation] (in Ukrainian VO, English text) < lecture on data gathering, Wikidata, SPARQL and structured data from Ukrainian Catholic University *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwfGs9asLVY Add information about Wikisource works to Wikidata] (in French) < adding a link in Wikidata between work and the edition, and beyond. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ij2r56P7aY Proposal and creation of properties] (in French) by [[d:User:VIGNERON|VIGNERON]] < Exploring the property creation process on Wikidata. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdG9yc-xZQQ Wikidata: first pragmatic approach] - Ismael Olea - OpenSouthCode 2023 < an introduction to Wikidata - the objective of this talk is for the public to leave amazed and addicted to Wikidata. * '''Tool of the week''' ** https://aletheiafact.org <- is a new fact-checking website using Wikidata for people/concept identification. The website allows users to contribute to fact-checking claims made by public figures, such as politicians, celebrities, and influencers. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12053|BAN ID]], [[:d:Property:P12054|Metacritic game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12055|Dicionário Aberto ID]], [[:d:Property:P12056|Online Etymology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12057|World Auchenorrhyncha Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12058|‎Gematsu game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12059|Encyclociné ID]], [[:d:Property:P12060|DBIL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12061|Pinakes country ID]], [[:d:Property:P12062|Pinakes city ID]], [[:d:Property:P12063|Pinakes institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P12064|Pinakes fonds ID]], [[:d:Property:P12065|Museum of Fine Arts, Bordeaux object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12066|Aparat channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12067|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12068|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Property:P12069|Sessionize speaker ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/self-identified name|self-identified name]] (<nowiki>the name by which a group of humans refers to itself</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/non-self-identified name|non-self-identified name]] (<nowiki>name used to identify a group of humans against their self-determination, e.g. in colonial contexts</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fonds|fonds]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiKids ID|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aves de Chile ID|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klingon Word Wiki id|Klingon Word Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic company ID|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metacritic publication ID|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StopGame series ID|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt ID|Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SlackBuilds package|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/California State Park ID|California State Park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBL player ID|SBL player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identificador Qué series ver|identificador Qué series ver]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Workshop file ID|Steam Workshop file ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Find my School ID|Find my School ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fichier des ecclésiastiques ID|Fichier des ecclésiastiques ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walmart product ID|Walmart product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library publisher ID|Open Library publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kihondōshi handbook ID|kihondōshi handbook ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OzBargain tag|OzBargain tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OzBargain brand|OzBargain brand]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELSST Thesaurus ID|ELSST Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu company ID|Gematsu company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Valve Developer Community article ID|Valve Developer Community article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Royal Irish Academy ID|Royal Irish Academy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois State Parks ID|Illinois State Parks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flixy.dk emne ID|Flixy.dk emne ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7gFH Accused witches in Scotland accused of shapeshifting]([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Scotland's_Accused_Witches/Queries|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/7iBa Argentinian national team football players that participating in 3 matches or bellow] ([https://twitter.com/tin_nqn_/status/1709349283525210380 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7gg3 List of people who are in Art Looting Investigation Unit red flag list] ([https://twitter.com/OpenLinkArtData/status/1710521967873249428 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7eQQ Main Subject bubble chart of Articles in Journals with AJOL ID, published in Ghana, about diseases] (source: [https://twitter.com/espejolento @espejolento]) * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: We worked on the new routes for PATCHing Property and Item aliases as well as PUTing Property labels and descriptions ([[phab:T342982]], [[phab:T337371]], [[phab:T337371]], [[phab:T348150]]) ** We are continuing to work on fixing an issue with Lexeme pages missing styles and scripts ([[phab:T344362]]) ** We’re adding some missing license notes to some javascript UI interfaces ([[phab:343998]], [[phab:T343999]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on supporting mismatches for data that is stored in qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 09|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 16:33, 9 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25705993 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #598 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: ***Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 17, 2023: Our scheduled speaker had to unexpectedly cancel, so please join us to transfer group call notes from the Google Drive to the wiki project page (see instructions link in agenda document!) [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1hzVSHu9y8J0pCKzO5wGHRtiXpiYHkb7F4ePsCwSj0Y8/edit Agenda] *** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 18th October 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' *** WikidataCon 2023 on October 28-29: don't forget to [https://pretix.eu/wikidatatw/Wikidatacon2023/ register for the online or the onsite event]! You can also [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ check the program], [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday|prepare a present for the Wikidata birthday]], and [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh Birthday/Events|join or organize a satellite event]] with your local community. *** [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikidata-day-nyc-2023-tickets-735689496087 Wikidata Day NYC '23] Join fellow Wikidata-enthusiasts on October 29th at the Butler Library, 114th Street West, NYC for a free Wikidata-celebration with a selection of engaging workshops and presentations to attend. *** [https://stateofthemap.eu/schedule State of the Map EU 2023] has a session on OSM-Wikidata Map Framework on Sunday, 12th Nov., taking place in Antwerp, Belgium. *** [[m:Wikimedistas_de_Per%C3%BA/Actividades/D%C3%ADas_de_Wikidata_2023|Wikidata Days: WM-Peru]] (in Spanish) attend a 2-day event, with sessions devoted to Wikidata, OpenRefine, QuickStatements and SPARQL. *** [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdbVc63XyoVVXDcFQSvzRxSc1GEA1D02O1mUqzv6nvO0ZJ32w/viewform Wikimedia Chile: Wikidata Training Course] Staying in South America, Chilean and all Spanish-speakers can attend a 4-day Course and earn a participation Certificate. Online event - 17 to 20th October. *** [https://twitter.com/wikimediaigbo/status/1713469359996191043 Igbo Wikimedians User Group invites you to a Wikidata event tagged "One Item, One Image"]. October 17th at 5pm WAT on Google Meet. ** Ongoing: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=113 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #113: Apple] (Challenge started on 2023-10-16 12:01:41) ** Past Week: *** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=112 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #112: Dogs] has ended. Did you contribute? *** [https://www.temporal-communities.de/events/international-workshop-wikipedia-wikidata-wikibase.html Wikipedia, Wikidata and Wikibase: Usage Scenarios for Literary Studies] International Workshop at the Freie Universität Berlin. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Papers: [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3462/TADA3.pdf WikiDBs: A Corpus Of Relational Databases From Wikidata] by Vogel & Binnig. ** Press: [https://www.broadcastprome.com/case-studies/tv-networks/indexing-news-with-ai/ Indexing news with AI] via BroadCast Pro ME ("We are able to create a rich multilingual archive, leveraging translations based on the Wikidata knowledge graph.") ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ij2r56P7aY Introduction to Properties: Proposal & Creation] (in French), by Nicolas VIGNERON. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJUPmZmUqS8 Drag'n'Drop Gadget] <-- This handy gadget allows you to click and drag information from a Wikipedia article and add it to a Wikidata-item as a Statement. By Magnus Sälgö. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwfGs9asLVY Add information about Wikisource works to Wikidata] (in French) <-- a comprehensive guide through linking Wikisource entries to their Wikidata-items. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdG9yc-xZQQ Introduction & Overview of Wikidata] (in Spanish), by Ismail Olea. *** LIVE Wikidata editing #110 <-- [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] do some live editing on Wikidata (in English), and discuss the thought process of what we are doing and why we do it. ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/@maison-mona/analyse-resultats-reconciliation-wikidata Analysis of Wikidata reconciliation results] (in French) *** [https://observablehq.com/@fgregg/whats-nearby-wikidata What's nearby, Wikidata?] will generate a list of nearby places that have a Wikipedia article close to your current location. ** Reports: [[w:User:Ambrosia10/TDWG2023|Report on the Biodiversity Information Standards Conference 2023 (TDWG2023)]] by [[d:User:Ambrosia10|Ambrosia10]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** Map Kerala ([https://wikiproject-kerala.github.io/Panchayat/ https://wikiproject-kerala.github.io/Panchayat/]) uses Wikidata to distinguish Panchayats of Kerala at a glance based on three distinct identifier codes ([[d:Property:P6425|LGD code]], [[d:Property:P8573|LSG code]], [[d:Property:P11817|SEC code]]). ** [[d:User:Nikki/ChecksumCheck.js|User:Nikki/ChecksumCheck.js]] <-- This script displays a symbol after external identifiers which contain checksums, to indicate whether the checksum in the identifier is correct. Currently only supporting a small number of Identifiers. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12081|‎WHO Aware Classification]] (<nowiki>antibiotic classification according to the World Health Organization</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12089|‎self-identified name]] (<nowiki>name by which a group of humans refers to itself (endonym)</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12090|non-self-identified name]] (<nowiki>name used to identify a group of humans as opposed to their self-determination</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12067|FaroeSoccer referee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12068|Matilda paper ID]], [[:d:Property:P12069|Sessionize speaker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12070|Minerals.net mineral and gemstone ID]], [[:d:Property:P12071|MUSE book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12072|‎Game Jolt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12073|Société de l'histoire du protestantisme français ID]], [[:d:Property:P12074|‎ProductReview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12075|‎Acclaimed Music album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12076|Nordic Women in Film-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12077|SlackBuilds package]], [[:d:Property:P12078|Metacritic numeric game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12079|Metacritic publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12080|Metacritic company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12082|StopGame series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12083|Steam Workshop mod ID]], [[:d:Property:P12084|California State Park ID]], [[:d:Property:P12085|‎Find my School ID]], [[:d:Property:P12086|WikiKids ID]], [[:d:Property:P12087|SBL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12088|Open Library publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12091|DBpia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12092|‎Gematsu company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12093|‎Valve Developer Community article ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parent form of an active substance|parent form of an active substance]] (<nowiki>parent form of a chemical entity used as an active substance in the form of a salt</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO WIEWS Institution ID|FAO WIEWS Institution ID]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro de licence d'un joueur de la FFTT|numéro de licence d'un joueur de la FFTT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rahlfs Number|Rahlfs Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID|Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota State Forests ID|Minnesota State Forests ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kinobox ID|Kinobox ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GNU Savannah project|GNU Savannah project]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indie DB company ID|Indie DB company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mod DB company ID|Mod DB company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catenae Catalogue|Catenae Catalogue]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameBrew ID|GameBrew ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPGA player ID|JLPGA player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7oTi List of lighthouses in France] ([https://twitter.com/LeuLeudo/status/1709086802454163943 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7bV8 Which academic journals publish the most International Space Station Research?] (graph) ([https://twitter.com/astro_meganne/status/1707709600886120696 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7o3d Tamil Lexemes missing Item for this sense statements] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#missing_item_for_this_sense_in_Tamil_lexemes|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/7ofi People with no country of citizenship having Norwegian names] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#People_with_no_country_of_citizenship_having_Norweigian_names|source]]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Catalan creators|WikiProject Catalan creators]] - a project for documenting creators born or active in the Catalan speaking territories *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject BeyondNotability|WikiProject BeyondNotability]] - a project for improving content on Wikidata women's work in archaeology, history and heritage in the UK circa 1870-1950 *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Manuscripts/Header|WikiProject Manuscripts]] * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** Working on the ability to modify the aliases of an Item or Property ([[phab:T342982]], [[phab:T337371]]) *** Working on the ability to add or replace a label in a given language on a Property ([[phab:T342979]]) *** Working on the ability to add or replace a description in a given language on a Property ([[phab:T348150]]) ** Lexicographical data: We (mostly) fixed an issue where Lexeme pages where missing styles and scripts ([[phab:T344362]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We continued work on making it possible to report mismatches on qualifiers ([[phab:T313467]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 16|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 17:04, 16 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25742400 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #599 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Hjart|Hjart]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 October 2023 11:20 UTC) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: Wikidata and Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2023-10-18|Telegram office hour, Q4 2023]] ** Ongoing: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=114 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #114: Cars] (Challenge started on 2023-10-23 12:01:27) ** Upcoming: *** [https://wikiedu.org/speaker-series/ How cultural institutions use Wikidata to share their data with the world] < organised by WikiEdu, happening today, Oct. 23. *** [https://twitter.com/bingulibraries/status/1714735878847770750/photo/1 Edit-A-Thon for LGBTQ+ History Month] < Binghamton University Library, New York, Oct. 25th. Help make visible the important contributions of queer figures. *** [https://twitter.com/hkbulibdmss/status/1713857483792437497 Bridging Art Archive to the Wikidata Ecosystem] < a guest lecture from Joyce Chen at the Fall Symposium on Digital Scholarship '23, Oct. 27, via Zoom. *** [https://twitter.com/SQWikimediansUG/status/1714944884459618622 Wikidata Birthday Edit-A-Thon (Albanian)] < Albanian language Wikimedians celebrate Wikidata's Birthday with a 2-day event (Oct. 28 - 29, 2023) near the "Aleksandër Xhuvani" University, Elbasan. *** Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour October 23, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The sixth Wikidata Working Hour in the series will cover batch creating items using OpenRefine.This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-October-23_Wikidata_Working_Hour Event page] *** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2023/ 4th Wikidata Workshop] as part of the International Semantic Web Conference. 7th Nov., Athens, Greece. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** Final Report of the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Adapting_Wikidata_to_support_clinical_practice_using_Data_Science,_Semantic_Web_and_Machine_Learning Adapting Wikidata to support clinical practice using Data Science, Semantic Web and Machine Learning] Project funded by the Wikimedia Research Fund. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zW6SbOPb-8I Let's Connect Learning Clinic #2: Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments] < Learn how to run SPARQL queries, create Listeria lists, and structure data on commons for Wiki Loves Monuments and other WikiLoves campaigns, provided by Wikimedia Sweden. Missed Clinic #1? [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpiTjxAy_Z8 Find it here]. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ke4izHB0GT0 Live Editing #110] < Develop your SPARQL query-building skills in this follow-along session. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5Gj5bHIYwU Tutorial on Wikidata for or WikiConnect course] (in Portuguese) <-- Explaining the Wiki Movimento Brasil's WikiConecta Wikidata course. The course entails Understanding what Wikidata is and its operating logic, Learning the basics of editing and recovering data, and Understanding why and how to use Wikidata with your students. *** Birthday Presents from Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit: **** [https://www.youtube.com/live/-LdIz8ncCpw MedCYN] as an intuitive web tool for Wikidata-based clinical decision support. **** [https://www.youtube.com/live/hgikdP8Fuaw MeSH2Wikidata] as an approach for validating and classifying biomedical relations in Wikidata based on MeSH Keywords of PubMed scholarly publications. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Magnus Manske/annas archive.js|User:Magnus Manske/annas archive.js]] is a userscript that automatically links to Anna's Archive from Wikidata items for books and research articles, for title, DOI, ISBN, etc. so that people can easily get access to them. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/October 2023 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the Wikidata Query Service scaling of the backend, that explains how the team will experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph and use federation for the queries that need access to all subgraphs. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/FWEVR4QEYOHPY7FEATMALXQZQM7I5PZW/ Mismatch Finder tool improvements]: In the next deployment scheduled for November 1, the tool will let you report mismatches on qualifiers in addition to the main part of a statement. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12095|‎fonds]] (<nowiki>archival fonds (part of a collection) which an item belongs to</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12099|parent form of an active substance]] (<nowiki>parent form of a chemical entity (e.g. a salt) used as an active substance in pharmaceutical products</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12105|‎Red List of South African Plants conservation status]] (<nowiki>conservation status of endemic South African plants assigned by the South African National Biodiversity Institute</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12110|Parpulov group]] (<nowiki>class of similar manuscripts with Catenae as assigned by Georgi Parpulov</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12094|‎DfE group UID]], [[:d:Property:P12096|Kinobox film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12098|Kinobox person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12100|FloraVeg.EU taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12101|DBpia author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12102|‎Mod DB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12103|‎GameBrew ID]], [[:d:Property:P12104|Royal Irish Academy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12106|‎RKDexcerpts ID]], [[:d:Property:P12107|ELSST Thesaurus ID (Version 4 - 2023)]], [[:d:Property:P12108|JLPSA player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12109|‎Catenae Catalogue ID]], [[:d:Property:P12111|‎IGI Global author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12112|‎Pandit Project work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12113|Vascular Plants of Iowa species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12114|Flora of New Jersey Project atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12115|‎GNU Savannah project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12116|‎Rahlfs number]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/used by practitioners of|used by practitioners of]] (<nowiki>item used by a practitioner of another item</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plant Illustrations taxon ID|Plant Illustrations taxon ID]] (<nowiki>URL for a taxon on the Plant Illustrations website</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Art Platform Japan ID|Art Platform Japan ID]] (<nowiki>identifier in {{Q|123139107}} (Japanese & English)</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code|IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flickr Photo ID|Flickr Photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/North Rhine-Westphalian school ID|North Rhine-Westphalian school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'un membre de l'Académie de Stanislas|identifiant d'un membre de l'Académie de Stanislas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bantumen Powerlist 100|Bantumen Powerlist 100]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Repairs|identifiant Repairs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legends Tour ID|Legends Tour ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Paradise song ID|Radio Paradise song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID|Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cycling Archives race ID|Cycling Archives race ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gale ACID|Gale ACID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID osoby Medvik|ID osoby Medvik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HBL topic ID|HBL topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Humanities Center Fellow ID|National Humanities Center Fellow ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7p8c Birthplace of recipients of the Nazi Germany Iron Cross] *** [https://w.wiki/4tJ3 Burial place of Swedish Prime Ministers] *** [https://w.wiki/7pGw List of cathedrals around the world with its height] ([https://twitter.com/jmcollado/status/1714353277083463979 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7jeC Population of Check villages with rivers flowing through them] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1712053220510437379 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7skK Ships with multiple operators that do not have multiple official names] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Ships_with_multiple_operators_that_do_not_have_multiple_official_names|source]]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Photography in Finland|WikiProject Photography in Finland]] - a project for photography in Finland, including photographers, studios and other related items *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Celtic Music|WikiProject Celtic Music]] - a project for collecting Celtic tunes * '''Development''' ** We are preparing for WikidataCon and the Data Modelling Days. ** We are looking more into where Wikibase needs to be adapted to the upcoming IP Masking changes. ** We added a notification about the license to all edits to labels, descriptions and aliases that was missing still ([[phab:T343998]]) The same for Lexemes is coming next ([[phab:T343999]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 23|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)]] 16:07, 23 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25757700 --> == Welcome to the 600th Wikidata Weekly Summary! == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Welcome to the 600th Weekly Summary!''' [[d:user:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia]] initiated the weekly newsletter at the start of the Wikidata project, before it even went live, to keep the community in the loop about the developments, the new projects and tools. [[d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Léa]] carried on the newsletter in 2016 and then it was my turn in 2020. The newsletter has been going strong for eleven years, with its content powered by the community, and delivered every week without fail. Thank you to everyone who helped fill in the different sections of the Weekly Summary thus far ❤️ --[[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed]] * Item #600 [[d:Q600|Ichiro Suzuki]]; Property #600 is [[d:Property:P600|Wine AppDB ID]]; and Lexeme #600 is the Japanese conjugation [[d:Lexeme:L600|だから]] ** 600 in the multiverse: as [[d:Q25586|a year]] ([[d:Q246827|another year]]), [[d:Q257138|a number]], [[d:Q257138|a category]], [[d:Q10676739|a track gauge]], [[d:Q699843|a jet]], [[d:Q114661|an asteroid]], [[d:Q1104915|an auto race]], [[d:Q29707956|a genetic element]], [[d:Q6643615|a death]], [[d:Q6282893|a birth]], [[d:Q23136778|a TV serie]], [[d:Q1125433|a car]], [[d:Q1037609|a galaxy]], [[d:Q2817913|a sport discipline]], [[d:Q1590725|a radio telescope]], [[d:Q17861788|an engine]], [[d:Q3135031|a polygon]], [[d:Q18811585|a film]], [[d:Q137069|a GPU]], [[d:Q1050797|a photolithography]], [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?go=Go&search=600&search=600&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1&ns120=1 and many more…] * [https://w.wiki/7xRc Timeline of places when they had a population of exactly 600] * [https://w.wiki/7xUE Map of things at an altitude of 600 m] * [https://w.wiki/7xU5 List of items with an external ID equal to 600] ** Wikidata was 600 days old on [[d:Q17932511|Wednesday 11 June 2014]]. It will be 600 weeks old on [[d:Q69308365|Monday 9 August 2027]] * '''WikidataCon happened over the weekend''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh_Birthday/Messages#Birthday_wishes|Birthday wishes from the community]], and a special note from the Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland below: {{quote|Today it is time to celebrate Wikidata’s 11th birthday. Let’s take a look back at the past year and what’s coming. [[File:Wikidata-map-2023-06-26-items-intensity-100.png|thumb|Wikidata’s world - map of Wikidata Items with a geocoordinate]] There are now over 12.200 amazing people who are actively editing on Wikidata - 3000 of them even making more than 100 edits a month ♥️ Thank you! Without you Wikidata wouldn’t be what it is today. Thank you for helping give more people more access to more knowledge every single day. This year also marks the year we can welcome a new sister to the Wikimedia projects: Wikifunctions is live, letting us all geek out on functions in anticipation of Abstract Wikipedia. Another big milestone was Wikibase Cloud coming out of private beta. Now you can more easily run your own Wikibase and collect and maintain data that doesn’t fit into Wikidata. 2023 was also the year when the efforts of Wikidata editors were recognized across the Wikimedia movement with the awarding of the Wikimedian of the Year award to Taufik Rosman and the Wikimedia Laureate award to Siobhan Leachman. Over the coming year I want us to find ways how we can bring more people, who are already editing a bit here and there, closer to the community and help them find their place in our community. If you are one of them and have not found your place yet, check out a WikiProject related to your interests. Wikidata has something for everyone 😉 Wikidata now has over 106 Million Items and nearly 1.2 Million Lexemes. We are closing in on 2 Billion edits, making about 20 Million edits per month. All this content is used to create useful, quirky, educational or just fun applications that wouldn’t be possible without Wikidata and all the work you put into it. Check out Notable People for example. Over the coming year we want to make that even easier by building better APIs, lessening the strain on the Query Service, doing more outreach to developers as well as making our data more usable by ironing out ontology issues. In addition there will be increased focus on improving how the other Wikimedia projects integrate Wikidata. With the opening up of Wikibase Cloud we will hopefully also see many new Wikibases pop up that cover more specialized data or be used as playgrounds to prepare data for Wikidata. I am looking forward to a growing Wikibase Ecosystem and excited about more Linked Open Data becoming available to the world, with Wikidata being an entryway to it all. And last but not least: if you want to learn a bit more about the history and backstory of Wikidata, then you might like Wikidata: The Making Of by Denny, Markus and me. Lydia for the development team}} * Documentation of [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon2023/schedule/ the sessions] is currently ongoing with the slides getting [[:c:Category:WikidataCon 2023 presentations|uploaded on Wikimedia Commons here]]. The Livestream and replay of the conference per day are already available [https://www.youtube.com/@wikidatataiwan9726/streams on YouTube]. The individual sections are [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPB3E7aMGVY43bEX71CivKX here]. * List of presents gathered by the community for Wikidata's eleventh birthday ** '''[https://luthor.toolforge.org/ Luthor]''' is a multi-lingual tool for adding '''usage examples''' to lexemes on Wikidata, from sentences found on '''Wikisource''' in the same language. (by [[User:Ijon|Asaf Bartov]]) ** '''[https://sangkalak.toolforge.org/ সংকলক]''' একটি সরঞ্জাম যেটা দিয়ে উইকিসংকলনের লেখাগুলির উইকিউপাত্ত আইটেম অনুসারে সে লেখাগুলিকে উন্নত ভাবে অনুসন্ধান করা যায়। - Sangkalak is a tool with which Wikisource works can be searched more readily, using the Wikidata items for those works. (present from Mahir256) (by [[d:User:Mahir256|মাহির২৫৬-এর]] উপহার) ** [[:File:Wikidata 11th Birthday Card.jpg|File:Wikidata 11th Birthday Card.jpg]] (by [[d:User:Almaddy2022|Almaddy2022]]) ** '''[https://qop.toolforge.org Quonter Vandal]''' - is a tool powered by AI to help identify vandalism to Wikidata. For more details and to leave comments see [[Wikidata:Quonter_Vandal]]. Developed by [[User:BrokenSegue|BrokenSegue]] ([[User talk:BrokenSegue|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ** Creating new Lexemes? For a lot more languages you now no longer need to provide a spelling variant when creating a new Lexeme, making it even easier to contribute data about words in your language. (present from the development team) ** The Mismatch Finder, the tool to help review mismatches between Wikidata and other data sources now also has support for mismatches on qualifiers. This allows it to be useful also for issues that are in the data in qualifiers. (present from the development team) ** [[Wikidata:Tools/inteGraality|inteGraality]] service pack update from [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric]] *** support for grouping by predicates, particularly useful for Lexemes ([[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Lexemes 3|example by <code>wikibase:lexicalCategory</code>]], [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Lexemes 4|example by <code>dct:language</code>]]) ; [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Badges|other example by badge]] *** new column type: sitelinks ([[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Video games sitelinks by country or origin|example 1]], [[d:User:Jean-Frédéric/Integraality/Video_games_sitelinks_by_platform|example 2]]) *** Automatic support for grouping by datetime properties ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Music/Statistics/Albums by year|example]]) ** [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata Lexeme Forms|Wikidata Lexeme Forms]] experimental Wikifunctions support (details TBA) --[[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas Werkmeister]] ([[d:User talk:Lucas Werkmeister|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) ** The projects WiseWoman briefly presented of students editing obscure corners of Wikidata are on her [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:WiseWoman Wikidata user page]. ** Birthday Presents from Data Engineering and Semantics Research Unit (by [[d:User:Csisc|Houcemeddine Turki]]): *** [https://www.youtube.com/live/-LdIz8ncCpw MedCYN] as an intuitive web tool for Wikidata-based clinical decision support. *** [https://www.youtube.com/live/hgikdP8Fuaw MeSH2Wikidata] as an approach for validating and classifying biomedical relations in Wikidata based on MeSH Keywords of PubMed scholarly publications. * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: Welcome to our new admin, [[d:User:Hjart|Hjart]]! ([[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Hjart|see the closed request]]) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot|DifoolBot]] (Task: Update pages containing an [[:d:Property:P2915|ECARTICO person ID (P2915)]] statement, currently 5709 pages) *** [[:d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MsynBot 13|MsynBot 13]] (Task: Remove unnecessary use of ''preferred rank'') * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call October 31, 2023: We will hear from Darnelle Melvin, Cory Lampert, and Andre Hulet, University of Nevada-Las Vegas Libraries, on WireframeVG: A Search and Discovery Application for Wikidata Projects. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/19ALvaZdMeESOwO92yL3jsnn78xYcmcmK0mCFmo4eSs0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** Ongoing: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/Wikidata_Eleventh_Birthday|WikiProject India/Events/Wikidata Eleventh Birthday online Datathon]], Oct 26 - Nov 5th 2023 *** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=115 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #115: Orchestra] (Challenge started on 2023-10-30 12:01:26) ** Past: [[d:Wikidata:Eleventh_Birthday/Events|Wikidata Eleventh Birthday Distributed events]] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/10/23/from-mesh-keywords-to-biomedical-knowledge-in-wikidata-the-giant-move/ From MeSH Keywords to Biomedical Knowledge in Wikidata: The giant move] *** [https://labs.acmi.net.au/linking-acmi-wikidata-aa33dd6fd58b Linking ACMI & Wikidata], by Paul Duchesne *** [https://wikiworks.com/enhanced-wikibase.html Enhanced Wikibase], by Wikiworks MediaWiki consulting *** [[:w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2023-10-23/News_from_Diff|Sawtpedia: Giving a Voice to Wikipedia Using QR Codes]], by [[d:User:Yamen|Yamen]] *** [[:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2023/Contents/Italy report|10,000 institutions on the Wikimedia projects]], By Dario Crespi (WMIT) & Ilaria Diterlizzi (WMIT) *** [https://orissadiary.com/the-11th-birthday-of-wikidata-was-celebrated-in-bhubaneswar-by-the-odia-wikimedians-user-group/ The 11th Birthday of Wikidata was celebrated in Bhubaneswar by the Odia Wikimedians User Group] ** Papers *** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.16296.pdf Relevant Entity Selection: Knowledge Graph Bootstrapping via Zero-Shot Analogical Pruning] (Jarnac et al) ** Press *** [https://orissadiary.com/the-11th-birthday-of-wikidata-was-celebrated-in-bhubaneswar-by-the-odia-wikimedians-user-group/ The 11th Birthday Of Wikidata Was Celebrated In Bhubaneswar By The Odia Wikimedians User Group] via OrissaDiary.com *** [https://t3n.de/news/finde-den-bekanntesten-menschen-deiner-stadt-dank-interaktiver-karte-1489087/ Find the most famous person in your city using this interactive map] (in German) by Kay Nordenbrock via t3n.de ("The database contains data on people from 3,500 BC to 2018 AD. It consists largely of data from Wikipedia and Wikidata.") ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR5t0GptAFI How cultural institutions use Wikidata] (How cultural heritage institutions sharing their collection data, including implementing Wikidata projects, batch uploading datasets to Wikidata, and how to share successes to a broader audience) - Jackie Rubashkin, Metadata Technician, Barack Obama Presidential Library; Michelle van Lanschot, Project Coordinator at Wikimedia-Netherlands; William Blueher, Associate Museum Librarian at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Will Kent, Wiki Education *** (in Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Go9j0vIUtmc Wikidata基礎編輯教學] (Wikidata basic editor) - Conference for Open Source Coders, Users & Promoters (COSCUP) 2023 *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vb0WFKHWB1Y How can we utilize Wikidata to protect Puyuma, an endangered language] - Yucheng Lin (COSCUP 2023) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53ds8AyuUOI Wikidata merge-gadget] (in Swedish) by Magnus Sälgö *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WPs91QvxZA Wikidata Live editing session - NASA, inteGraality, dates and qualifiers] (in French) by Nicolas VIGNERON *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGMj8j6t8BE Pairing SBN with Wikidata via WikiLinker] (in Portuguese) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz-lZZQMEz4 Introduction to Wikibase Cloud] (in Italian) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:User:Magnus Manske/author sort.js|User:Magnus Manske/author sort.js]] is a user script to automatically sort the authors of a paper in the order they appear on the paper, ie. by sorting [[d:property:P50|author (P50)]] and [[d:property:P2093|author name string (P2093)]] statements by [[d:property:P1545|series ordinal (P1545)]]. Example: [[d:Q28209168|One Hundred and Seventeen Clades of Euagarics (Q28209168)]]. ** [https://tjukanovt.github.io/notable-people Notable People] is a map project by [https://twitter.com/tjukanov/status/1552622792708874240 Topi Tjukanov] that showing birthplaces of the most "notable people" around the world. It uses the combined data of Wikipedia and Wikidata from the paper's "[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01369-4 a cross-verified database of notable people, 3500 BC-2018 AD]" by Morgane Laouenan, Palaash Bhargava, Jean-Benoît Eyméoud, Olivier Gergaud, Guillaume Plique & Etienne Wasmer. The data shows only one person for each unique geographic location with the highest notability rank. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/XAYTWBPD24H3H4VZMNVQAICOZ6FRLIM3/ The Wikimedia Affiliations Committee (AffCom), Ombuds commission (OC), and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for new members]. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SLFAWPKCJI3QCAYW43O6QEVGK7SJAMBQ/ Wikimedia Research Fund Update update]. ''"You can apply for research funds (USD 2K-50K) until December 15, 2023. While all research proposals related to Wikimedia projects are welcome, we particularly encourage research studies on medium to small size languages and communities, as well as in low resourced languages and projects."'' ** [[m:WD4WMP|The Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is investigating the different ways Wikidata is used in the sister projects. We would like to speak with you about your experiences integrating or connecting Wikidata, if you'd like to tell us, please sign up for an interview on our project page or on our [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration Form]. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12117|Illinois State Parks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12118|Minnesota State Forests ID]], [[:d:Property:P12119|Minnesota State Parks and Recreation Areas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12120|‎Flickr photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12121|‎IBP 6-letter bird species alpha code]], [[:d:Property:P12122|ManyVids ID]], [[:d:Property:P12123|‎North Rhine-Westphalian school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12124|Repairs ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nixpkgs path|nixpkgs path]] (<nowiki>other operating systems have their package manages as id properties</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Online ID|Cultural Heritage Online ID]] (<nowiki>identifier for heritage assets and related institutions on Cultural Heritage Online</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID|Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald network site ID|Emerald network site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playdate Catalog ID|Playdate Catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rowing Canada ID|Rowing Canada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Paradise song ID|Radio Paradise song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID|Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/old-games id|old-games id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheTVDB movie ID|TheTVDB movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indiana Plant Atlas ID|Indiana Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cagb manuscript ID|cagb manuscript ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/la Repubblica TV series ID|la Repubblica TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filmweb ID|Filmweb ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monasticon Hibernicum database ID|Monasticon Hibernicum database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gale document ID|Gale document ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Manuscripts/Dashboard|Property completeness dashboard for manuscripts]] *** [https://w.wiki/7wSg Map of narrative locations of romantic comedies] ([https://mastodon.world/@mlpoulter/111318731640496853 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7q$L Tunisian scientists are cited by Nobel Prize winners] ([https://twitter.com/Csisc1994/status/1715408704298770586 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7pGw Which cathedrals are the tallest in the world?] ([https://twitter.com/jmcollado/status/1714353277083463979 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Source Reliability|Wikidata:WikiProject Source Reliability]] - an project to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources *** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject Academic Publisher|Wikidata:WikiProject Academic Publisher]] - a project to display open access shares (among others based on publishers) at the Austrian Datahub for Open Access Negotiations and Monitoring * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on making it possible to remove a description in a given language from an Item, modify the label of an Item and add aliases to an Item ([[phab:T342986]], [[phab:T342980]], [[phab:T335842]]) ** Lexicographical data: We switched the Property that is used to pre-select the spelling variant on the Special:NewLexeme page from P218 (ISO 639-1 code) to P305 (IETF language tag) to make use of the latter’s larger coverage. ([[phab:T348923]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are continuing to work on addressing the feedback from the testing of the new datatype in the test system. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 10 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:04, 30 ඔක්තෝබර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25804906 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #601 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AramBot|AramBot]] (Task: adding site links, especially from ckbwiki and kuwiki pages to Wikidata). * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Past: [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Search Platform / Query Service Team office hour log — November 1, 2023] ** This Week: *** [https://brownlibrary.lwcal.com/#!view/event/slug/1293-wikidata-for-digital-humanities Wikidata for Digital Humanities] workshop hosted by Brown University Library, Nov. 6th 19:00 - 20:00 CEST. *** [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/lets-connect-learning-clinic-wikidata-for-wiki-loves-monuments-series-3/3586 Wiki Loves Monuments: Learning Clinic #3] hosted by WM Sweden in partnership with WM Uganda, Nov. 9th ** Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2. You can [[d:Wikidata talk:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|propose a session]] until November 19. If you are running another event or meetup and would like to connect it to the Data Modelling Days, you can add it to the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Satellite_events|satellite events section]]. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/02/wikidata-arabic-community/ Wikidata Arabic Community]. *** [https://towardsdatascience.com/ultra-foundation-models-for-knowledge-graph-reasoning-9f8f4a0d7f09 ULTRA: Foundation Models for Knowledge Graph Reasoning]. ** Papers *** [https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/ PhiloBiblon: From Siloed Databases to Linked Open Data via Wikibase: Proof of Concept] A White Paper released from Charles Faulhaber *** [https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/using-pregel-to-create-knowledge-graphs-subsets-described-by-non/26242354 Using Pregel to Create Knowledge Graphs Subsets Described by Non-recursive Shape Expressions] by Á. Préstamo & J. Gayo *** [https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/knowledge-graphs-and-semantic-web/26242350 Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Web] is a collection of preceedings from the 5th Iberoamerican Conference and 4th Indo-American Conference, KGSWC 2023, Nov. 13–15. By F. Ortiz-Rodriguez, B. Villazón-Terrazas, S. Tiwari & C. Bobed. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkAwDVvJKMs OpenHPI Querying Wikidata with SPARQL] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7kRL40PLPo OpenHPI Wikidata as a Knowledge Graph] *** [https://www.youtube.com/shorts/WCLmIPdR5rA Wikidata 11th Birthday Celebrations](YouTube shorts) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ua4IXcyzRrA are celebrated by the Community] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmY5t_DaUKk Live Editing with Wikidata in Italiano] (Italian) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yz-lZZQMEz4 Intro to Wikibase Cloud] (Italian) * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/subclass-of subclass of], new Observable tool to test which item is a subclass of another. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZDHNJCVBE4XLEEZULCGF3B3Z55UELW34/ SMWCon 2023 Call for Contributions] on the topic 'MediaWiki in the age of AI' ** The [https://iw.toolforge.org/lexeme-forms Wikidata Lexeme Forms] tool was upgraded to autogenerate the different forms of a regular word with functions from [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata_Lexeme_Forms|Wikifunctions]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12125|‎Playdate Catalog ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/linguistic family of place name|linguistic family of place name]] (<nowiki>Relates directly a placename to its original language family. It's not the language in which the toponym is written, but the language from which the word (place name) comes from.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/according to|according to]] (<nowiki>to be used together with P248 if the statement is taken from an aggregator rather than directly from the source</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/counterexample|counterexample]] (<nowiki>qualifier for deprecated P279 statements; example instance or subclass of the item class for which a "subclass of" statement does not hold (alias: "item belonging to the subject class but not the value class")</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Book ordinal in a publication series|Book ordinal in a publication series]] (<nowiki>This property describes the order of the book within a book series.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comitato Italiano Paralimpico ID|Comitato Italiano Paralimpico ID]] (<nowiki>Athlete ID in the Italian Paralympi Committee website (comitatoparalimpico.it)</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tax base|tax base]] (<nowiki>This property describes the calculation basis for the item of Taxation.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tax objects|tax objects]] (<nowiki>This property describes certain objects, acts, or other facts that are the basis for calculating taxes.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxpayer|taxpayer]] (<nowiki>This property describes someone who owes money.</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pallaalcentro player ID|Pallaalcentro player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Propylaeum-VITAE id|Propylaeum-VITAE id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID|Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexandria.dk person|Alexandria.dk person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant One Earth d'une écorégion|Identifiant One Earth d'une écorégion]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CECC Political Prisoner ID|CECC Political Prisoner ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/shukach.com ID|shukach.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Carte d'autore online ID|Carte d'autore online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fondazione Fiera ID|Fondazione Fiera ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Sole 24 Ore cinema IDs|Il Sole 24 Ore cinema IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dongqiudi.com team ID|Dongqiudi.com team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviepilot.de person ID|Moviepilot.de person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IDVT|IDVT]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National-Football-Teams.com national team ID|National-Football-Teams.com national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kicker team ID|Kicker team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FilmAffinity person ID|FilmAffinity person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7yv$ List of phobias in French] *** [https://w.wiki/84Di Interviewees who were part of the Suffragette Movement] and *** [https://w.wiki/84DU Interviewees who had a relative or friend in the Suffragette Movement] as part of the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LSESuffrageInterviewsProject|LSE Suffrage Interviews Project]] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Source_Reliability|Source Reliability]] "is an effort to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources". * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We have implemented the endpoints for ''PATCH /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases'' ([[phab:T337371]]), ''PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id}/aliases'' ([[phab:T342982]]) and ''PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id}/labels'' ([[phab:T342980]]) *** We started working on the new endpoints for ''POST /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases/{language_code}'' ([[phab:T335842]]) and ''DELETE /entities/items/{item_id}/descriptions/{lang_code}'' ([[phab:T342986]]) ** Language codes: *** We made Special:NewLexeme more likely to guess the spelling variant for you by changing the Property we use to get the language code. Now you will see the spelling variant input pop up less often. ([[phab:T349652]]) *** We started work towards allowing many more languages by default for Wikibase Lexeme and monolingual text statements. This will remove the need for a lot of requests for new language codes to be added. ([[phab:T341409]]) ** Query Service UI: We’ve fixed a small issue in the Query Service UI that was introduced when updating CSS variables. Content of selected cells in the query result should be readable again. ([[phab:T350153]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new data type for linking to EntitySchemas, working on overcoming architectural issues. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 06|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:52, 6 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25812993 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #602 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/S8321414|S8321414]] (RfP scheduled to end after 13 November 2023 14:50 UTC) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_2|DiFoolBot 2]] (Task: import VIAF ID based on Union List of Artist Names ID) *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KizuleBot|KizuleBot]] (Task: Adding sitelinks to Serbian Wikipedia for maintenance categories (see contributions of account) based on items for English Wikipedia's ones) *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/KormiSKbot|KormiSKbot]] (Task: Linking newly created pages on [[:sk:Hlavná stránka|SKWiki]] to the appropriate Wikidata items.) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call November 14, 2023: We will hear from Diego Saez-Trumper on Wikidata Revert Risk and Annotool. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iIYs1U-6gDfAJeoKKwO-D1hhsEu0ccTXnetl4cq8qLY/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [[d:Wikidata:Concurso_Latinoam%C3%A9rica_en_Wikidata_2023|Latin America in Wikidata Challenge]] (Spanish) < Nov. 14 - Dec. 14. Play the game and help highlight the region hosting the GLAM Wiki conference! (Prizes available). *** [[m:Event:Editat%C3%B3n_Mujeres_en_las_ciencias|Edit-a-thon "Women in sciences"]] < 17 Nov. 12:00 - 18 Nov. 03:00 (UTC). A live edit-a-thon to improve the quality and variety of articles of women who have won the prestigious L'Oréal-UNESCO National Award "For Women in Science". (Prizes available). *** [[mw:Wikimedia Language engineering/Community meetings|Language community meetings]]: A new initiative by WMF language team to organize quarterly gatherings to encourage collaboration among individuals and communities interested in language-related technical topics. First meeting: Friday, November 17, 2023, 16:00 to 17:00 (UTC) *** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program|Glam Wiki Program]] - 16 - 18 November, Montevideo, Uruguay. Want to attend in person? - [https://wikimedistasuy.limesurvey.net/583765 Register here]. Wikidata Related Sessions: **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikidata_for_cultural_heritage|Wikidata For Cultural Heritage]] **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/WADE:_A_tool_for_adding_depiction_information_to_artworks_on_Wikidata|WADE: Add artwork depiction information on Wikidata]] **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Workshopping_Metadata_Interoperability_for_Small_Museums|Workshopping Metadata Interoperability for Small Museums]] **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikisource_and_Wikidata:_when_two_cool_kids_play_together!|Wikisource and Wikidata: when two cool kids play together!]] **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Using_Wikidata_integration_on_the_Wikimedia_projects_to_enhance_GLAM-WIKI_content_sharing|Using Wikidata integration on the Wikimedia projects to enhance GLAM-WIKI content sharing]] **** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023/Program/Wikidata_%2B_Education_%2B_Heritage|Wikidata + Education + Heritage]] ** Ongoing: *** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=117 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #117: School] (Challenge started on 2023-11-13 12:01:25). Did you participate in last week's Challenge #116 : [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=116 Storm]? *** Knowledge Graphs - Foundations and Applications course by Prof. Dr. Harald Sack. October 11, 2023 - November 21, 2023. Enrol [https://open.hpi.de/courses/knowledgegraphs2023 here] if you have not done so yet. ** Past: [http://institutions.ville-geneve.ch/fr/bge/actualites/actualites/agenda/tous-les-evenements-de-la-bibliotheque/wikiwitch-cartographier-les-sorcieres-de-suisse-et-dailleurs/ WikiWitch: mapping witches from Switzerland and elsewhere] Nov. 4th * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs ***[https://pointstodots.wordpress.com/2023/11/01/investigating-the-formatter-uri-for-rdf-resource-p1921-property-and-its-uses-in-the-wikidata-infrastructure/ Investigating the “formatter URI for RDF resource” (P1921) property and its uses in the Wikidata infrastructure] <-- It discusses how this property enables unique identification of resources, its usage in federated queries, and its role in the Wikidata Query Service. *** [https://www.tio.ch/svizzera/attualita/1709525/svizzera-vittime-state-caccia-streghe-donne-uccise-monumento-perseguitate-2mila Switzerland Witch hunt: over 2,000 victims, but no monument] (Italian) WikiWitches project is using Wikidata to track execution sites of persecuted persons. Read about the project [https://sanspages.org/2021/08/05/ here]. *** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Colombia report|Open Access Week and Wikidata; Opening Culture and Heritage training]] (Colombia GLAM report) <-- details the Open Access Week and Wikidata event in Colombia, which included discussions on the use of Wikidata for academic journals and the use of Wikidata for open science. *** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2023/Contents/Sweden report|Wikipedia for all of Sweden; Museums and Wikidata – why and how?; Photo memories from Stockholm and Rome; Negotiating Knowledge on Wikipedia]] (Sweden GLAM report) <-- discusses the “Wikipedia for all of Sweden” project, which includes the use of Wikidata for authority control in museums. *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/01/wikiwitches-giving-back-a-soul-to-the-victims-of-the-witch-hunt/ Wikiwitches: giving back a soul to the victims of the witch-hunt] <-- The Wikiwitches project, initiated by the association Les sans pagEs in collaboration with Wikimedia CH, aims to map the victims of witch-hunts on Wikidata. *** [https://blog.metabrainz.org/2023/11/06/gsoc-23-automating-area-management-in-musicbrainz/ GSOC ‘23: Automating Area Management in MusicBrainz] <-- Prathamesh, in their Google Summer of Code project, developed a data pipeline to automate the synchronization of area metadata between MusicBrainz and Wikidata. ** Papers *** [https://journals.uio.no/dhnbpub/article/view/10665 Wikidata for authority control: sharing museum knowledge with the world] <-- The project “Usable Authorities for Data-driven Cultural Heritage Research” aims to link museum authority data to Wikidata, enhancing the visibility, accessibility, and relevance of information across different museum collections, and encouraging cultural heritage institutions in Sweden to contribute to and utilize the Wikimedia platforms. *** The 4th Wikidata Workshop for the scientific Wikidata community happened on 07 November 2023. You can find a full list of presented papers [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWp9Yi4v87c here] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWp9Yi4v87c Connecting Entomological Collectors ECN2023] <-- A presentation for the Entomological Collections Network 2023 conference by Siobhan Leachman, this presentation explains how Wikidata can be used to create an identifier for entomological collectors, empowering the collation & linking of biographical data as well as the ability to link to other databases & catalogs relating to those collectors. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfTA7AhgWBA Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments w/ Content Partnerships Hub Wikimedia Sweden & Wikimedia Uganda] <-- The Learning Series offers practical guidance on using Wikidata for Wiki Loves campaigns, with hands-on experience and follow-up mentoring. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1y4cVKKXspA Wikidata projects in Wikimedia Spain] <-- part of the online sessions organized by Wikimedia España to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Wikidata. In this session, Ángel Obregón, a member of Wikimedia España, presents some of the projects driven by Wikidata by the members of WMES. ** Notebooks: *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/subclass-of Subclass of...] <-- Wikidata's ontology is complex. This tool aims at finding if an item is a subclass of another one. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/632d9e0eccea271d The Wednesday Index] <-- A longitudinal analysis of gender diversity in Wikipedia articles. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://openflights.org/ OpenFlights.org] is now getting some of its airline data from Wikidata. It is a free open-source tool that allows you to log, map, calculate, and share your flights and trips. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/I34X4BR52DFEUHB6TX22TKLM72XJVFOQ/ Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.39.5 – minor changes] (security release compatible with MediaWiki 1.39.5) ** * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12132|stated in source according to]] (<nowiki>to be used together with P248 if the statement is taken from an aggregator rather than directly from the source</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12126|HBL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12127|Art Platform Japan ID]], [[:d:Property:P12128|Archivio storico artisti lucchesi ID]], [[:d:Property:P12129|Encyklopedia Teatru Polskiego author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12130|Aves de Chile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12131|cagb manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P12133|Italian Paralympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Property:P12134|‎old-games.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P12135|Carte d'autore online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12136|Indiana Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12137|Linked Open Data Comune Firenze ID]], [[:d:Property:P12138|Tennessee-Kentucky Plant Atlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12139|Il Sole 24 Ore movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12140|Il Sole 24 Ore person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Official wiki URL|Official wiki URL]] (<nowiki>URL to the official wiki for the item</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/maternal mortality ratio|maternal mortality ratio]] (<nowiki>number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaming Wiki Network article ID|Gaming Wiki Network article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playdate community wiki ID|Playdate community wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BNE periodical SID|BNE periodical SID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vesti.kz team ID|vesti.kz team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EIDR parties (Entertainment Identity Registry)|EIDR parties (Entertainment Identity Registry)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Art Gallery of Ontario object ID|Art Gallery of Ontario object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GeoLOD ID|GeoLOD ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spectrum Computing|Spectrum Computing]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID|Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID|Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/84Hp Map of every recorded battle the past 4,500 years] ([https://twitter.com/MahmoudAlyosify/status/1721524460228935865 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7yDL Map of locations of witch memorials and sites of interest in Scotland] ([https://twitter.com/emcandre/status/1719132942809587905 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA|WikiProject IDEA]] - This Wikiproject serves as a working group and process documentation archive for the International (Digital) Dura-Europos Archive (IDEA), a project generously funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and in development at Bard College and Yale University. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Interwiki|WikiProject Interwiki]] - The goal of this project is linking Wikidata items with wiki articles outside of the Wikimedia ecosystem. Niche wikis frequently offer more in-depth content compared to general online dictionary articles, although their quality can vary significantly. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject SrpKor|WikiProject SrpKor]] - The main aim of this project is building Wikidata entities for the novels from SrpKor: Corpus of the contemporary Serbian language. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Manors|WikiProject Manors]] - Collecting data about [[d:Q879050|manor house (Q879050)]] as part of [[d:Q2066754|manor (Q2066754)]] or [[d:Q2116450|manor estate (Q2116450)]] as part of the [[d:Q117756751|Research Centre for manors in the baltic sea region (Q117756751)]]. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Echinodermata|WikiProject Echinodermata]] - A repository for information pertaining to the NSF Grant Echinoderm Project. * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: We continued working on the new endpoints for ''POST /entities/items/{item_id}/aliases/{language_code}'' ([[phab:T335842]]) and ''DELETE /entities/items/{item_id}/descriptions/{lang_code}'' ([[phab:T342986]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new data type for linking to EntitySchemas, working on overcoming architectural issues. ** Language codes: We continued work towards allowing many more languages by default for Wikibase Lexeme and monolingual text statements. This will remove the need for a lot of requests for new language codes to be added. ([[phab:T341409]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 13|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Sadat (WMDE)|Mohammed Sadat(WMDE)]] 14:53, 13 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25846708 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #603 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: Congratulations to our new Admin! [[d:User:S8321414|S8321414]] - ([[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/S8321414|See the closed request]]) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KormiSKbot|KormiSKbot]] - (Task: Linking newly created pages on [[:sk:Wikipedia|Slovak Wikipedia]] to the appropriate Wikidata items) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], from November 30th to December 2nd: 3 days of online events to address data modelling challenges, discuss how to improve the way we structure data together, and discover the point of view of external reusers. Feel free to [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|have a look at the program]] (under construction) and to [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023/Participants|sign up as a participant]]. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxEJE-LiQuc&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Lab XXXIX: Structuring the Wikimedia Ecosystem] presented by Wiki Movimento Brasil. November 21 at 2:00 PM CEST. The presentation will be held in English by the wikimedian Mike Peel. *** Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour November 20th, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to. The seventh Wikidata Working Hour will cover the Author Disambiguator tool, which helps users assign authors to articles.During the session we will demonstrate how to use the tool on an author who was created during a previous working hour, and another who doesn't exist in Wikidata yet. After the demonstration, participants are encouraged to try the tool themselves during the rest of the working hour. This session will build on the work done in previous Working Hours by connecting authors to the articles they have written. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-November-20_Wikidata_Working_Hour event page] *** [[:de:w:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/tips_%26_tools|Wikibase for art and cultural data]] (German) - #9 of kuwiki tips & tools, taking place Thursday, 23 November 2023, 19-20.30 ** Ongoing: *** [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=118 Weekly Lexeme Challenge #118: Diseases] (Challenge started on 2023-11-20 12:01:41) ** Past: *** [[m:ItWikiCon/2023|ItWikiCon '23]] (Italian) was hosted in Bari, Italy between the 17th - 19th November. Check the [[m:ItWikiCon/2023/Programma|Programme]] for details on sessions and check for recordings or slidedecks of presentations. *** [[m:GLAM_Wiki_2023|GLAM Wiki 2023]] took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. There were several Wikidata-related sessions some of which are linked in the Videos section. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1007836 New study shows how authors’ personal circumstances influence the depiction of nature in their works] ** Papers *** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/can-you-trust-wikidata-1 Can you trust Wikidata?] - is a paper exploring Wikidata's veracity and trustability for providing values to Knowledge Graphs. Written by V. Santos et al. ** Videos *** Wikidata for Cultural Heritage, available in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lNvUmArXgA Spanish], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gohj12__Wo0 Portugese], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K337fNxiOvw English] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNZ5VkkAuPw Find-A-Grave] of Swedish politicians in Magnus Sälgö's exploration of Wikidata, OpenRefine, SPARQL and Svenskagravar (Swedish). *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faeXRNSh_0Q&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Live Editing #111] with the Wikipedia Weekly Network, hosted by [[User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfTA7AhgWBA Wikidata for Wiki Loves Monuments w/ Content Partnerships] presented by Hub Wikimedia Sweden & Wikimedia Uganda. Get essential Wikidata-editing skills for Listeria, OpenRefine, run queries and structured data on Commons. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbz_ANgtD8k How to upload collections to Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata using Open Refine] (in Portuguese). Training on uploading collections to Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata using Open Refine. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yqm0J1UrULQ Cohort 2 Graduation: AfLIA Wikidata Online Course]. The session includes exciting testimonials from participants and goodwill messages. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NEsk5iWTwQ Enhancing Factuality in Large Language Models with Wikidata's 12B Facts]. This HackerNews video discusses a paper that explores the use of Wikidata, which contains over 12 billion facts, to improve the factuality of large language models (LLMs) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1tBIOVdOWk Back to basics and #SPARQL #Wikidata] (in French). Using Wikidata SPARQL query by VIGNERON *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lNvUmArXgA Wikidata for cultural heritage (ES) - GLAM Wiki Conference] ** Presentations: [https://elemwala.toolforge.org/static/wcna2023/wcna2023.html "Wikidata Lexemes: Introduction to the Possibilities" - workshop on at WikiConference North America], by [[d:User:Mahir256|User:Mahir256]] ** Notebooks: *** [https://observablehq.com/d/6086664e20f8c4cd The End of an Era] - A study on the major deaths that have occurred in our generation and the people that were left behind. (1997-2012) *** [https://observablehq.com/d/5501fe52e156508e Relationship Between Senators and Political Parties] - A sample network graph that depicts the political parties of Senators. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/7ec76ff6cf531e70 Family Network of Female Horse] - A sample network graph that depicts the relationships of female horses. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/e0d2119c438156de Poets and the Monarchs they were appointed by] *** [https://observablehq.com/d/db18c33354921fac Metro stations of The Metropolitan line (Q19891) of the London Underground Metro System] - A sample network graph that depicts the stops and adjacent stops of metro stations of the London Underground's Metropolitan line. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/user-level-gender-statistics-for-wikipedia User-level gender statistics for Wikipedia] - a tool that computes the number of articles created by gender has been repaired after some months of unavailability. It relies on xtools and P21 property. ** [https://luthor.toolforge.org Luthor] - tool for finding usage examples from Wikisource and adding them to lexemes on Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [[wmfblog:2023/11/15/wikimania-2024-scholarships-open-apply-now/|Scholarship applications for Wikimania 2024 are now open until December 18th!]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12141|Fondazione Fiera ID]], [[:d:Property:P12142|EIDR party ID]], [[:d:Property:P12143|‎Gaming Wiki Network article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12144|‎Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12145|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P12146|Playdate community wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12147|Danacode (short)]], [[:d:Property:P12148|Danacode (long)]], [[:d:Property:P12149|archINFORM ID (awards)]], [[:d:Property:P12150|shukach.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12151|BNE periodical SID]], [[:d:Property:P12152|Moviepilot.de person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12153|FilmAffinity person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12154|Archiefpunt archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12155|Archiefpunt compiler ID]], [[:d:Property:P12156|Archiefpunt curator ID]], [[:d:Property:P12157|Capitolium Art artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12158|BioGRID ID]], [[:d:Property:P12159|la Repubblica TV series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12160|CECC Political Prisoner ID]], [[:d:Property:P12161|One Earth ecoregion ID]], [[:d:Property:P12162|‎Spectrum Computing ID]], [[:d:Property:P12163|IDVT]], [[:d:Property:P12164|BISAC Subject Heading]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Papers with Code URL|Papers with Code URL]] (<nowiki>URL for subject in Papers with Code system</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PAEnflowered taxon URL|PAEnflowered taxon URL]] (<nowiki>URL for a plant taxon found in Pennsylvania on the PAEnflowered website</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioCyc ID (Pathway/Genome Databases)|BioCyc ID (Pathway/Genome Databases)]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID|Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alaska Women's Hall of Fame ID|Alaska Women's Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library organization ID|Shanghai Library organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library era ID|Shanghai Library era ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library surname ID|Shanghai Library surname ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paradox wikis article ID|Paradox wikis article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shanghai Library movie ID|Shanghai Library movie ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rare Species Guide ID|Rare Species Guide ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TLA thesaurus ID|TLA thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Minnesota Plant List ID|Minnesota Plant List ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP person ID|ELMCIP person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of the Southeastern United States ID|Flora of the Southeastern United States ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWERIK Person ID|SWERIK Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID|Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Go Botany taxon ID|Go Botany taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Wales ID|Team Wales ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unified Saudi Occupational Classification|Unified Saudi Occupational Classification]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pinakes work ID|Pinakes work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Search System of Japanese Red Data ID|Search System of Japanese Red Data ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP organization ID|ELMCIP organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan Search ID|Japan Search ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8Cmp Articles on English Wikipedia tagged 'Water pollution' with no equivalent article in Spanish] ([https://twitter.com/OpenResLeeds/status/1726325166240907347 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/8D89 Highest point (in meters) per counties in Finland] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Highest_point_per_county_in_Finland|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 46, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111431233523655531 source]) ''"Basque are back on top for the second time this month"'' ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Manuscripts|WikiProject Manuscripts]] - This WikiProject coordinates efforts on Wikidata to gather and curate structured data on manuscripts. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Grove Hall Black Women Lead|WikiProject Grove Hall Black Women Lead]] - aims to shed light on the lives and stories of Black women leaders who have shaped Boston’s history from the colonial era to the present day. ** Newest database reports: [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge/enwiki-svwiki|User:Pasleim/projectmerge/enwiki-svwiki]] - 3875 merge candidates in English Wikipedia and Swedish Wikipedia based on same sitelink name. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q835440|University of Konstanz (Q835440)]] - University in Konstanz, Germany (feel free to suggest the next one for next week) ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2310|rød]] - Danish word for red with features in many compounds and derivations (feel free to suggest the next one for next week) * '''Development''' ** We are taking steps towards making many more languages available in Lexemes and monolingual text statement values. ([[phab:T341409]]) ** Nikki fixed a bug where the CSS class for a statement rank wasn't updated after a rank change ([[phab:T209138]]) ** We are continuing the work on improving EntitySchemas by making it possible to link to them in statements. ** We are migrating several tools from the Wikit design system to the Codex design system to be able to deprecate Wikit in the future. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 20|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 14:16, 20 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25879639 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #604 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Clarify_Wikidata:Account_creators_abilities_and_where_to_request|Clarify Wikidata: Account creators abilities and where to request]] from [[d:User:S8321414|S8321414]]. (RfC started 23-11-20) * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://www.0221.com.ar/universidad/unlp-se-viene-la-primera-jornada-wikiarchivistas-n83513 UNLP: the first Wikiarchivists Day is coming] < 04.12.23 at the UNLP Public Library, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Organised by WM Argentina. *** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call November 28, 2023: As a satellite event for Data Modeling Days, we will facilitate community discussion around data modeling in Wikidata for library collections in a variety of formats, including people, books, serials, scholarly articles, rare materials, music, media, and realia. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d05ei7DqED9XmkRdGpY9ihcziS1d2wKSuoOWfSo1he4/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023|Data Modelling Days]], November 30-December 2, online. 3 days of discussions, presentations and workshops to discuss our challenges related to data modelling and improve the structure of Wikidata's data together. [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|Check out the program]], [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data Modelling Days 2023/Participants|add yourself as a participant]]. *** [https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=175627665631874&id=100095539233937 Wikidata editathon to add Arabic labels & descriptions to Islamic art objects], hosted by Wikimedians of the Islamic Civilization User Group, 2 December 17:00-19:00 UTC * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://minitex.umn.edu/services/digital-initiatives-metadata/23-linked-data-things 23 Linked Data Things] *** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/wikibaselabel/ Querying for labels]: The normal way and the wikibase:label service way, by Bob DuCharme. *** [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/11/22/wikimedia-hackathon-2024-is-here-mark-your-calendar-%f0%9f%8e%89/ Wikimedia Hackathon 2024 is Here: Mark Your Calendar 🎉] for May 3rd – 5th, 2024, and register to attend *** [https://www.tycoonstory.com/what-is-wikidata-your-guide-to-the-worlds-largest-free-knowledge-base/ What is Wikidata? Your Guide to the World’s Largest Free Knowledge Base] ** Papers *** [[d:Q123470669|Using Wikidata to identify the gender gap in Ibero-American public art (Q123470669)]] - The study, using Wikidata, reveals gender disparities in public art in Madrid and Buenos Aires, emphasizing the need for more works created by women and increased visibility of female artists. *** [[d:Q123561334|Understanding Structured Knowledge Production (Q123561334)]] - A Case Study of Wikidata’s Representation Injustice. This paper seeks to explore the sources of epistemic injustice and biases from Wikidata's peer-production data model. *** [[d:Q123561640|Paying it forward: Crowdsourcing the harmonisation and linking of taxon names and biodiversity identifiers (Q123561640)]] - highlights the use of Wikidata as an asset when linking taxa in different databases. ** Videos: Individual Sessions from Wikimania Singapore 2023 *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2wxPLuvJl0 Exploring Wikidata as a learning platform] < Shani Evenstein Sigalov presents this Wikimania Singapore session on her 5-year PhD journey *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8ypNbkUsm8 Data use and reuse: Unlocking Potential of Frictionless Data for Wikidata] < Sara Petti, Shashi Gharti & Carol Matos of the Open Knowledge Foundation host this session. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riEgkJFjc_U Using Wikibase and Wikidata for Community Archives by My Community] < a non-profit organisation using Wikibase and Wikidata to digitise and preserve Singaporean cultural artefacts and stories. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s3fhpi6nqUs Wikidata Basics with SPARQL access to analyse data from Wikidata] < [[m:User:Asaf_(WMF)|Asaf Bartov]] hosts this workshop for Wikidata newbies. Gain some foundational skills and learn how you can contribute to the biggest Knowledge Graph! *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMSPHo2A4oE How to use Wikidata to build web tools for the social good] < [[m:User:Csisc|Csisc]] & [[m:User:Yamen|Yamen]] present [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/10/10/sawtpedia-giving-a-voice-to-wikipedia-using-qr-codes/ Sawtpedia] & [https://github.com/csisc/MedCYN|MedCYN (github)], 2 tools built using Wikidata and will show you how you can build your own. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=23vap71iFmA Linked Open Data and Wikidata] < [[m:User:Alan_Ang_(WMDE)|Alan Ang (WMDE)]] talks about the importance of Linked Open Data and forming mutually beneficial partnerships between the Foundation and Institutions. ** Notebooks *** Explore new ways of visualising your data with a [https://observablehq.com/d/eb27005ee4e2918b Circular Dendrogam], illustrated here with Association Football players broken down by Country and Team. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://pltools.toolforge.org/harvesttemplates/ Harvest Templates] - is a tool that helps transfer data from Wikimedia projects to Wikidata. ** [[d:User:MichaelSchoenitzer/Updown|User:MichaelSchoenitzer/Updown]] - is a userscript used for faster navigation. If there are a lot of values for one property it will add arrows that allow you to jump to the first/last value. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** WMDE is researching ways to improve the editing experience in different languages and would love to hear your feedback. We would like to talk to a few of you in online interviews to learn about your experiences, expectations, and concerns. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata_research_sign_up Please let us know in this sign-up form if you are interested in taking part]. ** The Research team at WMF is running a second labeling campaign to evaluate the Revert Risk model for Wikidata. This is part of ongoing work on creating a new generation of Machine Learning models to support patrolling work on Wikimedia projects. Please help by going to [https://annotool.toolforge.org/ this link], and labeling each revision in one of these three categories: Keep, Not Sure, Revert. Notice that "Not Sure" should be used in all cases where the Keep or Revert labels are not clear to you. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L2ZK2RSSZUNUY4DHOPQX63MC3JSXJOGW/ Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.40.1 – major release compatible with MediaWiki 1.40, based on MediaWiki 1.40.1] ** Is there a Wikidata item (about you)? Consider providing a voice-clip pronouncing your name in this [[c:Commons:Voice_intro_project|Voice-intro project]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12168|Torino scale]] (<nowiki>the Torino scale level for the astronomical object</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12165|‎Star Citizen Tools Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12166|Gale publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12167|Emerald network site ID]], [[:d:Property:P12169|Museo Nacional de Arte artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12170|GeoLOD ID]], [[:d:Property:P12171|Catalogo Nazionale Dati ID]], [[:d:Property:P12172|Klingon Word Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12173|Newman Numismatics Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12174|tribal council number]], [[:d:Property:P12175|EDItEUR Thema ID]], [[:d:Property:P12176|Propylaeum-VITAE ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COR SEM|COR SEM]] (<nowiki>The Danish central word registry identifier</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UPOC|UPOC]] (<nowiki>{{TranslateThis | de = Ist eine eindeutige id zur Identifizierung von Organisationen/Sendungen/... zu einem Dienstleister. <!-- | xx = Beschreibungen in anderen Sprachen --> }}</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/উইঙ্ক অ্যালবাম আইডি|উইঙ্ক অ্যালবাম আইডি]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europeana record ID|Europeana record ID]] (<nowiki>unique Europeana record identifier for photos, objectes etc.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISU ranking position|ISU ranking position]] (<nowiki>Skater's position in the ranking of the International skating union</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/old image|old image]] (<nowiki>image of this thing taken long ago</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Montana Plant Life URL|Montana Plant Life URL]] (<nowiki>URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japan Search ID|Japan Search ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NIWA article ID|NIWA article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiIndex ID|WikiIndex ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wiktionary ID|Wiktionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moviebuff ID|Moviebuff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID|Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flightradar24 ID|Flightradar24 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes|identifiant du musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Baidu Baike page numeric ID|Baidu Baike page numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parliament of Victoria ID|Parliament of Victoria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/m3db.com lyrics ID|m3db.com lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ELMCIP ID|ELMCIP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)|The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TracesOfWar award ID|TracesOfWar award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Babelio serial ID|Babelio serial ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/4Fx5 Rail link between Narvik and Singapore] ([https://wikis.world/@librerli@openbiblio.social/111426394639852081 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Week 47, 2023: Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111471961111041367 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/8Hmg Gender representation of Scottish witches] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Specifiying_colours_for_a_gender_representation_of_Scottish_witches|source]]) *** [https://w.wiki/8HoD Most popular names in Ghana among Ghanaians on Wikidata] ([https://t.me/c/1348693063/3625 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Heritage Collections|WikiProject Heritage Collections]] - The aim of the present project is to create the world’s most comprehensive high quality database of archival fonds and heritage collections (including contemporary scientific collections or documentation holdings) and to ensure the interlinking of respective catalogues, finding aids, or collection databases with Wikidata. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Roman Provinces|WikiProject Roman Provinces]] *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Events and Role Frames|WikiProject Events and Role Frames]] - The primary aims of WikiProject Events and Role Frames is to define a set of properties that consistently model event occurrences and their participants; to fill gaps in Wikidata regarding items for events and actions; and to encourage use of the proposed model and newly introduced items across Wikidata. ** [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|Newest database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/badged items without claims|Wikidata:Database reports/badged items without claims]] - This is a list of badged items (i.e. items for feature or good articles in somewiki) without claims. Ideally it should be empty. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8023|Nelson Mandela (Q8023)]] - First President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist (1918–2013) ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L5573|gepard]] - Polish noun for cheetah with many forms * '''Development''' ** We are preparing for the Data Modelling Days happening later this week ** Language codes: *** We are making some small remaining changes before the next testing round of the new language code ([[phab:T345750]], [[phab:T345751]], [[phab:T345083]]) *** We continued to make a lot more language codes available ([[phab:341409]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are experimenting with how to work around some technical blockers for the new datatype ** Wikibase REST API: We've been working on the ability to remove an Item's label in a specific language and modify the descriptions on a Property ([[phab:T342981]], [[phab:T342981]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 11 27|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 15:17, 27 නොවැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25893475 --> == [Wikidata] Weekly Summary #605 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: ***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/RudolfoBot|RudolfoBot]] - (Task: import lists of drugs with black box Warnings) ***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot_4|TiagoLubianaBot 4]] - (Task: add drug-drug interactions from [[d:Q123478206|(Q123478206) A reference set of clinically relevant adverse drug-drug interactions)]] ***[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LiMrBot|LiMrBot]] - importing and updating information about asteroids and comets. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: *** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/QHLIBSYUQXNRRWQATW5WUCGMMMBUXOXB/ Wikimedia Hackathon 2024: Register and Apply for Scholarships until January 5th 2024!] *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/11/15/wikimania-2024-scholarships-open-apply-now/ WikiMania 2024 Scholarships are open] - You can apply now for paid accommodation, travel and registration of the event! ** Next: *** [https://2024.eswc-conferences.org/call-for-contributions-eswc-2024/ Extended Semantic Web Conference 2024] < The deadline to submit your Papers is December 7th (23:59 UTC-12)! *** [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Search_Platform_Office_Hours Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service team] - the 1st Wednesday of every month, bring your questions on Wikimedia Search, Wikidata Query and Wikimedia Commons Query service. ** Past: *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023|Data Modelling Days 2023]] - (30 Nov - 2 Dec.) If you missed it, don't worry! We have recordings, slides and notes for each session, [[d:Wikidata:Events/Data_Modelling_Days_2023#Sessions|available here!]] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Press *** [https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/kultur-ukraine-rund-250-kriegsbedrohte-baudenkmaeler-dokumentiert-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-231203-99-162104 Around 250 war-threatened architectural monuments documented] (German) - Wikidata, Wikibase and Commons are helping preserve and plan the restoration of culturally-significant Monuments damaged or destroyed by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. ** Blogs *** [https://www.lehir.net/how-many-properties-are-created-on-wikidata-each-month/ How many properties are created on Wikidata each month?], by [[:d:User:Envlh|Envel Le Hir]] ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1R-oIuGfQmg Connecting Archives Connecting People (CACP) Project] A Wikidata Workshop provided by the British Institute at Ankara. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkl2x5psvJs Metaphactory's advanced semantic search with Wikidata KG] < shows a new way of building queries with Metaphacts visualised UI. Read more with their latest [https://metaphacts.com/metaphacts-ontotext-interface-for-wikidata-demo-system News Posts]! *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1yTuftzQ1o Wikibase for GLAM organizations:] Collections in the Linked Open Data web by our excellent Partner Manager [[m:User:Christos_Varvantakis_(WMDE)|User:Christos Varvantakis (WMDE)]] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2UDrn-HzO68 Intro to Wikidata and importing bibliographic elements from Zotero] < (Italian) An initiative to expand Greek and Latin antiquities in Wikidata for use in humanistic studies. Read more here > [[d:Wikidata:Gruppo_Wikidata_per_Musei,_Archivi_e_Biblioteche/Bibliografia_di_antichistica|Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche]] * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://github.com/dlindem/zotwb ZotWb] < export records in a [[Wikidata:Zotero#How_to_export_to_QuickStatements|Zotero]] group library to a custom Wikibase, prepare datasets to send to OpenRefine, feed OpenRefine reconciliaton results back to the Wikibase. Wikidata is envolved in the entity reconciliation.<br>Here's a short [https://vimeo.com/890641063 explanation and demo video]<br> Tool is written and provided by David Lindermann with support from [[m:Grants:Programs/Wikimedia_Community_Fund/Rapid_Fund/Zotero_to_Wikibase_bibliographical_data_export_app_(ID:_22209513)|WMF Rapid Grant]]. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/38760837?l=en We're looking for a new Product Manager for Wikibase Cloud]. Are you interested or do you happen to know someone who might fit this position? ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KOHYRODIG47FWKX6JUKCJKSZGXJ6C7JJ/ Wikimedia Deutschland will be collaborating with Purdue Students to Find New Mismatches for the Mismatch Finder]. We Need Your Help to Suggest External Datasets! ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/S7273AZ6LA4TY63JYYFEMUZNVU5BHEIK/ Outreachy Round 27 interns selected, including 1 Wikidata related project]. ** A [https://echinopscis.github.io/blog/2023/wikidata-plugin/ cool new Obsidian plugin] for Wikidata is in the works. ** [https://pm20-search.toolforge.org Fulltext search] for folders in an [https://pm20.zbw.eu external archive] via text in Wikidata items ([[:d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_20th_Century_Press_Archives#Fulltext_search_function_for_PM20_folders|more]]). ** Have you tried [https://www.entitree.com/ EntiTree] yet? Explore relationship and connections between Wikidata entities with this new visualisation! ** Last call for the [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/wikibase-cloud-user-survey-Q4-2023 Wikibase.Cloud 2023 User survey]. It only takes 10 minutes and it's fully anonymous so please participate! ** The [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Regarding_the_future_of_Structured_Discussions|StructuredDiscussions extension]] is being archived but your comments on the Project Chat are wanted. * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12180|PAEnflowered taxon URL]] (<nowiki>URL for a plant taxon found in Pennsylvania on the PAEnflowered website</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12177|Rare Species Guide ID]], [[:d:Property:P12178|Minnesota Plant List ID]], [[:d:Property:P12179|Flora of the Southeastern United States ID]], [[:d:Property:P12181|Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora ID]], [[:d:Property:P12182|Go Botany taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12183|Search System of Japanese Red Data ID]], [[:d:Property:P12184|Art Gallery of Ontario object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12185|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12186|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text ID]], [[:d:Property:P12187|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12188|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae lemma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12189|‎Paradox Wikis article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12190|Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire ID]], [[:d:Property:P12191|Alaska Women’s Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12192|SWERIK person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12193|Team Wales athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12194|‎WikiIndex ID]], [[:d:Property:P12195|‎Theapolis person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12196|TheTVDB movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12197|Shanghai Library surname ID]], [[:d:Property:P12198|Shanghai Library era ID]], [[:d:Property:P12199|Shanghai Library organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12200|Pinakes work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12201|Hugging Face user or organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12202|COR SEM ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Montana Plant Life URL|Montana Plant Life URL]] (<nowiki>URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event class</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role in event|role in event]] (<nowiki>event class for which the item describes a role</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/selectional preference|selectional preference]] (<nowiki>(to be used only with the subclasses of Q_event_role) an item that plays this role in an event instance should descend from this item via a combination of P31 and P279</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event arguments and types|event arguments and types]] (<nowiki>item that plays a role in an event instance; used with a qualifier "argument type"</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BnF archives and manuscripts ID|BnF archives and manuscripts ID]] (<nowiki>identifier for a manuscript in the archives and manuscripts catalogue of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF). Do not include the initial "cc"</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/clerked for|clerked for]] (<nowiki>this person has held a clerkship with the judge</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/battery life|battery life]] (<nowiki>the length of time a device can continue to work before it needs its battery to be recharged</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID|China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIMA ID|DIMA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CoL Taiwan ID|CoL Taiwan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI station ID|RFI station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BUGZ ID|BUGZ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID|China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/turismoroma.it place ID|turismoroma.it place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia di Roma monument & street IDs|Enciclopedia di Roma monument & street IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Hockey Federation competition ID|International Hockey Federation competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Black Games Archive ID|Black Games Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Al-shamila Book ID|Al-shamila Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akadem person ID (new format)|Akadem person ID (new format)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AustrianGames ID|AustrianGames ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atari-8-bit Forever game ID|Atari-8-bit Forever game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8Chs People born somewhere named after them] ([https://wikis.world/@edward@octodon.social/111438329806280812 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/8FKw Rose cultivars named after screen writers] [https://wikis.world/@edward@octodon.social/111460613316548656 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Events and Role Frames|Events and Role Frames]] ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q260957|Symphony No.7]] composed by Ludwig van Beethoven ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L38412|läsa]] - 'read' about this Swedish word with many pronounciations and grammatical features. Feel free to suggest next week's Showcase Item and Lexeme! * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We finished the endpoint for removing an Item's label in a specific language ([[phab:T335841]]) and the endpoint for modifying descriptions on a Property ([[phab:T342981]]) *** We are working on the endpoint for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]]) ** Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on moving the tool over to the new design system Codex ** We adjusted the styling for the values of monolingual text statements to make the language easier to distinguish from the value ([[phab:T280774]]) ** mul language code: We made some final adjustments to get it ready for testing. ** Lexemes: We are adding a license note for anon users when editing a Lexeme’s lemma, a Form or Sense ([[phab:T343999]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 04|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 17:00, 4 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25914122 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #606 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LccnBot|LccnBot]] (Task: Adds [[d:Property:P244|P244]] to bibliographic entities base on library authority records.) ** New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Duplicate References Data Model and UI|Duplicate References Data Model and UI]] < During Data Modelling Days '23, 2 proposals emerged trying to answer the question of how to handle duplicate References on Wikidata Items. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call December 12, 2023: Several members of the Chinese Culture and Heritage Wikidata group will provide an overview of the group's Wikidata projects as well as the challenges they have encountered. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Rwn2Y3TyTRIrejP2zqs7KyANMpuh9Yaxe5-6Xezn8yQ/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** [https://10times.com/e11x-sspk-2k54 Data-SHS Bordeaux Week:] Processing and Analyzing Quantitative Data in Human and Social Sciences 2023. Dec. 11 - 15, Bordeaux, FR. * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2023/12/05/agreeing-to-agree-roundtripping-people-identifiers-with-wikidata/ Agreeing to agree: Roundtripping people identifiers with Wikidata] < The Te Papa Museum of New Zealand shows how Wikidata is being used to verify subjects when sharing Collections and data between sources. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbpf3r7EzFc Here's a video explaining more!] ** Papers / Books *** [https://www.o-bib.de/bib/article/view/5970 1Lib1Nearby with Wikidata] (German) < Queries and edits for the multilingual world knowledge of the nearby environment. *** [https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/114408/instance/9910689/ Creating a multi-linked dynamic dataset:] a case study of plant genera named for women < S. Mering, L. Gardiner, S. Knapp et al. *** [https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.353/ Fine-tuned LLMs Know More, Hallucinate Less with Few-Shot Sequence-to-Sequence Semantic Parsing over Wikidata] < Presented at the Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing conference. Authors: S. Xu, S. Liu, T. Culhane et al. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGyvc6dRbfA BiCIKL to Wikidata: Harmonizing the chaotic universe of natural history collectors] < presented by Mathias Dillen at the TDWG 2023 Annual Conference. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7gpAcjsjuU Modelling Research Expeditions in Wikidata:] Best Practice for Standardisation and Contexualisation. Presented by Dag Endresen also at the TDWG Annual Conference. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9VtEMTZsntU Riksdagen Corpus Wikidata] < Magnus Sälgö. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cr-A8EMc788 Scholia - a profiling tool to explore scholarly knowledge] < As part of the national research data infrastructure (NFDI) infratalk, Dr. Daniel Mietchen presents Scholia. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZZ5eB76sI4 Catalogue of Premodern Manuscripts] < See a Wikibase instance used for The Digital Scriptorium Catalog. Presented by Lynn Ransom & L. P. Coladangelo. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4AuoEYkEXYw&list=PLduaHBu_3ejM49Nb4_k652X9XmmvhuJjE Data Modelling Days 2023 Playlist] < The list of recorded Sessions for the DMD '23 Online Conference is available here! *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krbeWMTz5CY Building a semantic knowledge (wiki)base for synthetic phytochemistry] < Presented by Dr. Gitanjali Yadav *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVxi7ldSbrs OpenRefine - a open source tool for working with data] < This session explores the advantages of using OR to wrangle, clean, transform and standardise data for Wikidata. Presented by Jinoy Tom Jacob at the IndiaFOSS3.0 Conference. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykK8Wq6cycc Various queries and modeling on Wikidata] (French) < [[m:User:VIGNERON|User:VIGNERON]] introduces several SPARQL queries. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata QLever SPARQl Engine] < If you attended Data Modeling Days '23, you may have seen an extraordinary [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJHyjdoSN54 Session] given by Hannah Bast and Johannes Kalmbach showcasing the power and advantages of the QLever engine. QLever can handle queries that cause the WDQS to timeout or allowing Federated queries and Geospatial! (QLEver has already featured in Tool of the Week but we wanted to showcase it again after experiencing it at DMD '23) * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://observablehq.com/d/6273b207e1d07eff Healthcare Disparities in the U.S.: Exploring Access to Healthcare in the Immigrant Population] < Zoomable Bar Charts and visualisations exploring access to healthcare across the U.S. Prison system, powered by Wikidata and WDQS. Authored by Haryn Shin. ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Data_Modelling_Days:_documentation_and_outcomes|DMD23: documentation and outcomes]] can be viewed on Wikidata project Chat as well as related-topics from the Conference on [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Proposal:_add_qualifier_to_allow_for_fuzzy_property_values_to_help_with_real-life_data_ambiguity|Qualifiers for fuzzy properties]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_the_foundation_consider_funding_the_QLever_project?|Should WMF fund QLever?]] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12203|official wiki URL]] (<nowiki>URL of the official wiki for the item</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12208|counterexample]] (<nowiki>qualifier for deprecated P279 statements; example instance or subclass of the item class for which a "subclass of" statement does not hold</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12204|ELMCIP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12206|RFI station ID]], [[:d:Property:P12207|BnF archives and manuscripts ID]], [[:d:Property:P12209|The Plant List ID (Arizona Native Plant Society)]], [[:d:Property:P12210|DIMA ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora of the Hawaiian Islands ID|Flora of the Hawaiian Islands ID]] (<nowiki>URL of the entry for a plant species, subspecies, or variety in the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hijri Date|Hijri Date]] (<nowiki>Hijri Date of claim</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID|Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New words in Danish ID|New words in Danish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification game ID|Game Classification game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lobbypedia ID|Lobbypedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text witness ID|Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae text witness ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification machine ID|Game Classification machine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Classification creation tool ID|Game Classification creation tool ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/a8.fandal.cz ID|a8.fandal.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numer KRS|Numer KRS]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadium 64 ID|Stadium 64 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sina Chinese Basketball ID|Sina Chinese Basketball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Veterans Legacy Memorial|Veterans Legacy Memorial]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID|SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHDLoad database ID|WHDLoad database ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8TYJ Geolocalized object that have the same name than something named after some some kind of church building]. This includes streets, bus stops, … *** [https://w.wiki/8TZv Video games per Platform]. Timeline of video game releases per platform. ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Heritage_Collections|WikiProject Heritage Collections]]: database of archival fonds and heritage collections (including contemporary scientific collections or documentation holdings) and to ensure the interlinking of respective catalogues, finding aids, or collection databases with Wikidata. *** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Source_Reliability|WikiProject Source Reliability]]: is an effort to identify and aggregate online sources of assessments of the reliability and credibility of sources. ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8409|(Q8409) Alexander The Great]] - Alexander III, King of Macedon. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L630387|(L630387) Pri]] - the meaning of this Breton word is not 'muddy' with VIGNERON's contribution! * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: We continued work on the routes for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]]) ** Monolingual text values can now use many more languages than before. We’re still working on doing the same for Lexemes. ([[phab:T341409]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] Anything to add? Please share! :) </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 11|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:40, 11 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25944122 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #607 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 7|So9qBot 7]]. Task: Add [[d:Property:P9660|not found in (P9660)]] --> [[d:Q123739672|Q123739672]] to Danish Lexemes *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 8|So9qBot 8]]. Task: Add missing names of European legal documents to labels and aliases of items with a CELEX identifier *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/LccnBot|LccnBot]]. Task: Adds [[d:Property:P244|Library of Congress authority ID (P244)]] to bibliographic entities base on library authority records. ** Other discussions: How to handle concepts of trans people on Wikidata? Should {privacy at wikidata.org} be redirected to {privacy at wikimedia.org} or should it be monitored by Wikidata volunteers? [[:d:Wikidata:Project chat#How to handle concepts of trans people?|Join the discussion]]! * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** Upcoming: Next Linked Data for Libraries LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Working Hour December 18th, 2023: Over the summer and into the fall the LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group will be offering a series of Wikidata Working Hours to give folks an opportunity to try out various Wikidata-related skills and tools by assembling a data set of diverse library and information science (LIS) materials (articles, conference proceedings, books) and adding it to Wikidata. Wikidata Working Hours provide hands-on Wikidata experience in a supportive space. We hope you will join us if you are interested in learning more about Wikidata, exploring LIS literature, and have been looking for a fun Wikidata project to contribute to.The ninth and final Wikidata Working Hour in the series will be using SPARQL and Scholia to query and visualize the data we’ve added to Wikidata during our series. This session will be recorded and the recording shared on the [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2023-December-18_Wikidata_Working_Hour event page] ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #121: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=121 Pottery] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/13/ld42023-part-i-the-future-of-wikidata-libraries-a-workshop/ #LD42023. Part I: The Future of Wikidata + Libraries (A Workshop)] - This blog series explores how libraries engage with Wikidata and Linked Data in the face of AI challenges. Led by Silvia Gutiérrez and Giovanna Fontenelle from the Wikimedia Foundation, the series summarizes insights from a collaborative session at the 2023 LD4 Conference, using Design Thinking strategies to connect the Library-Wikidata community with WMF, focusing on Wikidata, Wikibase, and Structured Data on Commons (SDC) in libraries. By Silvia Gutiérrez & Giovanna Fontenelle ** Papers *** [https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/view/87476/63565 Wikipedia gender gap: a scoping review] - This review analyzes Wikipedia's gender gap from 2007 to 2022, revealing a slight majority of female authors, addressing key themes, and exploring strategies to mitigate the gap, providing valuable insights into the research landscape in this domain. By Núria Ferran-Ferrer, Juan-José Boté-Vericad and Julia Minguillón. *** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2023/papers/2__novel_ten_years_of_wikidata_a%5B1%5D.pdf Ten years of Wikidata: A bibliometric study] - This research delves into scholarly publications about Wikidata from its inception in 2012 to late 2022, revealing 945 relevant papers, primarily from conferences. The analysis highlights a concentration of experts and contributors from the Global North, as well as governmental institutions as predominant funders. The study calls for enhanced networking and outreach to promote diversity and inclusion within the Wikidata research community. Emphasizing computer science perspectives, the research focuses on methods for developing and utilizing open knowledge graphs, notably Wikidata, with a narrower but significant interest in application-oriented studies in digital humanities, biology, and healthcare. (Turki, et al) ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaKuKRdJojc Duplicating Everywhere All at Once | Cebuano Wikipedia] - Five years ago, Lsjbot's Wikipedia articles caused duplicate Wikidata items, notably impacting geographic places on Cebuano Wikipedia. This video by [[d:User:Canley|User:Canley]] at Wikimania 2023 delves into the history, visualizes the issue, and suggests cleanup strategies for Wikidata and Wikipedia, emphasizing Aotearoa New Zealand and parts of Australia, with implications for the global challenge of bot-created duplicates. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T66stEEwMKo Useful Authorities for Data-Driven Collection Research with Alicia Fagerving] - Alicia Fagerving, Wikimedia Sverige, introduces the project "Useful Authorities for Data-Driven Collection Research" and Wikidata. The project, spanning 2021-2023, links vocabularies from the databases of Nationalmuseum and Statens historiska museer to Wikidata, exploring it as a platform for semantic interoperability among cultural heritage institutions and providing tools and visualizations for similar projects. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdzzSEAdk-w 2023: OSM-Wikidata Map Framework]. Combining OpenStreetMap and Wikidata allows to leverage the strengths of the two projects to create richer maps. This talk explores how OSM-Wikidata Map Framework simplifies this process. By Daniele Santini ** Press: [https://akademien-schweiz.ch/en/medien/press-releases/2023/adriano-rutz-gewinnt-ersten-schweizer-ord-preis/ Adriano Rutz wins the Swiss National Open Research Data (ORD) Prize] for “The LOTUS Initiative” project. LOTUS explores new ways of promoting the re-use of data in the fields of biology and chemistry and thus of sharing knowledge in natural products research. [https://www.miragenews.com/adriano-rutz-wins-swiss-national-ord-prize-1139345/ More coverage] ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cest-pas-gege It's not bad! Measuring Gérard Depardieu's mark on French cinema (in French)]<!--C'est pas Gégé : Peut on cancel Gérard Depardieu ?--> - The analysis centers on Gérard Depardieu's impact on French cinema amid legal issues and sexual assault allegations. Despite difficulties in addressing these accusations, the author leverages Wikidata to measure Depardieu's influence by querying films from directors born after 1930 to assess his involvement. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/f5bb6ee872abfa82 How to Become a Billionaire: A Billionaire's Occupations Network Analysis] - This network analysis investigates billionaires’ primary sources of income with a network graph—based on their occupations—connecting billionaires from all over the world and uncovering some of the biggest industries in the world. ** Documentation: [[d:User:Mahir256|User:Mahir256]] statred Lexemes documentation pages about [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Lemmata|Lemmata]] and [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Lexeme languages|Lexeme languages]]. Your contributions are welcome. * '''Tools of the week''' ** [https://dracor.org/ Drama Corpora Project (DraCor)] is a digital database of plays, primarily from Europe. It collects and organizes texts of plays in a way that allows researchers and others to extract and analyze information from those texts. This could include details about the characters, the dialogue, the stage directions, and more. The data is being pulled from Wikidata. ** [[d:User:Magnus Manske|Magnus Manske]] added a [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=88 new game to the Wikidata game] to identify duplicate Items for researchers. ** [[d:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]] set up a [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=90&opt=%7B%22type%22%3A%22all%22%7D new Distributed Game] to add links to Wikiquote to Wikidata. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikibase Cloud has a new website. Check it out: [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ https://www.wikibase.cloud/] * '''Did you know?''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12221|battery life]] (<nowiki>length of time after a full charge that a device can continue to work under normal use before it needs its battery to be recharged</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12211|‎Atari-8-bit Forever game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12212|Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12213|FNAC artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P12214|Akadem person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12215|‎Game Classification game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12216|‎Game Classification machine ID]], [[:d:Property:P12217|‎Game Classification creation tool ID]], [[:d:Property:P12218|TaiCOL ID (new version)]], [[:d:Property:P12219|‎a8.fandal.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12220|‎Stadium 64 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12222|Filmweb.no film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12223|SixtyFour Originals DataBase game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12224|BUGZ ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Substances in the reference|Substances in the reference]] (<nowiki>Substances studied in reference works such as papers, reports, etc.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Book format|Book format]] (<nowiki>Page size of a historical book, manuscript, or artwork on paper, based on folding sheets into leaves</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beneficial owner|beneficial owner]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DraCor ID|DraCor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCSX2 Wiki ID|PCSX2 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Twitch numeric channel ID|Twitch numeric channel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant article ORBi|identifiant article ORBi]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant auteur ORBi|identifiant auteur ORBi]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheTVDB IDs|TheTVDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPCS3 Wiki ID|RPCS3 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retskrivningsordbogen ID|Retskrivningsordbogen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kanjipedia word ID|Kanjipedia word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAMCS ID|MAMCS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Citra compatibility database ID|Citra compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGN wiki article ID|IGN wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AreWeAntiCheatYet ID|AreWeAntiCheatYet ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPGFan game ID|RPGFan game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swissubase ID|Swissubase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/goalzz.com team ID|goalzz.com team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MilliBase taxon ID|MilliBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digicarmel ID|Digicarmel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arcade Hub ID|Arcade Hub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID|Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biota of New Zealand ID|Biota of New Zealand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NientePopCorn IDs|NientePopCorn IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoriaGames game ID|HistoriaGames game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8UjS List of movies directed by French filmmakers born after 1930 with or without Depardieu] ([https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cest-pas-gege source]) *** [https://w.wiki/8RtG Czech buildings carved into the rock] ([https://twitter.com/medi_cago/status/1733440905669964260 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111589767086008028 source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#%23%20Works%20created%20by%20females%20died%20in%202023%0APREFIX%20bd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.bigdata.com%2Frdf%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wikibase%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwikiba.se%2Fontology%23%3E%0APREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0APREFIX%20wdt%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fdirect%2F%3E%0Aselect%20distinct%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3FcreaLabel%20%3FworkLabel%20%28year%28%3Fdate%29as%20%3Fyear%29%0Awhere%20%7B%0A%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP170%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%23%20P170%2Fcreator%0A%20UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP50%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%20%23%20P50%2Fauthor%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP86%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%23%20P86%2Fcomposer%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP87%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%20%23%20P87%2Flibrettist%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP110%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P110%2Fillustrator%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP655%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P655%2Ftranslator%0A%20%23UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP676%20%3Fcrea%20.%7D%20%23%20P676%2Flyrics%20by%0A%20%0A%20%3Fcrea%20wdt%3AP21%20wd%3AQ6581072%20.%20%23%20P21%2Fsex%20or%20gender%20-%20Q6581072%2Ffemale%0A%20%3Fcrea%20wdt%3AP570%20%3Ftime0%20.%0A%20FILTER%20%28%20%3Ftime0%20%3E%3D%20%222023-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z%22%5E%5Exsd%3AdateTime%20%26%26%20%3Ftime0%20%3C%3D%20%222023-12-31T00%3A00%3A00Z%22%5E%5Exsd%3AdateTime%20%29%20%23%20P570%2Fdate%20of%20death%20in%201945%0A%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP571%20%3Fdate%7D%20UNION%20%7B%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP577%20%3Fdate%20%7D%7D%20%23%20P571%2Finception%20-%20P571%2Fpublication%20date%0A%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20%3Fwork%0A%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%2Car%2Cbe%2Cbg%2Cbn%2Cca%2Ccs%2Cda%2Cde%2Cel%2Ces%2Cet%2Cfa%2Cfi%2Cfr%2Che%2Chi%2Chu%2Chy%2Cid%2Cit%2Cja%2Cjv%2Cko%2Cnb%2Cnl%2Ceo%2Cpa%2Cpl%2Cpt%2Cro%2Cru%2Csh%2Csk%2Csr%2Csv%2Csw%2Cte%2Cth%2Ctr%2Cuk%2Cyue%2Cvec%2Cvi%2Czh%22%20%23BabelRainbow%0A%20%7D%0A%7DORDER%20BY%20%3FcreaLabel%20%0A Works created by females, died in 2023] ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Unsupported sitelinks|User:Pasleim/Unsupported sitelinks]] - Found 279 items ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q140|lion (Q140)]] - species of big cat ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1124154|cevap (L1124154)]] - Turkish noun for 'answer' derived from the Arabic noun جَواب * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We finished adding the endpoints for adding aliases in a given language for a Property ([[phab:T343721]]) and removing a Property's label in a given language ([[phab:T342983]]) *** We started working on the endpoint for removing a Property's description in a given language ([[phab:T342985]]) *** We are fixing an issue with incorrect handling of lowercase statement IDs in edit requests ([[phab:T352644]]) ** Special:PrefixIndex now shows label/lemma for Properties and Lexemes ([[phab:T343115]]) ** Language codes: We changed where Wikidata is getting its languages from for Lexemes and Monolingual text statements and thereby resolved many tasks requesting another language being added to them ([[phab:T341409]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 18|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 17:15, 18 දෙසැම්බර් 2023 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25974255 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #608 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * ''' Welcome to 2023’s Final Weekly Summary! ''' A big thank you to everyone who contributed to the newsletter this year!👏🙏 As we step into 2024, we'd love to hear what changes you would like to see in the newsletter. Share your wishlist here: [[d:Wikidata_talk:Status_updates/Next#What_changes_would_you_like_to_see_in_the_newsletter_in_2024|What changes would you like to see in the newsletter in 2024?]]" * ''' Discussions ''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/EPIC|EPIC]] (RfP scheduled to end after 26 December 2023 20:34 UTC) ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Balyozbot|Balyozbot]]. Tasks: # Import sitelinks, labels, descriptions from ku wikipedia pages which use the template [[:w:ku:Template:Înterwîkî etîket û danasîn]]. (There are over 1800 articles that use this template waiting to be connected to Wikidata at the moment.) # Add sitelinks to kuwiktionary / kuwikipedia categories / create an item for the category if necessary. I have been doing this manually for quite some time using Quickstatements but since I need to get permission for the first task, I will be handling them using a bot as well. * ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' ** Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/11/introducing-wishathon-for-wikimedias-community-wishlist/ Introducing WMF Wishathon for Wikimedia’s Community Wishlist!] "focused on bringing together people who already contribute to technical aspects of the Wikimedia projects, who know how to find their way on the technical ecosystem, and who are able to work or collaborate on projects rather autonomously." March 15th to 17th, 2024. ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #122: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=122 Rock-forming minerals] * ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' ** Blogs *** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/16/african-librarians-empowered-to-share-knowledge-and-enhance-information-visibility-through-aflia-wikidata-online-course/ African Librarians empowered to share knowledge and enhance information visibility through AfLIA Wikidata Online Course] --> The "Promoting Open Knowledge Practices in African Libraries through Wikidata" project, executed by AfLIA with support from the Wikimedia Foundation, trained African librarians on using Wikidata to enhance the visibility of library collections and close the knowledge and gender gap on Africa. The course was facilitated by experienced African Wikimedian editors and included diverse strategies for learner engagement and support. ** Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.15781.pdf Increasing Coverage and Precision of Textual Information in Multilingual Knowledge Graphs] by (Conia et al, 2023) --> This paper introduces a novel task of automatic Knowledge Graph Enhancement (KGE) to bridge the gap in the quantity and quality of textual information between English and non-English languages in Wikidata. It presents M-NTA, an unsupervised approach that combines Machine Translation, Web Search, and Large Language Models to generate high-quality textual information, and studies its impact on Entity Linking, Knowledge Graph Completion, and Question Answering tasks. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl4Fyj1AKJM Wikidata, Wikisource and Wiktionary: Wikisource for DH (WiSe 2023)] --> The lecture "Fundamentals and application-oriented methods of the Digital Humanities" by Kay-Michael Würzner is designed as a series of lectures in which teachers in the "Digital Humanities" course present their fields of work and key topics and present them for discussion. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fx5K_FRQ2eg Empowering Open-Source Generative AI by Integrating the Wikidata knowledge graph] --> Generative AI has changed the information ecosystem, and open-source knowledge graphs like Wikidata can become invaluable assets, propelling a myriad of applications forward. Jonathan Fraine & Lydia Pintscher present the practical integration of Wikidata's open-source, open-access knowledge graph to empower Generative AI applications. Harnessing the real-time updated, structured data encapsulated within Wikidata, they explore automated content creation, data augmentation, and semantic analysis, underpinning the generative paradigms. Through a blend of theoretical insights and real-world applications, they elucidate how to leverage Wikidata to elevate generative AI applications, breaking down existing data silos, and fostering a collaborative ecosystem within our global community of developers and contributors. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i3cDbaTu7k Wiki Indaba 2023 - African content on Wikidata] --> Discussion with Alice Kibombo, Georges Fodouop and Jesse Asiedu-Akrofi, about Wikidata for African Librarians during the Wiki Indaba conference, that took place between 3-5 November 2023 in Agadir, Morocco. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYFlyRGdTwU No Time to Wait - S07E10 - ACMI // Wikidata - Paul Duchesne + Simon Loffler] --> Report on recent residency program to extensively link together collection data from ACMI with Wikidata. This work has allowed the organisation to import vast quantities of data and media to enrich their own internet collection experience, as well enable writing information back to source and federating with other linked institutions. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iVS7jH2kS0 Wiki(s)data #5: Wikidata Live editing] (in Italian) --> The ontology of Wikidata: how to interact with it for a better quality, by [[d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/d/1eb32f4d48923527 Map of K-Pop Idols] --> An interactive map where each red dot represents a K-pop Idol (a singer or musician in South Korean Pop music) you are able to click on. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/9854465d757e06d2 Disney as the Mega Corporation it is Today] --> Disney has greatly evolved from the simple animation company that first debuted in 1923 with its signature Steamboat Willie animation. This analysis details some of the major acquisitions Disney has chosen to help expand its reach as a media and entertainment company. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/19a785a23f70e0c0 The Gender-Equality Gap in STEM Awards] --> A network graph and multiple data visualizations on UCLA's alumnni awards based on gender. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/57b012869d43405a Exploring The Belichick Coaching Tree] --> This analyses details the coaching tree of the prolific American Football coach Bill Belichick. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/4b6319c68bd8b6f6 State of statues in the US] --> Map of how many statues there are, who is depicted in the statues, their genders, and where the statues are concentrated. *** [https://observablehq.com/d/63061b940d31fbb3 An Analysis on Nepo Babies: Net Worths and Fame] --> This work uses Wikidata to analyze the influence and success of children of famous actors (nepo babies) in the entertainment industry, and compares the careers and net worth of these children with their parents to understand the impact of nepotism on their success. * ''' Tool of the week ''' ** [[m:Cersei|Cersei]] - is a tool designed for importing or scraping data from various third-party sources, using source-specific Python code. It can use a "headless browser" to scrape complicated websites that rely on eg JavaScript to navigate. It can therefore access data sources that can not be accessed via eg Mix'n'match. The data from sources can be updated regularly, either for everything, or just changed entries (if the source has a "recent changes" equivalent). ** [[d:Wikidata:Zotero/Cita|Wikidata:Zotero/Cita]] - is a Wikidata addon for Zotero that adds citations (i.e., what other items an item cites) metadata support to this open source reference management software, using [[d:Property:P2860|cites work (P2860)]] information available from Wikidata, and enabling users to easily contribute missing data. * ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff = ** Job opening: [https://careers.iscb.org/jobs/view/8682 Data Scientist / Knowledge Engineer] to use Wikidata as a foundational layer for an US National Science Foundation (NSF) funded [https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2023/nsf23571/nsf23571.htm Prototype Open Knowledge Network]. * ''' Did you know? ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12225|‎WHDLoad database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12226|Shanghai Library movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12227|‎PCSX2 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12228|KRS number]], [[:d:Property:P12229|‎Twitch numeric channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12230|‎RPCS3 Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12231|‎Black Games Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12232|‎Citra compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12233|‎DraCor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12234|ORBi article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12235|‎IGN wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12236|‎AreWeAntiCheatYet ID]], [[:d:Property:P12237|‎RPGFan game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12238|‎Arcade Hub ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Laws of Malaysia URL|Laws of Malaysia URL]] (<nowiki>Uniform Resource Locator for laws of Malaysia</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/production manager|production manager]] (<nowiki>manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production; oversees production plans, controls resources, initiates production, ensures ongoing operations, monitors schedules and expenditures, and creates a detailed production schedule and budget</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schnittberichte.com ID|Schnittberichte.com ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID|National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoriaGames series ID|HistoriaGames series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kemono Games game ID|Kemono Games game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet Game Database event ID|Internet Game Database event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamesMeter ID|GamesMeter ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Walk Score ID|Walk Score ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Malaysia company new number|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Am Faclair Beag ID|Am Faclair Beag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xemu compatibility database ID|xemu compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sofascore player ID|Sofascore player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameGear.jp ID|GameGear.jp ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPGWatch IDs|RPGWatch IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team England ID|Team England ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TORCH taxon ID|TORCH taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScummVM ID|ScummVM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Abandonware France IDs|Abandonware France IDs]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8agU Distribution of the different tram gauges in Germany] ([https://twitter.com/pepicek/status/1737949826623430718 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/7Q6B Scale of stampedes reported on Wikidata] ([https://twitter.com/capucine_marin/status/1737814911550448023 source]) *** [https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20wd%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fentity%2F%3E%0ASELECT%20%3Ffilm%20%3FfilmLabel%20%3Fdate%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%3Ffilm%20wdt%3AP136%20wd%3AQ28026639.%0A%20%20%3Ffilm%20wdt%3AP577%20%3Fdate%20.%0A%20%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20.%0A%20%20%20%7D%0A%7D Timeline of the Christmas movies] ([https://twitter.com/Dorialexander/status/810189413980508160 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/4bmy Christmas traditions around the world] (with pictures) ([https://twitter.com/lubianat/status/1474772209482842116 source]) ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Städel Museum Wikidata Clean-Up|WikiProject Städel Museum Wikidata Clean-Up]] - This WikiProject from the Städel Museum aims to actively participate in the Wikimedia community by maintaining and updating the quality of its data. This includes their collection of public domain art, which has been digitized and made freely available for public use. The project focuses on ensuring that the most current and high-quality data, including high-resolution images and improved metadata, are available on platforms like Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata. ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/children of dead mothers|children of dead mothers]] - List of mother-children pairs, where death date of parent < birth date of child ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q143|Esperanto (Q143)]] - international auxiliary language designed by L. L. Zamenhof ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1222568|L1222568 (বড়দিন)]] - Bengali noun for 'Christmas' * ''' Development ''' ** Due to the winter holidays, the development team is taking a break and no deployment is happening for Wikidata at the moment. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * ''' Monthly Tasks ''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2023 12 25|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=25980773 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #609 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * ''' Discussions ''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] (RfP scheduled to end after 8 January 2024 12:01 UTC) ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/EPIC|EPIC]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/ ** New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/HVSH-Bot|HVSH-Bot]] . Task: Import data about politicians from the [[d:Q119949776|Q119949776]], now only partially online available. * ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' ** Upcoming: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 17th January 2023 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase. ** Ongoing: Weekly Lexeme Challenge #123: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=123 Ologist] * ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' ** Papers: [https://iswc2023.semanticweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/ISWC2023_paper_379.pdf Improving maintenance of community-based knowledge graphs]. This paper by Nicolas Ferranti addresses the critical issue of data quality in open knowledge graphs, with a specific focus on Wikidata. It aims to formalize Wikidata's unique approaches to assess and resolve data inconsistencies, proposing a semi-automatic refinement pipeline to empower the Wikidata user community in maintaining and enhancing the reliability of this extensive collaborative knowledge graph. ** Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZP4Q1zkINw WikidataCon 2023 Day 1.5 - The past and future of Wikidata]. In this video Lydia Pintscher takes a moment to review the major events of Wikidata over the past few years. Then turns to look forward and predict what Wikidata's prospects will be over the next year. * ''' Tool of the week ''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/look-at-your-list-of-created-articles-through-wikidata WICA: Wikidata's insights for created articles] is an updated version of an old tool. It now includes many new features to analyse your list of created articles using Wikidata properties. *''' Did you know? ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: none *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12239|Shamela book edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12240|‎HistoriaGames series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12241|‎Schnittberichte.com title ID]], [[:d:Property:P12242|‎Kemono Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12243|‎Internet Game Database event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12244|Xemu compatibility database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12245|‎GamesMeter game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12246|‎GameGear.jp ID]], [[:d:Property:P12247|Walmart product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12248|Swissubase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12249|RPGWatch game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12250|RPGWatch company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12251|RPGWatch press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12252|‎Indie DB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12253|‎NIWA article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12254|turismoroma.it place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12255|‎ScummVM ID]], [[:d:Property:P12256|ORBi author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12257|Abandonware-France video game series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12258|Abandonware-France video game compilation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12259|Abandonware-France person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12260|Abandonware-France company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12261|Abandonware-France magazine ID]], [[:d:Property:P12262|Abandonware-France award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12263|Kanjipedia word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12264|Moviefone movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12265|South African NPO number]], [[:d:Property:P12266|‎Nigerian registered company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12267|Abandonware-France video game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12268|‎AFJV directory ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nonprofit Status|Nonprofit Status]] (<nowiki>Indicating the legal and tax status of a non-profit organization (specific to served legal areas, aka. Countries). Addition to {{P|1454}}. {{P|1628}} to [https://schema.org/nonprofitStatus nonprofitStatus] from schema.org. Organizations can have multiple Nonprofit Status from different countries.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (<nowiki>{{Q|2976602}} for {{Q|163740}} created by the {{Q|193727}} and adapted by the {{Q|1065}}.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/creative director|creative director]] (<nowiki>person who makes high-level creative decisions, oversees the creation of creative assets such as adverts, products, events or logos and guides and directs the creative people who create the end result</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/television judge|television judge]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SERNEC taxon ID|SERNEC taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhineland-Palatinate school ID|Rhineland-Palatinate school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nebula channel id|nebula channel id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deutsche Bahn station number|Deutsche Bahn station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISzDb series ID|ISzDb series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BG localisation unit ID|BG localisation unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cathopedia article ID|Cathopedia article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Native Plants Hawaii ID|Native Plants Hawaii ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Biographical Database ID|Taiwan Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Penstemon Database ID|Penstemon Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikisage ID|Wikisage ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/8hPM Visual artists whose works will enter the Public Domain in Mexico on January 1, 2024] ([https://twitter.com/salvador_alc/status/1741963028977881122 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top music album languages found on Wikidata right now] (Week 52, 2023) ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/111669113852952139 source]) *** [https://w.wiki/8hif Western composers until the end of the Renaissance] ([https://wikis.world/@zerology@bayes.club/111654741799219949 source]) ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: Merge candidates: [[Wikidata:Database reports/identical birth and death dates|Identical birth and death dates]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q382108|Team Fortress 2 (Q382108)]] - team-based first-person shooter multiplayer video game. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L907713|ورھا لگّݨ / ਵਰ੍ਹਾ ਲੱਗਣ (L907713)]] - Punjabi verb expressing the setting in of a new year. *''' Development ''' ** The development team is just returning from the winter holidays so there is no development update at the moment. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. *''' Monthly Tasks ''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 02|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26012009 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #610 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/WikiBayer|WikiBayer]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/ * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 9|So9qBot 9]]. Task: Add DDO identifier to Danish lexemes. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' *Upcoming: ** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 17th January 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' ** [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa (WMA) Hackathon, 19th to 21st January 2024]] ** [https://www.kim.uni-konstanz.de/en/kim-news/news-detail-page/forschungsdateninfo-live-wikidata-als-kollaborative-informationsressource-zum-fdm/ Forschungsdatenmanagement: Wikidata as a collaborative information resource on research data management] (German), takes place online, Wednesday 10th January 2024, 10-11am (CET). ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://pointstodots.wordpress.com/2024/01/02/pubchem-on-wikidata-what-is-the-state-of-coverage/ PubChem on Wikidata – What is the state of coverage?] by Tiago Lubiana. In summary, Wikidata has good coverage of the structured chemical data in PubChem, though there are improvement points. PubChem displays, and will always display, textual information and vendor-specific data that do not fit Wikidata, but they are complementary tools in the ecosystem of open chemical data. * Papers ** [[:d:Q124079430|Linked data: un’opportunità per il riuso (Q124079430)]] "scientific article published in 2023" [https://digitalia.cultura.gov.it/article/view/3035 (paper in Italian)] - deals with linked data in library catalogues, with many mentions of Wikidata. ** [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10579-023-09702-y Automatically Constructed Indonesian Question Answering Dataset by Leveraging Wikidata] by K. Doxolodeo & A.A. Krisnadhi - researchers have created a new Indonesian Question Answering dataset that is produced automatically end-to-end using Context Free Grammar, the Wikipedia Indonesian Corpus, and the concept of the proxy model ** [https://kula.uvic.ca/index.php/kula/article/view/247 LIS Journals’ Lack of Participation in Wikidata Item Creation] by Eric Willey & Susan Radovsky, discusses the gap of Wikidata items being created for scholarly articles by the scholar's themselves and if this can lead to inconsistent or inaccurate data model. ** [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/08944393231220165?journalCode=ssce Quantifying Americanization:] Coverage of American Topics in Different Wikipedias: this paper asks whether there is an americanisation bias in the content created by the communities. By Piotr Konieczny & Włodzimierz Lewoniewski. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVP9vGw5xtg Map Kerala Initiative] is an opendata portal geospatial map powered by Wikidata and OpenStreetMap, introduced by Manoj Karingamadathil. ** This video on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E1DLleOWvR4 Biodiversity Explorations with Machine Learning: Biodiversity Data Access Functions] shows how Wikidata is being used to populate species entity profiles at Wolfram U, presented by Jofre Espigulé-Pons. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/waaat Wikipedia article as a timeline] - This tool transforms a Wikipedia article in a timeline by parsing all internal links in a Wikipedia article and retrieving the date corresponding to each internal link using the [[d:Property:P585|point in time (P585)]] property in Wikidata. ''' Tool of the week ''' [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/map-your-created-articles Map your list of created articles] - a notebook display of geolocated articles on a map created by a user per chosen project and batch (featured/good article). ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' Wikimedia Indonesia and Wikimedia Deutschland ended their partnership within the project [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata Software Collaboration for Wikidata] prematurely. Read their joint statement [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Activities here]. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: ** [[:d:Property:P12270|Flora of the Hawaiian Islands URL]] (<nowiki>URL of the entry for a plant genus, species, subspecies, or variety in the Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website</nowiki>) ** ([[:d:Property:P12273|Montana Plant Life URL]] (<nowiki>URL for a plant family, genus, or species on the Montana Plant Life website</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12275|‎plate(s)]] (<nowiki>plate number(s) in the reference source being cited to support the statement being made</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12269|Abandonware-France book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12271|‎MilliBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12272|Monasticon Hibernicum database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12274|Rhineland-Palatinate school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12276|Enciclopedia di Roma monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P12277|Enciclopedia di Roma street ID]], [[:d:Property:P12278|Mid-Atlantic Herbaria Consortium taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12279|‎The Criterion Collection spine number]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: ** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Water bottle volume|Water bottle volume]] (<nowiki>Volume of the water bottle</nowiki>) ** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Is it metric?|Is it metric?]] (<nowiki>To check if it's a metric.</nowiki>) ** [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anti-Cheat software used|Anti-Cheat software used]] (<nowiki>anti-cheat solution used by this multiplayer video game</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/turismo.marche.it place ID|turismo.marche.it place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Joseph Smith Papers person ID|Joseph Smith Papers person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Scotland ID|Team Scotland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Globoplay ID|Globoplay ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DoblajeVideojuegos game ID|DoblajeVideojuegos game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Natural Parks System ID|National Natural Parks System ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Commonwealth Games Australia ID|Commonwealth Games Australia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Adventure-Treff game ID|Adventure-Treff game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TouchArcade game ID|TouchArcade game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mod.io ID|Mod.io ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Models Resource game ID|The Models Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Models Resource entity ID|The Models Resource entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tourist information point number|tourist information point number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jinji Koshinjyo ID|Jinji Koshinjyo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bandcamp track ID|Bandcamp track ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/8hxE Average age of supporters of Gérard Depardieu] according to [[:d:Q124005357|Appel de 50 personnalités du monde de la culture]] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111683066147340243 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/8jVE {{LangSwitch|en=Map of running/out of service railway stations in France|fr=Carte des gares ferroviaires en France métropolitaine selon leur état d'usage}}] ** [https://w.wiki/8mLv Bridges in the UK with photos] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1744035707813785997 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/8nBH Programming languages influenced by Niklaus Wirth (directly or indirectly)] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1742655469284409451 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProject]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Podcast Episodes 2024|Podcast Episodes 2024]] - The goal of this project is to add episode pages for individual podcasts. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database report]]: [[Wikidata:Database reports/children of unborn parents|children of unborn parents]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Item]]: [[d:Q1757|Helsinki (Q1757)]] - capital and most populous city of Finland * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexeme]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1226849|Allah korusun (L1226849)]] - Turkish for 'God forbid' ''' Development ''' * IP masking/temporary accounts: We are adjusting Wikibase to be prepared for the upcoming changes to no longer expose IP addresses for non-logged-in users ([[phab:T351968]]) * Dumps/lex. data: We’re adjusting how empty lists of Forms and Senses are represented in JSON dumps ([[phab:T305660]]) * Wikibase REST API: ** We finished the work on making it possible to get all sitelinks of an Item ([[phab:T344041]]) ** We are working on getting a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344039]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_01_08#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_01_08#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in this week's Lexeme challenge: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=124 Ologies] * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 08|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26028809 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #611 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: [[:d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Inverse_property_access_for_wikis_:_a_lua_API_request_for_the_development_team|Community request for the development team to access inverse properties on client wikis]]. (Summary: We currently cannot access inverse property values on Wikipedia. This can be a data management issue on Wikipedia as we must always ask ourself if we must introduce an inverse property for cases where we need them. So I think it’s useful to gather the usecases community would want and draft a request for an API to the devteam to do that.) ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 17th January 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' * Past **[[w:de:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/English|Provenance Loves Wiki (PLW24)]], Jan 12th - 14th, research and data on the origin of artworks and cultural heritage and how Wikibase and Wikidata can support this. ** [https://twitter.com/WRdcongo/status/1745362701537198449 WikiLovesWomen #SheSaid] campaign wrapped up the 2023 campaign by visiting Kinshasha and Kisangani, where local Wikimedians improved quotes from women on FR Wikipedia and Wikidata. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/04/building-connected-libraries-in-nigeria-reflections-from-the-wikibase-journey/ Building Connected Libraries in Nigeria:] --> Reflections from the Wikibase Journey on collaboration and resouce sharing between Nigerian Libraries. ** [https://finnaarupnielsen.wordpress.com/2024/01/11/wikidata-and-chatgpt-integration-failure/ Wikidata and ChatGPT integration failure] --> read about Finn Årup Nielsen's attempts to integrate LLM's with Wikidata. ** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/Danysan95/diary/403095 QLever: a new way to query OpenStreetMap] --> Discussion of the new opportunities offered by QLever to query OpenStreetMap and to run federated queries with Wikidata ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2023/Contents/Sweden_report#Wikidata_for_authority_control:_3_years_of_work|Wikidata for authority control: 3 years of work]] --> The three-year Wikidata for authority control project, a collaboration between Wikimedia Sverige and Swedish museums, concluded in December 2023. It equipped museum staff with tools and skills to integrate their authority databases with Wikidata, resulting in added identifiers, SPARQL query proficiency, and enhanced knowledge sharing within the GLAM sector. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Germany report|Go-ahead for Wikidata Project of GLAM institutions from Baden-Württemberg]] --> The GLAM-BW project, under "GLAM goes OpenData," connects major collections in Baden-Württemberg, focusing on the württembergische Kunstkammer. With over 3,000 objects, the project integrates information on collectors, histories, and objects into a knowledge graph for semantic searches, contributing to the broader realm of linked open data, akin to Wikidata. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2023/Contents/Switzerland report|Swiss GLAM Programme]] --> Wikimedia CH imported the Museum of Natural History of Neuchâtel's urchin fossil casts to Wikimedia Commons, connecting structured data on Wikidata. The project involved data cleaning, adding missing elements, and file imports via OpenRefine, highlighting seamless integration between Wikidata and Commons. * Papers ** [https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1020648 Reflections on the PCC Wikidata Pilot at UCLA Library:] --> Undertaking the PCC Learning Objectives. Discusses the 14-month Pilot programme for cooperative cataloguing of UCLA Library and Museum Collections. By E. Zhang, P. Biswas & I. Dagher. ** [https://openaccess.thecvf.com/content/WACV2024/papers/Tahmasebzadeh_Few-Shot_Event_Classification_in_Images_Using_Knowledge_Graphs_for_Prompting_WACV_2024_paper.pdf Few-Shot Event Classification in Images using Knowledge Graphs for Prompting] --> How can Wikidata and Wikipedia help Vision-Language Models improve their classification of images. Tahmasebzadeh et al., 2024. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8Ok7Q-65OQ SMWCon 2023: Semantics, Wikis, and AI] --> Day 1, Keynote by Prof. Markus Krötzsch who explores origins and principles of semantic wikis and key challenges that lie ahead in managing knowledge. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSrFSz2BUno GLAM on Tour 2023 im Museum Barberini] (German) --> find out what Museums have got to do with Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata. [[w:de:Wikipedia:GLAM|More Info Here]]. * Interactive notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/lam GLAM : Geolocated and Labelled Articles Map] - explore Featured and Good Wikipedia articles through a map, powered by Wikidata. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://community.openstreetmap.org/t/announcing-us-boundary-tagging-qa-checker/107744 Brian M Sperlongano] released [https://zelonewolf.github.io/wikidata-qa/ US boundary QA checker], a quality assurance tool for finding issues with boundary data in the United States by using Wikidata, OpenStreetMap, and US Census Bureau data. * The Surrounding Ocean (available at [https://vrandezo.github.io/TheSurroundingOcean/ vrandezo.github.io/TheSurroundingOcean]) - is a tool that allows you to browse lexicographical data. You can use the tool to explore words and their meanings, translations, and synonyms. The tool is currently under development, and the developer, Danny, would appreciate feedback to fix any issues with the tool. More info: [[Wikidata:The Surrounding Ocean]]. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/OSM-Wikidata_Map_Framework OS-Wikidata Map Framework] List of tools and maps which combines OSM and Wikidata. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Y7PRNX3SMKLTT6ABLGYADTLT2NQ7MKJE/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Google Summer of Code 2024 and Outreachy Round 28 is OPEN!] * Got an idea for a project to reclaim the public nature of the internet? With Wikidata? [https://nlnet.nl/news/2023/20240109-CommonsFund-starts.html NLNet has a new fund you could apply to.] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: none * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12280|Walk Score ID]], [[:d:Property:P12281|HistoriaGames game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12282|‎Deutsche Bahn station number]], [[:d:Property:P12283|Legends Tour player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12284|Moscow Cultural Heritage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12285|USOPC Hall of Fame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12288|Cathopedia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12289|‎TouchArcade game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12290|‎DoblajeVideojuegos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12291|‎Adventure-Treff game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12292|Biota of New Zealand ID]], [[:d:Property:P12293|Consortium of Bryophyte Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12294|Consortium of Lichen Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12295|Native Plants Hawaii ID]], [[:d:Property:P12296|SERNEC taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12297|TORCH taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12298|Penstemon Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12299|Digicarmel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12300|‎Retskrivningsordbogen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12301|MAMCS artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P12302|Sofascore player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12303|‎Mod.io game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12304|Sina Chinese Basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12305|turismo.marche.it place ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/describes|describes]] (<nowiki>Data objects that are described by this entity (e.g. an encyclopedia or topic-related book; intended for input of several data objects.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/memory type|memory type]] (<nowiki>specifies the type of working memory of this data object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filial church|filial church]] (<nowiki>church which acts as the less important temple of a parish</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (<nowiki>unique code to identify topographical features of France (department, city, thoroughfare...)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluesky handle|Bluesky handle]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Merkur author ID|Merkur author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bavarian school ID|Bavarian school ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Database ID|Rugby Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Playstation Store Concept ID|Playstation Store Concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ArchDaily Architecture Office ID|ArchDaily Architecture Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo De Mauro ID|Il Nuovo De Mauro ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluesky DID|Bluesky DID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/8r4K Historical events by a city sorted by importance] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#historical_events_by_a_city_sorted_by_importance|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/8r4T Bubble chart showing countries with the highest number of children out of school in 2013] ([[d:Wikidata:Weekly_query_examples/2018|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/8r4Z Timeline of writing systems and alphabets] ([[d:Wikidata:Weekly query examples/2019|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Decolonise Wiki|WikiProject Decolonise Wiki]] --> intends to focus on decolonising text, depictions and media within all relevant Wikipedia articles. * WikiProject Highlights: Ontology Cleaning Task Force: A group of people have started a task force to discuss problems with the Wikidata ontology and how to clean them up. Anyone interested in participating is welcome. The task force maintains [[Wikidata:WikiProject Ontology/Cleaning Task Force]] as a record of its activities. You can add yourself to the participants list there and find out how to join group meetings or otherwise participate in the group. ''(Got something noteworthy happening in your WikiProject? Share it in the upcoming issue!)'' * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Reports/Empty lexemes|Lexicographical data/Reports/Empty lexemes]] - Lexemes with no statements, no forms and no senses. ''(Do you see Lexemes from your language in the list that you can fix?)'' * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q45919591|January 15, 2018 (Q45919591)]] - Monday in January 2018 * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1081423|در جنگ حلوا بخش نمی‌کنند]] (L1081423) - Persian with a meaning similar to "all's fair in love and war" ''' Development ''' * IP masking: We are working on adjusting Wikibase to handle the upcoming introduction of IP masking, which will give editors who are not logged in a temporary account name instead of using their IP to attribute edits to ([[phab:T351968]]) * Lexicographical data: We are changing how empty Senses and Forms are represented in the dumps ([[phab:T305660]]) * mul language code: We are doing user testing for the current implementation to see if it is understandable for people. * Mismatch Finder: We are continuing the work on migrating it to the Codex design system. * REST API: ** We improved the handling of lower-case statement IDs ([[phab:T354262]]) ** We are working on getting a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344039]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Pigs * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:13, 15 ජනවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26028809 --> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26044841 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #612 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 01 22|Translations]] are available.'' </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Domain_name_as_data|Domain name as data]] (Summary: How should Wikidata store the domain name associated with an item? There are many properties for URLs, but a domain name is a different value.) ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Past ** Wikidata+Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-01-17|Telegram office hour 2024-01-17]] ** [[w:de:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/Program|PLW 2024: Provenance loves Wiki]] - Fri. 12th - Sun. 14th January. If you missed the event, catch up by reading the slides, Notes and watching the recordings on the Project page * Next: [https://twitter.com/UM_Library/status/1747257408328802651/photo/1 Linked Open Data in Heritage Workshop] > Jan. 23rd, 13:00 - 15:00 CET. If you are in the Maastricht University Faculty and want to know enhance heritage research, improve data management, connectivity and visualisation, [https://maastrichtuniversity.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5cDQAbfOkEYdZoW register] for the Workshop. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [http://simia.net/wiki/Languages_with_the_best_lexicographic_data_coverage_in_Wikidata_2023 Languages with the best lexicographic data coverage in Wikidata 2023] ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2024/01/17/working-with-catalogues-a-wikidata-volunteers-perspective/ Working with catalogues: a Wikidata volunteer’s perspective] --> interview with [[User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] where they discuss the challenges and opportunities of working with catalogues on Wikidata. * Papers ** [[:d:Q124289369|The reconciliation of SBN authority records with Wikidata. Progresses and perspectives after a decade of work (2013-2023) (Q124289369)]] (Italian title: Riconciliare le voci di autorità in SBN con Wikidata. Progressi e prospettive dopo un decennio di lavoro (2013-2023)) [https://jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/573 (paper in Italian)] - deals with the reconciliation of the authority file of the biggest Italian collective library catalogue (OPAC SBN) with Wikidata ** [[:d:Q124289388|The evolution of authority work in SBN. From origins to Alphabetica and future prospects (Q124289388)]] (Italian title: L’evoluzione dell’''authority work'' in SBN. Dalle origini ad Alphabetica e prospettive future) [https://jlis.it/index.php/jlis/article/view/572 (paper in Italian)] - deals with the evolution of the authority work in the biggest Italian collective library catalogue (OPAC SBN), with many references to Wikidata ** [https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20240116aw Biological Pathway Abstractions: From 2D drawings to Multidimensional Linked Data] > this thesis by Andra Sachinder Waagmeester discusses the utility of using Wikidata as a Knowledge Graph for Life Sciences. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWqZ814E8YU "From Wiki to Digital Humanities - Establishing a Literature Index Network" Symposium](Taiwanese) from Wang Shiqing. A scholar of Taiwanese history, this symposium explores linking their historical and academic research with Wikidata. ** Semantic MediaWiki Con 2023 *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STG7VhdiyZw AskWikidata]: Natural language queries to Wikidata, a naive prototype created by Senior Software Engineer for Wikidata, Robert Timm. [https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1yRZshpNj0kXwY0XuUYw5ziqjw_RffxH- Want to try? (Google Colab)] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VyTkg3J8Sc Fixing Wikidata: by viewing it as a series of tables] by Yaron Koren, who challenges that Wikidata can become more useful with more structured editing and querying practices. ''' Tool of the week ''' * Wikimedia Commons based streaming services by [[d:User:Magnus Manske|Magnus]]: [[d:Help:WikiFlix|WikiFlix]] for movies and the companion tool [[d:Help:WikiVibes|WikiVibes]] for audio. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikimedia Deutschland hiring: ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40651559/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-m-f-d-/?jobDbPVId=110100750&l=en Software Engineer, Wikidata] ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40775956/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=110472737&l=en Software Engineer, Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects] ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/40776229/Senior-Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=110473871&l=en Senior Software Engineer, Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12322|underlying structure]] (<nowiki>an instance of the subject becomes an instance of the object if some of its data are lost</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12323|working memory type]] (<nowiki>specifies the type of working memory of this data object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12324|production manager]] (<nowiki>manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12328|simulate]] (<nowiki>the element imitates or makes the value of the property appear real</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12330|Philippine middle name]] (<nowiki>maternal surname generally placed in the middle of this person's name</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12306|‎ISzDb series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12307|IFTTT service ID]], [[:d:Property:P12308|National-Football-Teams.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12309|Moviefone person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12310|Commonwealth Games Australia athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12311|Team Scotland athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12312|Kicker team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12313|goalzz.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12314|vesti.kz team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12315|‎Am Faclair Beag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12316|tourist information point number]], [[:d:Property:P12317|Alexandria.dk person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12319|Babelio serial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12320|Moviebuff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12321|RCS number]], [[:d:Property:P12325|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12326|Vazhaju Word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12327|Stage]], [[:d:Property:P12329|Qué series ver ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/If non-metric|If non-metric]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/civil rank|civil rank]] (<nowiki>non-military rank of a civil office holder in Russian Empire</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PhoneScoop phone ID|PhoneScoop phone ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TopKar ID|TopKar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IFOPT stop identifier|IFOPT stop identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flashback lexicon ID|Flashback lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd director ID|Letterboxd director ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd user ID|Letterboxd user ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HbVar ID|HbVar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HistoryMakers Digital Archive Maker ID|HistoryMakers Digital Archive Maker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID|Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID|Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Code de la collectivité territoriale ayant les compétences départementales|Code de la collectivité territoriale ayant les compétences départementales]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID|Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/8pEM Distance between the birthplace of UK ministers and London] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1745582716936946078 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/Pra Map of countries receiving the Nobel peace prize] ** [https://w.wiki/XoZ People who have returned to being their country’s head of government after the longest gap] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Media art|WikiProject Media art]] - to work together with initiatives archiving media art and find common best practices. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Statistics/Count of lexemes without senses|Count of Senseless Lexemes per language]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q12418|Mona Lisa (Q12418)]] - oil painting by Leonardo da Vinci * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1131949|grilldress (L1131949)]] - track suit for grilling in Bokmål ''' Development ''' * IP Masking: We are continuing to adapt Wikibase to the upcoming IP Masking feature. We worked on hiding warnings about IP addresses being saved when they don’t apply ([[phab:T353807]], [[phab:T352006]]) and creating temporary accounts when editing ([[phab:T354730]]) * Wikibase REST API: ** We continued working on the ability to get a sitelink for a given site ([[phab:T344039]]) ** We started working on the ability to remove a sitelink for a given wiki ([[phab:T344685]]) ** We worked on fixing a bug where the REST API PUT request does not handle statement on Items with lowercase statement IDs ([[phab:T352644]]) * mul language code: We did user testing to find any remaining issue before release [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Cinematography * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] -[[Ŋun su:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ŋun su yɛltɔɣa:MediaWiki message delivery|Yɛltɔɣa]]) 17:13, 15 Silimin gɔli January 2024 (GMT) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26100753 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #613 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#ROBERTSHST|ROBERTSHST]] requested adminship to be able to link protected Wikipedia pages to Wikidata. The request has been denied and closed. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Block_of_Frettiebot|Frettiebot block?]] - [[d:User:Bovlb|Bovlb]] has requested community input about the edit behaviour of this bot, with more discussion found on the [[d:User_talk:Frettiebot#Block|Frettiebot Discussion]] page. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Books: [https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cilip.org.uk/resource/group/bd35bb32-65ad-475f-82be-dcfe36e1ec69/focus/focus_54-2.pdf Banned books, Wikipedia and Wikidata] - Volume 54, Number 2, 2023 of the focus on International Library and Information Work. Professor Núria Ferran of Women and Wikipedia. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.07683.pdf Assisted Knowledge Graph Authoring:] Human-Supervised Knowledge Graph Construction from Natural Language - a Web app allowing domain experts to create natural language Wikidata-based knowledge graphs. By Gohsen & Stein (2024). ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.12474.pdf Large Language Models are Superpositions of All Characters: Attaining Arbitrary Role-play via Self-Alignment] - Lu, K., Yu, B., Zhou, C. & Zhou, J., (2024),. This paper explores using Knowledge Graph data silos to enrich interactions and dialogues with AI NPC's in roleplay videogames. ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.04695.pdf Narrowing the Knowledge Evaluation Gap:] Open-Domain Question Answering with Multi-Granularity Answers - evaluating predicted answers against a set of multi-granularity answers based on Wikidata. By Yona et al, (2024). * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZptQ94bxoo Introduction to Wikidata Query Tool] - Learn A Wiki Skill (LAWS). If you are a Wikidata beginner, enjoy this video provided by Open Foundation West Africa. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIIxn9FtZKU Wikibase Cloud For Cultural Heritage Data Online] and the SNARC Hub for Name Authority Records relating to Wales and the Welsh Language, with Jason J. Evans. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QbEIgY2Qhs How to use Wikidata in research:] good practices for using and sharing open data (Portugese). A training session by Rute Correia of Wikimedia Portugal. * WikidataCon 2023 - (English Audio) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMUAp1ePsrg Wikifunctions: fulfilling one of Wikidata's missing promises?] - with Denny Vrandečić ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC0H8PoSeKc Structured data and collaborative curation:] WikiProjects and Wikidata - with Daniel Mietchen. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_NwZhbVoHg Spreading our Data further with Wikibase REST API] by L. Pintscher. * Presentations: ** [https://zenodo.org/records/10557209 Wikibase for a Research Project] - A slidedeck provided by Ruth v.d. Bussche presented at [[de:wp:Wikipedia:Arbeitsgemeinschaft_Kunstwissenschaften_%2B_Wikipedia/Provenance_loves_Wiki/English|Provenance Loves Wiki '24]] ** Provenance Loves Wiki 2024 slides on [https://zenodo.org/records/10569041 Linking Boetticher and 19th Century Paintings] through Wikidata and Wikisource * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/glam2 GLAM2: Geolocated and Labeled Articles Map] - much like the previously shared [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/lam GLAM1] visually representing distribution of Good & Featured Articles but in a different visualisation. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wifga Wikidata's insights for featured and good Wikipedia articles], a new Observable's notebook which helps exploring good articles or featured articles in any Wikipedia using Wikidata properties such as P31, P21, P106, P17, P27, etc. * [https://speedpatrolling.toolforge.org/ SpeedPatrolling] - This tool helps Wikidata editors to patrol recent changes. * metaphacts and Ontotext launch a new end-user interface on top of the Wikidata Knowledge Graph: [https://www.ontotext.com/company/news/metaphacts-ontotext-interface-for-wikidata-demo-system/?utm_campaign=Metaphacts&utm_content=272732273&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter&hss_channel=tw-33893047 try it here!] ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * A job opening for a [https://careers.iscb.org/jobs/view/8682 Data Scientist / Knowledge Engineer] to use Wikidata as a foundational layer for an NSF-funded [https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2023/nsf23571/nsf23571.htm) Prototype Open Knowledge Network]. * The Wikidata Development team needs your feedback! We are currently evaluating a new feature for the Wikidata Query Service. Fancy sharing your thoughts? We would greatly appreciate it if you could complete [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Feedback_on_stop_query_solution_for_Query_Service this survey on Lamapoll]. It should take you around 10–15 minutes. Your input means a lot to us. Thank you! ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12322|underlying structure(s)]] (<nowiki>mathematical structure(s) obtained by deleting some data of the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12323|working memory type]] (<nowiki>specifies the type of working memory of this data object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12324|production manager]] (<nowiki>manager that is responsible for the administration of a feature film or television production</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12328|simulates]] (<nowiki>item simulated, imitated, or made to appear real by this item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12330|Philippine middle name]] (<nowiki>maternal surname generally placed in the middle of this person's name</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12346|combines media]] (<nowiki>media files that composes this media file</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12363|clerked for]] (<nowiki>this person has held a clerkship with the judge</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12321|RCS number]], [[:d:Property:P12325|Sayed Ganj Balochi Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12326|Vazhaju word ID]], [[:d:Property:P12327|Stage username]], [[:d:Property:P12329|Qué series ver series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12331|Baseball-Reference.com manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12332|‎Playstation Store concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P12333|Pallaalcentro player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12334|Rowing Canada ID]], [[:d:Property:P12335|Rugby Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12336|Encyclopedia of Cacti species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12337|Nebula channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12338|fiba.basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12339|Académie de Stanislas member ID]], [[:d:Property:P12340|National Natural Parks System ID]], [[:d:Property:P12341|Bandcamp track ID]], [[:d:Property:P12347|NientePopCorn movie ID]], [[:d:Property:P12348|NientePopCorn series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12349|NientePopCorn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12350|Bavarian school ID]], [[:d:Property:P12351|BookBrainz edition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12352|British Pathé asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P12353|CRIS Unique Site Number]], [[:d:Property:P12354|Great American Business Leaders of the 20th Century ID]], [[:d:Property:P12355|Merkur author page]], [[:d:Property:P12356|‎Globoplay ID]], [[:d:Property:P12357|BindingDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12358|FFTT player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12359|Czech geological location ID]], [[:d:Property:P12360|etymologiebank.nl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12361|Bluesky handle]], [[:d:Property:P12362|‎Parliament of Victoria ID]], [[:d:Property:P12364|ArchDaily architecture office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12365|HistoryMakers Maker Directory ID]], [[:d:Property:P12366|OKRB 011-2022 code]], [[:d:Property:P12367|Plant Illustrations taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12368|Plant Illustrations species ID]], [[:d:Property:P12369|Bantumen Powerlist 100]], [[:d:Property:P12370|International Hockey Federation competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12371|IndExs Exsiccata editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12372|COSL profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12373|‎The Models Resource entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12374|HbVar ID]], [[:d:Property:P12375|TracesOfWar award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12376|Latindex 2022 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12377|Flashback lexicon ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of delegates|Number of delegates]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/afd-verbot.de person id|afd-verbot.de person id]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date of application|date of application]] (<nowiki>date of a application/request that lead to a membership in an organisation, an employment or issuance of an identifier</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/authorized image|authorized image]] (<nowiki>Proposing to distinguish images with reliable source from GLAM partners or cultural institutions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dejure.org-Schlagwort (de)|Dejure.org-Schlagwort (de)]] (<nowiki>searchword in Dejure.org</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review:: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 17 ID|VD 17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI English-Swahili Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI English-Swahili Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singerman Identifier|Singerman Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/X place ID|X place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PteridoPortal taxon ID|PteridoPortal taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plants of Hawaiʻi ID|Plants of Hawaiʻi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kalliope.org author ID|Kalliope.org author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The StoryGraph Author ID|The StoryGraph Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EDIT16 title & place IDs|EDIT16 title & place IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Myths on Maps Identifier|Myths on Maps Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry|Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives départementales du Vaucluse Fonds ID|Archives départementales du Vaucluse Fonds ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ru.hayazg.info ID|ru.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sundance Institute Archive ID|Sundance Institute Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mindat taxon ID|Mindat taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/notify.moe ID|notify.moe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nimi.li id|nimi.li id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo eShop (UK) ID|Nintendo eShop (UK) ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/8vwq The 100 smallest mountains in France] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111803681068833819 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/8onv French Prime ministers ordered by age when they start in office] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111735781109610547 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject IBC 2024|Wikidata:WikiProject IBC 2024]] - The International Botanical Congress (IBC) takes place once every six years. The organisers of this WikiProject see this conference as an ideal opportunity to engage with the wider botanical community, educate them about the potential of Wikidata and to train them in its use. We will also use this opportunity to improve the data held in Wikidata about the participants, presenters and their contributions to botany. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Health Data Space|WikiProject Health Data Space]] - This project is about organising data related to health data spaces, in particular the efforts to create a European Health Data Space. Initially it will focus on Sweden. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Differences in birth and death dates|Differences in birth and death dates]] - This is list of reports when birth date or death date in Wikidata differs from other sources: * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2513|Hubble Space Telescope (Q2513)]] - NASA and ESA space telescope (launched 1990) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L204262|šťastný (L204262)]] (Czech) - having luck, fortune, happy. This is our first Czech showcase lexeme and it just so happens to be the largest Lexeme on Wikidata! ''' Development ''' * [Breaking Change] [[listarchive:list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AAFFOEC7HVHC7FTADBUC6GHMTM62JATY/|We are changing how empty Sense and Form lists are represented in dumps]] * Fixed the order of item/property suggestions on several occasions, primarily sex or gender (P21) ([[:phab:T355697]]) * mul lanuage code: We are wrapping up the usability testing. * IP Masking: We continued the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming change to not show IP addresses for non-logged in users anymore. * Wikibase REST API: ** We added the ability to add a sitelink to an Item or edit an existing one ([[phab:T342987]]) ** We are fixing a bug where badges were missing in the API reponse for sitelinks ([[phab:T355293]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Diplomacy * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:16, 29 ජනවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26119016 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #614 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SamoasambiaBot|SamoasambiaBot]] - Adding coordinate values from fiwiki articles, and 2.) adding location statements based on the coordinates. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MidleadingBot 5|MidleadingBot 5]] - Create items for books in [[d:Q477675|National Diet Library (Q477675)]]. * Closed request for comments: ** Closure reason listed as "Not an RfC discussion":<br>[[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/MotoGP_riders%27_links|Moto GP Riders Links]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Improving_the_performance_of_retrieving_labels,_descriptions_and_aliases|Improve performance of label, description and alias retrieval]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Create_massive_changes_in_one_property_for_spesific_categories/properties%3F|Create massive changes in one property for specific categories/properties]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Automatic_analysis_and_breakdown_of_links_(for_social_accounts_reference)|Auto analysis and breakdown of links (for social account reference)]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Separating_%22citations%22_from_all_Wikipedia_articles_by_using_Wikidata|Separating citations from all Wikipedia articles by using Wikidata]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Items_for_external_links|Items for external links]] ** Closure reason listed as "No Consensus":<br> [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Remove_watchlist_summary|Remove watchlist summary]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Unifying_GO_activities_and_enzyme_articles|Unify GO articles and enzyme articles]] ** Closure reason listed as "Stale":<br> [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Potd|Potd]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Population_data_model|Population data model]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/handling_of_data_objects_for_pages_in_the_project_namespace|Handling of data objects for pages in project namespace]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Shouldn%27t_there_be_a_feature_of_adding_qualifiers_inside_qualifiers|Shouldn't there be a feature adding Qualifiers inside Qualifiers?]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Automatic_sorting_according_to_weight_assigned|Auto sorting according to weight assigned]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Should_we_create_new_properties_for_beaches%3F|Should we create new properties for beaches]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Should_previously_linked_Wikipedia_articles_be_separated%3F|Should previously linked Wikipedia articles be separated?]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/A_meta_item_namespace_(Mxxx)_for_structured_data_about_Wikidata|A meta item namespace (Mxxx) for structured data about Wikidata]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/structured_path_for_property_definition_changes|Structured path for property definition changes]], [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Improved_instructions_for_translation_admin|Improved instructions for translation admin]] ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call February 6, 2024: Wikimedia user [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Dnshitobu Dnshitobu] will discuss Wikidata for Education, the Dagbani NLP project, and the Dagbani Wikimedians User Group/sister communities. In the last part of the meeting, Dnshitobu will lead a discussion of your ideas for Wikidata Affinity Group activities in 2024 using Jamboard. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Xv8dTbvwnWi0fM6YJ1_K_Ue9mIkTsOCH_HFKDWv58iQ/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] * [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/kick-off-panel-discussion-black-histories-wikipedia-wikidata-edit-a-thon-tickets-794748493137?aff=erelexpmlt Kick-Off Panel Discussion: Black Histories Wikipedia & Wikidata Edit-a-thon] February 6, 17:00 - 18:00 CET. Toronto Metropolitan University. [https://www.eventbrite.com/o/tmu-tpl-u-of-t-york-u-58075008163 Edit-A-Thon's] are also being hosted on Feb. 8th 16:00 CET and Feb. 15th 18:00 CET. * [https://calendar.library.torontomu.ca/event/3774293 Wikidata 101] is a clinic, part of the #LoveDataWeek hosted at Toronto Metropolitan University; February 13th 11:00 - 12:30 EST in LIB 387 - Library Collaboratory building. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/02/02/ld42023-ii-getting-to-know-each-other-librarians-in-the-wikidata-world/ Diff Blog: #LD42023 II: Getting to Know Each Other, Librarians in the Wikidata World] by [[m:User:SEgt-WMF|SEgt-WMF]] ** [https://zbw.eu/labs/blog/accessible-material-of-20th-century-press-archives-largely-extended/ 20th Century Press Archives: access extension and full-text search via Wikidata] * Papers ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377776326_Wikidata_Challenges_In_the_Semantic_Web_Community Wikidata Challenges in the Semantic Web Community] by Andrea Westerinen. This presentation was given at the Data Modelling Days conference. ** [https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/9783987400476/knowledge-organization-for-resilience-in-times-of-crisis-challenges-and-opportunities?page=1A Comparative Study on the Approaches of Name Authority Control and Wikidata Identity Management] pages 63 - 74 of the Proceedings of the 18th International ISKO Conference (2024). Authored by Chen C. & Yuxuan Z. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnrNJxPyo0 Connecting People, Connecting Archives Project] (CACP) – Wikidata Workshop (Arabic). Archivists and scholars collaborated to align objectives and methods for the Connecting Archives Connecting People (CACP) Project. The aim of the workshop was to understand biographical data in archives. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPxMPo7YYQM Wikibase SPARQL Demo] A live demo of the SPARQL MediaWiki extension during the February 2024 Wikibase Stakeholder Group meetup. * Podcasts: [https://betweenthebrackets.libsyn.com/episode-155-alan-ang-and-kris-litson Between the Brackets, Episode 155] - Alan Ang and Kris Litson discuss Wikidata partnerships and outreach. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/mdw Mapping of a director's work] a tool which explores the narrative locations of works directed by a filmmaker. ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/mww Mapping of a writer's work] : a tool which explores the narrative locations of works written by an author. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://directory.civictech.guide/listing/wikidata-search-tool-for-venezuelan-works-in-public-domain A Query and UI] for exploring works of Venezuelan authors, artists, scientists and creators in the Public Domain. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikidata development goals for 2024 Q1 has been updated: [[d:Wikidata:Development_plan|Wikidata:Development plan]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12388|official list URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a website listing instances of the subject, maintained by the authority on the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12407|Laws of Malaysia URL]] (<nowiki>Uniform Resource Locator for laws of Malaysia</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12410|semantic derivation]] (<nowiki>links a lexeme sense to a particular sense it is derived from</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12413|date of application]] (<nowiki>date of a application/request that lead to a membership in an organisation, an employment or issuance of an identifier</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12378|VMH ID]], [[:d:Property:P12379|protected heritage site in Brussels ID (web version)]], [[:d:Property:P12380|Euro+Med PlantBase taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12381|LoverFans ID]], [[:d:Property:P12382|DigiListan artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12383|Letterboxd director ID]], [[:d:Property:P12384|Letterboxd user ID]], [[:d:Property:P12385|Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID]], [[:d:Property:P12386|Dansk Forfatterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12387|Qantas hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12389|Veterans Legacy Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12390|China Animal Scientific Database dbb ID]], [[:d:Property:P12391|National Library of Malaysia OPAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12392|Taiwan Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12393|IFOPT stop ID]], [[:d:Property:P12394|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (1st edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12395|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (4th edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12396|Jinji Koshinjyo ID (8th edition)]], [[:d:Property:P12397|TheTVDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12398|TheTVDB company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12399|TheTVDB award ID]], [[:d:Property:P12400|Kialo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12401|Internet Dictionary of Polish Surnames ID]], [[:d:Property:P12402|Myths on Maps identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12403|Plants of Hawaiʻi ID]], [[:d:Property:P12404|Kalliope.org author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12405|PteridoPortal taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12406|Wörterbuch zur Verbvalenz sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12408|XWord Info author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12409|Bluesky DID]], [[:d:Property:P12411|Unified Saudi Occupational Classification]], [[:d:Property:P12412|Lobbypedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12414|ru.hayazg.info ID]], [[:d:Property:P12415|VD 17 ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/smells of|smells of]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/moment of onset of sexual maturity|moment of onset of sexual maturity]] (<nowiki>the point in time after which an individual attains the ability to reproduce sexually</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/url namespace|url namespace]] (<nowiki>URL prefix behind which values of this property can be found using a search engine</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ultima verba|ultima verba]] (<nowiki>last words spoken by a subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Performing organization|Performing organization]] (<nowiki>organization that received funding to create this entity</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filial church|filial church]] (<nowiki>church which acts as the less important temple of a parish</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mémoire des lieux d'un bâtiment|Identifiant Mémoire des lieux d'un bâtiment]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats.com executive ID|PlaymakerStats.com executive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant du Référentiel national des bâtiments|Identifiant du Référentiel national des bâtiments]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of American Regional English ID|Dictionary of American Regional English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Old English ID|Dictionary of Old English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia Mythica ID|Encyclopedia Mythica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Author ID|Shamela Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford English Dictionary object identifier|Oxford English Dictionary object identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Daryab Pashto Glossary ID|Daryab Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID|Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PROSPEROPatches game ID|PROSPEROPatches game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ORBISPatches game ID|ORBISPatches game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quake Wiki ID|Quake Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hong Kong Cinema ID|Hong Kong Cinema ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Műemlékem.hu identifier|Műemlékem.hu identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt-Film-ID|Trakt-Film-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID|Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry|MobiTUKI Swahili-English Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personen der Moderne Basis person ID|Personen der Moderne Basis person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/95Pj Projects with which New Zealand Thesis people overlap] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1752131036887081401 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/95Qa Most articles about films in each Wikipedia] ** [https://query.wikidata.org/#PREFIX%20psv%3A%20%3Chttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidata.org%2Fprop%2Fstatement%2Fvalue%2F%3E%20SELECT%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%28GROUP_CONCAT%28DISTINCT%20%3FcounLabel%3B%20SEPARATOR%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Fcountry%29%20%28GROUP_CONCAT%28DISTINCT%20%3FhqLabel%3B%20SEPARATOR%3D%22%2C%20%22%29%20AS%20%3Fheadquarters%29%20%3Frevenue%20%3Frevenue_USD%20%3FunitLabel%20%3Fdate%20%20%0AWHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP31%20wd%3AQ4830453.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP2139%20%3Fstatement.%0A%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP159%20%3Fhq.%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fitem%20wdt%3AP17%20%3Fcoun.%20%7D%0A%20%20%3Fstatement%20wikibase%3Arank%20%3Frank.%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fitem%20p%3AP2139%20%3Fstatement1.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement1%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3APreferredRank.%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Frank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3APreferredRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Fstatement1%20%21%3D%20%3Fstatement%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%20%3Fstatement%20pq%3AP585%20%3Fdate.%20%7D%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20psv%3AP2139%20_%3Ab9.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab9%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Frevenue.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab9%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28wd%3AQ4917%20AS%20%3Funit%29%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Frevenue%20AS%20%3Frevenue_USD%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20UNION%0A%20%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%3Fstatement%20psv%3AP2139%20_%3Ab10.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab10%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Frevenue.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab10%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20%3Funit.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit%20p%3AP2284%20%3Funit_statement.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement%20wikibase%3Arank%20%3Funit_rank.%0A%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement%20psv%3AP2284%20_%3Ab11.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab11%20wikibase%3AquantityUnit%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20_%3Ab11%20wikibase%3AquantityAmount%20%3Fusd.%0A%20%20%20%20OPTIONAL%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit%20p%3AP2284%20%3Funit_statement1.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement1%20%28psv%3AP2284%2Fwikibase%3AquantityUnit%29%20wd%3AQ4917.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Funit_statement1%20wikibase%3Arank%20wikibase%3APreferredRank.%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_rank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3APreferredRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_statement1%20%21%3D%20%3Funit_statement%29%0A%20%20%20%20%7D%0A%20%20%20%20BIND%28%3Frevenue%20%2a%20%3Fusd%20AS%20%3Frevenue_USD%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit%20%21%3D%20wd%3AQ4917%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%3Funit_rank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%29%0A%20%20%20%20FILTER%28%21BOUND%28%3Funit_statement1%29%29%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%0A%20%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20.%0A%20%20%3Fitem%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FitemLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Fcoun%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FcounLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Fhq%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FhqLabel%20.%0A%20%20%3Funit%20rdfs%3Alabel%20%3FunitLabel%20.%0A%20%20%7D%0A%20%20FILTER%28%3Frank%20%21%3D%20wikibase%3ADeprecatedRank%29%0A%20%20FILTER%28%21BOUND%28%3Fstatement1%29%29%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Fitem%20%3FitemLabel%20%3Frevenue%20%3Frevenue_USD%20%3FunitLabel%20%3Fdate%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Frevenue_USD%29%0ALIMIT%2015 Largest companies by revenue in USD] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Popular items without claims|Popular Items without claims]] (Items with the most links but without statements) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q67|Airbus (Q67)]] - European aircraft manufacturer * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L578377|sala (L578377)]] - translates to "human" or "charcoal" in Dagbanli ''' Development ''' * Wikibase REST API: ** We are finishing the endpoint for adding/replacing a sitelink on an Item for a given wiki ([[phab:T342987]]) and have finished the ones for getting and removing a sitelink from an Item ([[phab:T344039]], [[phab:T344685]]) ** We have documented the differences in sitelink data structure between Wikibase REST API and Action API responses ([[phab:T355659]]) ** We fixed the bug where sitelink data was not including badges even when available ([[phab:T355293]]) * IP masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase so we don't show IP addresses for non-logged-in users. * mul: We finished the user testing and will now work on the remaining blockers for the first release. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:30, 5 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26180689 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #615 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CJMbot|CJMBot]] - let users upload a CSV file in a certain format. The data inside is validated and processed, creating new items or updating existing items by adding statements and references. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MidleadingBot_5|MidLeadingBot_5]] - create items for books in [[d:Q477675|National Diet Library (Q477675)]]. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Revamping_Birth_related_properties|Revamping Birth related properties]] the use of [[d:Property:P1545|P1545-Series ordinal]] was recommended. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * [https://kallmworkshop.github.io/kallm2024 Knowledge Graphs and large Language Models (KALLM)] workshop in Bangkok, Thailand. Call for Papers [https://kallmworkshop.github.io/kallm2024/#callforpapers (details)] has begun (deadline May 10th) * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/FTGDY33PRLGNXFLSH4ZVSJUYUHJW6Q5T/ WMF Community Wishathon is coming next month: March 15th-17th, 2024!] Sign up by Wednesday, March 15th. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://www.skoove.com/blog/top-spotify-artists-stats What does it take to become a Spotify artist?] - Skoove blog uses Wikidata and other databases to put together an infographic. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2024/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WiLMa Updates, OpenRefine training, Biodiversity, and Librarians]] (GLAM newsletter) ** [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Love_Data_Week_-_My_Kind_of_Data Love Data Week - My Kind of Data] by Ali Smith. Shared relevant links to learn about data equity and inclusion, disciplinary communities, and creating a kinder world through data. * Papers ** [https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e114076 Paying it forward: Crowdsourcing the harmonisation and linking of taxon names and biodiversity identifiers] - with detailed discussion of curation of taxon-related information in Wikidata ** [https://revistas.unc.edu.ar/index.php/revistaadbia/article/view/42375/44608 Wikidata for Teaching Biology: Coloration in Felines] (Spanish) - a paper that showcases Wikidata as a learning tool for students through the use of properties and statements applied to biological entities can enhance students computational and informational skills, by Marín1 D. & Michán L. ** [https://kula.uvic.ca/index.php/kula/article/view/247 LIS Journals' Lack of Participation in Wikidata Item Creation] by Willey, E. & Radovsky S., Vol. 7 No.1 (2024) of the Knowledge Creation, Dissemination, and Preservation Studies. * Videos ** GLAM Wiki Conference 2023 - Uruguay *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFD6zjAEl84 Wikisource and Wikidata] - when 2 cool kids play together. Session given by Bodhisattwa. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFD6zjAEl84 Wikidata + Education + Heritage] - hosted by Sailesh Patnaik (WMF) & Nat Hernández Clavijo (WMU) *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMKyAECTwyw Using Wikidata integration on Wikimedia projects to enhance GLAM-Wiki content sharing] - hosted by Mike Peel (WMB/WMF volunteer) & João Peschanski (WMB) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRPW86e8N1A Advancing Drinking Water Justice] at the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Conference discusses how Wikidata and Wikibase Cloud can help address differences in data quality (at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRPW86e8N1A&t=3298s 55:00] minute mark) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVmWy1N-NdY Mapping Graiguenamanagh Heritage Trail 2] - shows how to create a Heritage walking trail and add subject:wikidata to plaques to OpenStreetMap * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/au-bord-de-leau Au bord de l'eau] Mapping Wikidata's items next to a body of water using P206 property. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:MediaWiki:Gadget-dataDrainer.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-dataDrainer.js]] - this userscript allows you to delete the data of an item. You can choose what you want to delete: labels and/or descriptions and/or aliases and or sitelinks. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/February 2024 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph. A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|project page]] for the experiment has also been published. * [[m:Wikimedia_Deutschland/Knowledge_Equity_in_Linked_Open_Data_Research|WMDE is currently conducting a research on Knowledge Equity in Linked Open Data]]. The goal is to try to better understand how the use of Wikidata, Wikibase Suite, and Wikibase Cloud both support knowledge equity and create barriers to knowledge equity when people are contributing historically and structurally marginalized knowledge and perspectives. If you are interested in participating in this project, please fill out this [https://greatquestion.co/wmde/4c3dr1vk survey]! ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12417|Environmental Performance Index]] (<nowiki>measure of understanding environmental performance and sustainability for 180 countries</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12432|age of onset of sexual maturity]] (<nowiki>the point in time after which an individual attains the ability to reproduce sexually</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12434|Beta Code]] (<nowiki>representation of Ancient Greek as ASCII characters</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12436|phonetic value]] (<nowiki>phonetic value of signs/characters</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12439|civil rank]] (<nowiki>non-military rank of a civil office holder in Russian Empire</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12416|Dongqiudi.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12418|‎Nintendo eShop (Europe) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12419|Joseph Smith Papers person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12420|Il Nuovo De Mauro ID]], [[:d:Property:P12423|‎Sundance Institute Archive film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12425|Sundance Institute Archive event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12426|Sundance Institute Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12427|notify.moe anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12428|Swetrails POI-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12429|UT.no ID]], [[:d:Property:P12430|The StoryGraph author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12431|X place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12433|nixpkgs path]], [[:d:Property:P12435|Shamela author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12437|PROSPEROPatches game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12438|ORBISPatches game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12440|Quake Wiki ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is invariant under|is invariant under]] (<nowiki>subject is preserved by this process / function / group of transformation</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formatter URL for IIIF manifest|formatter URL for IIIF manifest]] (<nowiki>URL to generate IIIF manifest from specific ID</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location information URL|location information URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a web page providing information on the locations of stores or other physical locations of a brand or operator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMIRKS|SMIRKS]] (<nowiki>A superset of "reaction SMILES" and a subset of "reaction SMARTS", is a line notation for specifying reaction transforms.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/appeals to|appeals to]] (<nowiki>court or other body that hears appeals from subject's decisions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/in service of|in service of]] (<nowiki>qualifier, which must be used when a person is in the service of a settlement or institution through his position</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/government.ru person ID|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kremlin.ru glossary ID|Kremlin.ru glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Listed Buildings Online ID|British Listed Buildings Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Parsifal cluster ID|Parsifal cluster ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Souls Grown Deep ID|Souls Grown Deep ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OHDSI ID|OHDSI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Trismegistos d'une divinité|identifiant Trismegistos d'une divinité]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia Sindhiana entry|Encyclopedia Sindhiana entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID|Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GNM ID|GNM ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch anime ID|AniSearch anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/livechat.me anime ID|livechat.me anime ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NACSIS-CAT library ID|NACSIS-CAT library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JAHIS Law Database ID|JAHIS Law Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Texas Legislator ID|Texas Legislator ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Company ID number (Slovenia)|Company ID number (Slovenia)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Weird Gloop article ID|Weird Gloop article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nagrada.srs.kg person ID|nagrada.srs.kg person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/who.ca-news.org person ID|who.ca-news.org person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/literatura.kg person ID|literatura.kg person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID|2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/96GT Map of items next to the Seine] ([https://wikis.world/@pac2/111886782779009132 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/99Mi 300 most followed Mastodon accounts] ([https://wikis.world/@awinkler@openbiblio.social/111918438108085087 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/99Jf Hospitals across Scotland] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/111917992381686031 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/97N4 People educated at the University of Leeds with a Wikipedia article] ([https://twitter.com/OpenResLeeds/status/1755612530800721927 source]) ** [https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1755365004642017355 Compare lat/long of UK Parliament and Wikidata constituency records] [federated query] ([https://twitter.com/generalising/status/1755365004642017355 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Library_and_Information_Science|Library and Information Science]] - this new Wikiproject aims to identify and fill gaps in LIS-related content. If you are interested in the areas of librarianship, information studies, metadata and indexing; then please consider joining! ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Political murders in the Weimar Republic|Political murders in the Weimar Republic]] - Collect historic political murders in the Weimar Republic e.g. through historic newspaper articles or scientific articles. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Humans_with_missing_claims|Humans with missing claims]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q14560|Cactaceae (Q14560)]] - family of mostly succulent plants, adapted to dry environments * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L656971|ग़रीब को कौड़ी अशरफ़ी है/غریب کو کوڑی اشرفی ہے (L656971)]] Hindustani proverb that translates to "a farthing is a pound to one who is poor" ''' Development ''' * The new mul language code is now ready for beta testing. You can find out more at [[d:Help talk:Default values for labels and aliases#Beta Test|Help talk:Default values for labels and aliases]]. * The graph split testing for the Wikidata Query Service has started. Please find more details in the "Other Noteworthy Stuff" section above. * IP Masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming IP Masking feature, so that IP addresses for non-logged-in users are no longer published. * Wikibase REST API: ** We finished the route for getting and removing a sitelink from an Item ([[phab:T344039]], [[phab:T344685]]) and we continue work on the one for adding/ replacing and modifying a sitelink on an Item ([[phab:T342987]], [[phab:T342988]]) ** We now handle of case sensitive statement IDs in GET, PUT, PATCH and DELETE requests as HTTP redirect ([[phab:T354261]]) ** We documented the differences in sitelink data structure between Wikibase REST API and Action API responses ([[phab:T355659]]) ** We fixed the bug where sitelink data did not include badges ([[phab:T355293]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:12, 12 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26180689 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #617 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' </div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> <translate> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/WT20_2|WT2O_2]] - (RfP deadline: February 22, 2024 17:46 UTC) * Other: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#PI_Bot|Project chat: PI Bot]] is an interesting conversation about the function of PI Bot in creating Stub articles and evolves into discussing ways of matching articles, categories and templates in sibling projects with their Wikidata items. Contribute to the discussion or even better, use one of the many tools posted and get linking! </translate> <translate> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' *Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call February 20, 2024: In honor of Valentine's Day month, we are bringing back the popular program from last February: What's Your Wikidata Passion? What is your central Wikidata interest right now? It can be a work or personal project, even if you’re just beginning to think about it, or just what you like to edit when you have time. This is a great way to share your ideas, solicit community input and ask questions about resources or tools. This will be an open mic session, completely informal. Please add yourselves to the list on our agenda [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xeDJ7luVK6s4rhkW6X4W5KJwyv0Zg9S-CWklGYLVlyg/edit#heading=h.wfymokwg49yg here] if you would like to talk for 5 minutes or so. You can share your screen if you like, but there’s no need for slides. Or just show up and talk on the spur of the moment. This will be a community session where we welcome all to participate! [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xeDJ7luVK6s4rhkW6X4W5KJwyv0Zg9S-CWklGYLVlyg/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MGQS37IBVC6APWPGDC6XCZKJHM2WYJCF/ Workshop on Knowledge Graphs and LLMs (KaLLM) at ACL 2024]. Submission Deadline: May 10, 2024 at 23:59, UTC -12h, AoE * [https://wikiworkshop.org/2024/call-for-papers Wiki Workshop 2024 ― Research Track Papers - Call for contributions]. Submission deadline: April 22, 2024 (23:59 AoE) </translate> <translate> ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://addshore.com/2024/02/2023-year-review/ 2023 Year Review] by ADDSHORE, a prominent contributor and community member for WBStack and Wikibase.Cloud. ** [https://fetstudy.uwe.ac.uk/~pmatthew/blog/2024/02/05/wikidata-literary-influencers/ Wikidata Literary Influencers] by Paul Matthews shows step-by-step how to get to an interactive network visualization based on Wikidata data * Papers: [https://openreview.net/pdf/2a8fab0e8d49115d68ce912ba361f246219a37f4.pdf Language models for extracting Wikidata statements and generating Wikipedia content] - is a Wikimedia Research proposal to improve Wikidata and English Wikipedia content using machine-learning power of AI and LL Models; by Thang, T. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlqy5OlYCS8 Kairntech Demo Entity Extraction using Wikidata] - is an example of how Wikidata is being used as a knowledge base to populate AI companions and LLM's with relevant content for profit. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDFqBrXhBwM Dancing Digital Project] with Rebecca Salzer is a Wikibase instance sharing LOD between itself, video archives and Commons. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uj13oaCw8cw WikiPod AI] - try listening to last week's Status Updates with AI-generated speaking, an experiment by [[d:User:TiagoLubiana|Tiago Lubiana]]. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pascaliensis/ttttrpg TTTTRPG] - Timeline Tree of Tabletop Role-Playing Games queried using SPARQL from Wikidata. </translate> <translate> ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Yair_rand/DiffLists.js|User:Yair rand/DiffLists.js]] - this userscript changes the appearance of Recent Changes, Watchlist, Contributions, History pages, and Related Changes. It also adds filter options. * [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata Topic Curator|Wikidata Topic Curator]] (a rewrite of [[d:Wikidata:Tools/ItemSubjector|ItemSubjector]] into a webapp) help wikimedians add relevant topics to items. Based on a given topic QID it fetches articles matching the label, aliases or a custom user-provided term of that QID that is currently missing the main subject property. * [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Author Disambiguator|Author Disambiguator]] - is a tool for editing the authors of works recorded in Wikidata, e.g. for finding Wikidata Items for the authors (P50 instead of 'author name string'). </translate> <translate> ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12443|has cabinet]] (<nowiki>value is the advisory committee to the item's head of state</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12446|ISCED field]] (<nowiki>mapping of a particular course or curriculum to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12452|‎appeals to]] (<nowiki>court or other body that hears appeals from subject's decisions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12454|‎location information URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a web page providing information on the locations of stores or other physical locations of a brand or operator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12456|phonographic copyright]] (<nowiki>person or organization that holds the phonographic copyright</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12457|is invariant under]] (<nowiki>subject is unchanged by this process / function / group of transformation</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12463|formatter URL for IIIF manifest]] (<nowiki>URL to generate IIIF manifest from specific ID</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12468|PyPI trove classifier]] (<nowiki>standardized classification system for software, used and maintained by the Python Package Index</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12469|graduation rate]] (<nowiki>proportion of students who graduate from the institution in the given timeframe</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12470|normal graduation time]] (<nowiki>expected or typical duration of an educational program from matriculation to graduation</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12471|multiplier of normal graduation time]] (<nowiki>how much longer than "normal" someone took to graduate; used as a qualifier for the "graduation rate (P12469)"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12475|top scorer]] (<nowiki>best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition or the best ever scorer of the history of a competition</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12441|Anglo-Norman Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12442|TopKar ID]], [[:d:Property:P12444|Mindat taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12445|China Animal Scientific Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12447|Daryab Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12448|Dictionary of American Regional English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12449|Dictionary of Old English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12450|Encyclopedia Mythica ID]], [[:d:Property:P12451|Arabic Ontology lexical concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P12453|Great Plains Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12455|FrameNet frame ID]], [[:d:Property:P12458|Parsifal cluster ID]], [[:d:Property:P12459|Archives départementales de Vaucluse fonds ID]], [[:d:Property:P12460|Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330-1500) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12461|National Buildings Repository identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12462|Location Memory building ID]], [[:d:Property:P12464|JSTOR Global Plants type specimen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12465|EDIT16 catalogue title ID]], [[:d:Property:P12466|EDIT16 catalogue place ID]], [[:d:Property:P12467|Trismegistos god ID]], [[:d:Property:P12472|Universal Spectrum Identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12473|‎Weird Gloop article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12474|Kremlin.ru glossary ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindawi Foundation book ID|Hindawi Foundation book ID]] (<nowiki>A property for IDs of books published by [[Q20397014|Hindawi Foundation]]</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Castradenumber|Castradenumber]] (<nowiki>number for a registred subject in a Castrade</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/latest end date|latest end date]] (<nowiki>(qualifier) latest date on which the statement could have ceased to be true (i.e., latest date beyond which the statement could no longer be true)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/anthesis start|anthesis start]] (<nowiki>time of the year when a plant normally starts flowering</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leaf morphology|leaf morphology]] (<nowiki>characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oyez Project ID|Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GARAE|GARAE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WhatPub pub ID|WhatPub pub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID|Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Gandhari ID|Dictionary of Gandhari ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UCA authority ID|UCA authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Epigraphic Database Roma ID|Epigraphic Database Roma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Union trade mark number|European Union trade mark number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCatholic Episcopal Conference ID|GCatholic Episcopal Conference ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID|Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> </translate> <translate> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! </translate> <translate> ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/nLEtPIeooSMGuSi4iaiuUWskUKwgIOQWOaSyKYSg4sT Graph of ancient philosophers master/student relationships] ** [https://w.wiki/9DMg Properties for UK lakes] (contains a report-within-a-report allowing to look at Items having the Property) ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#List_all_properties_and_their_aliases_used_by_a_class_or_any_of_its_subclasses|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Looted heritage|Looted heritage]] - aims to use Wikidata to document looted cultural heritage. Its primary focus is on the colonial era, but it also encompasses other relevant historical periods. It's scope includes artworks, sacred items, human remains, and other forms of tangible and intangible artifacts that may be considered a part of a people's heritage. * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_St%C3%A4del_Museum_Wikidata_Clean-Up|Staedel Museum Wikidata Clean-up]] The Staedul Museum comprises 24,000+ works of art spanning more than 700 years. They have generously opened up digital surrogates of their collection to the Wikimedia community. This project improves the metadata quality and create Wikidata items for works of art. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Genderless people with Facebook ID|Genderless people with Facebook ID]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q4504|Varanus komodoensis (Q4504)]] - species of reptile * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L683571|scala (L683571)]] - "stairs" in Italian </translate> <translate> ''' Development ''' * IP Masking: We added redirect-related parameters to most Wikibase API modules ([[phab:T357024]]; an announcement is in the works) * We migrated Termbox SSR from Node 16 to 18 ([[phab:T355685]]) * We made the (legacy) termbox remember its expanded/collapsed state for anonymous visitors and temporary users ([[phab:T351976]]) * We deployed and backported several security fixes to Wikibase release branches ([[phab:T345064]], [[phab:T356764]]) </translate> <translate> [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. </translate> <translate> ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: #128 Languages * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </translate> </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · -[[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai|Mohammed Abdulai]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:46, 19 පෙබරවාරි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26223995 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #618 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mike_Peel_2|Mike Peel]] (scheduled to end after 9 March 2024 13:08 (UTC)) ** Closed request for adminship: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Madamebiblio|Madamebiblio]] requested for admintool to fight against vandalism, and the request was closed as successful. ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mfchris84-Bot|Mfchris84-Bot]] - Task: Will run scripts on toolforge to automate and schedule edits on bibliographic items. Starting with Swiss online magazine ''Syntopia Alpina'' (Q112206291), then continuing by adding ''swisscovery edition ID'' (P9907) to version/edition items. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/BorkedBot_12|BorkedBot_12]] - Task: Update number of ''viewers/listeners'' (P5436) with the qualifier ''YouTube channel ID'' (P2397) for YouTuber content creators and influencers. *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/LocodeBot|LocodeBot]] - Task: Match ''UN/LOCODE'' (Q499348) to Wikidata entries by ISO 3166-2 region code, name and distance (if defined), important for UN organisations. * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' ** [https://www.aib.it/corsi/wiki-in-action-laboratori-su-wikidata-e-wikimedia-commons-alle-stelline/ Wiki-in-action: Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons at the Stars] (Italian) - WM Italy, AIB Lombardia & GWMAB host a practical workshop on Wikidata Thursday, March 21, 16 - 18:00 CET in the Valvassori Peroni Library, Milan. Further details on the Wiki Event page: [[d:Wikidata:Gruppo_Wikidata_per_Musei,_Archivi_e_Biblioteche/Stelline/2024|GWMAB/Stelline/2024]] ** [https://volunteer.queenslibrary.org/opportunity/a0CRQ00000joHlg/join-the-edit-a-thon-at-queensbridge-tech-lab Join the Queensbridge Tech Lab edit-a-thon] - create and enrich local diverse heroes in Queens, NYC as part of the NYC Open Data Week. March 16, 10:00 - 16:00 EST (UTC -5). ** [https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUrfu-tqTkpHdJVTppB0mlkDVKQ3WZfSQf2#/registration Wikidata, Open Education Resources and Curriculum alignment discussion] - hosted by Creative Commons during the OEWeek event. Takes place 5th March 15:00 CET, register in the link! * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2024/02/advancing-data-excellence-new-era-for-bhl-cataloging-metadata-committee.html Empowering BHL Staff with Wiki Education’s Wikidata Certificate Course] - The Biodiversity Heritage Library blog celebrates committee members completing a Wikidata Certification course led by Will Kent, as part of the Wiki Education. Participants levelled up SPARQL queries, visualisations, federation, modelling and bulk loading and editing. *** [[:w:fr:Wikipédia:RAW/2024-03-01#Tuto du mois|Observable tutorial for Wikidata users]] (French) published in the last issue of RAW in Wikipedia in French ** Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.11541.pdf LLMs Can Better Understand Knowledge Graphs Than We Thought] - This paper employs CQA, complex question answering, to assess LLMs ability to comprehend knowledge graphs. Xinbang, D. et al. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DohEVe_ceeg OpenRefine - extract tables from Wikipedia for Wikidata] (French) - Part 6 of the Wiki Wake Up Afrique, this shot tutorial will show a simple and advanced method of converting tabulated data to enrich Wikidata. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Q4ZNTmIJM Breathing life into the women's archive through Wikidata] - speaker Brodie Hoare advocates for adding data and information about women from historical archives to Wikidata at the National Digital Forum '23. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCP8_OFvb30 Application development using open knowledge graph, Wikidata] (Japanese) speaker Koji Furusaki hosts an open data study session and showcases examples of app development using Wikidata. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://vuejsexamples.com/wiquizz-a-game-generator-powered-by-nuxt-content-and-sparql-queries-from-wikidata/ WiQuizz - from Nuxt and SPARQL] WiQuizz allows you to create or play quiz games where content is generated from Wikidata. It could be a fun way to get people interacting with Wikidata! * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** [https://observablehq.com/collection/@pac02/claim-analysis-toolkit Claim Analysis Toolkit], collection of Observable notebooks to visualize simple Wikidata claims * '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P12475|top scorer]] (<nowiki>best scorer of a single season of a team sport's competition or the best ever scorer of the history of a competition</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12476|filial church]] (<nowiki>church which acts as the less important temple of a parish</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12484|television judge]] (<nowiki>person who participates in a television show as a competition judge or mentor</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12490|Papers with Code URL]] (<nowiki>URL for subject in Papers with Code system</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12491|‎SMIRKS]] (<nowiki>line notation that represents generic chemical reactions</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12503|thesaurus's main topic]] (<nowiki>primary topic of the subject Wikimedia thesaurus</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12504|thesaurus combines topics]] (<nowiki>this theasurus combines (intersects) these two or more topics</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12505|topic's main thesaurus]] (<nowiki>main Wikimedia theasurus</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12506|‎latest end date]] (<nowiki>latest date beyond which the statement could no longer be true</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12516|rug style]] (<nowiki>classification of an individual textile floor covering based on geographic or cultural origin, structure, or pattern</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12526|performing organization]] (<nowiki>organization that received funding to create this entity</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12477|AniSearch anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12478|Brazzers ID]], [[:d:Property:P12479|Tekściory artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12480|Hong Kong Cinema ID]], [[:d:Property:P12481|PlaymakerStats.com sports executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P12482|Műemlékem.hu identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12483|PMB – Personen der Moderne Basis person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12485|British Listed Buildings ID]], [[:d:Property:P12486|‎GNM ID]], [[:d:Property:P12487|2GIS place-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12488|2GIS route-ID]], [[:d:Property:P12489|livechart.me anime ID]], [[:d:Property:P12492|Trakt.tv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12494|‎NACSIS-CAT library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12495|Epigraphic Database Roma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12496|‎WhatPub pub ID]], [[:d:Property:P12498|JAHIS Law Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12499|literatura.kg person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12500|nagrada.srs.kg person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12501|who.ca-news.org person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12502|UCA authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12507|‎European Union trademark number]], [[:d:Property:P12508|ONIX codelist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12509|GCatholic episcopal conference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12510|‎Oxford English Dictionary object ID]], [[:d:Property:P12511|2nd German Basketball Bundesliga ID]], [[:d:Property:P12512|‎Tashrihi Qamos Pashto Glossary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12513|‎nimi.li ID]], [[:d:Property:P12514|‎Nye ord i dansk ID]], [[:d:Property:P12515|‎OHDSI ID]], [[:d:Property:P12517|Consortium of Midwest Herbaria taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12518|Encyclopedia Astronautica ID]], [[:d:Property:P12519|Spesalay Pashto (Dari/Persian Dictionary) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12520|Italian Senate (1848-1943) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12521|ICANNWiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12522|Dictionary of Gandhari ID]], [[:d:Property:P12523|FSA Food Hygiene Rating System ID]], [[:d:Property:P12524|Finnish Service Catalogue organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12525|Köztérkép creator ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date popularized|date popularized]] (<nowiki>point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bild der Person bei der Tätigkeit|Bild der Person bei der Tätigkeit]] (<nowiki>picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindawi Foundation book ID|Hindawi Foundation book ID]] (<nowiki>A property for IDs of books published by [[Q20397014|Hindawi Foundation]]</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A New Nation Votes ID|A New Nation Votes ID]] (<nowiki>ID of a person in A New Nation Votes: American Electoral Returns, 1788-1825</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/form decomposition|form decomposition]] (<nowiki>form decomposition</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ludzie Nauki ID|Ludzie Nauki ID]] (<nowiki>identifier in the Ludzie Nauki, the new official database of Polish scientists</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nanopublication identifier|Nanopublication identifier]] (<nowiki>Nanopublications are small RDF-based publications, quite similar to Wikidata Statements with references and history.</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TNHR&CE Temple ID|TNHR&CE Temple ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Saudipedia ID|Saudipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DLE entry ID|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Infopedia ID (new scheme)|Singapore Infopedia ID (new scheme)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COBISS ID|COBISS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DWDS sense ID|DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital tag ID|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gematsu event ID|Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Premier League player ID|Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/StatMuse Premier League player ID|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/11v11 player ID|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSL ID|OSL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJ Atlas ID|EJ Atlas ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Statbunker player ID|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BFO class ID|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Combine OverWiki ID|Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Autores Galegos na BUSC|Autores Galegos na BUSC]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> * [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! * '''Did you know?''' ** Query examples: *** [http://w.wiki/9MYF 28 Female Biographies that exist in 50 Wikipedias, but not Catalan] - a good example for finding knowledge gaps. *** [http://w.wiki/Cx6 Explore data about Wikimedia Residencies] - see start and end dates, organisation employer, average duration and associated project. ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Te_Papa_Research_Expeditions|Te Papa Research Expeditions]] - create and enrich metadata and trial research expeditions schema for Te Papa, Dominion and Colonial Museums. ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Unauthorized_bots|Unauthorized Bots (active in last 30 days without Bot flag)]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[D:Q15270647|Zootopia]] - the 2016 animated Disney film about anthropomorphic Police officers. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2781|bezczelny (L2781)]] (Polish) To be shameless, uncaring of others, arrogant, over-confident. * '''Development''' ** IP masking: We wrapped up the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming change to no longer show IPs for non-logged in users. ** Wikibase REST API: We are almost done with the routes for adding/editing/removing a sitelink. ** Entity Schemas: We prototyped another approach to making it possible to link to Entity Schemas in statements. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:24, 4 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26310346 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #619 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before <u>2024-03-11</u>. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.'' ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Zafer|Zafer]] - (RfP scheduled to end after 12 March 2024 20:03 (UTC)) * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#Mike_Peel_2|Mike Peel 2]] - Adminship re-granted, welcome back Mike! * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mfchris84-Bot_1|Mfchris84-Bot 1]] - Task: Add ''swisscovery edition ID (P9907)'' to instance of (P31) version, edition or translation (Q3331189) based on checking ISBN-13 (P212) or ISBN-10 (P957). ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/NinoBot|NinoBot]] - Task: Semi-automatically create version, edition or translation (Q3331189) entries for Spanish Wikisource Index pages from Commons files. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Emijrpbot_10|Emijrpbot 10]] - Task: Create a written work (Q47461344) and version, edition or translation (Q3331189) item for works and editions in the National Library of Spain [https://datos.bne.es/ datos.bne.es] project. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming ** [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/queer-data-days-wikidata-gender-diversity-project-event-tickets-849406958077 Queer Data Days] - Wikidata Gender Diversity Project Event, a pair of virtual events welcoming a range of speakers investigating queer approaches to data and technology. Sign up for March 15 or March 16, 15:00 (CET). ** [[m:Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2024|Wikimedia Indonesia/Bulan Wiki Perempuan 2024 WM Indonesia Women's Wiki Month 2024]] (Indonesian) - join classes on learning to edit Wikidata and address gender biases in Wikidata, Wikipedia and sibling projects. Program and register for [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScj20J2tMTWyXkI-o8Yl-kxk7eqOxDhuM0Xrbrsp3C5SGduHQ/viewform Wikidata classes / datathon] schedule ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Wikidata Leveling Up Days]], an online event and a collection of resources to welcome new people to Wikidata. The online event takes place on April 5-7 and 12-14 with presentations, workshops and discussions. The program is open to contributions. Learn more about the project at the website [https://wigedi.com/ WiGeDi]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://zenodo.org/records/8325988 Standardization of publishing data with Wikidata] - a poster for the Austrian Transition to Open Access Two (AT2OA²). Join the project [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Academic_Publisher|Wikiproject Academic Publisher]] ** [https://www.vvbad.be/meta/meta-nummer-20242/wikibase Wikibase Intro] (Dutch) - Bart Magnus writes an article about the benefits of Wikibase for the Flemish Association for Library, Archives & Documentation (VVBAD). ** [https://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2024/03/a-red-wikibase-disambiguation-on.html A Red&Blue Wikibase disambiguation on the English Wikipedia] - ** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/03/05/wikidata-and-the-sum-of-all-video-games-2023-edition/ Wikidata and the sum of all video games − 2023 edition] by [[User:Jean-Frédéric|Jean-Fred]] ** [https://www.ontotext.com/blog/gaining-global-insights-with-multilingual-entity-linking/ Multilingual entity linking and global insights] - Ontotext are developing AI products that can read text and establish of the same concept in different languages (MEL) and between knowledge graphs and plaintext. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2403.03496v1 A Knowledge Plug-and-Play Test Bed for Open-domain Dialogue Generation] - this paper details attempts at building chatbots that provide reliable, accurate information in a natural way from Wikidata and other sources. By Xiangci L., et al (2024). * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ExTBicJZL2E Wikipedia Weekly #252: Bare words and red links] (Swedish) with Jan Ainali and Magnus Olsson. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1J9Rw0SqWsM Evaluation of research put to the test: projects and experiments] (Italian) Camillo (WM Italy) and Alessandro (WM Switzerland) show and discuss how Wikidata is being used to support experiments and projects with UniFi Biblioteche. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.glam-europe.de/ GLAMorous Europe] - allows you to identify your artistic interests and put together your own artwork from existing art across Europe * [https://magnustools.toolforge.org/ List of all tools and scripts by Magnus Manske]. There are currently 348 active tools. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (<nowiki>decomposition of a word</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in BUSC ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (<nowiki>Keywords associated with the text found in <code><meta name="keywords"></code> of an HTML document.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RatingGraph TV show ID|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal Wiki ID|Portal Wiki ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> * [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P3736|Eurovision Song Contest song ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P10613|surrounds the enclave]], [[:d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion/P10725|Everipedia ID]] You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/roX Timeline of aircraft types around the world and the first time a type of aircraft made a flight] ** [https://w.wiki/4mG8 Timeline of 1st women practising a given sports discipline ] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] - This project aims to be a central hub for the curation of all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organizational, etc.) related to Bosnia and Herzegovina. ** [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject European Union|Wikiproject European Union]] - aims to create, maintain and improve items about the European Union (EU). ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NYC Free Circulating Libraries|NYC Free Circulating Libraries]] - focuses on NYC Free Circulating Libraries ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Te Papa Research Expeditions|Te Papa Research Expeditions]] - aims to create or enrich Wikidata with data on research expeditions undertaken by Te Papa/ Dominion Museum/Colonial Museum and institutional staff * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Looted heritage|Looted heritage]] - this WikiProject is calling for Item suggestions to work on. The scope includes all forms of looted heritage; artworks, sacred items, human remains, and other forms of tangible and intangible artifacts that may be considered a part of a people's heritage. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/unmarked supercentenarians|unmarked supercentenarians]] - contains instance of (P31) human (Q5) with period of life greater than 110 years and not marked with subject has role (P2868) supercentenarian (Q1200828) or subject has role (P2868) alleged supercentenarian (Q106991708). * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q205028|Iron Man 2 (Q205028)]] - 2010 film directed by Jon Favreau * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L8266|Vand (L8266)]] - Danish noun, translates to "water" ''' Development ''' * IP masking: We are continuing the work on adapting Wikibase to the upcoming IP masking changes in MediaWiki * Mismatch Finder: Already reviewed mismatches are now ignored when mismatches are reuploaded (T329631) * Query Builder: Selecting the user interface language became easier in Query Builder (T353728) and Query Service (T353729) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: #131 Cooking * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]] · Prepared by [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai]] ·''' -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:14, 11 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26339695 --> == Wikidata weekly Summary #620 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-18.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> *'''Discussions''' ** Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#KonstantinaG07_3|KonstantinaG07 3]] (RfP scheduled to end after 20 March 2024 17:37 UTC) ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Zafer|Zafer]] Adminship granted, welcome Zafer! ** New requests for permissions/Bot: *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/PagesBot|PagesBot]] - Task: Adds no. of pages statements based on page(s) on items of type: scholarly article. Then adds a reference with based on heuristic equal to inferred from page(s). *** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Wicci%27o%27Bot|Wicci'o'Bot]] - Task: Import identifiers of new properties created for ''TheTVDB'' (Q15616250), ''nientepopcorn'' (Q123434360) (and more properties I plan to request to be added shortly) inherent in the film and TV industry, using ''IMDb ID'' (P345) as source. ** Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Duplicate_References_Data_Model_and_UI|Duplicate Refs, Data Model and UI]] - (RfC closed 15 March 2024 18:57 UTC). The Community showed support for the proposal to change data model and UI for duplicated references. A Phabricator ticket has been opened: [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360224 T360224] *'''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' **Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call March 19, 2024: Please join us on March 19 for a community discussion about how GLAM professionals can incorporate Wikidata/linked data into their work week. Bring your success stories about institutional buy-in and how you’ve communicated the value of linked data to managers and colleagues. We hope to share some strategies that you can take back and use in your own workplace. This will be a followup of sorts to our call last May, and you can review some of what we talked about then, plus slides from our survey here: Notes from May 30, 2023 Meeting on Advocacy for Wikidata & Linked Data in Libraries.[https://docs.google.com/document/d/1M9DPW2wt_4B7wO7RkEIOmJSEUk-4w5A0gBXBu15Eukk/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/47WH7UVUGJWI5FEZV72QNPKSN7RKQN37/ Wiki Workshop 2024 - Announcing a new track and a Call for Proposals] - Submit your contributions by April 29, 2024 (23:59 AoE) ** [[w:Wikipedia:WikiCon_Aotearoa/Auckland_2024|WikiCon Aotearoa - Auckland 2024]] - The New Zealand WikiCon has a couple of events introducing and workshopping Wikidata: *** Saturday 23 March 2024, 11:15 NZT - Intro to Wikidata / 13:00 NZT - Beginner's OpenRefine Workshop *** Sunday 24 March 2024, 11:00 NZT - Presentation: Breathing life into the Women's Archive through Wikidata *'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://co.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico Making the Colombian public domain visible in Wikidata] results from WM Colombia are now published. ** Papers *** [https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2851&context=jeal Connecting Local Archive Data to Wikidata:] Focusing on the Archives of National Debt Redemption Movement. By Yun, J., & Oh, S.G. Documents the findings of connecting Wikidata with the Korean NDRM. *** [[c:File:Narrating_Queer_History_-_Queer_Data_Days_2024,_Presentation_by_John_Samuel.pdf|Narrating Queer History with Wikidata]], Queer Data Days 2024 (UCL Department of Information Studies), Presentation by [[User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]]. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gy65JhvpPYE WikiClub 3L] (French) - learn how to create a Wikidata file and an Infobox with Simon Villeneuve. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z87_htC_qXU Making Colombian public domain data visible on Wikidata] (Spanish) - Presents the methodology and findings of analysis of data in the public domain of part of the collections of the National Library of Colombia. Part of the [https://conector.red Conector.red project)] *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmxtbPnj-os Wikidata Lab: Dear Diary] (Portugese) - Aims to share resources and capabilities for integration of Wikidata with other free knowledge projects, in particular the Querido Diário project, from Open Knowledge Brasil. Hosted by Porto, É. & Giulio Carvalho, G. ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/media-directory The media directory] a Wikidata-driven media directory by country *'''Tool of the week''' ** [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata_Orcid_Scraper|ORCID Scraper]] - helps users get DOIs from [https://orcid.org/ orcid.org] for a specific author and curate them using Scholia. It gives users an overview of which DOIs are missing and helps them easily import missing articles one by one. *'''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (<nowiki>decomposition of a word</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|DLE entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (<nowiki>Keywords associated with the text found in <code><meta name="keywords"></code> of an HTML document.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/height of letters|height of letters]] (<nowiki>height of the letters of an inscription</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Media modality|Media modality]] (<nowiki>Lists which media modalities are present, particularly in multimodal creative works such as electronic literature.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (<nowiki>periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RatingGraph TV show ID|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Doom Wiki ID|Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instagram account numeric ID|Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ECF rating code|ECF rating code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CalPhotos taxon ID|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras rower ID|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! *'''Did you know?''' ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/7rGo exploratory query to find new items] for the WikiProject: Polish Socialist Party *** [https://www.nobelprize.org/about/linked-data-examples/ SPARQL query examples for the Nobel Prize] *** [https://w.wiki/9QEp Exploring Wikidata Items for people born in the Basque country] *** [https://w.wiki/97bM Birthplace of Colombians in the Public Domain] *** [https://w.wiki/9JbQ Relationship between Institutions, Works and Persons in the Colombian Public Domain] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Polish_Socialist_Party|Polish Socialist Party]] - aims to document and enrich data and items (Leadership, sports clubs, commemorated buildings, art, publications etc.) that are connected with the Polish Socialist party. ** WikiProject Highlights: *** [[m:Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Slowking4_(2)|RfC: Slowking4 (2)]] - Comments are required on actions against the named editor. ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Mr._Ibrahem/Language_statistics_for_items |Language statistics for Items]] - Number of labels, descriptions and aliases for items per language (2024-03-18). ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1001|Mahatma Gandhi]] - The "Great Soul", lawyer, political ethicist and leader of the non-violent resistance to end Imperial British occupation of India. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L6573|Jak]] - (Polish) The noble ''Bos mutus'' or Yak. *'''Development''' ** [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Monthly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_03_18|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:54, 18 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26381994 --> == Wikidata weekly Summary #621 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-25.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> * '''Discussions''' ** Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator#KonstantinaG07_3|KonstantinaG07 3]] - Adminship request successful, congratulations KonstantinaG07 3! * '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Indonesia/Kegiatan/Datathon|2024 Women's Wiki Month Datathon]] (Indonesian) Between 24 - 26 March 2024, Wikimedia Indonesia is hosting a competitive Data-thon with Prizes available for editing and enriching Wikidata items on the topic of Women's Health. ''Full details on the project page.'' ** [https://www.mshb.fr/event/datalab-mshb-rennes-graphes-connaissances-wikidata-factgrid-saisie-linterrogation-donnees Wikidata and FactGrid - Knowledge Graphs of data query entry] (French) - a workshop taking place 26 March, 13:30 - 16:30 (GMT+1), hosted by Datalab MSHB Rennes and moderated by Jean-Baptiste Pressac. ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Levelling Up Days 2024]] is an online event designed to welcome new people to Wikidata, upgrade their editing skills and find out about useful tools and apps. Join us for a series of videos and discussions regarding Wikidata and its uses in and outside of the Wikimedia projects. *** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024#Program|Program]] - the live portions of the event take place across the weekends 5-7 and 12-14 April *** [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejNsjilXbEdD2eQjUG2yAyTA YouTube Video Playlist] * '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' ** Blogs *** [https://blog.factgrid.de/archives/3467 Are our Wikibase QueryServices about to mess up two millennia of historical dates?] by Olaf Simons. This article discusses the intricacies and drawbacks of historical dates stored in Wikidata under different Calendars (e.g. Julian and Gregorian). *** [https://blog.factgrid.de/archives/3541 At least a make shift solution: The “Julian calendar stabiliser”] by Olaf Simons. An update to the above article, including input from community members. ** Papers *** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379048762_Contributor_or_Commodity_Inequities_of_Labor_and_Representation_in_Wikidata Contributor or Commodity? Inequities of Labor and Representation in Wikidata] - this paper by [[m:User:MatthewVetter]] explores gender diversity, representation and decision-makers of Ontology discussions impacting Queer and Gender diversity. ** Videos *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1cYXBp_2B8 Co to są Wikidane - wprowadzenie dla początkujących] [''What is Wikidata? An Introduction for Beginners''] (Polish) - recording of a webinar held by Wikimedia Polska, with [[User:Powerek38|Jarosław Błaszczak]] and [[User:Jolanta_Drzewakowska_(WMPL)|Jolanta Drzewakowska]]. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nYbRBJ_bgE Leveraging Quantitative Bibliometrics in Assyriology] - Exploring Distant Reading, Computational Linguistics, and the [https://database.factgrid.de/wiki/FactGrid:Cuneiform_Project FactGrid Cuneiform Wikibase Project], presented by Adam Anderson. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v9Px843C2w Wikibase Training workshop for Librarians at College of Science Library, KNUST] organized by KNUST Wiki Club in collaboration with Dagbani Wikimedians user group. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcSSb67Zw0g Wikipediapodden episode 254] (Swedish) - Wikipedia Weekly Network recording, hosted by Jan Ainali and guest, Magnus. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u1uXu6j8-VY How does a high school student promote the Taiwanese Wikimedia movement?] (Chinese) - a podcast feat. Wang Wenyue of the Wikidata Taiwan community. ** Notebooks *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cycling-stage-race-explorer Cycling stage race explorer], an Observable notebook *** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/ontology-explorer Ontology Explorer], also an Observable notebook, explore the subclasses in front or behind a Wikidata Item. * '''Tool of the week''' ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament Members of European Parliament] by pac02. Explore visualisations of MEP's in the European Parliament. Country of origin, gender, political alignment and other properties from Wikidata can be explored. * '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' ** Wikimedia Deutschland published a '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Call for Software Contributions]'''! Application deadline is April 21th, 23:59 (GMT+1). ** '''[https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimediafoundation.org/Wikimedia/2023/RAY&referrer=%5BHomepage%5D(%2F)#tab-your-consoles Wikimedia Foundation Research Award of the Year 2023]''' - We encourage you to nominate and vote for research papers published in 2023 that focused on or benefited the Wikimedia projects (we're not biased but hope you vote for Wikidata-based Papers). Please submit your nominations by April 18, 2024. ** In preparation for the Research Track of the 11th Wiki Workshop, there is now a '''[https://wikiworkshop.org/call-for-papers/ Call for Contributions]''' for the event scheduled virtually on June 20, 2024 (tentatively 12:00-19:00 UTC). The Wiki Workshop aims to bring together researchers who study all aspects of the Wikimedia Projects. We hope Wikidata and Wikibase are well represented! Submission deadline: April 22, 2024 (23:59 AoE) * '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> ** Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (<nowiki>decomposition of a word</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12545|Nanopublication identifier]] (<nowiki>Nanopublications are small RDF-based publications, quite similar to Wikidata Statements with references and history.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (<nowiki>lists which media modalities are present, particularly in digital, multimodal creative works such as electronic literature</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (<nowiki>height of the letters of an inscription</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|Diccionario de la lengua española entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|hyatt Hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> ** New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: *** General datatypes: ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/document keywords|document keywords]] (<nowiki>Keywords associated with the text found in <code><meta name="keywords"></code> of an HTML document.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (<nowiki>periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Imagehash difference hash|Imagehash difference hash]] (<nowiki>Imagehash difference hash is hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical.</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Image of construction|Image of construction]] (<nowiki>image showing the building/object/work under construction</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RTE substation ID|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) ****[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Caste|Caste]] (<nowiki>Property to indicate the caste affiliation of individuals in India.</nowiki>) *** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CalPhotos taxon ID|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras rower ID|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB TV IDs|TMDB TV IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru person ID|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arch2.iofe.center person ID|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Sculpturo|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamGridDB ID|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Luna game ID|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllSkaters persons ID|AllSkaters persons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Triton Poker player ID|Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mammal Diversity Database ID (MMD ID)|Mammal Diversity Database ID (MMD ID)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Library ID|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital person ID|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Supreme Court of Canada case number|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Featherbase ID|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index theatre ID|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brazilian Football Confederation player ID|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> ** [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! * '''Did you know?''' ** Query examples: *** [https://w.wiki/9BhX Graph of all individuals connected to the Suffrage Interviews and institutions holding their oral history] *** [https://qlever.cs.uni-freiburg.de/wikidata/rCxO1O QLever: Find items with no 'en' Label but are linked to other Wikimedia Projects] ** Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_The_Women%E2%80%99s_Library_LSESuffrageInterviewsProject|The Women's Library LSE Suffrage Interviews Project]] - this project aims to populate and enrich items connected with participants of ''[[d:Q100380678|The Suffragette Interviews]]''. ** Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Most_sitelinked_items|Most sitelinked items]] - explore this DB report if you're curious to see what is connected most frequently to Wikidata Items. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q260957|Symphony No.7]] - in A Major, Op. 92, by Ludwig von Beethoven. ** [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L678505|अग्नि]] -the Sanskrit word for 'fire' and also the Hindu God of fire 'Agni' * '''Development''' ** Wikibase REST API: *** We worked on the ability to create Items via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]]) *** We worked on making it possible to modify the data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]]) ** EntitySchemas: We are getting back to making architecture improvements to enable the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements. ** IP masking: We wrapped up the work on adapting Wikibase for the upcoming IP masking changes. ** Query Service: We added the ability to stop a query in the UI in order to not have to wait for a broken query to finish or run into a time-out. You can find the stop button below the run button in the query UI now. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. * '''Weekly Tasks''' ** Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. ** Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] ** [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! ** Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. ** Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! ** [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. ** Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_03_25|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 13:34, 25 මාර්තු 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26436776 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #622 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-03-11. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''</div> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/MONA.artpublic.bot|MONA.artpublic.bot]] (Task: The bot's function is to add information about artists specializing in public artwork in Québec, Canada. The bot will initially only add that an artist's genre of work is public art for a set of known public artists in Québec compiled by MONA Montréal from open data sets.) ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: ** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call April 2, 2024: Come join us for fun data modeling discussions! We'll create breakout rooms in Zoom for people to discuss 4 examples of cultural heritage items to contribute to Wikidata. Each group will choose categories, brainstorm properties for basic and enhanced description, and discuss challenges. Then we'll have some quality time at the end to compare notes and discuss our processes! [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NXkhSEgaGueSXaEDKXJyEeDKQy9SgfET47mJshtK0nc/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling Up Days 2024|Wikidata Leveling Up Days]], everything you need to know about Wikidata: 5, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 14 April. The event is taking place online and the videos are already available on the program page. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://www.wikimedia.nl/actueel/blog/galerij-der-groten-op-wikidata/ Galerij der Groten op Wikidata] (Dutch) - Wikimedia NL hosted an Edit-A-Thon on the Baroeg project, the task was to document and archive on Wikidata all of the bands that have played at the live music venue, the idea born from a stack of band flyers and posters hung in the bathroom(!) Join the next one Sunday April 14th. * Papers: [https://github.com/AndreaWesterinen/Wikidata-and-OWL/blob/main/papers/Understanding%20Wikidata.pdf Understanding Wikidata] - Wikidata is extremely valuable as a data source to supplement, validate and extend existing knowledge bases and applications. To effectively utilize Wikidata in a Semantic Web application, one must understand its design, terminology and correspondence with ontological concepts (especially RDF and OWL). This paper attempts to explain and position this information. (by [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:AndreaWest AWesterinen]) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Js1fRnS_xmU Wikipedia Weekly: Ep. 255] (Swedish) - Hosted by Jan Ainali and Magnus. This week covers scarcely clicked sources, API uses and wave at beautiful images. ** Wikimedia Ghana is bringing together Ghanians to enrich and translate content for the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOzk6ZHJLXw Ga Language] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOQmm4-Lnc0 Twi Language] as part of the [[d:Wikidata:Wikidata_for_Education|Wikidata For Education Project]]. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvpgQAyk8mc Mapping Linguistic territories using Wikidata and SPARQL] - a topic presented by Camilo Fique, shows how to use Wikidata and the WDQS as tools for mapping linguistics. In this example, Camilo uses toponyms, specifically Human Settlements. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K3rKZqHObg Evaluating Named Entity Disambiguation with Wikidata & SpaCy] - creating a Named Entity Disambiguation model in SpaCy with the entity linker based on a custom knowledge base derived from Wikidata and Wikipedia, by Matthew Pellegrino. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-differences-in-the-number-of-sitelinks-among-meps Gender differences in the number of sitelinks among members of the European Parliament], a statistical analysis based on Wikidata about the number of sitelinks by gender. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://altilunium.github.io/Wikidatalite/?item=Q480 Wikidatalite] : Search, browse, and navigate Wikidata items with a mobile-friendly, simplified user interface. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/gender-differences-in-the-number-of-sitelinks-among-meps MEPs: Sitelinks and Gender differences] - this Notebook by PAC explores the completeness or lack of content differentiated by gender of MEP's in the Wikimedia Projects, helping highlight lack of representation and information. * [https://observablehq.com/d/7edfa6a725d2f373 Metadata schemas and vocabularies for TU Delft's digitized special collections] * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament Dashboard of Members of European parlianent] - by PAC02 * [http://ancientworldonline.blogspot.com/2024/04/oracc-dataset-format-to-lod-factgrid.html ORACC & Cuneiform Project] - repository of LOD datasets for the FACTGRID Wikibase instance for the Cuneiform project. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12527|form decomposition]] (<nowiki>decomposition of a word</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (<nowiki>RDF-based publication, with references and history</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (<nowiki>which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (<nowiki>height of the letters of an inscription</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (<nowiki>hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (<nowiki>image showing the building/object/work under construction</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12528|TNHR&CE temple ID]], [[:d:Property:P12529|Diccionario de la lengua española entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12530|Malaysia company new number]], [[:d:Property:P12531|GARAE ID]], [[:d:Property:P12532|‎Oyez Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12533|‎Gematsu event ID]], [[:d:Property:P12534|Singapore Infopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (<nowiki>periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RTE substation ID|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (<nowiki>spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/intervener|intervener]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNS Info Saúde|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Michigan Historical Marker ID|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras club ID|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Traineras competition ID|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Reference entry|Oxford Reference entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru person ID|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/arch2.iofe.center person ID|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Sculpturo|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllSkaters persons ID|AllSkaters persons ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Library ID|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/museum-digital person ID|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Supreme Court of Canada case number|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Featherbase ID|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index theatre ID|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brazilian Football Confederation player ID|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatrical Index company ID|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Athenaeus Catalog Author ID|Digital Athenaeus Catalog Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BeSoccer player ID|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Uruguay authority ID|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IsThereAnyDeal ID|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KupiGolos game ID|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ffspb.org player ID|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Touhou Wiki id|Touhou Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TUESPWiki id|TUESPWiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Droitne ID|Droitne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/9dta List of masters theses written in Māori] ([https://twitter.com/Tagishsimon/status/1772091570302472234 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9XTr Tram systems with 1435mm wide rails] ([https://twitter.com/LArtour/status/1770796346884141559 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9R$c Location and official opening of statues in Denmark] ([https://twitter.com/peterbrodersen/status/1767198458006421593 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9Hzh Map of objects on the banks of the Kama and the rivers flowing into it] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1762108328971264085 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9HYA Remakes of Soviet films with their popularity] ([https://twitter.com/infovarius/status/1761875545640390986 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9dba Images for all monuments with a Bavarian monument authority ID in Passau administrative district] ([https://wikis.world/@awinkler@openbiblio.social/112196978463979642 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9Ygr Most frequent objects depicted on coats of arms] ([https://wikis.world/@kvistgaard@vivaldi.net/112162949851779659 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] - aims to organize data related to Azerbaijan. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Paralympics|WikiProject Paralympics]] - The goal of WikiProject Paralympics is to improve items about Paralympic Games, Paralympians, and Paralympic events. ** [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Lieder|Lieder]] - This project aims to collect all Lieder, Lieder cycles and Poems as well as Composers and Poets related to them. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cultural venues|Cultural venues]] - The aim of the present project is to create the world’s most complete high-quality database of cultural venues, such as theatres, concert halls, etc. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cal State University Building/San Bernardino|Cal State University Building/San Bernardino]] - Aims to document and lists guidelines for the California State University San Bernardino's participation in the California State University Wikidata Building Project. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Epigraphy|Epigraphy]] - Aims to create Items of epigraphs on Wikidata. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9K7K This query] shows that there are 8000 botanists with a standard botanical abbreviation, IPNI code, and little else. Help expand, merge, and otherwise help us know who these folks are! ([https://twitter.com/CharlesMatthe12/status/1762792364702081372 source]) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2283194|INS Vikrant(Q2283194)]] - 1961 Majestic-class aircraft carrier of the Indian Navy * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1226849|لله قوریسین/Allah korusun (L1226849)]] - Turkish interjectional locution 'God forbid!' ''' Development ''' * mul language code: We are continuing the work on fixing remaining issues for the next stage of releasing it ([[phab:T356200]]) * REST API: ** We continued work on modifying the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]]) ** We continued work on creating Items ([[phab:T342990]]) * EntitySchemas: We continued work on making it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements ([[phab:T359419]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Sandwich * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:53, 2 අප්‍රේල් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26436776 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #623 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week. This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-08. [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''</div> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Did you manage to see the first weekend and sessions of the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]], well fret not as there is another weekend of Wikidata-related sessions to come. Day 4 begins Friday April 12, join via [https://meet.jit.si/WikidataLevelingUpDays2024 Jitsi] - see you there! * [https://www.eventbrite.it/e/biglietti-wikidata-raccogliere-e-utilizzare-dati-aperti-876029867917 Wikidata - collect and use open data] (Italian) - April 19 at the University of Catania, [[d:User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)|Léa Lacroix]] and Luca Martinelli (WMIT) will give an overview of Wikidata's use for sharing data, querying data and some of its main applications. * [https://www.beclass.com/rid=284d815660fc41c711f3 Build Open Data through Wikidata: a database integration model] (Taiwanese) - April 9 19:00 - 20:00. Wang Wenyue (WMTW) will lead this discussion on how Wikidata can re-connect and index a topic that may be documented in multiple various places online. * Wikimania 2024: Submission deadline extended to April 10, 12:00 UTC! [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/PBUJINYXC4E4ULMWZWY2WJTYAXPEDVGU/ Get your Wikidata submissions in]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/03/28/told-cities-unveiling-the-heritage-and-chronicles-of-unesco-world-heritage-cities/ Told Cities: Unveiling the Heritage and Chronicles of UNESCO World Heritage Cities] - initiated by Wiki World Heritage, this project aims to comprehensively document UNESCO World Heritage Cities using Wikimedia projects like Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTZGSNkNP70 Wikidata editing #113] (English) at Wikidata Leveling Up Days. [[d:User:Ainali|Ainali]] and [[d:User:Abbe98|Abbe98]] do some live editing on biographies of climate scientists and glaciologists. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CPIUpN25ak0 Panel: 10 years of FAIR principle] - [[d:User:Lydia_Pintscher_(WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher]] joins a panel to talk about implementation of FAIR principles and how Wikidata and Wikibase can contribute. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [http://atilioa.me/WikidataAntiPatternAnalyzer/Wikidata Anti-Pattern Analyzer] is a static website capable of checking the existence of 'anti-pattern 1' (AP1) occurrences given an entity from Wikidata. It can also check if a new statement would introduce new violations. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Only [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1713735900 13 more days to go]! The deadline to submit your project proposal to Wikimedia Deutschland's [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Open Call for Software Contributions] is coming closer and closer. With this call, Wikimedia Deutschland aims to support projects that make Wikidata's data more accessible and usable for a wider audience. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (<nowiki>RDF-based publication, with references and history</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (<nowiki>which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (<nowiki>height of the letters of an inscription</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (<nowiki>hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (<nowiki>image showing the building/object/work under construction</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12571|base units]] (<nowiki>property that lists the different units that a unit is derived from, would be useful to add a qualifier for the exponent of each unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (<nowiki>industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12535|OSL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12536|‎Combine OverWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12537|EJAtlas ID]], [[:d:Property:P12538|‎Galician Authors in the BUSC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12539|‎Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12541|Ludzie Nauki ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12542|WhatsApp channel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (<nowiki>periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (<nowiki>spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/API formatter URL|API formatter URL]] (<nowiki>URI template from which "$1" can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (<nowiki>Property to indicate the '''type of representation''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BSWW team ID|BSWW team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ffspb.org player ID|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Droitne ID|Droitne ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zillow zpid|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cemu Wiki article ID|Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Statistics Office ID|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian Government ID|Algerian Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID|Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Reference subject ID|Oxford Reference subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Comedy Guide person ID|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mosff.ru staff ID|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hanslick Online person ID|Hanslick Online person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/9hdE Tolkien-style plurals] ([https://twitter.com/WikidataFacts/status/1776651392888758645 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112223387850016286 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/6Tzi Lexemes with a Sense related to a geolocated Item] ** [https://w.wiki/9hdp Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place] ([[Wikidata:Request_a_query#Map of all places related to persons with layers by property of the place|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Hijri Calendar|Hijri Calendar]] - aims to create and improve Items for Hijri Calendar dates such as [[d:Q4886009|1 Ramadan (Q4886009)]]. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject MLA Linked Data Working Group|MLA Linked Data Working Group]] - The [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) is a [https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Music Library Association (MLA)] working group convened by the MLA [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Cataloging and Metadata Committee (CMC)]. Members are music catalogers and other library metadata workers exploring linked data topics through Wikidata projects, discussion of BIBFRAME and linked data cataloging, and other areas of interest. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/birthday today|birthdays today]] - People born this day of the year (primarily currently living people) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q45909|John Cale (Q45909)]] - Welsh composer, singer-songwriter and record producer * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L415173|armastuskolmnurk (L415173)]] - Estonian noun, translated "love triangle" ''' Development ''' * REST API: ** We continued the work on the endpoint for creating an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]]) ** We continued the work on the endpoint for modifying data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} (]]phab:T347394]]) * EntitySchemas: Work on making it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements is continuing. * mul language code: We are fixing remaining issues uncovered during testing. ([[phab:T355059]], [[phab:T356200]], [[phab:T135871]], [[phab:T356201]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Misc * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · 15:43, 8 April 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26562780 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #622 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.</br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-15.</br>[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AzBot|AzBot]] - Task: adding a space in over 7k malformed Dutch descriptions per this request. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_3|DifoolBot 3]] - Task: fill in empty English/French/German labels and basic statements for persons with VIAF ID [[d:Property:P214|(P214)]] and a VIAF authority source GND ID [[d:Property:P227|(P227)]], IdRef ID [[d:Property:P269|(P269)]], Bibliothèque nationale de France ID [[d:Property:P268|(P268)]] or Library of Congress authority ID [[d:Property:P244|(P244)]] ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * The [[Wikidata:Events#Wikidata bug triage hour|next Wikidata Bug triage hour]] is happening on April 15th at 16UTC. It will focus on mobile editing of statements. * [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2024-04-10|Telegram Office Hour - 04-10-2024]] log - if you missed all the exciting updates, you can see them all here on the Archived log. * The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]] was concluded, you can watch the videos available on the program page and contribute to the captions on Wikimedia Commons. * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call April 16, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 16 April, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). The LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group is, amazingly, 5 years old this month, and we are planning a very Zoomy celebration befitting our virtual community. We are hoping you can join and share some reflections. Feel free to [https://recocards.com/board/anniversary-ld4-wikidata-affinity-group-81320375362 sign our anniversary card] and [https://www.partyslate.com/best-of/virtual-party-zoom-backgrounds update your Zoom background to something festive!] [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NXkhSEgaGueSXaEDKXJyEeDKQy9SgfET47mJshtK0nc/edit?usp=sharing Agenda] * [[m:Event:Decisions_that_Define_Us:_Documenting_Nigeria%E2%80%99s_Supreme_Court_cases_on_Wikidata|Documenting Nigeria's Supreme Court Cases]] - this online event is a contest to enrich and connect the verdicts and sitting Judges of Nigerian Supreme Court cases. Points will be awarded for contributions. Event ends: 28 April 00:00 UTC. * [https://hsli.org/newsletter/registration-open-for-the-linked-data-users-group-of-the-midwest-collaborative-for-library-services-wikidata-edit-a-thon-online-mon-april-22-fri-april-26/ Edit-A-Thon of the LOD user group: Midwest Collaborative Library Services] - registration is now open for this online event, taking place 22 - 26 April. * [https://www.ub.edu/wikiwomen/2024/04/10/ii-international-convention-on-glam-wikiverse-and-gender/ II International Convention on GLAM Wikiverse and Gender] - June 5, Aula Rubió, Faculty of Information and Audiovisual Media, University of Barcelona (UB), 9:30-1:30 p.m. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://dev.to/mikeyoung44/towards-a-brazilian-history-knowledge-graph-3gi2 Working towards a Brazilian History Knowledge Graph] - Mike Young describes the progress towards building a KG on Brazilian history and how Wikidata supported this endeavour, especially for linking poiticians, movements, constitutions, laws and events that may not be notable for individual Wikipedia articles. ** [https://www.library.wales/news/reimagining-cultural-heritage-data Reimagining cultural heritage data] - this article by Jason Evans documents the efforts of the Llyfgrell Genedlaethol Cymru (National Library of Wales) to open their archives and datasets to Wikidata and the creation of their Wikibase-powered [https://snarc-llgc.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Main_Page SNARC Tool] (Semantic Name Authority Repository Cymru). ** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/arjunaraoc/diary/403890 Improving geodata accuracy on OSM and Wikidata] how to remove the mismatches between Wikidata and Openstreetmap for villages of a district in Andhra Pradesh (India) ** [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh/Notes/Arjunaraoc/Improving_geodata_accuracy_on_OSM_and_Wikidata Andhra Pradesh/Notes/Arjunaraoc/Improving geodata accuracy on OSM and Wikidata] * Presentations ** [https://zenodo.org/records/10955373 Wikidata: your friendly (University's) knowledge graph] - Christian Erlinger on behalf of the University of Innsbruck has produced this slidedeck showing how Wikidata can be used for science and research communication. ** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Hiperterminal/Dominio_publico_taller Workshop: Making the Colombian public domain visible on Wikidata (in Spanish)] - Fundación Conector with the support of Wikimedia Colombia presented this workshop to create items in Wikidata about Colombian authors. This is part of the [https://co.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dominio_publico directory of Colombian authors in Public domain] * Papers: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-11-2023-0230/full/html Assessing knowledge organization systems from a gender perspective: Wikipedia taxonomy and Wikidata ontologies] - analyze the ontologies of Wikidata and the taxonomy of Wikipedia. Centelles, M. and Ferran-Ferrer, N. (2024) * Videos ** ''Wikidata per la ricerca'' (Wikidata for research): online conference, [[:w:it:Wikipedia:Raduni/Wikidata e la ricerca 2024|organized]] on 9 April 2024 by [[:d:Q15136611|Wikimedia Italia]], by [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] (in Italian: [[:commons:File:Wikidata_per_la_ricerca.pdf|slides]] and [https://cvs5133.ergonet.host/playback/presentation/2.0/playback.html?meeingId=e420724e96d095a1510420cdc783fa50f0aee67a-1712665016023 video]) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFasrWxF_PQ Demonstration of the XML-TEI Wikidata Geocoder Tool] (French) - This tool from PhilippGam will showcase how the Wikidata Geocoder tool can extract information such as PersName, PlaceName, geographic coordinates and images from XML-TEI files. [https://philippegambette.github.io/xmlToRenumar/ Try it here]. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTZGSNkNP70 Live Wikidata Editing #113] with [[d:User:Abbe98|User:Abbe98]] and [[d:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]] explain the thought process behind how they edit whilst looking at biographies of climate scientists and glaciologists, during the [[d:Wikidata:Events/Leveling_Up_Days_2024|Leveling Up Days 2024]] event. ** WikiConference NA 2023 *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxNA6MG_FUY Open scholarly communication with Wikidata] - [[d:User:Daniel_Mietchen|Daniel Mietchen]] talks about the benefits of Wikidata and the Wikimedia platforms to enhance researcher and collaborative workflows. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGjAmoqoRAI Wikidata for open museum data sharing] - Rhonda Yearwood explains how Wikidata can facilitate and provide a platform for the open sharing of Museum and Gallery datasets. *** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVEKeNoQN3Y Wikidata's usefulness for university knowledge sharing]- [[d:User:Will_(Wiki_Ed)|Will (Wiki Ed)]] hosts workshops on Wikidata and advocates Wikidata as a way for Universities to share general reference knowledge. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5y8EU2uCEhI FOSSGIS 2024 Modelling with 'Fuzziness' / 'Wobbliness' in Geodata] (German) - Florian Thiery presents a paper on data-driven use cases for modeling vague or uncertain georeference data, to adhere to FAIR principles as closely as possible. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/medias-by-country Medias by country] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/missing-biographies Missing biographies], a companion tool which helps identifies people without a biography in a given Wikipedia using Wikidata * It’s time to nominate your favorite tool(s) for the fifth edition of the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/797991?lang=en follow this link]. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners will be unveiled at [[m:Wikimania_2024|Wikimania 2024]]. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Join the Wikidata Open Online Course starting April 22, 2024! Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. Register here: [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] *[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1713735900 Only 6 more days] to submit your project proposal to Wikimedia Deutschland's [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Open_Call Open Call for Software Contributions]. With this call, Wikimedia Deutschland aims to support projects that make Wikidata's data more accessible and usable for a wider audience. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12545|nanopublication identifier]] (<nowiki>RDF-based publication, with references and history</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12548|media modality]] (<nowiki>which media modalities are present in a creative work, particularly in digital, multimodal works such as electronic literature</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12549|height of letters]] (<nowiki>height of the letters of an inscription</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (<nowiki>hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (<nowiki>image showing the building/object/work under construction</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12571|derived from base unit]] (<nowiki>the base unit(s) that this derived unit is derived from</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (<nowiki>industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (<nowiki>URI template from which "$1" can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12543|‎Portal Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12544|RatingGraph TV show ID]], [[:d:Property:P12546|‎Instagram account numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12547|‎‎Doom Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12550|‎DWDS sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12551|11v11 player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12552|Hyatt hotel ID]], [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/official gazette|official gazette]] (<nowiki>periodical publication authorised to publish public or legal notices for that administrative entity or governmental institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/follows spelling paradigm|follows spelling paradigm]] (<nowiki>spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (<nowiki>Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EBITDA|EBITDA]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Authorised capital|Authorised capital]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (<nowiki>the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image decay|image decay]] (<nowiki>image decay suffered by an old photograph</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of submissions|number of submissions]] (<nowiki>number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of accepted contributions|number of accepted contributions]] (<nowiki>number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/risk group|risk group]] (<nowiki>Risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification {{Q|125449255}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/electoral symbol|electoral symbol]] (<nowiki>symbol allocated to a political party / candidate for use on ballots</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan image|tartan image]] (<nowiki>image of the item's tartan</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (<nowiki>subject's tartan</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zentrum für Dramatik ID|Zentrum für Dramatik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RERO+ ID|RERO+ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peertube Channel Address|Peertube Channel Address]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quran.com entry|Quran.com entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ID of member of the Chambre des députés|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/az.lib.ru author ID|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WildTangent Games ID|WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource game ID|The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zillow zpid|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cemu Wiki article ID|Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Statistics Office ID|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian Government ID|Algerian Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Génération Nintendo game ID|Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/British Comedy Guide person ID|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mosff.ru staff ID|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hanslick Online person ID|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HCERES organisation ID|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPV profile ID|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPV profile ID|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duden Sense ID|Duden Sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian trademark number|Algerian trademark number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WDF players ID|WDF players ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GovTrack person|GovTrack person]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian commune ID|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pressball.by football manager ID|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Islamic World: Past and Present ID|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delisted Games ID|Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kritikanstvo IDs|Kritikanstvo IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myabandonware.com game id|myabandonware.com game id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FürthWiki article ID|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD film UUID|IAFD film UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English & Scottish Football League transfers player ID|English & Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Romania ID|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Register of Tartans ID|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NICE Paintings ID|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: [https://w.wiki/9ean Map of river names in german coloured by gender] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_MLA_Linked_Data_Working_Group|MLA Linked Data Working Group]] - The [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/mla-linked-data-working-group/ Linked Data Working Group] (LDWG) is a [https://www.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Music Library Association (MLA)] working group convened by the MLA [https://cmc.wp.musiclibraryassoc.org/ Cataloging and Metadata Committee (CMC)]. Members are music catalogers and other library metadata workers exploring linked data topics through Wikidata projects, discussion of BIBFRAME and linked data cataloging, and other areas of interest. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Albums|Albums]] - A WikiProject about music album releases ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Algeria|Algeria]] - Aims to collaborate on Algeria-related topics * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q512062|László Krasznahorkai (Q512062)]] - Hungarian novelist and screenwriter * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L6888|kone (L6888)]] - Finish noun, translate to "machine" ''' Development ''' * mul langauge code: We are finishing the polishing for the first proper release coming soon. * EntitySchema: We are continuing the work on the new datatype that will make it possible to link to EntitySchemas in statements. * REST API: ** We continued work on creating an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]]) ** We continued work on modifying data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Misc (2/n) * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] 13:32, 15 April 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26562780 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #624 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.</br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-04-22.</br>[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/OpeninfoBot|OpeninfoBot]] - Task: Importing financial data (assets, equity, revenue, EBIT, net profit) from openinfo.uz to entries on public Uzbek companies in Wikidata. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/IntegrationBot|IntegrationBot]] - Task: retrieve information from Wikidata and contribute data back ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * It’s time to nominate your favorite tool(s) for the fifth edition of the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/797991?lang=en follow this link]. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners will be unveiled at [[m:Wikimania_2024|Wikimania 2024]]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://tribuneonlineng.com/wikimedia-begins-mapping-of-anambra-mdas-streets-markets-on-wikidata/ Wikimedia begins mapping of Anambra MDAs, streets, markets on Wikidata] - The Wikimedia Anambra Network and the Anambra State ICT Agency are collaborating on a project to map ministries, departments, agencies (MDAs), streets, and markets in Anambra State on Wikidata. * Papers **[https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243562 Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata] **[https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.04.12.589259v1 Bringing PanglaoDB to 5-star Linked Open Data using Wikidata] + [https://sciencecast.org/casts/n3rvoge1kzh0 AI audio abstract] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://mishramilan.toolforge.org/ Mishramilan (মিশ্রমিলন)], a tool listing words/phrases in different language catalogs and allowing users to match the entries in those catalogs to existing Wikidata lexemes or to create new lexemes based on those entries. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * It's not too late to join the Wikidata Open Online Course, open from April 22 to May 31! Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. Register here: [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] * There is [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/April 2024 scaling update|a new update]] relative to the experiment with splitting the Wikidata Query Service graph. A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/WDQS Split Refinement|new proposal for the split]] has also been published, feedback will be open until May 15th 2024. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12563|Imagehash difference hash]] (<nowiki>hash which tells whether two images look nearly identical</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12565|image of construction]] (<nowiki>image showing the building/object/work under construction</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12571|derived from base unit]] (<nowiki>the base unit(s) that this derived unit is derived from</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12574|International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations]] (<nowiki>industry classification for nonprofit organization created by the Johns Hopkins University and adapted by the United Nations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (<nowiki>URI template from which "$1" can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12616|leaf morphology]] (<nowiki>characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12617|‎creative director]] (<nowiki>person who makes high-level creative decisions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12621|beneficial owner]] (<nowiki>natural person or persons who ultimately owns or controls a company or organisation</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12634|official server list URL]] (<nowiki>website, officially recommended by the developer of the software, that lists public server instances of the software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12642|EBITDA]] (<nowiki>accounting measure: net earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12643|date popularized]] (<nowiki>point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12649|number of accepted contributions]] (<nowiki>number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12650|electoral symbol]] (<nowiki>symbol allocated to a political party or candidate for use on ballots</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12651|authorised capital]] (<nowiki>maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised to issue to shareholders</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12655|number of submissions]] (<nowiki>number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12657|follows spelling pattern]] (<nowiki>spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12553|‎ECF rating code]], [[:d:Property:P12554|CalPhotos taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12558|TMDB season ID]], [[:d:Property:P12559|TMDB episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12560|ASM Mammal Diversity Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12561|SteamGridDB ID]], [[:d:Property:P12562|Amazon Luna game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12564|‎Triton Poker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12566|Traineras rower ID]], [[:d:Property:P12567|StatMuse Premier League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12568|AllSkaters person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12569|DoblajeVideojuegos dub actor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12570|IsThereAnyDeal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12572|Algerian National Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12573|Lisaan Masry Egyptian Arabic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12575|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān ID]], [[:d:Property:P12576|Brazilian Football Confederation player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12577|BeSoccer player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12578|A New Nation Votes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12579|istina.msu.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12580|KupiGolos game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12581|Oskar Schindler Archive agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12612|‎WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12613|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12614|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12615|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12618|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Property:P12619|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12620|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12622|PeerTube channel address]], [[:d:Property:P12623|WDF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12624|‎The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12625|‎Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12626|‎Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12627|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12628|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Property:P12629|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Property:P12630|Aragonario ID (6th version)]], [[:d:Property:P12631|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Property:P12632|Algerian trademark number ID]], [[:d:Property:P12633|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12635|‎Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12636|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Property:P12637|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Property:P12638|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Property:P12639|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Property:P12640|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12641|Duden sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12644|GovTrack person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12645|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Property:P12646|Kritikanstvo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12647|Kritikanstvo publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12648|Kritikanstvo critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12652|myabandonware.com game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12653|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12654|IAFD film UUID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (<nowiki>Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (<nowiki>the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image decay|image decay]] (<nowiki>image decay suffered by an old photograph</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/risk group|risk group]] (<nowiki>risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification defined by the WHO laboratory biosafety manual</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan image|tartan image]] (<nowiki>image of the item's tartan</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (<nowiki>item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hasFeldpostNumber|hasFeldpostNumber]] (<nowiki>Property to link German military units to their respective Feldpost numbers, referencing the specific identifier used during the military communications in the world wars.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/total deposits|total deposits]] (<nowiki>total value of deposits held by a bank or financial institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Total loans|Total loans]] (<nowiki>total value of loans given out by a bank or financial institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/source of transfer & destination of transfer|source of transfer & destination of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity (the destination of transfer) [aliases: source / sender]</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/type of deterioration|type of deterioration]] (<nowiki>to indicate types of deterioration presented by an artwork, building, artifact, etc.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rythme narratif|rythme narratif]] (<nowiki>video game mechanic based on the rhythm of the player's actions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event class</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patent Abstract|Patent Abstract]] (<nowiki>Abstract of the patent</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPV profile ID|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SPV profile ID|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/English & Scottish Football League transfers player ID|English & Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rugby Romania ID|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scottish Register of Tartans ID|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NICE Paintings ID|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID|Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pitchbook Company Profile|Pitchbook Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cbonds Company Profile|Cbonds Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sonic Retro article ID|Sonic Retro article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford American Dictionary ID|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID|Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego|identifiant Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian district ID|Algerian district ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Spriters Resource platform ID|The Spriters Resource platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PEGI game ID|PEGI game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID|The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flora Croatica Database taxon ID|Flora Croatica Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian province ID|Algerian province ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/more kaino.kotus.fi identifiers|more kaino.kotus.fi identifiers]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Encyclopedia ID|World Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Guru ID|Gentoo Guru ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/9q8y World map of subway maps] ** [https://w.wiki/9prg View of the associative network of artists to societies] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/112308165695743397 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/6TNS Top album languages found on Wikidata right now] [https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112302638644990711 source] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NZThesisProject Wikidata library training Christchurch 2024|WikiProject NZThesisProject Wikidata library training Christchurch 2024]] - The aim is to organize an event to show participants how adding New Zealand collections to Wikidata can be useful, and to train participants to improve Wikidata Items so that tools such as Scholia, which builds academic profiles, will be demonstrated. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Islam|WikiProject Islam]] - Aims to collaborate on Islam-related topics ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Algerian History|WikiProject Algerian History]] - The goal of this project is to ensure the completeness of the history of Algeria (Q473761) during its historic period to modern time in Wikidata. * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/General Elections 2024 task force|WikiProject India/General Elections 2024 task force]] - is an initiative to create and up-to-date information related to general election ([[d:Q1076105|Q1076105]]) in India ([[d:Q668|Q668]]). * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Merge candidates based on same sitelink name]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q353003|Bertus Aafjes (Q353003)]] - Dutch poet and writer (1914–1993) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1200000|dismesso (L1200000)]] - "discontinued/disused" in Italian ''' Development ''' * mul language code: We are continuing the roll-out. It is now available on https://test.wikidata.org and https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org. * REST API: We are putting finishing touches on the following: ** Create an Item via POST /entities/items ([[phab:T342990]]) ** Modify data of a Property via PATCH /entities/properties/{property_id} ([[phab:T347394]]) * EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements. * Leveling Up Days: We are wrapping up the event. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Other objects and tools * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11:07, 22 April 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26646684 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #625 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/nubuke-wikidata-workshop-tickets-888255936417 Nubuke Wikidata Workshop] - Sat. 27 April 1100 - 1400 GMT at the Nubuke Foundation, Lome Close Accra, Ghana. * There's still time for nominating your favorite tool in the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tool Award!]] To nominate, follow this link. Deadline: 10 May 2024 - winners unveiled at Wikimania 2024 * [[d:Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2024|Coordinate Me 2024]] - an international Wikidata competition around content with geodata. The competition starts on 1 May 2024 and ends on 31 May 2024. * [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] is just around the corner, taking place in Tallinn, Estonia from 02 - 06 May. We hope there will be lots of Wikidata hacking projects worked on. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/04/25/international-museum-day-2024-a-call-to-increase-museum-coverage-on-wikimedia/screenshot-2024-04-19-at-16-32-25/ Diff Blog: Museums around the world, according to Wikidata] - Wikimedia's own blog, Diff, has this interesting graphic showing museums around the world. To explore further, check the [https://w.wiki/9kvh Wikidata Query]. * Papers ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379950304_Bringing_PanglaoDB_to_5-star_Linked_Open_Data_using_Wikidata Bringing PanglaoDB to 5-star Linked Open Data using Wikidata] - This paper documents the experiences mapping PanglaoDB's free text cell types and genes i Wikidata to improve reusability and fairness. By Tiago Lubiana & João Vitor F. Cavalcante. ** [https://www.pedroandretta.info/index/2024/04/22/explorando-o-wikidata-para-pesquisas-em-ciencias-sociais/ Exploring Wikidata for Social Science Research] (Portugese) - Highlights the relevance of open resources such as Wikidata for the Social Sciences, providing access to information that facilitates research in the social, economic and cultural areas. By Wenceslao Arroyo-Machado. ** [https://zenodo.org/records/11069148 Integrating Wikidata with Data Sleuthing Techniques] For Enhanced Knowledge Discovery of Hidden Figures - this is a training resource to find and enrich Items on Natural History collector's. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mClx7j_Uqq0 The Data Mine: Wikimedia Content Quality 2024] - a short video on how to find mismatched data between Wikidata on other data sources. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O72MN8WTfxI MWCon Spring 2024 (Day 3)] - This session of the MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference explores the different extensions you can use with Wikibase. See the rest of the [[mw:MediaWiki_Users_and_Developers_Conference|program here]] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcmbTtL3JBs Getting Started with OpenRefine] - Introducing OpenRefine, importing data, filtering and faceting and bulk editing, as well as how to connect to other data sources for reconciling your data. By Margaret Heller & Diana Rusch. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yw6rzbNth7Y A Decade of Scholarly Research on Open Knowledge Graphs] - Houcemeddine Turki host this presentation of the LREC-COLING 2024's findings. You can [https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13186 read the full paper here.] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wyb08oGZeLA Beyond Wikidata: building a universal knowledge graph with MediaWiki and Wikibase] - James Hare explores Wikibase as a focused alternative to creating a knowledge graph around a specific theme or project. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.antvaset.com/wikidatas-ontology Antvaset's Wikidata Ontology explorer] - explore Wikidata's Ontology in this top-down tree explorer. By Anton Vasetenkov. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikimedia Deutschland closed their Call for Software Contributions! Discover the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Call_Submissions project proposals submitted] and share [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata/Call_Submissions your feedback]. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2RU4BCZS3U4EQF2BFDVJLANCT5TCXQI2/ Release of Wikibase Suite: Wikibase 1.39.7WMDE .18 - minor security release compatible with MediaWiki 1.39.7] * [https://openrefine.org/blog/2024/04/29/version-3-8-0 OpenRefine 3.8.0 was released] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P12583|RTE substation ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of electrical substations operated by RTE in France</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12605|‎API formatter URL]] (<nowiki>URI template from which "$1" can automatically be replaced with the effective property value on items; for API access and other machine-readable data</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12616|leaf morphology]] (<nowiki>characterization of aspects of the shape of a plant’s leaves</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12617|‎creative director]] (<nowiki>person who makes high-level creative decisions</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12621|beneficial owner]] (<nowiki>natural person or persons who ultimately owns or controls a company or organisation</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12634|official server list URL]] (<nowiki>website, officially recommended by the developer of the software, that lists public server instances of the software</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12642|EBITDA]] (<nowiki>accounting measure: net earnings, before interest expenses, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are subtracted</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12643|date popularized]] (<nowiki>point in time the subject became well known to the public, if different from its inception</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12649|number of accepted contributions]] (<nowiki>number of accepted submissions, e.g., conference articles to a conference</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12650|electoral symbol]] (<nowiki>symbol allocated to a political party or candidate for use on ballots</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12651|authorised capital]] (<nowiki>maximum amount of share capital that the company is authorised to issue to shareholders</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12655|number of submissions]] (<nowiki>number of submissions, e.g., submitted papers to a conference</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12657|follows spelling pattern]] (<nowiki>spelling rule, pattern or paradigm followed by this form</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12663|risk group]] (<nowiki>risk group of a biological agent guiding its initial handling in labs according to the risk group classification defined by the WHO laboratory biosafety manual</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12677|timetable/schedule URL]] (<nowiki>link to the timetable or the schedule (in PDF, HTML, image format) for the given service or the event schedule. The current timetable/schedule should have preferred rank.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12680|deterioration]] (<nowiki>to indicate types of deterioration presented by an artwork, building, artifact, etc.</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12582|Oxford Reference overview ID]], [[:d:Property:P12584|Theatrical Index company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12585|Touhou Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12586|Traineras club ID]], [[:d:Property:P12587|Traineras competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12588|Slovenian organization number]], [[:d:Property:P12589|Featherbase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12590|TUESPWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12591|Theatrical Index theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12592|Supreme Court of Canada case number]], [[:d:Property:P12593|SNS Info Saúde]], [[:d:Property:P12594|OSHA Occupational Chemical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12595|National Library of Uruguay authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12596|museum-digital tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12597|museum-digital person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12598|government.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12599|arch2.iofe.center person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12600|Digital Athenaeus Catalog author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12601|China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12602|BFO class ID]], [[:d:Property:P12603|identifiant Sculpturo]], [[:d:Property:P12604|Michigan Historical Marker ID]], [[:d:Property:P12606|Barry Hugman's Footballers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12607|droitne.ch author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12608|Statbunker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12609|ffspb.org player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12610|beachsoccer.com team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12612|‎WildTangent Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12613|HCERES organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12614|az.lib.ru author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12615|Hanslick Online person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12618|ID of member of the Chambre des députés]], [[:d:Property:P12619|Algerian National Statistics Office ID]], [[:d:Property:P12620|mosff.ru staff ID]], [[:d:Property:P12622|PeerTube channel address]], [[:d:Property:P12623|WDF player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12624|‎The Spriters Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12625|‎Cemu Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12626|‎Génération Nintendo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12627|British Comedy Guide person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12628|The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ID]], [[:d:Property:P12629|Zillow zpid]], [[:d:Property:P12630|Aragonario ID (6th version)]], [[:d:Property:P12631|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World ID]], [[:d:Property:P12632|Algerian trademark number ID]], [[:d:Property:P12633|Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12635|‎Delisted Games ID]], [[:d:Property:P12636|Algerian commune ID]], [[:d:Property:P12637|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women ID]], [[:d:Property:P12638|The Islamic World: Past and Present ID]], [[:d:Property:P12639|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions ID]], [[:d:Property:P12640|pressball.by football manager ID]], [[:d:Property:P12641|Duden sense ID]], [[:d:Property:P12644|GovTrack person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12645|PlantZAfrica Plants of the Week ID]], [[:d:Property:P12646|Kritikanstvo game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12647|Kritikanstvo publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P12648|Kritikanstvo critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12652|myabandonware.com game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12653|FürthWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12654|IAFD film UUID]], [[:d:Property:P12658|A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices ID]], [[:d:Property:P12659|Rugby Romania ID]], [[:d:Property:P12660|Scottish Register of Tartans ID]], [[:d:Property:P12661|Asociation Espanola de Amigos de los Castillos ID]], [[:d:Property:P12662|NICE Paintings ID]], [[:d:Property:P12664|Sonic Retro article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12665|Algerian district ID]], [[:d:Property:P12666|English & Scottish Football League transfers player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12667|The Spriters Resource platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P12668|Encyklopedia Medyków Powstania Warszawskiego ID]], [[:d:Property:P12669|Cerist.dz CCDZ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12670|Flora Croatica Database taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12671|Quadrinhopédia artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12672|SPV profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12673|CPV profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12674|Kunstenpunt Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Property:P12675|The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12676|Hindawi Foundation book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12678|The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12679|Pennsylvania State Senate ID]], [[:d:Property:P12681|Vanhan kirjasuomen sanakirja ID]], [[:d:Property:P12682|Suomi–ruotsi-suursanakirja ID]], [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WEM facility code|WEM facility code]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Type of representation|Type of representation]] (<nowiki>Property to indicate the '''representation type''' as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items, indicating the media type of the media file as can be derived from its registered property in Wikidata, being different from P18 (image).</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is fake of|is fake of]] (<nowiki>the kind (class) of elements this item falsifies / is a fake for</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/tartan|tartan]] (<nowiki>item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hasFeldpostNumber|hasFeldpostNumber]] (<nowiki>Property to link German military units to their respective Feldpost numbers, referencing the specific identifier used during the military communications in the world wars.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/total deposits|total deposits]] (<nowiki>total value of deposits held by a bank or financial institution</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Total loans|Total loans]] (<nowiki>total value of loans given out by a bank or financial institution</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/source of transfer & destination of transfer|source of transfer & destination of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity (the destination of transfer) [aliases: source / sender]</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rythme narratif|rythme narratif]] (<nowiki>video game mechanic based on the rhythm of the player's actions</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/event role|event role]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event class</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patent Abstract|Patent Abstract]] (<nowiki>Abstract of the patent</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category for this time deaths|category for this time deaths]] (<nowiki>category item for people who died in this time</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/category for this time births|category for this time births]] (<nowiki>category item for people who born in this time</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/founder of|founder of]] (<nowiki>Organization, religion, or place that was founded or co-founded by subject. Inverse of P112.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/writing technique|writing technique]] (<nowiki>technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Inventaire du patrimoine immobilier culturel|identifiant Inventaire du patrimoine immobilier culturel]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB award IDs|TMDB award IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian National Assembly ID|Algerian National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YList ID|YList ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brill ID|Brill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID|Encyclopedia of Canonical Hadith ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case number (mainland China)|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AccessAble venue ID|AccessAble venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pitchbook Company Profile|Pitchbook Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cbonds Company Profile|Cbonds Company Profile]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford American Dictionary ID|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PEGI game ID|PEGI game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID|The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algerian province ID|Algerian province ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Encyclopedia ID|World Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Guru ID|Gentoo Guru ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford University Press ID|Oxford University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FilmVandaag ID|FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBW-Kennung|FBW-Kennung]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duden node ID|Duden node ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cambridge University Press ID|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor & Francis book ID|Taylor & Francis book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AbeBooks book ID|AbeBooks book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/COBISS ID|COBISS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz person ID|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Block Code|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Edinburgh University Press ID|Edinburgh University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BD Gest' work ID|BD Gest' work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gentoo Wiki ID|Gentoo Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Barnes & Noble ID|Barnes & Noble ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vanguard Books ID|Vanguard Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douban Personage ID|Douban Personage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/De Gruyter ID|De Gruyter ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thriftbooks ID|Thriftbooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eBay item|eBay item]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/numéro d'établissement d'une ICPE|numéro d'établissement d'une ICPE]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Columbia University Press ID|Columbia University Press ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kōmako id|Kōmako id]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> * [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/9uxM Two or more statements on a certain property] - generates a list of all elements where there are two or more statements on a certain property (without deprecated statements). ** [https://w.wiki/9uxW Explore data about Tabakalera participants] - find biographical information of film director's that have participate din the San Sebastian Film Festival Tabalakera cultural centre. ** [https://w.wiki/9twM Mothers on Wikidata] - explore the mother and child relationships of Wikidata items. ** [https://w.wiki/9saJ Presidents of French Universities] - curious about which individuals have presided at French Universities and Higher education institutions? This query explores that! * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q539544|Jerzy Spława-Neyman]] - A polish Statistician, the first to introduce a confidence interval to statistical hypothesis testing. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L593075|Pfeil (DE)]] - Arrow, part of the [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Weekly Lexeme Challenge]. ''' Development ''' * [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. * Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] * [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! * Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 14:42, 29 අප්‍රේල් 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26673942 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #626 == [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.</br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-06.</br>[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]] are available.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * '''Reminder:''' the period for [[d:Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split/WDQS_Split_Refinement|feedback]] on the [[Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split|Wikidata Query Service graph split]] ruleset closes on 15-May-2024. More information [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AHOKYOHFMHHDVOSVTFON3PGB5EAUUPX2/ here]! ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] took place in Tallinn, Estonia. Wikimedians from all over came together to hack on a huge variety of topics, including Wikidata and Wikibase topics. See the entire [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024/Program|Program]] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/GGOTS5P465W6AIC2UDEKSYSDNOQD4MDB/ International Museum Day 2024 on Wikimedia: Take part in the translation, media, and data challenges!] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/T5WK6BO5NKVPZDDXVUP6UQOB4I2QHT5Y/ Registration for Wiki Workshop 2024 is now open!] The event will be virtually held on *June 20, 12:00-18:30 UTC * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Coordinate_Me_2024 Coordinate Me 2024] is an international Wikidata competition taking place over the month of May. This year, the focus is on enriching or creating Wikidata items with the [[d:Property:P625|Property: Coordinate Location (P625)]]. To participate, [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/wikidata/Coordinate_Me_2024_AUS_(2024)?enroll=|first enroll on the dashboard] to ensure your edits are tracked. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Papers: [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14695 MisgenderMender] - A community-informed approach to interventions of misgendering. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nkBRHTvZJI Intro to Wikidata Query Service] - hosted by [[d:User:Gnoeee|User:Gnoeee]], this comprehensive video will equip newcomers to Wikidata with the skills to effectively start querying Wikidata. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8EghOSdzEA Siobhan Leachman, NZ Citizen Scientist and Wikipedian] - CitSciOz23 Keynote Speaker, this prolific editor discusses her passions and workflows for contributing and enriching Wikidata on topics as diverse as women scientists, scientific illustrators, artworks and citation data, moths and more. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBcmaqJEEMA WikiSearch from Wikibase Data] - Wout Geveart shows how the WikiSearch extension is using Wikibase data to explore and visualise the data in new ways. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njgPYd4eXuw WikimediaAPIs: a WM Technology Training Session] - Mr. Neechalkaran of the WM Indic MediaWiki Developers Usergroup introduces the function and utility of WM projects APIs, including the REST AOI, the Wikidata API and more. ** [https://us02web.zoom.us/rec/play/LOHqqWDVWxgCvL1SU2T_R-mktp-xUu-0tzQkCmegJyU2JnT-6bAyopadLg3kWI8HG2MpHtv9FJAmuLUh.8XOWDeQJ2n4ZUhEM?canPlayFromShare=true&from=share_recording_detail&continueMode=true&componentName=rec-play&originRequestUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fus02web.zoom.us%2Frec%2Fshare%2F2cvZX_xvgfh5xwiJItyvx5uWH0pqvd5fl_tuvxYIsFo6wVDdY9H_2BBxtFS5H5CT.hG1v-SjAD1xbEudc Accessing Wikidata's Data: An Introduction to the Wikidata REST API] (Zoom recording). A WikiMentor Africa session by Eugene Egbe. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://tools.wmflabs.org/ptable Wikidata periodic table] - Tool by [[d:User:Ricordisamoa|User:Ricordisamoa]], to browse all chemical elements available on Wikidata, with atomic number, chemical symbol, and localized label. It also includes two charts of the nuclides, with links to every isotope in Wikidata, colored by half-life or decay mode. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * A new UI mode is available for the online validator for EntitySchemas. It represents validation reports as a table rather than a very long string, and replaces most links with hyperlinks with some of the text behind them; making them easier to read. Currently being tested at https://shex-validator.toolforge.org/packages/shex-webapp/doc/shex-simple-improved.html, we are looking for participants to evaluate this tool. Some experience with editing Wikidata is appreciated, but no experience working with Schemas is required. If you are interested, you can sign up [https://datumprikker.nl/pwx27abv4daqq4vr here]. We hope to begin interviews around May 13. For more details, visit [[d:User:M.alten.tue|User:M.alten.tue]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12686|category for this time births]] (<nowiki>category item for people who born in this time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12687|category for this time deaths]] (<nowiki>category item for people who died in this time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (<nowiki>property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (<nowiki>ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Law Dictionary entry|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/urban area census code|urban area census code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Lost Media Wiki page ID|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Sounds Resource game ID|The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CDC Stacks ID|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual Russian Museum artist ID|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pushkin Museum artist ID|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/الملف الاستنادي للمؤلفين العراقيين|الملف الاستنادي للمؤلفين العراقيين]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz film ID|Dhliz film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz TV series ID|Dhliz TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Azerbaijani National Assembly ID|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheLegacy ID|TheLegacy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Semantic Search word ID|Quranic Semantic Search word ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/9ytb {{langSwitch|en=List of lists of ambassadors per host and sending country|fr=liste des listes d'ambassadeurs par pays hôtes et pays d'acceuil}}] **[https://w.wiki/9zvj {{langSwitch|en=List of current embassies per host and sending country, and their counterparts|fr=liste des ambassades par pays hôtes et pays d'acceuil et leur pair}}] ** [https://w.wiki/9peJ Images of types of dance in the world] ([https://twitter.com/wikidataid/status/1784914312471212224 source]) * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9twM young mothers] ([https://w.wiki/9twM source]) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1183379|Deirdre (Q1183379)]] - heroine in Irish mythology * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L741213|사랑하다 (L741213)]] - verb "to love (cherish with affection)" in Korean ''' Development ''' * We attended the [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2024|Wikimedia Hackathon]]. * REST API: We are finishing the route for creating an Item ([[phab:T342990]]) and modify the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]]) * EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on creating the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements ([[phab:T214884]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:01, 7 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26673942 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #627 == [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.</br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-13.</br>Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Data_models_pages|Project Chat - Data model pages]]: [[d:User:Alexmar983|Alexmar983]] and [[d:User:Ep%C3%ACdosis|User:Epìdosis]] have proposed updates to standardize the nomenclature in the [[d:Wikidata:Data_model|Wikidata: Data Model]] pages, join the conversation. Also see this [[d:Category_talk:Data_models|Talk page]] for a draft proposal for a new Navbox. * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958|Bot5958]] - Task: Infer [[d:Property:P8013|Trakt.tv ID]] (P8013) of an episode from the Trakt.tv ID (P8013) of the corresponding TV series. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/08/navigating-the-world-of-wikidata-an-introduction-and-hands-on-experience-1/ Navigating the world of Wikidata]: An intro and hands-on experience. This blog entry documents the session from [[d:User:Yaw_tuba|Yaw Tuba]] and [[d:User:NanaYawBotar|Nana Yaw Botar]] and organised by [[m:Open_Foundation_West_Africa|Open Foundation West Africa]] in building skills for new and experienced editors alike. * Papers ** [https://riojournal.com/article/118851/ Sharing data, caring for collections. Open data on collection agents affiliated with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] - This paper documents a project at the MN to digitise collector metadata from museum exhibits for reuse, research and provenance. S. Mering et al. ** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw233450 Erenrich, Daniel. ‘Psychiq and Wwwyzzerdd: Wikidata Completion Using Wikipedia’. 1 Jan. 2023 : 1 – 14.] ** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw233520 Ilievski, Filip et al. ‘A Study of Concept Similarity in Wikidata’. 1 Jan. 2024 : 1 – 20.] * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqkZQ1MHoCQ using Open Data to Automatically Generate Localised Analogies] - Sofia Spatharioti explains how information from Wikidata and Wikipedia can be used to provide more contextual comparisons when dealing with large numbers, dimensions or statistics. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6EQqwVQNuM Thesaurus INAPP in Wikidata] (Italian) - Camillo Carlo Pellizzari shows INAPP thesaurus usage on Wikidata and how to normalise keywords assigned to publications. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G8KQqumlDwY Authors INAPP on Wikidata] (Italian) - Camillo also presents how Wikidata can record biographical data and the presence of authors affiliated with INAPP. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:Wikidata:Projector|Wikidata:Projector]] - is a tool that shows maps and lists with Wikidata items for a specific topic, usually a location. As an example, see the Projector for [https://projector.toolforge.org/#/Corfu Corfu] * [http://atilioa.me/WikidataAntiPatternAnalyzer/index.html? Wikidata Anti Pattern Analyzer] companion tool to the [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243562 Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata] research paper ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12686|category for this time births]] (<nowiki>category item for people who born in this time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12687|category for this time deaths]] (<nowiki>category item for people who died in this time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (<nowiki>property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (<nowiki>ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (<nowiki>the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual Russian Museum artist ID|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pushkin Museum artist ID|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz film ID|Dhliz film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dhliz TV series ID|Dhliz TV series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Azerbaijani National Assembly ID|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Semantic Search word ID|Quranic Semantic Search word ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Folkets lexikon ID|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grand Theft Wiki ID|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Australian Oxford Dictionary ID|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lille norske leksikon-ID|Lille norske leksikon-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOG product ID|GOG product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG.de developer ID|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WiiG.de publisher ID|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/A2SF Indigenous Performers Arts Alliance (IPAA) Members living, working or from Canada] ** [https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3Fq%20%3FqLabel%20%28COUNT%28%3Fperson%29%20AS%20%3Fcount%29%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%3Fq%20wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2a%20wd%3AQ52085914.%0A%20%20%3Fperson%20wdt%3AP69%20%3Fq.%0A%20%20SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AGROUP%20BY%20%3Fq%20%3FqLabel%0AORDER%20BY%20DESC%28%3Fcount%29 Schools of magic by numbers of students] * Schema examples: [https://w.wiki/9$$N List of roles played by siblings] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:KrBot/Lost links|Lost links]] - (New editor removed sitelink and did not reconnect it) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3050361|Mister President (Q3050361)]] - novel written by Miguel Ángel Asturias * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1218418|Ordbokredaktør]] - (Bokmål; a literary version of Norwegian) appropriately, for Lexicographer. ''' Development ''' [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: Gambling * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 16:04, 13 May 2024 (UTC)''' </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26759855 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #628 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-20. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Browse9ja_bot|Browse9ja Bot]] - Task: Automated data retrieval focusing on Nigerian / African-based information, integrating a chatbot, NLP API, knowledge graph, and machine learning model. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DhlizBot|DhlizBot]] - Task: add Dhliz ID (P12696) for persons/films/TV series that exist in Dhliz (Q125594802) database. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/AmeisenBot_2|AmeisenBot 2]] - Task: Working on bot requests at WD:RBOT using [[d:Help:QS|QuickStatements]]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [[w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-05-16/Op-Ed|Wikidata to split as sheer volume of information overloads infrastructure]], by [[d:User:Bluerasberry|Bluerasberry]]. "The split will create a WikiCite graph separate from the main Wikidata graph. The main Wikidata graph will retain content of broader interest, including items for authors, journals, publishers, and anything with a page in a Wikimedia project." ** [https://pro.europeana.eu/post/learnings-from-ai-and-heritage-inclusive-metadata-requires-more-than-erasing-stereotyping-terms Learnings from AI and Heritage inclusive Metadata requires more than erasing stereotyping terms] - this article explores the presence of contentious terms in Wikidata labels. ** [https://www.library.upenn.edu/kislak/judaicadh/blog/wikibasecloudreconcile Reconciling Shira: Wikibase Cloud and OpenRefine] - as part of the Shira project to document and digitise Penn University's Jewish music collections, the author gives a step-by-step process on installing OpenRefine for Wikibase Cloud instances. * Papers ** [https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0356-2.17 Camillo Carlo Pellizzari di San Girolamo, ''Storia della collaborazione tra Wikidata e le biblioteche della Rete URBE nel controllo di autorità'']. Abstract: "The contribution draws a history of the presence of the identifiers of the authority records of the [[:d:Q72283418|URBE network libraries]] in Wikidata, and of the collaboration that has evolved since 2020 between the Wikidata community and the cataloguers of the URBE network libraries, relating to the harmonisation of these authority records with Wikidata and the improvement of the quality of the respective data. The first part of the contribution traces the main stages of collaboration in chronological order, while the second part of the contribution presents the main areas in which the collaboration materialises (or can materialise) in the daily authority work carried out by cataloguers in theme-based groupings". ** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3613904.3642638 Using Open Data to Automatically Generate Localized Analogies]. Numerical analogies that translate unfamiliar measurements into familiar reference objects (e.g., “275k sq miles is roughly as large as Texas”). By "Sofia Eleni Spatharioti, Daniel G. Goldstein, Jake M. Hofman" * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7ke3gX5yy4 ¿Cómo contribuir masivamente a Wikidata con OpenRefine?] (Spanish) - As part of the Coordinate Me Campaign, this is a review of the OpenRefine tool for contributing large sets of data to Wikidata. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MUHnhG_XEp0 Patrimoine spolié : le projet ProvEnhance] (French) - A seminae on the looted heritage project on the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium. At timestamp: 55:02 onwards, Wikibase is discussed as a platform to host the Looted Heritage and Provenance research project. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-genderstats Wikidata GenderStats] measures gender bias at the user level by computing stats on created items. * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-list-of-created-items Created items] : a list of items created by a user with labels. This not new but this has been repaired. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikimedia Deutschland job opening: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45182702/Project-Manager-Machine-Learning?jobDbPVId=127236332&l=en Project Manager Machine Learning, Wikidata]. Application deadline: Apply until 26.05.2024 ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (<nowiki>native language population of a place</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (<nowiki>item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.</nowiki>) ** Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (<nowiki>the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (<nowiki>address of the address e.g. on a postcard</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (<nowiki>An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (<nowiki>relation to the SDGs</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon synonym of|taxon synonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item (considered a preferred name according to a given reference) of which this taxon name is a synonym - the new property will be the inverse property of {{P|1420}}</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Palula dictionary ID|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archnet authority ID|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo Life game ID|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square game ID|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pure Xbox game ID|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Global Egyptian Museum ID|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheLegacy company ID|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historic Synagogues of Europe ID|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD actor UUID|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Hungarian archaeology ID|Database of Hungarian archaeology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID|The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zoraptera Species File taxon ID|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dermaptera Species File taxon ID|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plecoptera Species File taxon ID|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Dictionary of English ID|Oxford Dictionary of English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embioptera Species File taxon ID|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Isoptera Species File taxon ID|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aphid Species File taxon ID|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Subdistrict Code|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PLC (Primary Location Code)|PLC (Primary Location Code)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sinhala Cinema Database ID|Sinhala Cinema Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD District Code|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Village Code|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD State or UT Code|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slovenski etymološki slovar ID|Slovenski etymološki slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jedipedia.net ID|Jedipedia.net ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/McDonald's US product|McDonald's US product]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atarimuseum ID|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/A5AC A map with locations of Pablo Picasso works] - ([https://twitter.com/kavango/status/1790303326925467734 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/A6t2 Descendants of King Antso III] ([https://twitter.com/kavango/status/1790731138979246514 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject MELA on Palestine|MELA on Palestine]] - The Wiki project page for the Middle East Librarians Association (MELA) work group on Palestine. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India Aviation|India Aviation]] - A usergroup focused on airports in India * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Complex constraint violations|Complex constraint violations]] (list of Properties) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q2345|12 Angry Men (Q2345)]] - 1957 drama film by Sidney Lumet * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1223420|panneband (L1223420)]] - means "headband" in Nynorsk ''' Development ''' * We have completed the preparation work to migrate the Query Builder's front end from Wikit to Codex ([[phab:T360096]]) * We also continued work on the EntitySchema data type and refining the CI flow for EntitySchemas ([[phab:T362000]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:26, 21 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26774381 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #629 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-05-27. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ELMCIPBot|ELMCIPBot]] - Task: Import records from [[d:Q113705072|ELMCIP Knowledge Base]] (Q113705072) as part of the Wikidata WikiProject [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Digital_Narratives|Digital Narratives]] * New request for oversight: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Oversight/KonstantinaG07|KonstantinaG07]] - RfP scheduled to end 8 June 2024 16:09 (UTC) ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call May 28, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 28 May, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET (Time zone converter). Please join us for a community discussion on the LCCN Wikidata Bot with Mary Campany, Steven Folsom, and Matt Miller. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/HLLLF5JO4DS44Z5ABRJQ745FFZ5VECMV/ 2024-05-28: Wikidata Affinity Group Call Agenda] * [https://wikimedia.es/coordinate-me-2024-concurso-wikidata-sobre-contenidos-localizables/ Coordinate Me 2024] (Spanish): An international Wikidata competition around geolocation content, from towns, hospitals, public art and natural monuments to improve or create Wikidata elements with a coordinate location (P625) in focus countries. Contest ends 31 May 2024. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://stefanbohacek.com/blog/making-a-map-of-unesco-world-heritage-sites/ Using Wikidata (and Mapbox) to make a UNESCO World Heritage Sites map] Stefan Bohacek documents a follow and code along project to make a map displaying UNESCO World Heritage sites on a Mapbox, fuelled by Wikidata. ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/18/ld42023-iii-the-examples-libraries-using-wikidata/ Libraries using Wikidata: 11 examples] - following on from the previous [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/12/13/ld42023-part-i-the-future-of-wikidata-libraries-a-workshop/ post], this Diff blog highlights 11 projects where Libraries and Librarians are using Wikidata in their projects. ** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/querywatchmovies Use SPARQL to query for movies, then watch them] Bob DuCharme inspired by [https://wikiflix.toolforge.org/#/ WikiFlix] demonstrates how SPARQL queries can be used to find YouTube-hosted media content entered in Wikidata to curate your next Watchlist. ** [https://motherbrain.ai/enhancing-knowledge-graphs-with-llms-a-novel-approach-to-keyword-extraction-and-synonym-merging-3b76b3813a54 Enhancing KG's with LLM's]: A novel approach to keyword extraction and synonym merging. This blog post shows an example of using a Wikidata subgraph with AI to discover new connections and relationships. * Papers ** [https://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/rqss-referencing-quality-scoring-system-wikidata-1 RQSS: Referencing Quality Scoring System for Wikidata] - The authors show how RQSS framework can be applied to Wikidata subsets to qualify Reference Quality. By S. Beghaeiraveri, A.Gray & F. McNeill. ** [https://www.b-i-t-online.de/heft/2024-03-fachbeitrag-labusch.pdf Automatisierte semantische Anreicherung von historischen Texten: Erkennung und Verknüpfung von Entitäten mit Wikidata und Wikipedia] (German) - The paper discusses using AI and Wikipedia and Wikidata as Knowledge Graphs to identify, classify and link entities from the Berlin State Library. ** [https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1103/ ParaNames 1.0: Creating an Entity Name Corpus for 400+ Languages Using Wikidata] - ParaNames is a multilingual parallel name resource consisting of 140 million names spanning over 400 languages. Names are provided for 16.8 million entities, and each entity is mapped from a complex type hierarchy to a standard type (PER/LOC/ORG). Using Wikidata as a source, the authors created the largest resource of this type to date. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHssxXLW558 FOSSGIS 2024 Das Zusammenspiel von Wikidata, Wikipedia und OpenStreetMap] (German) - A presentation of ​​what tags are present in OpenStreetMap that connects to Wikidata and Wikipedia. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ln5JMY5ppfw IWD Inspire Inclusion Campaign English Wikidata Training] - Rhoda James gives an introduction to Wikidata, its principles and common misconceptions and how to begin editing. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[w:Wikipedia:WE-Framework|Wikipedia:WE-Framework]]: WE-Framework is a tool developed by Sergey Vladimirov that allows editing related Wikidata elements in an article without having to go to Wikidata. When you save your Wikidata edit, it will reference the utility in the edit summary. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45182702/Machine-Learning-Project-Manager-?jobDbPVId=127535112&l=en machine learning project manager] to make it easier to use Wikidata's data in machine learning settings. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12686|category for births in this time period]] (<nowiki>category item for people who born in this time period</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12687|category for deaths in this time period]] (<nowiki>category item for people who died in this time period</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12692|representation type]] (<nowiki>property to indicate the representation type as a qualifier for Wikimedia Commons SDC Depicts statements of such Wikidata items</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12693|source of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item is initially associated with, before this process associates it with another entity</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12694|destination of transfer]] (<nowiki>entity that a transferred item comes to be associated with as a result of this process</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (<nowiki>ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (<nowiki>native language population of a place</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (<nowiki>item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12683|‎FilmVandaag ID]], [[:d:Property:P12684|FBW ID]], [[:d:Property:P12685|Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12688|Jerusalem Film Cinematheque person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12689|PitchBook profile ID]], [[:d:Property:P12690|New Oxford American Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12691|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur brewery ID]], [[:d:Property:P12695|‎Gentoo Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|case number (mainland China)]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12728|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12729|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12730|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Property:P12731|Archaeological investigations in Hungary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12732|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12733|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12734|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12735|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12736|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12737|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12738|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12739|Oxford Dictionary of English entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12740|Slovenian Etymological Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12741|‎Jedipedia.net ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (<nowiki>the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (<nowiki>address of the address e.g. on a postcard</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (<nowiki>An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (<nowiki>indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon synonym of|taxon synonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item (considered a preferred name according to a given reference) of which this taxon name is a synonym - the new property will be the inverse property of {{P|1420}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Competitor|Competitor]] (<nowiki>Competitors in game shows</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/basionym of|basionym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this taxon name is a basionym (original name, for botanical and similar items) - inverse property of {{P|566}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land acknowledgement|land acknowledgement]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/protonym of|protonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this taxon name is a protonym (original name, for zoological taxa) - inverse property of {{P|1403}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/replaced synonym of|replaced synonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item which replaced this taxon name (now only a synonym) - inverse property of {{P|694}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/student count by gender|student count by gender]] (<nowiki>I think there should be a way to document the number of students at a university by their gender, as data for student counts (at least if they come from GENESIS Online - german universities) contain that data divided in male and female students. I think it would make more sense to implement that as a qualifier for {{P|2196}} than implementing it as a new property as that wouldn't make old data obsolete, but also it could interfere with tools that retrieve that data automated and are then confused by having multiple counts at the same time.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role|has semantic role]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event class</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Perlego ID|Perlego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bokkilden ID|Bokkilden ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wardah Books ID|Wardah Books ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Transfermarkt competition ID|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex.Music track ID|Yandex.Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IAFD actor UUID|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID|The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zoraptera Species File taxon ID|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dermaptera Species File taxon ID|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plecoptera Species File taxon ID|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embioptera Species File taxon ID|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Isoptera Species File taxon ID|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Aphid Species File taxon ID|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Subdistrict Code|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PLC (Primary Location Code)|PLC (Primary Location Code)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sinhala Cinema Database ID|Sinhala Cinema Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD District Code|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD Village Code|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LGD State or UT Code|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas Hospital ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/McDonald's US product|McDonald's US product]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atarimuseum ID|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID|Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Garner's Modern American Usage ID|Garner's Modern American Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meurgorf historical dictionary|Meurgorf historical dictionary]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNARC ID|SNARC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/milog.co.il entry ID|milog.co.il entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID|Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/F.C. Copenhagen player id|F.C. Copenhagen player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Milldatabase ID|Milldatabase ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Biology ID|A Dictionary of Biology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID|Chinese Basketball Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Country Database ID|WHO Country Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AA7J Birthplace of French Heads of State] ** [https://w.wiki/ACWE Films starring Cary Grant, directed by Howard Hughes, available on YouTube] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Solarpunk|Wikidata:WikiProject Solarpunk]] - aims to collects Wikidata Items ([[d:Q126087864|focus list]]) and supports the [[d:Q72206346|Solarpunk]] Movement. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Items_without_labels|Items without Labels]] - explore Wikidata Items that are missing a Label. This list is handy for finding abandoned, incomplete or vandalised Items. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q23565|Hessischer Rundfunk (Q23565)]] - German public broadcaster * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1221007|L1221007]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to "a spy ring" ''' Development ''' * EntitySchemas: We continued work on the new datatype for linking to EntitySchemas in statements. We focused on the input so it shows the label of the EntitySchema when entering the ID. Search by label and aliases will follow. ([[phab:T362004]]) * Wikibase REST API: ** We looked into how to improve error messages. ** We wrapped up the route for modifying the data of a Property. ([[phab:T347394]] ** We are nearing the finish line for the route for creating a new Item. ([[phab:T342990]]) ** We are continuing work on the route for modifying an Item. ([[phab:T342993]]) * Developer advocacy: We are collecting content for a new landing page for developers who want to build applications with Wikidata's data. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''' · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:13, 27 මැයි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26774381 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #630 == <languages/> <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' <translate> Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-03. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].</translate>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> <translate> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/The_Squirrel_Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] - RfP scheduled to end after 9 June 2024 06:47 (UTC). * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TongcyBot|TongcyBot]] - Task: Linking the Chinese and English Wiktionary, specifically in categories using Template:auto cat, and pages in the Template, Module, Appendix, Reconstruction, and Rhymes namespaces. * Open request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/IliasChoumaniBot|IliasChoumaniBot]] - Task: Automatic updating of data from JSON files on German scientists. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/IP_Masking_Engagement|IP Masking Engagement]] - The RfC was closed due to inactivity. Discussions are still welcomed on Meta. </translate> <translate> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * [[:it:Wikipedia:Raduni/Raduni_in_Sicilia_2024#Laboratorio_Wikidata_all’università_di_Catania,_14_giugno|Wikidata workshop at the university of Catania, Sicily, Italy]], on June 14th. * [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays 2024]], June 28-30, online event dedicated to Lexicographical Data on Wikidata with a focus on languages of Indonesia. Proposals for the program open until June 20th. </translate> <translate> ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://rtnf.substack.com/p/deploying-wikidatalite-into-toolforge Deploying Wikidatalite into Toolforge] - This article explains the deployment process of Wikidatalite into the Toolforge platform. This tool is now available at [https://wdlite.toolforge.org wdlite.toolforge.org]. ** (fr) [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2024-06-01#Focus|Wikidata and the missing data]] : discussion in French about missing data in Wikidata ** (fr) [[:w:fr:Wikip%C3%A9dia:RAW/2024-06-01#ontologie|Sous-classe ou instance de ? Comprenons nous l'ontologie de Wikidata ?]], discussion in French about "Evidence of large-scale conceptual disarray in multi-level taxonomies in Wikidata" * Papers ** [https://raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/421072/523553 Taxonomies and Ontologies in Wikipedia and Wikidata:] In-Depth Examination of Knowledge Organization Systems. This paper explores the Knowledge Organisation System (KOS) of Wikipedia, Wikidata and gender-related biases contained within. By M. Centelles & N.Ferran-Ferrer. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8O0hbJvBxw&t=7815s BHL Day 2024 | Year of the Cicada: Buzzing with 17 Years of Biodiversity Achievements] - talk by Siobhan about her biodiversity work. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qlCdnqFssw Contributing to Wikidata - African Library Activism Month] - Jesse Asiedu-Akrofi provides a tutorial on the characreristics of Wikidata and how Librarians can contribute. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOqomQ3pMIc Learning Clinic: Wiktionary & Lexemes on Wikidata] - this clinic co-hosted by Taufik Rosman and Sadik Shahadu of Wikimedia User Groups Malaysia and Dagbani respectively. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEbYf5S8_XU ¿Cómo convertir la edición de Wikidata en un juego?] (Spanish) - [[:w::es:Usuario:Piracalamina|User:Piracalamina]] and [[:w:es:Usuario:Jmmuguerza|User:Jmmuguerza]] show in this Wikitools how to create a API to add your own themed game to The Distributed Game. * Miscellaneous ** [https://vuejsexamples.com/wiquizz-a-game-generator-powered-by-nuxt-content-and-sparql-queries-from-wikidata/ Wiquizz] a quiz generator based on Wikidata and Query.wikidata.org </translate> <translate> ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://wikitwister.com/ WikiTwister] - RoloWiki: Replace the interwiki links of a Wikipedia article with a pop-up card full of useful Wikidata, & Wikidata Quick Dip: Browse the Wikidata properties used by the pages in a category. </translate> <translate> ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [[:commons:Template:Wikidata Infobox|Wikidata Infobox]] is now [[:commons:Category:Uses of Wikidata Infobox|used by over 5 million Commons categories]]. * [[:d:Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets|Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets]] is a new page where you can propose to turn CSS and JS scripts into gadgets, so that the can be activated from Preferences instead of through user common.css and common.js pages. * Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/44701437/Head-of-Product-Strategy-d-f-m-?jobDbPVId=129265287&l=en Head of Product Strategy] and a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/45238187/Senior-Software-Engineer-Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Projects-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=127502927&l=en Senior Software Engineer]. </translate> <translate> ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P12703|LombardiaBeniCulturali collection ID]] (<nowiki>ID of a collection on lombardiabeniculturali.it</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12712|population by native language]] (<nowiki>native language population of a place</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12714|tartan]] (<nowiki>item's tartan; Tartan is a Scottish cloth pattern symbolizing a clan, region, or group.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12763|taxon synonym of]] (<nowiki>''(without English description)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12764|replaced synonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item which replaced this taxon name (now only a synonym) - inverse property of replaced synonym (for nom. nov.) (P694)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12765|protonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this taxon name is a protonym (original name, for zoological taxa) - inverse property of original combination</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12766|basionym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this taxon name is a basionym (original name, for botanical and similar items) - inverse property of basionym (P566)</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12696|Dhliz ID]], [[:d:Property:P12697|RAG ID]], [[:d:Property:P12698|‎The Sounds Resource game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12699|The Lost Media Wiki page ID]], [[:d:Property:P12700|Cbonds company profile]], [[:d:Property:P12701|Iconoteca dell'Accademia di architettura ID]], [[:d:Property:P12702|Kōmako author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12704|urban area census code]], [[:d:Property:P12705|The Law Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Property:P12706|CDC Stacks ID]], [[:d:Property:P12707|Authority file of the Iraqi Authors]], [[:d:Property:P12708|Gentoo GURU package ID]], [[:d:Property:P12709|TheLegacy game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12710|Explanatory Ukrainian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12711|Grand Theft Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12713|Folkets lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12715|Pushkin Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12716|Virtual Russian Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12717|LGD Block Code]], [[:d:Property:P12718|Australian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12719|ICPE establishment ID]], [[:d:Property:P12720|WIPO Lex ID]], [[:d:Property:P12721|Lille norske leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12722|WiiG.de developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12723|WiiG.de publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12724|The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12725|Azerbaijani National Assembly ID]], [[:d:Property:P12726|Canadian Oxford Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12727|‎GOG product ID]], [[:d:Property:P12728|Archnet authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12729|Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase & Fable ID]], [[:d:Property:P12730|Comprehensive Dictionary of the Contemporary Ukrainian Language ID]], [[:d:Property:P12731|Archaeological investigations in Hungary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12732|Global Egyptian Museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12733|Historic Synagogues of Europe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12734|TheLegacy company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12735|Nintendo Life game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12736|Push Square game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12737|Pure Xbox game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12738|Palula dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12739|Oxford Dictionary of English entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12740|Slovenian Etymological Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12741|‎Jedipedia.net ID]], [[:d:Property:P12742|Bundes-Klinik-Atlas hospital ID]], [[:d:Property:P12743|Atarimuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12744|Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka ID]], [[:d:Property:P12745|LGD Village Code]], [[:d:Property:P12746|LGD District Code]], [[:d:Property:P12747|LGD State or UT Code]], [[:d:Property:P12748|LGD Subdistrict Code]], [[:d:Property:P12749|SNARC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12750|Dermaptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12751|Embioptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12752|Isoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12753|Zoraptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12754|Bildindex der Kunst und Architektur PID]], [[:d:Property:P12755|Garner's Modern American Usage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12756|Artcena ID]], [[:d:Property:P12757|Islamic Art and Architecture ID]], [[:d:Property:P12758|Transfermarkt competition ID]], [[:d:Property:P12759|Sinhala Cinema artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12760|Sinhala Cinema film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12761|Meurgorf identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12762|milog.co.il entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12767|Aphid Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12768|Grylloblattodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12769|Mantophasmatodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12770|Plecoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12771|Coleorrhyncha Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Property:P12772|‎Milldatabase ID]], [[:d:Property:P12773|New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12774|A Dictionary of Biology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12775|Dictionary of the Middle Ages ID]], [[:d:Property:P12776|IAFD actor UUID]], [[:d:Property:P12777|F.C. Copenhagen player id]], [[:d:Property:P12778|Norwegian prisoner of war camp ID]], [[:d:Property:P12779|Arkitekturguide for Nord-Norge og Svalbard ID]], [[:d:Property:P12780|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12781|Korrespondenzen der Frühromantik work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12782|Filozofia jezuitów w Polsce w XX wieku ID]], [[:d:Property:P12783|PLC (primary location code)]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/last appearance|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/is ontological root of|is ontological root of]] (<nowiki>forms the root element of the ontology</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/located in the Islamic territorial entity|located in the Islamic territorial entity]] (<nowiki>the item is located on the territory of the following Islamic entity.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/address of addressee|address of addressee]] (<nowiki>address of the address e.g. on a postcard</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TheaterEncyclopedie ID|TheaterEncyclopedie ID]] (<nowiki>An item of the TheaterEncyclopedie</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (<nowiki>indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/student count by gender|student count by gender]] (<nowiki>I think there should be a way to document the number of students at a university by their gender, as data for student counts (at least if they come from GENESIS Online - german universities) contain that data divided in male and female students. I think it would make more sense to implement that as a qualifier for {{P|2196}} than implementing it as a new property as that wouldn't make old data obsolete, but also it could interfere with tools that retrieve that data automated and are then confused by having multiple counts at the same time.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role|has semantic role]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event class</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/model for (2)|model for (2)]] (<nowiki>what the subject is a conceptual or scientific model/theory for</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dynasty|Dynasty]] (<nowiki>A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy or imperial system but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty can be used to describe the time period in which a person lived, an event happened, a work was created, or a place existed.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/showrunner|showrunner]] (<nowiki>person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/antonomasia|antonomasia]] (<nowiki>epithet or phrase that takes the place of a proper name</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/screen size|screen size]] (<nowiki>Size of a display screen as measured along the diagonal</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLR editions|NLR editions]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/glubinka.by|glubinka.by]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cerist journal ID|Cerist journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soldatregisteret ID|Soldatregisteret ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID|Quranic Arabic Corpus topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID|Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID|The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID|The Oxford Companion to World Mythology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/promodj album ID|promodj album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID|The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID|The Oxford Companion to the Mind ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/person ID in MNAHA|person ID in MNAHA]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vehicle keeper marking / VKM|vehicle keeper marking / VKM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JJM Habitation id|JJM Habitation id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Justapedia|Justapedia]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PNG School Code|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID|Green's Dictionary of Slang (Oxford Reference) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID|Chinese Basketball Association ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WHO Country Database ID|WHO Country Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number (LLPIN) in India]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Zoology ID|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SALDO sense ID|SALDO sense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Flown From The Nest person id|Flown From The Nest person id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Téarma ID|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMAIOS entity ID|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID|Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Seret film ID|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford American Thesaurus ID|Pocket Oxford American Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oxford Paperback Thesaurus ID|Oxford Paperback Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Orthoptera Species File taxon ID|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID|CAMRA Experience pub ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paleobiology Database ID for this journal article|Paleobiology Database ID for this journal article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Naturalis Repository ID|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/He Pātaka Kupu ID|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oqaasersiorfik ID|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/poblesdecatalunya.cat identifier|poblesdecatalunya.cat identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/广播电视播出机构许可证编号|广播电视播出机构许可证编号]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Vikidia ID|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/This Is Basketball player ID|This Is Basketball player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> * [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! </translate> <translate> ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AGtT Mountains with a height over 7000m] - display on a map. Adjust the P:elevation above sea level to widen or narrow the search. ** [https://w.wiki/AFEE Find Items that share an Identifier] - this query has identified a possible duplicate by matching P5696 - Indian Railways Station Code. ** [https://w.wiki/AGts Who has worked with this Celebrity?] - this query looks for co-stars, colleagues and co-actors of Seth Rogen. Adjust this value for other celebrities or professionals. * Schema examples: [[d:EntitySchema:E426|Tamkang University location]] - building and location entities associated with Tamkang University, Taiwan. * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Timna_Valley|Timna Valley]] - a community project on the [[d:Q1973199|Timna Valley]] archaelogical site. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Gadget_usage_statistics|Gadget usage statistics]] - find out which gadgets are used the most and perhaps find something new. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1496|Ferdinand Magellan]] - 15th Century Portugese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the Globe (despite his death in the Philippines). * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1883|Be]] - The english copular verb that helps express all of existence. </translate> <translate> ''' Development ''' * EntitySchemas: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/J7CPPEU3T6OACGVSLFPF7VKC5R4HKR2C/ The new EntitySchema data type is ready for testing on Test Wikidata] * Wikibase REST API: ** We finished the route for modifying the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]]) ** We finished the route for modifying the data of a Property ([[phab:T347394]]) ** We continued working on the route for creating an Item ([[phab:T342990]]) * We fixed an issue where IDs were shown for badges and after editing a statement. The fix will be rolled out this week. ([[phab:T366236]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. </translate> <translate> ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Gambling] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </translate> </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 17:00, 03 June 2024 (UTC)'''</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26861668 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #631 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-10. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Kadı|Kadı]] - RfP scheduled to end after 14 June 2024 17:51 (UTC) * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/The_Squirrel_Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] - Closed as successful. Welcome back Squirrel! * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MDanielsBot_2|MDanielsBot 2]] Task(s) - Replace translations of descriptions and labels. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TapuriaBot|TapuriaBot]] Task(s) - interwiki ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Skybristol_bot|Skybristol bot]] Task(s) - Flesh out mapping of DOI provider orgs to WD orgs, syncing DOI prefix values. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/EpidòseosBot|EpidòseosBot]] Task(s) - improve incomplete references to [[:d:Q36578|GND]] for [[:d:Property:P21|sex / gender]]; add new references containing [[:d:Property:P227|GND ID]] for [[:d:Property:P21|sex / gender]] when the property has no references containing [[:d:Property:P248|stated in]]. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call June 11, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 11 June, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718121600 Time zone converter]). Please join us for a community discussion on SMALL GLAM SLAM Pilot 1 with Ismael Olea. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1%20xbhGb5KMsUCvqDTq2ZugXlpTY74sYoDqGl6GdOIoGw/edit Link to agenda.] * [[m:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024|Celtic Knot Wikimedia Conference]], September 25-27, 2024 in Waterford City, Ireland. This conference usually hosts Wikidata-related sessions. You can now propose your contributions to the program until July 14th, and apply for a scholarship until June 30th ([[m:Talk:Celtic_Knot_Conference_2024#Celtic_Knot_Conference:_date,_proposal_for_the_program_and_scholarships|full announcement and links]]) * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba conference 2024]], 4 - 6 October 2024 in Johannesburg, South Africa. This conference typically hosts Wikidata-related sessions. Program submissions 05 - 30 June 2024. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/06/07/100000-video-games-on-wikidata/ 100,000 video games on Wikidata] - Wikidata’s WikiProject Video games has just passed a major milestone: 100,000 video game (Q7889) items on Wikidata. * Videos ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Nw0xPT1tw How to strengthen the public domain with Wikidata?] - This is a Spanish-speaking Wikitools workshop exploring Paulina (see: Tool of the Week), a search interface powered by Wikidata for finding and exploring author's and whether their works are in the public domain. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/radio-france-wikidata Radio France meets Wikidata 😘]: Extracting IDs from radio France and matching them with Wikidata using P10780 property ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wikidatas-analytics-for-radio-frances-podcasts Wikidata's analytics for Radio France's podcasts] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina: Data for the Public Domain] - Explore the cultural heritage of humanity. Search Paulina by author and discover if they have freely accessible works in the Public Domain. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Propose to transform an existing CSS or Javascript script (i.e. scripts that you can enable in your common.css and common.js pages) into a gadget: [[d:Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets|Wikidata:Tools/Potential gadgets]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (<nowiki>person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: English-Spanish ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Music mood|Music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to an audio recording (musical or not)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ecosystem type|ecosystem type]] (<nowiki>type of ecosystem that the item represents</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Burgenwelt|Burgenwelt]] (<nowiki>Burgenwelt; castles</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction time|construction time]] (<nowiki>{{Construction time refers to the time which was needed to build a certain building, which sometimes took more than one year, especially in former times | de = <!-- Die Bauzeit bezieht sich auf die Zeit, die benötigt wurde, um ein Gebäude zu errichten, was manchmal länger, gerade früher, als ein Jahr brauchte --> <!-- | xx = Beschreibungen in anderen Sprachen --> }}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (<nowiki>YAMAP mountain ID</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MODI ID|MODI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllGame style ID|AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MoFo ID|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Metz player id|FC Metz player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: Spanish-English ID|Pocket Oxford Spanish Dictionary: Spanish-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/itch.io numeric ID|itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/produsent-ID hos Nasjonalmuseet|produsent-ID hos Nasjonalmuseet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phasmida Species File taxon ID|Phasmida Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Psocodea Species File taxon ID|Psocodea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cockroach Species File taxon ID|Cockroach Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv film ID|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv studio ID|filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/filmas.lv person ID|filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/4dFR Average height of people named Joe] ** [https://w.wiki/4rGf Top 20 languages in number of Lexemes in Wikidata and percentage of Lexemes with at least one external ID] ** [https://w.wiki/ALrE Timeline of inception of Ghanaian universities] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Honoris Causa France|Honoris Causa France]] - aims to coordinate the actions carried out in terms of reporting the attributions of honorary doctorate ([[d:Q11415564|Q11415564]]) by French universities. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject HolyWells|HolyWells]] - aims to organize Items around Holy Wells. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject OghamStones|OghamStones]] - aims to organise Items around Ogham Stones ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Western Michigan University Libraries|Western Michigan University Libraries]] - used to gather Wikidata work being done at Western Michigan University Libraries. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Visibilizando el dominio público colombiano|Visibilizando el dominio público colombiano]] - to help the unique, permanent and visible identification, worldwide, of Colombian authors in the public domain, within the framework of Colombian legislation. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Connectivity|Connectivity between Wikimedia projects]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7227384|Pomona College (Q7227384)]] - private liberal arts college in Claremont, California, United States * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1122204|bustadmarknad (L1122204)]] - "housing market" in Nynorsk ''' Development ''' * The UnpatrolledEdits gadget now shows a notice when there are older and multiple unpatrolled edits, previously it only showed the notice when the most recent edit was unpatrolled. Please help translate the messages [[:d:MediaWiki:Gadget-UnpatrolledEdits-i18n.json|here]]. * Query Service: We are fixing a bug where no examples are shown in the example dialog ([[phab:T366871]]) * EntitySchemas: We have enabled the new datatype for testing on test.wikidata.org and are preparing the rollout to Wikidata ([[phab:T365686]]) * Item UI: We fixed an issue where labels were not shown for badges or after making an edit ([[phab:T366236]]) * Wikibase REST API: We have continued the work on the route for modifying the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed_Abdulai_(WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|(Talk)]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:11, 10 ජූනි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26893899 --> == Weekly Summary #632 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-17.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mdann52_bot|Mdann52 bot]] - Task(s): Updating [[d:Property:P2317|callsign]], [[d:Property:P2144|frequency]] and [[d:Property:P1400|FCC ID]] of US Radio Station items from FCC database. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/M2Ys4U-Bot|M2Ys4U-Bot]] - Task(s): Import data about candidates standing for election in the [[d:Q78851988|2024 United Kingdom general election]]. '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' * Looking ahead ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays_2024|Lexico Days 2024]] is coming up. June 28 - 30, there will be a packed programme of presentations, discussions and workshops on Lexicographical data. This is an online event. ** [https://ibcmadrid2024.com/index.php?seccion=scientificArea&subSeccion=detailSubProgramme&id=620&idSub=3 Wikidata Workshop for Botanists] at the XX Intl. Botanical Congress, July 21 - 27, 2024, Madrid, Spain. '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/10/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-why-wikimedia-is-an-antidote-to-disinformation/ Diff Blog: Why Wikimedia (and Wikidata) is an antidote to disinformation] - Wiki Movimento Brasil discuss how Wikidata has equipped researchers, activists and the public the ability to safeguard truths about human rights abuses during the civic-military Brazilian dictatorship between 1964 - 1985. ** [https://www.calishat.com/2024/06/10/making-location-based-timelines-with-wikipedia-wikidata-and-mojeek/ Making location based timelines with Wikipedia, Wikidata and mojeek] - Tara Calishain of Calishat blog. ** (de) [https://www.wikimedia.de/20jahre/meilensteine/ 20 Years of WMDE] - scroll down the timeline and see what Wikimedia Deutschland has done in its 20 years of existence! * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03221 Linking Named Entities in Diderot's Encyclopédie to Wikidata] - This paper describes the annotation of more than 10,300 of the Encyclopédie entries with Wikidata identifiers enabling them to be connect to the graph of structured data. By Piere Nugues. ** [https://aclanthology.org/2021.gwc-1.29/ Towards a linking between WordNet and Wikidata] - The authors propose linking the 2 described reosurces through hapax legomenon and natural language processing techniques to create new connections and uses. By J. McCrae & D. Cillessen. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZB_5QiRjE8 WikiWednesday Webinar – Increasing Education & Outreach through Wikidata & the Wiki-Commons] - Victoria Stasiuk and Navino Evans of the Digital Literacy for GLAM show how museums and galleries have opened up their collections through Wikidata and Commons and increase education, outreach and volunteer engagement strategies. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbaDmB4gAVo What is Wikidata? How to use Wikidata?] - Asaf Bartov hosts this informative session on Wikidata at the Wikimania Singapore 2023. If you're attending Wikimania 2024, this session will prepare you for other Wikidata-related sessions. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPVgrFhkZYc Creating a Lexeme Database from Scratch] - The runup to Wikimania Katowice has begun. Refresh yourself for upcoming sessions with this Wikidata basics workshop hosted by Leon Liesener. '''Tool of the week''' * [https://service.tib.eu/ogt/map Gestapo.Terror.Places (in Lower Saxony 1933-1945)] - This app displays on a map of lower Saxony areas of interest or significance of the terror-related crimes of the Gestapo during WWII. '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * A [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/June 2024 scaling update|new Wikidata Query Service scaling update has been published]]. It outlines the [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/Rules|final set of rules for the WDQS graph split]]. * [https://programminglanguages.info/sitelinks-ranking/ Programming Languages ranked by Sitelinks in Wikidata] '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (<nowiki>person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show</nowiki>) ** External identifiers:[[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: Irish-English ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Music mood|Music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to an audio recording (musical or not)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ecosystem type|ecosystem type]] (<nowiki>type of ecosystem that the item represents</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/construction time|construction time]] (<nowiki>Construction time refers to the time which was needed to build a certain building, which sometimes took more than one year, especially in former times</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (<nowiki>YAMAP mountain ID</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/coin edge|coin edge]] (<nowiki>Coin edges may be plain (smooth) or patterned, or a combination of both. They can also include lettering.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ozone depletion potential|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID|Pocket Oxford Irish Dictionary: English-Irish ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MODI ID|MODI ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Douban Personage ID|Douban Personage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Great War Project person ID|Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stiga.trefik.cz|stiga.trefik.cz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PMC journal ID|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Education Thesaurus ID|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brezhoneg21 ID|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID|Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> * [[d:Wikidata:Properties for deletion|Deleted properties]]: You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/A5pW Tool Registry for Digital Humanities] ** [https://w.wiki/AQna Operas ordered by First Performance] ** [https://w.wiki/AQo2 Performing Arts Productions with a Composer property] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Association_football/Euro_2024|Assoc. Football - Euro 2024]] - for best practices on [[d:Q15098367|UEFA Euro 2024]] items. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bulgaria/Elections|Bulgarian Elections]] - for describing data related to elections in Bulgaria. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_ARS3D|ARS3D]] - statements and properties for an African Red Slip ware 3D artifact data model. * WikiProject Highlights: ** (de)[[d:Wikidata:Forum#Theorie_und_Praxis_in_Wikidata|Theorie und Praxis in Wikidata]] - [[User:Matthiasb|User:Matthiasb]] uses examples of Highway intersection classification on Wikidata of locations in and around Berlin to highlight inconsistencies between the data model and legal classification. By highlighting a considerable number of differences in a relatively small geographic area, these comments provide further context on an earlier discussion within the German Wikipedia community on integrating Wikidata further into Wikipedia articles. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Badge_statistics| Badge Stats]] - How are badges being applied in Wikidata, which items have the most Good or Featured Articles? Savvy editors can use this to enrich said articles in their own Wiki. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q202886|Mordor]] - A desolate volcanic plain of nauseous gases and shadows. J.R.R Tolkien's blighted land is this week's showcase. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L189|вода]] - A Russian word for a clear, vitality-giving liquid, of course it's Water. '''Development''' * EntitySchemas: We are preparing for the rollout of the new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements. * Wikibase REST API: ** We are continuing the work on the route for modifying an Item ([[phab:T342993]]) ** We are working on improving errors and error messages in the API * Query Service UI: We fixed a bug. The example dialog was empty and not showing any examples ([[phab:T366871]]) * We changed the datatype of two Properties to external ID as requested ([[phab:T367174]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php Gambling] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] Anything to add? Please share! :) </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] · 17:45, 17 June 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26893899 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #633 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-06-24. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Past: The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Swedish online editathon/Notes 200|200th online Wikidata meetup in Swedish]] was held. * Upcoming: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays]], online event dedicated to Lexemes on Wikidata, will take place on June 28-30. It takes place across time zone and both in English and Indonesian. Check the program and find the access links on the event page. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/20/20th-century-press-archives-history-in-newspaper-clippings-made-accessible-by-zbw-and-wikimedia/ 20th Century Press Archives – history in newspaper clippings, made accessible by ZBW and Wikimedia]. The blog discusses how ZBW and Wikimedia collaborated to digitize and make accessible the 20th Century Press Archives, integrating its metadata into Wikidata items and providing fresh access to 3.8 million digitized pages from raw microfilm1. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/members-of-european-parliament?term=Q64038205&qualifie=P4100&lang=en Dashboard of European Parliament] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://prometheus-bildarchiv.de/en/blog/wikideta-in-prometheus Wikidata in Prometheus] - Prometheus is a non-commercial image archive for art and cultural studies. It hosts images from a variety of image and media databases and now works can be connected with Wikidata. * New [https://mix-n-match.toolforge.org/#/ Mix'n'match] feature: For lists of (full or auto) matches where both the MnM entry and the Wikidata Item have coordinates, it now shows the distance between them in the description. ([https://wikis.world/@magnusmanske/112654072391619657 source]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * The Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning a brief survey to understand the various ways people contribute to the project and identify user contribution patterns. A request has been made for a CentralNotice banner to deploy the survey to a broad audience. Your feedback, comments, and questions on this request are welcome: [[m:CentralNotice/Request/Wikidata Community Survey 2024]] * The second iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] will begin from July 1 until August 11. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (<nowiki>person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|AviBase person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nom dans la langue locale|Nom dans la langue locale]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/YAMAP mountain ID|YAMAP mountain ID]] (<nowiki>YAMAP mountain ID</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/coin edge|coin edge]] (<nowiki>Coin edges may be plain (smooth) or patterned, or a combination of both. They can also include lettering.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ozone depletion potential|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary of Modern English Usage ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha|código del Inventario del Patrimonio Cultural de Castilla-La Mancha]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID|Farhang-i farsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa international sales agent ID|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa production company ID|Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cineuropa distributor ID|Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stiga.trefik.cz|stiga.trefik.cz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Education Thesaurus ID|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Brezhoneg21 ID|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID|Personnel Records of the First World War (Library and Archives Canada) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Devri ID|Devri ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenCitations Meta Identifier|OpenCitations Meta Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGN franchise ID|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Plex person key|Plex person key]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overcast episode ID|Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OBJ ID|OBJ ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NooSFere publisher ID|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UNIBO professor ID|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo DOP ID|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AR7a Number of solar eclipses per decades] ** [https://w.wiki/AURc Longest gap between original film and remake (without any intermediate remakes)] ([https://x.com/WikidataFacts/status/1802773843297104155 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Multilingualism|Multilingualism]] - organizes work around achieving 100% Wikidata multilingualism for every language with MediaWiki internationalization support. It is initiated, developed & supported by Wikimedia Language Diversity community volunteers. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NAVISone|NAVISone]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[Wikidata:Database reports/Identical labels and descriptions|Identical labels and descriptions]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1254|Kofi Annan (Q1254)]] - 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations (1938-2018) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L719353|ʒirilana (L719353)]] - Dagbanli proverb that translates to "liar" ''' Development ''' * [Breaking Change Announcement] [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LBEWI6IPD4H3S55KELZUOGFXPFRD5KYD/ Upcoming Changes to Wikibase: EntitySchema data type] * EntitySchemas: We prepared for the release of the new data type to link to EntitySchemas in statements on July 2nd. * Mul language code: We picked up the remaining issues before enabling it by default on Wikidata * Wikibase REST API: ** We completed the route to modify the data of an Item ([[phab:T342993]]) ** We continued improving and reworking errors ([[phab:T366172]], [[phab:T366175]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Cameroon|Cameroon]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 16:50, 24 June 2024 (UTC) ''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=26985945 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #634 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-01. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/DifoolBot_4|DifoolBot 4]] Task(s) - Split single references containing multiple reference URLs into multiple references. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot_Bozze|Bot Bozze]] Task(s) - Add sitelinks to itwiki draft articles after they've been moved to the main namespace. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Spelling_convention_for_labels_and_descriptions_in_English|Spelling convention for labels and descriptions in English]] - RfC started 2024-06-25. This RfC requests feedback and input for finding consistency in spelling convention as English has multiple regional variations. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Past: The [[d:Wikidata:Events/Lexicodays 2024|Lexicodays 2024]] was an online event designed to offer a discussion space for the Wikidata community about Lexicographical Data. An archive of some of the slides and session recordings are here [[c:Category:Lexicodays 2024]]. More will be added as they become available. * Upcoming: ** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 10th July 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GZRRMNW6B75FMBR7HYSAJZGCMQQCCIUP/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—July 3, 2024] ** Botany-focused Wikidata online workshop online as part of the #IBC2024. Date: Tuesday 9th July at 9pm NZST (GMT+12) / 11 am central Europe. [https://wikis.world/@siobhan_leachman@mastodon.nz/112691029608457323 Register here]! ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/wikidataaudio/ Querying for audio on Wikidata] - This blog post discusses using SPARQL queries on Wikidata to find audio recordings, focusing on musical compositions and their associated genres. ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/10/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-why-wikimedia-is-an-antidote-to-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: Why Wikimedia is an antidote to disinformation] - The blog post highlights how Wikidata, as a central storage repository, plays a crucial role in countering disinformation by providing reliable, structured data for Wikimedia projects and beyond. ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/30/ld42023-vi-imagining-a-wikidata-future-for-librarians-together/ Diff Blog: Imagining a Wikidata future for librarians together] - the sixth and final blog post from the LD42023 conference. Silvia Gutiérrez (WMF) and Giovanna Fontenelle (WMF) document the results of the collaborative session on building a bridge between the Library-Wikidata community and WMF. ** [https://www.census.de/blog/census-ids-are-now-wikidata-external-identifiers/ Census IDs are Now Wikidata External Identifiers] ** [https://www.choice360.org/libtech-insight/library-knowledge-as-linked-data-a-wikidata-approach/ Library Knowledge as Linked Data: A Wikidata Approach]: Contributing to a shared data commons. David Erlandson describes the experiences of using Wikidata for the pilot Program for Cooperative Cataloging to "accelerate the movement towards ubiquitous identifier creation and identity management at the network level". * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17903 Mapping the Past: Geographically Linking an Early 20th Century Swedish Encyclopedia with Wikidata] - This paper describes the extraction of location entries from a prominent Swedish encyclopedia and sheds light on selection and representation of geographic information in the Nordisk Familjebok. By A. Ahlin, A. Myrne & P. Nugues. ** [https://wikiworkshop.org Papers from the just-ended Wiki Workshop 2024] *** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/do-lod-conventions-impede-the-representation-of-diversity-the-case-of-disabled-actors-in-dbpedia-and-wikidata.pdf Do LOD Conventions Impede the Representation of Diversity? The Case of Disabled Actors in DBpedia and Wikidata?] *** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/sparql-for-lis-analytics-exploring-gender-representation-amongst-pcc-wikidata-pilot-participant.pdf SPARQL for LIS Analytics: Exploring Gender Representation amongst PCC Wikidata Pilot Participant] *** [https://wikiworkshop.org/papers/wikidata-vandalism-detection-with-graph-linguistic-fusion.pdf Wikidata Vandalism Detection with Graph-Linguistic Fusion] *** Wikidata Quality Toolkit: Entity Schema Generator Demonstration (tool demonstration) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qbb1yuLkE&pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Knowledge Graph to Enable Equitable and Validated Generative AI] - Wikimedia Deutschland's Jonathan Fraine and [[d:User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher]] show how Wikidata can be used to provide well-cited information and how semantic search can augment generative AI inference. Presented at the Open Source GenAI & ML Summit. **[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DOqZce65Fgg&pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Wikidata Editing LIVE at Lexico Days 2024] - [[d:User:Abbe98|User:Abbe98]] and [[d:User:Ainali|User:JanAinali]] are back for another session of live-editing, focused on lexicographical data, during the Lexico Days 2024 event that took place this last weekend, June 28 - June 30. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2PHkK6jEEA Get more out of Wikidata with Resonator] - Rachel Hendrick and Gary Price of LibTech Tools walk through Resonator and point out the best ways to use it. Resonator is available on [https://reasonator.toolforge.org/ ToolForge]. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fjGNWM_9Y4M Knowledge Integrity: Reliability- Wikidata Vandalism Detection with Graph Linguistic Fusion] - [[m:User:Diego_(WMF)|Diego (WMF)]] and Mykola Trokhmovych showcase their work on building a model to help Wikidata editors identify edits that require patrolling, as part of the [[https://wikiworkshop.org/ Wiki Workshop 2024]. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF-xy7KL_ek Inclusion of Communities: Using Wikibase to Leverage Community Sourced Data Initiatives] - Erin Yunes talks about their work in using Wikibase Cloud as part of the Compel project (COmputer Music Preservation Electronic Library). ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7Nw0xPT1tw ¿Cómo fortalecer el dominio público con Wikidata?] - This Wikitools Workshop hosted by Jorge Gemetto is on [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina], a tool for exploring and accessing public domain information on authors and their works. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.loom.com/share/2fab1acb8abf404da8b03a24d4d4d473?sid=6ad654de-486d-44c3-9ae9-8193792720f9&t2 Automatic Structuring of text for Wikidata] - [[d:User:BrokenSegue|User:BrokenSegue]] introduces their new tool. * [[d:User:Zvpunry/CreateNewItem|User:Zvpunry/CreateNewItem]] - This is a User script to easily add a new Item while editing a Statement and noticing that the desired Item is missing. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * The second iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] has begun. Class will continue until August 11. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12795|showrunner]] (<nowiki>person who is responsible for the day-to-day operation of a television show</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge]] (<nowiki>image or images that show the edge of a coin</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12784|Locomotive Yaroslavl HC player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12785|Orthoptera Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12786|Flown From the Nest person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12787|Online Swahili - English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12788|A Dictionary of Plant Sciences ID]], [[:d:Property:P12789|A Dictionary of Zoology ID]], [[:d:Property:P12790|A Dictionary of Contemporary Icelandic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12791|Seret film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12792|Limited Liability Partnership Identification Number]], [[:d:Property:P12793|Paleobiology database reference ID]], [[:d:Property:P12794|PNG School Code]], [[:d:Property:P12796|Téarma ID]], [[:d:Property:P12797|IMAIOS entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (<nowiki>number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (<nowiki>inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik mahalle id|Tüik mahalle id]] (<nowiki>Identifier of neighborhoods <small>({{q|Q17051044}})</small> in Turkey in TÜİK <small>({{q|Q1375058}})</small> database</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overcast episode ID|Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Il Nuovo DOP ID|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Play author ID|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une personne sur Archelec|identifiant d'une personne sur Archelec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lojas com História ID|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RGALI person ID|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RGALI organization ID|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hebrew Academy term ID|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/milononline.net entry ID|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL identifier|KANAL identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LAGL author ID|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alle Burgen|Alle Burgen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Krasnodar player id|FC Krasnodar player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOArt databas|GOArt databas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ArchWiki article|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Star Wars.com|Star Wars.com]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AVZ8 Number of people who are both politicians and musicians by political spectrum] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/112684088394297452 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/AJ5u Lexeme coverage of Indonesian languages] ** [https://w.wiki/AVCS UK MPs and their office start/end years] ([https://x.com/generalising/status/1805719787953111151 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Inuktitut|Inuktitut]] - This is the space to organize work to assure that the sum of all knowledge and the supporting infrastructure for necessary services are available in Inuktitut (ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ, Inuktitut). * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Ivan_A._Krestinin/To_merge|Merge candidates based on same pattern]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q761735|Montblanc (Q761735)]] - town in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L725113|gbuɣi (L725113)]] - Dagbanli verb, translates to "vomiting" and "sprouting" ''' Development ''' * EntitySchemas: ** We worked around an issue where EntitySchema pages were no longer considered “content” and had become unsearchable ([[phab:T368010]]) ** We prepared for the release of the new datatype on July 2nd. * mul language code: We are working on the last remaining blocker before rolling out the first stage to Wikidata ([[phab:T362917]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to rework API errors ([[phab:T366911]], [[phab:T366239]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Argentina|Argentina]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] · ''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27032467 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #635 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-08. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: ** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC on Wednesday, 10th July 2024 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' ** [[wikimania:2024:Registration|Registration for Wikimania 2024 is open!]] In-person participants: please register until 26 July, 11:59 p.m., UTC. Virtual participants can register anytime. If you received a scholarship from the Wikimedia Foundation, you will receive an email with a registration code and instructions. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Teester/EntityShape.js|User:Teester/EntityShape.js]] - a userscript that adds an input box to a Wikidata page wherein you can enter an EntitySchema (such as [[d:Entityschema:E10|E10]]). When you click "Check", checks whether each statement and property conforms to the schema. It then displays a summary at the top of the Item for each property indicating whether they conform or not. It also adds a badge to each statement and each property on the page indicating whether they conform or not. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Wikidata teams' development goals for the third quarter of 2024 have been updated: [[d:Wikidata:Development plan|Wikidata:Development plan]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge]] (<nowiki>image or images that show the edge of a coin</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (<nowiki>schema that members of a class should conform to</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12798|Naturalis Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P12799|English-Spanish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12800|Vikidia article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12801|thisisbasketball.be player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12802|poblesdecatalunya.cat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12803|Oqaasersiorfik ID]], [[:d:Property:P12804|MNAHA person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12805|Greenlandic-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12806|Te Aka Māori Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12807|Tropicos person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12808|He Pātaka Kupu ID]], [[:d:Property:P12809|vehicle keeper marking (VKM)]], [[:d:Property:P12810|‎AllGame style ID]], [[:d:Property:P12811|FC Metz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12812|MoFo ID]], [[:d:Property:P12813|‎itch.io numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P12814|filmas.lv film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12815|‎filmas.lv person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12816|‎filmas.lv studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P12817|Cockroach Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12818|Lygaeoidea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12819|Phasmida Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12820|Psocodea Species File taxon ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12821|Spanish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12822|Norwegian National Museum producer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12823|‎Burgenwelt ID]], [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (<nowiki>number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (<nowiki>inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik mahalle id|Tüik mahalle id]] (<nowiki>Identifier of neighborhoods <small>({{q|Q17051044}})</small> in Turkey in TÜİK <small>({{q|Q1375058}})</small> database</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myfixguide.com|myfixguide.com]] (<nowiki>Photos about how to disassemble hardware</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or casted their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sandbox-EntitySchema|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (<nowiki>Sandbox property for value of type "EntitySchema"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Imperial University of Dorpat student ID|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]] (<nowiki>matriculation number of a student of the Imperial University of Dorpat</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/indexer|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly. Example: Hazel K. Bell (Q70226489)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]] (<nowiki>identifier on the website WorldCyclingStats (www.worldcyclingstats.com)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID|Biodiversity Information System for Europe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Elonet company ID|Elonet company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Numista issuer ID|Numista issuer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Metamath statement label|Metamath statement label]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: English-Italian ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alle Burgen|Alle Burgen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FC Krasnodar player id|FC Krasnodar player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID|Pocket Oxford Italian Dictionary: Italian-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOArt databas|GOArt databas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor filmu ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifikátor osoby ve Filmové databázi (FDb)|identifikátor osoby ve Filmové databázi (FDb)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ScienceDirect journal ID|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iraqnla Book ID|Iraqnla Book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/islamway authority ID|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hermitage Museum artist ID|Hermitage Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coptic Dictionary Online ID|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/autoritateak.eus|autoritateak.eus]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AaNJ Cumulative experience of UK MPs on election day (since 1922)] ([https://x.com/generalising/status/1809302517916004518 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/AbkU Location of GLAMs with open access policies] ** [https://w.wiki/4pKw Images of biologists by height] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/commonsmerge|User:Pasleim/commonsmerge]] - Merge candidates based on same commons category * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q1496|Ferdinand Magellan (Q1496)]] - Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1083157|bergkant (L1083157)]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to "the top edge of a mountain" ''' Development ''' * EntitySchemas: The new datatype to link to EntitySchemas in statements has been released. * mul language code: We are preparing the release. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Participate in [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php this week's Lexeme challenge]: * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Armenia|Armenia]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:33, 8 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27032467 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #536 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-15. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/SpinachBot|SpinachBot]] - Task/s: AI agent-enabled question answering through the creation and execution of complex SPARQL queries on Wikidata. Users tag the bog with wikidata-related questions, and it tries to come up with an answer by iteratively creating SPARQL queries. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Past: Wikidata+Wikibase office hour session log: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-07-10|Telegram office hour 2024-07-10]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/07/10/an-intelligent-system-what-i-learned-through-taking-an-introductory-wikidata-course/ An Intelligent System: What I learned through taking an introductory Wikidata course] - The author, Anne-Christine Hoff, dispels misconceptions about Wikidata. She highlights that it is a relational communication system, not solely bot-driven, and allows users worldwide to add localized data in multiple languages, creating a self-structuring repository of information ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/731 Merge and diff] - blog post by Magnus about adding new properties (taxon data speficially, NCBI, GBIF, and iINaturalist) to the AC2WD tool. If you have the user script installed on Wikidata (see tool below), AC2WD will automatically show up on relevant taxon items. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2MXK2yWJko Documenting Women Artists Through Wikidata] - this project reveals how works by women artists can be given greater public visibility. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVe2CSWCDZ0 Dagbani Lexemes (how-to-workshop in Dagbanli)] - increase the vocabulary and standardize existing entries. * Papers: [https://acl-bg.org/proceedings/2023/RANLP%202023/pdf/2023.ranlp-1.2.pdf Automatic Generation of Hindi Wikipedia Pages" based on information from Wikidata] * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRD2XbxQqPQ Online workshop Upskilling in Wikidata for maximum impact IBC 2024] - Recording of the virtual Wikidata workshop given on the 9th of July 2024. An onboarding and introductory event in anticipation of a full in-person workshop to be held at the International Botanical Congress 2024 in Madrid on the 21st of July 2024 ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK-qOCk2fUE Connecting University Art Collections Wikidata Demo] * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/collection/@pac02/tour-de-france Collection of notebooks about the Tour de France] ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/computing-jaccard-similarity-between-wikidata-item Computing Jaccard similarity index between Wikidata items based on properties used in statements]. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/relationships Relationships between two Wikidata items] a new tool hosted on Observable which looks at all statements involving a pair of Wikidata items. * [[d:User:Magnus Manske/ac2wd.js|User:Magnus Manske/ac2wd.js]] - This script adds an "AC2WD" link in the tools sidebar. When you click on it, it uses the [https://ac2wd.toolforge.org AC2WD] tool to check the item for certain Authority Control IDs (eg VIAF). It then checks these AC datasets for statements (and more AC IDs). It will then add any new information it found as new statements, or add more references to existing statements where possible. A green checkmark will be appended to the link if data was added (reload the page to see), otherwise a "&mdash;" if no new data was available. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.8.2 OpenRefine 3.8.2&nbsp;was released] * [https://github.com/johnsamuelwrites/awesome-wikidata/blob/main/README.md#shape-expressions-entity-schemas Awesome Wikidata: Shape Expressions (Entity Schemas)] - Tools for creating, editing, and generating entity schemas ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12830|music mood]] (<nowiki>qualifier carrying an emotion (mood) relevant to a musical audio recording</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (<nowiki>image or images that show the edge of a coin</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (<nowiki>schema that members of a class should conform to</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (<nowiki>technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (<nowiki>Sandbox property for value of type "EntitySchema"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com]] (<nowiki>photos about how to disassemble hardware</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12824|Irish-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12825|Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini ID]], [[:d:Property:P12826|Tommaseo-Bellini Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12827|danskfodbold.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12828|DAKA Danish-Greenlandic Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12831|DAKA Greenlandic-Danish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12832|‎Canadian Great War Project person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|All castles]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of local branches|number of local branches]] (<nowiki>number of branches of this organization at the lowest (local) level</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KANAL inventory ID|KANAL inventory ID]] (<nowiki>inventory number of a creative work assigned by KANAL</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or casted their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]] (<nowiki>identifier on the website WorldCyclingStats (www.worldcyclingstats.com)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FEI horse ID|FEI horse ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Standard Ebooks ID|Standard Ebooks ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hermitage Museum artist ID|Hermitage Museum artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wiley Online Library journal ID|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nintendo Life company ID|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Helveticat ID|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museums in Russia ID|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ARABTERM entry ID|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Mithraeum ID|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Frauen im Widerstand ID|Frauen im Widerstand ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor & Francis journal ID|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JTA Sightseeing Database ID|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald Group Publishing journal ID|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AeWy Arabic periodicals known to Wikidata] ([https://wikis.world/@tillgrallert@digitalcourage.social/112776085963304676 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/AftC X account of politicians] ** [https://w.wiki/AftQ Characters whose actors died recently] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Human Cells|Human Cells]] - dedicated to improve our coverage of information about these fundamental entities that compose organisms. The project focuses mainly on two kinds of cell classes: species-agnostic classes, such as [[d:Q188417|neutrophil (Q188417)]], and human-specific classes, such as [[d:Q101405102|human neutrophil (Q101405102)]]. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Descriptions with Q|Descriptions containing Q-Id]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q13365715|Lucy (Q13365715)]]: female given name * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L230775|Nachbar (L230775)]]: "someone nearby" in German ''' Development ''' * [[Wikidata:REST API|Wikibase REST API]]: Continuing to improve error handling and error messages. * [[Wikidata:Schemas|EntitySchemas]]: Fixed issues that popped up after release ([[phab:T369149]], [[phab:T369155]], [[phab:T368010]]) * [[Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|Query Service graph split]]: Adapting constraints that make use of the Query Service to be able to deal with 2 endpoints ([[phab:T369079]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Albania|Albania]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) ·''' [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:19, 15 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27085890 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #637 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-22. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DannyS712 bot|DannyS712 bot]] - Task/s: I want to get approval for a bot with translation admin rights that will automatically mark pages for translations if and only if the latest version is identical to the version that is already in the translation system, i.e. only pages with no "net" changes in the pending edits. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DerIchBot|DerIchBot]] - Task/s: Adding data about schools provided by the German and Austrian governments to wikidata. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/DifoolBot 5|DifoolBot 5]] - Task/s: Change reference URLs into the related ID property and merge references with the same ID property. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/AroundTheBot|AroundTheBot]] - Task/s: Automated import of Albanian nouns with IPA from Wiktionary, with the long-term goal of using this data to do pronunciation-based comparison/word evolution between languages. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Past: Wikimedia Indonesia hosted [[Commons:Commons:Kompetisi Penyajian Data 2024|the 2024 Data Visualization Competition]] from June 5 to 18. The event featured data visualizations (posters and graphics) and short essays using data from Wikidata. Visit [[Commons:Commons:Kompetisi Penyajian Data 2024|the competition page]] (in Indonesian) to view the winning entries. * Upcoming: Wikidata's 12th birthday decentralized events will take place in October and November 2024. Feel free to browse [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|the documentation pages]] to learn how to organize an event in your area, get funding, and get in touch with other organizers. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Papers: ** [[d:Q126917814|Representación de datos abiertos con Wikidata Query Service (Q126917814)]]. This paper details the Wikidata Query Service, for the creation of data visualizations. All visualization options available in the WQS are explored, accompanied by example queries that introduce the implementation of these visualizations. By Ángel Obregón-Sierra and Silvia Cecilia Anselmi. ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.06863 Beyond Aesthetics: Cultural Competence in Text-to-Image Models] - with CUBE, a benchmark built out of Wikidata, to evaluate cultural awareness and cultural diversity of text-to-image models (Kannen et al, 2024) * Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xsCXkOA2Zs OpenRefine import into Wikidata of data from the BnF catalog: books by Marguerite Van de Wiele] (in French) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://paulina.toolforge.org/ Paulina], a new tool for exploring public domain works. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [[m:Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|WMF Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC)]] invites interested volunteers to apply. As part of the movement strategy recommendation for "Coordinating Across Stakeholders," the PTAC will bring technical contributors and the Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (<nowiki>image or images that show the edge of a coin</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (<nowiki>schema that members of a class should conform to</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (<nowiki>technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (<nowiki>Sandbox property for value of type "EntitySchema"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (<nowiki>photos about how to repair hardware</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12833|English-Irish Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12834|PMC journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12835|Census ID]], [[:d:Property:P12836|Douban personage ID]], [[:d:Property:P12837|Avibase person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12838|Brezhoneg21 ID]], [[:d:Property:P12839|European Education Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12840|‎Cineuropa distributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12841|‎Cineuropa production company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12842|OpenCitations Meta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12843|IGN franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12844|Federal Reserve Subject Taxonomy ID]], [[:d:Property:P12845|Farhang-i forsī ba rusī ID]], [[:d:Property:P12846|Devri ID]], [[:d:Property:P12847|Cambridge University Press ID]], [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/object of action & object class of action|object of action & object class of action]] (<nowiki>specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Public funding|Public funding]] (<nowiki>amount of public funding an organisation receives</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (<nowiki>taste that a food or drink has</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID|Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an artist member of Kunstnerforbundet in norway</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: German-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: French-English ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WorldCyclingStats ID|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Mithraeum ID|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taylor & Francis journal ID|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JTA Sightseeing Database ID|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Emerald Group Publishing journal ID|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Ministers database ID (new)|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/State Historical Museum of Russia person ID|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Bathing water ID|French Bathing water ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mandumah ID|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Aj37 UEFA teams and the number of players on the team] ([[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#All_(but_1)_UEFA_teams_since_1960_now_link_to_players|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/AhtV Species of birds and their sounds] ([https://x.com/espejolento/status/1814353851253735846 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/AhGu Archaeological sites and remains in Malaysia with National Heritage status] ([https://x.com/FarisHzmn/status/1814277712430956614 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/AgyC Map of Filming Locations, excludes countries] ([https://x.com/jamesinealing/status/1813662266744815705 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Reference Verification|Reference Verification]] - a research and development project aimed at helping Wikidata editors check the quality of external references based on various types of AI/ML models. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject NZWomenPhotographers|NZWomenPhotographers]] - aims to improve information about New Zealand women photographers, based on a dataset provided by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/items with P569=P570|Items with P569=P570]] - Items with instance of (P31) --> human (Q5) and the same year in date of birth (P569) and date of death (P570) (2024-07-22) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q20731004|Crawford (Q20731004)]] - family name * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3302|water (L3302)]] - (S1) common liquid substance (S2) chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H₂O) (S3) a body of water, usually a river, a lake, or an ocean ''' Development ''' * mul: We fixed the last blocker for the limited MUL rollout to Wikidata on July 29th ([[phab:T362917]]) * EntitySchemas: ** We fixed a misplaced background color in EntitySchema ([[phab:T369283]]) ** [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch#Keywords|haswbstatement]] searches now work for EntitySchema statements ([[phab:T369495]]) ** We’re investigating how to make EntitySchemas searchable by label ([[phab:T362005]]) * Query Service: preparation for the graph split is continuing by the Search Platform Team. We started looking into adapting the constraints checks for it ([[phab:T369079]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27132995 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #638 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-07-29. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/GergesBot_2|GergesBot 2]] - Task/s: Edit label when order is added in ar:ويكيبيديا:طلبات نقل عبر البوت (Transfer requests by Bot). ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/UmisBot|UmisBot]] - Task/s: This bot will add string representations of units of measurement to units of measurement Wikidata pages. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]], Italian language conference dedicated to Wikidata for libraries and research, taking place in the frame of [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata’s 12th birthday]], on November 8-9 in Bologna, Italy. ** Wikimania starts on August 7. Here is a list of sessions focused around Wikidata, or have *some* connection to Wikidata: [[wikimania:2024:Program/Wikidata|2024:Program/Wikidata]]. If something is missing, feel free to add to it, including any Wikidata meetups you may be hosting. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://culturalcontent.substack.com/p/sharing-the-worlds-paintings-on-wikidata "Sharing the world’s paintings on Wikidata"] By Martin Poulter for the ''Cultural Content'' Substack ** [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/07/10/an-intelligent-system-what-i-learned-through-taking-an-introductory-wikidata-course/ WikiEdu: What I learned taking an introductory Wikidata Course] - Anne-Christine Hoff, associate professor of English at Jarvis Christian University, describes her experiences and learnings from taking an intro to Wikidata course, provided by the WikiEdu.org, a project of the Wiki Education Foundation. ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.18278 Talking Wikidata: Communication patterns and their impact on community engagement in collaborative knowledge graphs] - This study investigates the behaviours, communication patterns and interactions of the core small Wikidata community that are responsible for 80% of its content, in order to future contribution and participation. By E. Koutsiana et al. ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2403.10304v2KIF: A Wikidata-Based Framework for Integrating Heterogeneous Knowledge Sources] - This paper presents KIF, a Wikidata-based framework for virtually integrating heterogeneous knowledge sources and discuss how it was used to solve a real integration problem in the domain of chemistry (involving Wikidata, PubChem, and IBM CIRCA). By G. Lima et al. * Press release: [https://www.iccu.sbn.it/it/SBN/catalogazione-e-manutenzione-del-catalogo-sbn/progetti-di-implementazione-dei-dati-dellindice-sbn/arricchimento-dei-dati-di-authority-di-sbn-attraverso-il-confronto-e-lo-scambio-con-wikidata-/ Arricchimento dei dati di authority di SBN attraverso il confronto e lo scambio con Wikidata] (in Italian): [[:d:Q3803707|ICCU]], the institute coordinating the biggest Italian OPAC (the [[:d:Q105086090|OPAC SBN]], involving more than 7 thousands libraries), has just finished enriching about 16200 nearly empty authority records with data taken from the respective Wikidata items (Wikidata items link to SBN authority records through [[:d:Property:P396|P396]]); this announcement describes in detail the enrichment work, which started in June 2023; for more information (and bibliography) about the collaboration between ICCU and Wikidata, see [[:d:Wikidata:Gruppo Wikidata per Musei, Archivi e Biblioteche/SBN]] (in Italian) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab5q93B3S1Q Intro to Wikidata] - This intro to Wikidata was provided for participants of the International Linguistics Olympiad 2024, held in Brasília. Presented by Artur Corrêa Souza and Éder Porto, organised by Wiki Movimento Brasil. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkVh4nQBk2A Mining and Modeling Text using Wikibase] - the University of Trier is building a knowledge graph on French Enlightenment novels 1751 - 1800 with the use of Wikibase. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Nikki/ShowIDs.js|User:Nikki/ShowIDs.js]] - This user script adds entity IDs in brackets after links. * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/common-values Common values], yet another Observable notebook. This one looks at common values between two Wikidata item pages. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * KDE Itinerary, KDE's travel assistant app, [https://volkerkrause.eu/2024/07/27/kde-itinerary-june-july-2024.html gets more Wikidata integration]. * The Wikidata Development team needs your feedback to evaluate "default values for all languages" (mul) in the Termbox. Please share your thoughts on this 5-10 minute anonymous survey: https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-default-values-feedback * The [[m:WIT|Wikidata (integrations) for Wikimedia projects]] team have released a progress report on their ongoing research project, investigating the "State of Wikidata usage on other wikis". Available on the [[m:WIT/Research|Research page]], alternatively on [[c:File:Wikidata_for_Wikimedia_Projects_-_State_of_Wikidata_usage_-_progress_report_27.06.2024.pdf|Commons]]. * The Wikibase REST API, introduced last year on Wikidata, is progressing towards version 1, aiming for a comprehensive release by the end of 2024. We're seeking community feedback to enhance the current API and plan future developments. Please share your thoughts on this page: [[d:Wikidata_talk:REST_API_feedback_round|Feedback on the Wikibase REST API (July/August 2024)]]. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12849|coin edge image]] (<nowiki>image or images that show the edge of a coin</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12853|ozone depletion potential]] (<nowiki>relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer relative to CFC-11</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12861|EntitySchema for class]] (<nowiki>schema that members of a class should conform to</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (<nowiki>technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (<nowiki>Sandbox property for value of type "EntitySchema"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (<nowiki>photos about how to repair hardware</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (<nowiki>specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (<nowiki>class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12848|Canadian Virtual War Memorial ID]], [[:d:Property:P12850|Personnel Records of the First World War ID]], [[:d:Property:P12851|Fowler’s Concise Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12852|NooSFere publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12854|Plex person key]], [[:d:Property:P12855|BHMPI OBJ ID]], [[:d:Property:P12856|Index Fungorum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12857|stiga.trefik.cz player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12858|UNIBO professor ID]], [[:d:Property:P12859|Cineuropa international sales agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P12860|Mapes de Patrimoni Cultural ID]], [[:d:Property:P12862|Il Nuovo DOP ID]], [[:d:Property:P12863|RGALI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12864|RGALI organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12865|Archelec person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12866|Lojas com História ID]], [[:d:Property:P12867|milononline.net entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12868|Hebrew Academy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P12869|LAGL author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12870|KANAL ID]], [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Public funding|Public funding]] (<nowiki>amount of public funding an organisation receives</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (<nowiki>taste that a food or drink has</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID|Kunstnerforbundet kunstner ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an artist member of Kunstnerforbundet in norway</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Manhom Arabic Profile ID|Manhom Arabic Profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes|identifier of the educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (french edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/French Bathing water ID|French Bathing water ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mandumah ID|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID|Pocket Oxford German Dictionary: English-German ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID|Pocket Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary: English-French ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Political Dictionary entry|Political Dictionary entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Nations Digital Library ID|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FDC ID|FDC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores player ID|365scores player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamingOnLinux Database ID|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/7LpT Where were people who went to space born?] ** [https://w.wiki/u4G Red Cross and Red Crescent societies] ** [https://w.wiki/4rGf Top 20 languages in number of Lexemes in Wikidata and percentage of Lexemes with at least one external ID] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Military Equipment in Policing|Military Equipment in Policing]] - Project to connect police equipment defined as military equipment to capabilities, uses, manufacturers, descriptions, etc. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Quran|Quran]] - to collaborate on Quran-related topics and organise Quran Wikidatans; help others and get help whenever needed to improve Quran-related items (and properties); create Quran-specific tools' libraries, queries, and resources; ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sufism|Sufism]] - collaborate on Sufism-related topics * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://query.wikidata.org/index.html#%23%20Nouns%20without%20gender%20in%20a%20language%0ASELECT%20%3Fl%20%3Flemma%20WHERE%20%7B%0A%20%20%20%3Fl%20a%20ontolex%3ALexicalEntry%20%3B%20dct%3Alanguage%20%3Flanguage%20%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3AlexicalCategory%20wd%3AQ1084%3B%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20wikibase%3Alemma%20%3Flemma%20.%0A%20%20%3Flanguage%20wdt%3AP1394%20%27hind1270%27%0A%20%20MINUS%20%7B%20%3Fl%20wdt%3AP5185%20%5B%5D.%20%7D%0A%7D%0AORDER%20BY%20%3Flemma Hindustani nouns without gender in a language] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q37018433|Fugger (Q37018433)]] - family name * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3483|ikkje-vald (L3483)]] - Nynorsk noun, translates to "non-violence" ''' Development ''' * IP masking: The feature was rolled out to test wikis and we fixed a few issues uncovered by this. * EntitySchemas: We are working to make it possible to search for the EntitySchema by its label and aliases when making a new statement linking to an EntitySchema ([[phab:T362005]]) * Integration in other Wikimedia projects: We are working on moving the Wikidata Item link from the tools section of the sidebar ([[phab:T66315]]) * REST API: ** We changed the data-type field to data_type in JSON responses ([[phab:T368130]]) ** We are continuing the work on improving error handling and messages [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · -[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:38, 29 ජූලි 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27171319 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #639 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-05. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Numberguy6Bot|Numberguy6Bot]] - Task: Add links to Wiktionary categories in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Russian. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/UmisBot|UmisBot]] - Task: This bot will add string representations of units of measurement to units of measurement Wikidata pages. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/ZLBot|ZLBot]] - Task: request SPARQLs for RAG. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] call 6 August, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Call on Tuesday, 6 August, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1722960000 Time zone converter]). Please join us for a Busy Summer Fun Wikidata Editing Hour, an hour of uninterrupted Wikidata editing time to work on your own Wikidata projects. [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kO6bvFN87fF4pRSGE7_HqxDorUpENKi7KX98BW75xg0/edit?usp=sharing Agenda]. * Wikimania is August 7-10. Here is a curated a list of Wikimania sessions focused around Wikidata, or have *some* connection to Wikidata: [[Wikimania:2024:Program/Wikidata|2024:Program/Wikidata]]. Please add to the list if something is missing. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://edjnet.github.io/OlympicsGoNUTS/ Olympics medalists, not by country, but by NUTS region], By Giorgio Comai * Papers ** [https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DD00069A Discovering life's directed metabolic (sub)paths to interpret human biochemical markers using the DSMN tool] ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.11417 SPINACH: SPARQL-Based Information Navigation for Challenging Real-World Questions] - The SPINACH dataset, derived from Wikidata's "Request a Query" forum, offers a more complex and challenging KBQA dataset with 320 question-SPARQL pairs, designed to test the capabilities of KBQA systems in navigating large and incomplete knowledge base schemas. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Iu_fOfRaqE Using Wikidata to navigate the web (Wikimania Katowice)] - Tool demo: Entity Explosion ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEAtwYYJsvk Use Wikidata and Lexeme to understand Minnan] - COSCUP 2024 (Conference for Open Source Coders, Users, and Promoters) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://github.com/sanjay-thiyagarajan/forage Forage] - a user script that provides an additional editing interface that makes editing easier, by showing the expected properties for a page (based on its "instance of" values), and providing simple inputs to let users add values for any such property. To install Forage, just add the following line to the common.js subpage under your user page on Wikidata, i.e. wikidata.org/wiki/User:Your username here/common.js: <code>importScript('User:Techwizzie/forage.js');</code> ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * The Wikibase REST API, introduced last year on Wikidata, is progressing towards version 1, aiming for a comprehensive release by the end of 2024. We're seeking community feedback to enhance the current API and plan future developments. Please share your thoughts on this page: [[d:Wikidata_talk:REST_API_feedback_round|Feedback on the Wikibase REST API (July/August 2024)]]. * [[m:User:Abdulai Yorli Iddrisu (WMDE)|Abdulai Yorli Iddrisu (WMDE)]] has joined the Software Communication team (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland as an intern until the end of September 2024. Welcome Yorli! * Wikidata now has a shiny new landing page for developers: [[d:Wikidata:For developers|Wikidata:For developers]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12876|writing technique]] (<nowiki>technique used for writing on stone, paper or other support</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12878|last appearance]] (<nowiki>last work featuring a fictional character or item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12883|Tüik mahalle ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of neighborhoods (mahalle) in Turkey in TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute) database</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12886|Sandbox-EntitySchema]] (<nowiki>Sandbox property for value of type "EntitySchema"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12889|myfixguide.com Category ID]] (<nowiki>photos about how to repair hardware</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (<nowiki>specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (<nowiki>class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (<nowiki>amount of public funding an organisation receives</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12871|Google Play author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12872|‎Overcast episode ID]], [[:d:Property:P12873|ArchWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P12874|Valencian Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12875|‎Star Wars.com ID]], [[:d:Property:P12877|ScienceDirect journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12879|Filmová databáze film ID]], [[:d:Property:P12880|Filmová databáze person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12881|FC Krasnodar player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12882|Iraqnla book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12884|Alle Burgen ID]], [[:d:Property:P12885|Italian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12887|islamway authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P12888|Metamath statement ID]], [[:d:Property:P12890|Imperial University of Dorpat student ID]], [[:d:Property:P12891|Coptic Dictionary Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P12892|English-Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12893|autoritateak.eus ID]], [[:d:Property:P12894|Museum of the Russian Academy of Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FDC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (<nowiki>taste that a food or drink has</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Military Grid Reference System ID|Military Grid Reference System ID]] (<nowiki>geocoordinate standard used by NATO militaries for locating points on Earth</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event/action class</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (<nowiki>growth rate of something over time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lifespan|lifespan]] (<nowiki>duration of a person's known or recorded lifespan</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (<nowiki>status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinkwiki article|Thinkwiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series ID|SideReel series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideReel series URL slug|SideReel series URL slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/africanmusiclibrary.org artist id|africanmusiclibrary.org artist id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID|Glosbe Old High German Lexeme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores player ID|365scores player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamingOnLinux Database ID|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TIPLOC code|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IDU play ID|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/ApxH Image gallery of the most notable sculptures] ([[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Sculpture#Showcase_queries|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/ApQd Authors that cite your article(s)], [https://w.wiki/ApQs Authors that you cite] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@mastodon.social/112892436172671056 source]) * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sculpture/Top collections|Sculptures by collection]]: an Integraality dashboard for WikiProject Sculpture * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/9y2u Dagbani Lexemes that wrongly include the grammatical gender property P5185] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q155845|Chinua Achebe (Q155845)]] - Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L636928|Stuorra Dorskavuotna (L636928)]] - fjord in Hammerfest, Norway (Northern Sami proper noun) ''' Development ''' * mul language code: The new language code has been rolled out in a limited way. We are looking through feedback now. * mul release: The full release of the "mul" language code feature to Wikidata, originally scheduled for August 12, may be delayed as we have uncovered a few issues during testing that could potentially block the scheduled release. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Bermuda|Bermuda]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:16, 5 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27229311 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #640 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-12. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Wikimania 2024 took place in Katowice, Poland. You can watch replays of the sessions [https://www.youtube.com/@TheWikimediaFoundation/videos on YouTube]. Additionally, recordings of individual sessions are linked to each item [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/schedule/ on the Eventyay] schedule. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2024/08/11/scholarly-discussions.html Scholarly discussions through they eyes of CiTO (and Wikidata)] - The post emphasizes how Wikidata can serve as a central hub for linking various scholarly resources, enabling better data interoperability and discoverability. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.18278 Talking Wikidata: Communication patterns and their impact on community engagement in collaborative knowledge graphs] - a study of Wikidata's collaboration patterns reveals that a small group of highly engaged members drives most contributions, and improving discussions and engagement strategies could enhance long-term participation in the community. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-_2gzi8530 FOSS4GE 2024 | Bridging Worlds: Integration of Wikidata and OpenStreetMap] - Discover the synergy between Wikidata and OpenStreetMap, two monumental open data repositories. This talk unveils innovative web-based tools facilitating the linking of these platforms, enhancing the richness and accuracy of geospatial data. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYiEvv0R9PM Setting up a Wikibase reconciliation service] - Wikibase Working Hours by OlafJanssen * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/list-of-countries-by-continent-in-wikidata List of countries by continent in Wikidata] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://new-q5.toolforge.org/ New Q5] - is a form that quickly sets up a Wikidata Item for an individual by generating a QuickStatement with the basic parameters such as name and age. * [[d:User:Nikki/SDCInfo.js|User:Nikki/SDCInfo.js]] - is a Userscript that shows some Wikimedia Commons statements on [[d:Property:P443|pronunciation audio]] statements on Lexeme forms. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12895|indexer]] (<nowiki>entity responsible for compiling an index of a book, database, website or other forms of media publications in the form of a methodical arrangement of records designed to enable users to locate information quickly</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (<nowiki>specific object to which an action or class of actions occurs</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (<nowiki>class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (<nowiki>amount of public funding an organisation receives</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12933|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (<nowiki>indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12896|Nintendo Life company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12897|Wiley Online Library journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12898|Museums in Russia ID]], [[:d:Property:P12899|Helveticat ID]], [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FoodData Central ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12925|African Music Library artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12926|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Property:P12927|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12928|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Property:P12929|JJM Habitation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12930|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Property:P12931|‎IDU original ID]], [[:d:Property:P12932|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (<nowiki>taste that a food or drink has</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event/action class</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (<nowiki>growth rate of something over time</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/lifespan|lifespan]] (<nowiki>duration of a person's known or recorded lifespan</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (<nowiki>status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exponent of base unit|exponent of base unit]] (<nowiki>a qualifier of {{Q|P12571}} used to describe the exponent of the unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Javanese registers|Javanese registers]] (<nowiki>suggest the relationship between similar Javanese lexemes, between its various registers (social variants), mainly {{Q|12500634}} register (plain Javanese), {{Q|12492493}} register (high/polite Javanese), and {{Q|13091955}} register (middle Javanese)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball player ID|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The House of Graphs ID|The House of Graphs ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)|SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All Musicals lyrics ID|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores football team ID|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois Center for the Book Author ID|Illinois Center for the Book Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ôlyrix Person ID|Ôlyrix Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo|Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slekt og Data grave ID|Slekt og Data grave ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Rtnf/Instance_Of Wikidata's "instance of" and its associated properties, according to "properties for this type" (P1963)] ** [https://edu.nl/y38rg Example query to show why papers cite each other] ([https://wikis.world/@egonw@social.edu.nl/112943938308855780 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Redundancy|Redundancy]] - The primary aim of WikiProject Redundancy is to reduce the amount of Wikidata's data—without reducing the amount of information in Wikidata!—for the well-being of Wikidata, its community, and its downstream users. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d: Wikidata:Database reports/items with P569 greater than P570|Items with instance of (P31) human (Q5) and date of birth (P569) > date of death (P570)]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q350|Cambridge (Q350)]]: city in Cambridgeshire, England * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L651052|kpanjɔɣu (L651052)]] - A Dagbani noun described in English as hampers, baskets, or similar containers made from woven materials like reeds, grasses, or wicker, traditionally used for carrying or storing clothing. ''' Development ''' * Not much happened this past week because the team was attending Wikimania. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:54, 12 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27237597 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #641 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-19.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: ** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] (RfP scheduled to end after 21 August 2024 11:07 (UTC)) ** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mohammed_Qays|Mohammed Qays]] (RfP scheduled to end after 19 August 2024 19:11 (UTC)) * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958_1b|Bot5958 1b]] - Task: Infer {{P|P1712}} of TV series, seasons, and episodes from vertically adjacent levels. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * (Save The Date) ** Wikidata Days Bologna - November 8 - 9, 2024. Dario Nobili Library (CNR). A conference dedicated to the Italian-speaking Wikidata community, with a focus on libraries and research. * Ongoing ** Like Soccer? Did you know the [[m:Wiki_Soccerthons_2024_in_Uganda|Uganda Wiki Soccerthon 2024]] is still running and aims to create over 300 Wikidata items on Ugandan clubs, players, coaches, leagues, associations and leagues related to Ugandan soccer. * In case you missed it... ** Catch up on all the Wikimania 2024 sessions with these [https://www.youtube.com/@TheWikimediaFoundation/videos YouTube replays]. Or check the [https://wikimania.eventyay.com/2024/schedule/ Eventyay schedule] for recordings of individual sessions linked to each item. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2024/08/13/unveiling-discrepancies-first-experiences-with-finding-mismatches-on-wikidata-and-how-you-can-too/ (Tech News) Unveiling discrepancies: First experiences with finding mismatches on Wikidata and how you can too] - A team of five Purdue University students partnered with Wikimedia Deutschland for the Purdue Data Mine to find mismatches for the Wikidata Mismatch Finder. ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/en/2024/08/12/wikidata-power-contributor-an-interview-with-user-bodhisattwa/ (Tech News) Wikidata power contributor: an interview with user Bodhisattwa] - WMDE's Alan Ang talks with long-time editor and pillar of the Bangla Wiki community, Bodhisattwa. ** (de) [https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/7526 Whether toolbox, workshop or hardware store: open, community-curated tool Registries with Wikidata] - I. Trilling, T. Grallert and J. Schmitz discuss the tool-directory created “Kompetenzwerkstatt Digital Humanities” (KDH) at the UB and the “Methods Innovation Lab” of the NFDI4Memory and presented at the Chair of Digital History. * Papers ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-68323-7_35 Discovering Relationships Among Properties in Wikidata Knowledge Graph] - Authors Emetis Niazmand and Maria-Esther Vidal use class-based relationship discovery to study and explore distribution and frequency of predicates across six domains. Pp 388–394 of Big Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery. * Videos ** (pt) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Agmjmf3knjg Wikidata Lab XLII: OpenRefine] Éder Porto and Luca Belo host a workshop covering the newest features for loading media and Structured Data (SDC) on Commons, as well as metadata on Wikidata through OpenRefine. ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IyzBixV98vE Use of records on Wikipedia using Wikidata] - Mikel Zubimendi shows how to populate Wikipedia articles with Infoboxes populated by data hosted on Wikidata. ** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=rFdxAn6Agr0?t=681 Engaging with language diversity via the Wikipedia ecosystem @ PGO24] - [[User:Daniel_Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] at the Polyglot Gathering hosts a workshop with numerous examples of how the Wiki ecosystem hosts and represents linguistic content. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/Olympic-medals-by-continent Medals count by continent] Combining data from the International Olympic Committee and Wikidata, this notebook computes medals count by continent. ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cycling-stage-race-explorer?race=Q1542952&lang=en&winner=Q20882747 Winners of the Tour de France Femmes] The Tour de France Femmes 2024 just ended on Sunday 18th of August. The cycling stage race explorer notebook shows all stage winners of the Tour de France Femmes. * [https://observablehq.com/d/b9323741423d2152 Visualisation of location of Japanese Lighthouses] The TU Delft Library queries Wikidata to map the location of Japanese lighthouses designed by Richard Henry Brunton or Léonce Verny. * Tools ** (fr) [https://data.cpesr.fr/wikidataesr/ WikidataESR: Tenter d’y voir clair dans l’ESR] : exploring French higher education and research institutional landscape with the help of Wikidata. French higher education and research landscape is highly complex. Wikidata can help to better understand the landscape. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://github.com/sahajsk21/Anvesha Anvesha] is a drill-down browser for any Wikibase installation (incl. Wikidata). A prominent example of it in use is the [https://wikidatawalkabout.org/ Wikidata Walkabout]. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [[Wikidata:For_developers|Wikidata: For Developers]] - We have a shiny new portal for developers wanting to build applications using Wikidata's data. Visit it for inspiration with showcase examples, resources, information and support. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P12912|object of action]] (<nowiki>specific object to which an action or class of actions applies</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12913|object class of action]] (<nowiki>class of objects (including substances) to which an action or class of actions may occur</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12919|public funding]] (<nowiki>amount of public funding an organisation receives</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12933|relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator]] (<nowiki>indicates a relation between the subject and the SDGs or one of the components</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12900|ARABTERM entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12901|Hawramani Arabic Lexicon entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12902|Women in Resistance ID]], [[:d:Property:P12903|French-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12904|German-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12905|Emerald Group Publishing journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12906|Taylor & Francis journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P12907|JTA Sightseeing Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12908|WorldCyclingStats ID]], [[:d:Property:P12909|The New Mithraeum ID]], [[:d:Property:P12910|Finnish Ministers database ID (new)]], [[:d:Property:P12911|State Historical Museum of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12914|mandumah ID]], [[:d:Property:P12915|Educational center of resistance and deportation of Landes ID]], [[:d:Property:P12916|Encyclopaedia of Islam (French edition) ID]], [[:d:Property:P12917|FoodData Central ID]], [[:d:Property:P12918|French bathing water ID]], [[:d:Property:P12920|Norwegian Kunstnerforbundet artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12921|Political Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P12922|United Nations Digital Library ID]], [[:d:Property:P12923|U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12924|365scores football player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12925|African Music Library artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12926|Akademický slovník současné češtiny ID]], [[:d:Property:P12927|GamingOnLinux Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P12928|TIPLOC code]], [[:d:Property:P12929|JJM Habitation ID]], [[:d:Property:P12930|IDU play ID]], [[:d:Property:P12931|‎IDU original ID]], [[:d:Property:P12932|Stichting Erfgoed Nederlandse Biercultuur beer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12934|The House of Graphs ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> *New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/date de vote|date de vote]] (<nowiki>vote date, date on which people decided or cast their ballot</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schmeckt nach|schmeckt nach]] (<nowiki>taste that a food or drink has</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has semantic role (2nd proposal)|has semantic role (2nd proposal)]] (<nowiki>item that describes a role in an event/action class</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/growth rate|growth rate]] (<nowiki>growth rate of something over time</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/APPF registration status|APPF registration status]] (<nowiki>status of registration of this entity with the Authority for European political parties and European political foundation</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/exponent of base unit|exponent of base unit]] (<nowiki>a qualifier of {{Q|P12571}} used to describe the exponent of the unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Javanese registers|Javanese registers]] (<nowiki>suggest the relationship between similar Javanese lexemes, between its various registers (social variants), mainly {{Q|12500634}} register (plain Javanese), {{Q|12492493}} register (high/polite Javanese), and {{Q|13091955}} register (middle Javanese)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/objects of action have role|objects of action have role]] (<nowiki>role that objects of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use {{P|12913}} instead.)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ConLang Code Registry code|ConLang Code Registry code]] (<nowiki>3-letter identifier for language defined in the ConLang Code Registry, using codes reserved for private use in ISO 639-3</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dénomination|dénomination]] (<nowiki>value of a currency or type of currency</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tretyakov Gallery artist ID|Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID|Religion Past and Present Online (German edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant FranceTerme|identifiant FranceTerme]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yediot Books book ID|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/xdaforums|xdaforums]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FolkWiki ID|FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball player ID|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)|SIMBAD catalog properties (used more than 1 million times)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/All Musicals lyrics ID|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores football team ID|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Illinois Center for the Book Author ID|Illinois Center for the Book Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ôlyrix Person ID|Ôlyrix Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo|Ідентифікатор відеогри Gamekombo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Slekt og Data grave ID|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iasj article ID|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobyGames critic ID|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Grand Comics Database feature ID|Grand Comics Database feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Operabook Person ID|Operabook Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retromags game ID|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Retromags magazine ID|Retromags magazine ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/speedrun.com series ID|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Madain Project ID|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameFAQs genre ID|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming game ID|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming company ID|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polygon game ID|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming franchise ID|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming character ID|Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Altar of Gaming person ID|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FOLDOC ID|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE.League player ID|WE.League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WE.League manager ID|WE.League manager ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nomes e Voces ID|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph person ID|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph poem ID|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cnkgraph book ID|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un auteur sur Ciel d'oc|Identifiant d'un auteur sur Ciel d'oc]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Av9N Of the official mottos of U.S. states, there are more in Latin than in English] ** [https://w.wiki/AxNL Instance/sub-classes of {{Q|115870510}} that have 3 or more non-English Wikipedia site-links] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Disambiguation|Disambiguation]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Association_football/Wanted_footballers|Wanted footballers]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: {{Q|319}} ''' Development ''' * [https://wikimedia.pt/limetestbr/index.php/547431 QuickStatements Community Consultation], until August 31st * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to improve error messages and handling. * Wikipedia and co: We are working on moving the Wikidata Item link out of the sidebar ([[phab:T66315]]) * Wikidata Query Service graph split: The WMF Search Platform team is setting up the servers for the split graphs. We hope to have them ready for use soon. We also prepared the constraints checks for this. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed above. * Comment on property proposals: [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open proposals]] * [[d:Wikidata:Contribute/Suggested and open tasks|Suggested and open tasks]]! * Contribute to a [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase item]]. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024_08_19|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:42, 19 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27307373 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #641 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-08-26. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Gwanki|Gwanki]] - RfP scheduled to end after 26 August 2024 05:54 (UTC) ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Putnik_2|Putnik 2]] - RfP scheduled to end after 27 August 2024 23:17 (UTC) * Closed request for adminship: Both requests successful, welcome new admins: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Mohammed_Qays|Mohammed Qays]] and [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]]! * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] - Task/s: reminds users when their rights are to expire (see [[Phab:T370842]]) * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Bot5958_1b|Bot5958 1b]] - RfP successful! * New request for comments: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Citations_from_Wikidata|Citations from Wikidata]] from Author: [[d:User:Palu|Palu]] ** [[Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/audio_transcription_(P9533)|Audio Transcription (P9533)]] from Author: [[d:User:Yug|Yug]]. [[d:Property:P9533|P9533]] is described as ''transcription of the word/text being spoken in this file''. Does this exclude other communications modalities? ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * "The Future of Wikidata Events" report by Wikimedia Deutschland is [[c:File:The future of Wikidata Events - Research Report 2024.pdf|now available on Wikimedia Commons]]. This report provides valuable insights into the current state and future possibilities of Wikidata events. We encourage everyone to read the report and share their thoughts to help shape the future of our community events: [[d:Wikidata talk:Events#"The Future of Wikidata Events" Report Now Available on Wikimedia Commons|Wikidata talk:Events#"The Future of Wikidata Events" Report Now Available on Wikimedia Commons]]. * Wikidata's 12th Birthday is fast approaching. Do you need financial support to organize a birthday event? Here is some useful information about how to get funding: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Funding|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Funding]]. The deadline to apply is September 1st. * [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025|WikiLibCon25]] The Wikimedia+Libraries International Convention 2025 takes place in Mexico City, Mexico between 15 - 17 January 2025 - Call for [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025/Scholarships|Scholarships (ends 31 August0]] and [[m:Wikimedia%2BLibraries_International_Convention_2025/Call_for_Papers_WikiLib_Con_2025|Proposals (ends 15 September)]] are open. WikiLibCon25 brings together Wikimedians, Wikibrarians, information professionals, library workers and mission-aligned partners from around the globe to create a vivid community and promote cooperative projects in the Library & Wikimedia sphere. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Papers ** [https://academic.oup.com/ccc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ccc/tcae029/7739141 What does it mean to be queer in Wikidata?]: Practices of gender representation within a transnational online community. By B. Melis et al. ** [https://www.o-bib.de/bib/article/download/5894/8905?inline=1 Diversity and bias in DBpedia and Wikidata as a challenge for text-analysis tools] by B. Berendt et al. This paper explores how data sources can impact content analysis of their tool Diversity Searcher for analysing diversity in news media texts. * Videos ** (sw) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jx6GfpK1mUw Wikipedia vs Wikidata] - Fjodor Eklund shows how wikidata works and how searches are visualized. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjocbzBwn-w Wikimania Coolest Tool Award! 2024] - Wikidata had good representation with InteGraality and Wikidata Walkabout. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxAqX2qhgcw Qichwabase: Building Knowledge Graphs for Under-Resourced Languages] Elwin Huaman discuses how Wikibase and Wikidata have helped create a KG to empower local communities and languages. * Slides: [https://zenodo.org/records/13373746 Giving metabolites (and lipids) a chemical and biological context with open science]. This talk discusses the role of open science in providing chemical and biological context for metabolites and lipids, highlighting open-source cheminformatics, open standards, and open data to facilitate linking knowledge across databases and publications, as well as describing chemical interactions in biological pathway databases. By Egon Willighagen. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/olympic-medals-by-group-of-countries Olympic medals by group of countries 🥇🥈🥉]: Using Wikidata and IOC data to compute the share of medals for a selected groups of countries ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/unequal-distribution-of-medals Unequal distribution of medals from the Summer Olympics] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://wikidata-game.toolforge.org/distributed/#game=94 Wikidata distributed/#game=94] - Help adding missing information related to artists on BNU's catalog (Select the option that fits best). ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * New AI Project Manager to join Wikimedia Deutschland: We’re pleased to announce that a new AI project manager will be joining our team next week. Lydia and Jonathan (Director of Engineering) have been prototyping in this area and recently presented their work at the AI_dev summit ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Qbb1yuLkE YouTube link]). Our goal is to bring knowledge graphs and generative AI closer together, making AI more equitable, truthful, participatory, and open. More updates to come soon! ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (<nowiki>value of a currency or type of currency</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game designer|board game designer]] (<nowiki>person(s) who devised and developed this game</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOS Game Modding Wiki article|DOS Game Modding Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapcarta|Mapcarta]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiYeshiva article ID|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Denkmalnummer des Archivs der Stadt Linz|Denkmalnummer des Archivs der Stadt Linz]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameSpot genre ID|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VideoGameGeek genre ID|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Say Who|Identifiant Say Who]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VIRIN|VIRIN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tabletopia game ID|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNES identifier|CNES identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Company Number|Finnish Company Number]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/AzvB Of the 15424 existing subway stations on Earth, 5726 of them are in] [[d:Q148|People's Republic of China (Q148)]] ** [https://w.wiki/AzMm Map of tripoints known to Wikidata] ([https://x.com/slaettaratindur/status/1826982823674220733 source]) * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Sweden/Banks|Sweden/Banks]] - All Swedish banks still in operation ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Antiquity/Mythology|Antiquity/Mythology]] - This WikiProject deals with everything connected to [[d:Q34726|Greek mythology]] with an outlook on the traditional tales and divinities which came before and/or inspired it, like [[d:Q205740|Ancient Egyptian mythology]], [[d:Q3859459|Mesopotamian mythology]] ([[d:Q275051|Sumerian]], [[d:Q102201772|Akkadian]] and [[d:Q3859450|Babylonian]]) and [[d:Q1142277|Hittite mythology]], as well as those of adjacent cultures and those influenced by the Greeks, most notably [[d:Q122173|Roman mythology]]). * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Aotearoa Asian Artists|Aotearoa Asian Artists]] - This project aims to improve the data available about Aotearoa Asian Artists - Asian diaspora artists from, living in, and connected to [[:en:New Zealand|Aotearoa New Zealand]]. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://wikidata-terminator.toolforge.org/?list&mode=tx#/ Terminator: Articles with no interwikis in a given Wikipedia] - Wikidata Items that lack a label, description, or article in a specific language. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3508109|Northern Transylvania Holocaust Memorial Museum]] - heritage site in Sălaj County, Romania ''' Development ''' * Not much happened this week. Many of the developers are still on vacation, and some are out sick. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:18, 26 අගෝස්තු 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27350272 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #643 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br> This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2024-09-02.''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Project chat: [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Mass-import_policy|Wikidata:Project chat#Mass-import policy]] - A new mass-import policy has been proposed, focusing on improving the quality of existing items rather than importing new ones, with a suggested limit of 100 new items before requiring community approval. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' *Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 3 September, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 3 September, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1725379200 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion & Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database using the Mix’n’Match tool. We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series|Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Affinity Group Calls/First Project Series]] * (id) Registration is open for the [[m:Wikimedia_Indonesia/Hibah_Riset_Wikidata_2024|Wikimedia Indonesia Research Grant 2024]] program. Open until 30 September 2024. This program opens funding opportunities for research on topics related to Wikidata, Wikipedia, or other Wiki projects, and Linked Open Data. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZDRZDW4QKS5JKQWYGZQ6RFULGX5FZJHU/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—September 4, 2024]. Time: 15:00-16:00 UTC / 08:00 PDT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CEST ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: (de) [https://blog.tib.eu/2024/08/29/wikibase4research-wissensdaten-einfach-verwalten-teilen-und-visualisieren/ Wikibase4Research] - Easily manage, share and visualize knowledge data, tailored for academic purposes, WB4R simplifies the installation and use of MedaWiki software. By Kolja Bailly. * Papers ** [https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.14658 KGPrune: a Web Application to Extract Subgraphs of Interest from Wikidata with Analogical Pruning] (see also Videos) - this web application when given seed entities of interest and properties to traverse, extracts neighboring subgraphs from Wikidata. By Pierre Monnin. ** [https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.14849 Project SHADOW: Symbolic Higher-order Associative Deductive reasoning On Wikidata using LM probing] - A fine-tuned language model trained on an intermediate task using associative deductive reasoning. By Hanna Abi Akl. ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383606716_Transforming_higher_education_a_decade_of_integrating_wikipedia_and_wikidata_for_literacy_enhancement_and_social_impact Transforming higher education: a decade of integrating Wikipedia and Wikidata for literacy enhancement and social impact] - Demonstrating the role of Wikipedia and Wikidata in fostering knowledge creation, digital and data literacies and critical thinking, in Open Edcuational resources. By S.E. Sigalov, A. Cohen & R. Nachmias. * Videos ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnQ_Bv7xsms Connect biodiversity to Wikimedia projects via iNaturalist?] - Tiago Lubiana presents the inat2wiki platform (https://inat2wiki.toolforge.org/), designed to connect biodiversity observations to Commons and subsequently, to Wikipedia and Wikidata. ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuzsLc2Z7ZE Lecture on Knowledge Graphs & Workshop on Querying Data] - Sebastián Ferrada presents this lecture at the Summer Institute in Computational Social Science 2023 including a SPARQL and Wikidata Query Service workshop. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LgImCismRw?t=8739 Wiki4Education Technical Training] - session 2 of the Wiki4Education training series held across 17 - 24 Aug 2024 in Uganda. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt5gF4ZmhGY Introducing KGPrune] - a web application to extract subgraphs of interest from Wikidata with analogical pruning by Pierre Monnin. ** (ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSSGyYgKlvM Intro to Wikidata] at the Arabic Wikidata Days 2024, hosted by Houcemeddine Turki ** (ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmd_oOaN2lg 2: Wikidata for Wikipedians] - this session of Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 shows the benefits of using Wikidata in Wikipedia. * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/drawing-the-adventures-of-tintin-character-network Drawing the network of Adventures of Tintin] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://toolhub.wikimedia.org/tools/wikidata-on-sister-projects/history/revision/40193 Display Wikidata Info on sister projects] by [[d:User:Yair_rand|User:Yair rand]]. This user-script will add the articles corresponding Wikidata item Label, Q-ID, Description and Short Desc. neatly under the article title. If no Wikidata item is linked, option to CreateNewItem page on Wikidata is provided. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RYYOGLIJFXKZOSU4PAS2SBO7TWKRGYU4/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 29 is open!] The deadline to submit projects on the Outreachy website is September 11, 2024 at 4pm UTC and the project list will be finalized by September 18, 2024. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/MU7W6Y6K2TOSPHWEY5WIUO76JLPKLWL7/ QuickStatements Community Consultation]. Wiki Movimento Brazil as part of the [[m:Software Collaboration for Wikidata|Software Collaboration for Wikidata]] are conducting interviews to build upon the QuickStatements tool. If you're interested in helping refine the tool then get in touch with them. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (<nowiki>value of a currency or type of currency</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (<nowiki>a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/board game designer|board game designer]] (<nowiki>person(s) who devised and developed this game</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the sinogram</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/agent of action & agent class of action & agents of action have role|agent of action & agent class of action & agents of action have role]] (<nowiki>particular item that initiates this action or class of actions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (<nowiki>molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (<nowiki>abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handwriting example|Handwriting example]] (<nowiki>Sample image of the person's handwriting.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mapcarta|Mapcarta]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiYeshiva article ID|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Say Who|Identifiant Say Who]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VIRIN|VIRIN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tabletopia game ID|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CNES identifier|CNES identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Company Number|Finnish Company Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindustan Times Topic ID|Hindustan Times Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TV Maze character ID|TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Prosocour d'une personne|identifiant Prosocour d'une personne]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/culture.ru organization ID|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/365scores basketball team ID|365scores basketball team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes|identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/B3SQ {{langSwitch|en=French nuclear tests map with their power in kt|fr=Carte des essais nucléaires français avec puissances en kt}} ] ** [https://w.wiki/6TNS What Wikidata album languages grew the most this week?] ([https://wikis.world/@moebeus@mastodon.online/113057841265159018 source]) * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Sitelinks to Wiktionary|Sitelinks to Wiktionary]] - List of Items with links to Wiktionary main space. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q4167410|Wikimedia disambiguation page (Q4167410)]]: type of wiki page usually in main namespace (article namespace, ns=0) containing links to articles with similar names, and very little details only, use with P31 "instance of" (2024-09-02) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L345714|থোড়া (L345714)]]: Bengali verb thôṛa in English imply something that is “chopped” or “minced” ''' Development ''' * Wikidata Query Service: ** The WMF Search Platform team is putting the finishing touches on the new Query Service servers that contain the two parts of the split graph. ** We are analyzing which percentage of current queries are better served by other systems like the REST API or search. * Wikimedia projects integration: ** We have worked on moving the Wikidata Item link out of the toolbox section of the sidebar of an article. It has been rolled out to the first wikis: ukwiki, hewiki, fawiki ([[phab:T66315]]) ** We are working on decreasing the amount of irrelevant changes from Wikidata in the watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co by correcting the tracking behaviour of the Lua function mw.wikibase.entity:getSitelink() ([[phab:T295356]]) * Wikibase REST API: We continued improving errors and error messages. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 13:10, 26 August 2024 (UTC) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:02, 2 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27350272 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #644 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br> week leading up to 2024-09-02. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?<br> See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#643]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/أمين|أمين]] - RfP scheduled to end 9 September 2024 11:18 (UTC). ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next: (pt) [[:pt:Wikipédia:Edit-a-thon/Atividades_em_português/Oficina_Projeto_Saúde_Auditiva_Editatona_Wikipédia_e_Wikidata|Auditive Health Project – Workshop Wikipedia and Wikidata]] 10 September - Expand and contribute to articles and items on Audiology, this event will be held in 3 participating Universities in Brazil. [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Oficina_Projeto_Sa%C3%BAde_Auditiva_2024 Register on Etherpad]. * Upcoming: The [[m:Celtic Knot Conference 2024/Program|program for the Celtic Knot Conference 2024]] is now available to view! Whether you're interested in language preservation, digital tools for minority languages, or simply connecting with like-minded individuals, there's something for everyone. The conference will take place in Waterford City from September 25-27, 2024 ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs **(de) [https://blog.tib.eu/2024/09/04/das-tib-projekt-wikiremembrance-einladung-zur-abschlussveranstaltung/ TIB Blog:The TIB project WikiRemembrance] - The aim of the project was to develop a handout on digital culture of remembrance in a collaborative and participatory process. The project will be ending soon and you can [https://www.wikiremembrance.de/registrierung/ register] for the closing event (9 Oct 2024). ** [https://blog.anj.ai/2024/09/outdated-knowledge.html Correcting outdated facts in Wikidata] - Anj Simmons takes us through an example of finding an outdated or inaccurate fact and correcting it with supporting references. ** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2024/09/07/wikidata-citations.html Adding citations between existing articles in Wikidata] - About a command line tool written in Groovy to enrich Wikidata with citations between journal articles and other research output with DOIs * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ9fIqry7kE Wikidata Quality Toolkit:] Empowering Wikidata editors and content. Albert Meroño introduces a suite of tools to assist editors by recommending items to edit, detect poorly-supported item references and generating EntitySchemas to find items missing information. **(ar) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ukwbX__wWQ Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 - Session 3: SPARQL Query] - Houcemeddine Turki introduces how to forumlate and build SPARQL queries in the Wikidata Query Service. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Teester/CheckShex.js|User:Teester/CheckShex.js]] - a Userscript that adds an input box to a Wikidata page wherein you can enter an EntitySchema (such as E10). When you click "Check", it uses pyshexy to validate the entity against the schema and displays whether the entity passes or fails. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * 🔥 Big changes are coming to the #WikidataQueryService. If you query for scholarly articles, please take a look at [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|this announcement]]! * Is Shakespeare in German something for you? A digital version of the Schlegel/Tieck edition (Aufbau-Verlag 1975) was released with Wikidata connections. ([https://wikis.world/@umblaetterer@chaos.social/113033900869878738 source]) ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes **[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (<nowiki>value of a currency or type of currency</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (<nowiki>a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (<nowiki>person(s) who devised and developed this game</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12981|Handwriting exaple]] (<nowiki>Sample image of the person's handwriting.</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]], [[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the sinogram</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/agent of action & agent class of action & agents of action have role|agent of action & agent class of action & agents of action have role]] (<nowiki>particular item that initiates this action or class of actions</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (<nowiki>molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (<nowiki>abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>magazine capacity or clip size of this firearm or weapon (real or fictional)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ACUM IDs|ACUM IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindustan Times Topic ID|Hindustan Times Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/culture.ru organization ID|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes|identifiant Encyclopédie des femmes tunisiennes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LMFDB knowl ID|LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Athletics New Zealand athlete ID|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MinDat Feature ID|MinDat Feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID|BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)|Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ontobee id|Ontobee id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/newgrounds.com game ID|newgrounds.com game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/B8to Emergency number by country size] ** [https://w.wiki/B8tp Countries with most UNESCO World Heritage Sites] ** [https://w.wiki/B8tq People with songs named after them] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Ideas of queries/list of sense properties|Lexicographical data/Ideas of queries/list of sense properties]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q7066|atheism (Q7066)]] - absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1347328|𒆠𒅅𒂵𒉘 (L1347328)]] - Sumerian verb, means 'to love' ''' Development ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/HWKBCPKPL5D4HN6TPJQ6PRCGAFHY7WFE/ (BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT) Wikidata Query Service graph split available in production; scholarly entity queries require migration by March 2025] * We ported many WikibaseLexeme browser tests from WebdriverIO to Cypress ([[phab:T355934]]) * We’re working on improving the MUL support in the mobile termbox ([[phab:T373088]]) * We’re updating the “label in language” constraint for MUL ([[phab:T370293]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Canada|Canada]] * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:45, 9 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27407185 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #645 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-09-16. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?<br> See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#644]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/Framabot 5|Framabot 5]] - Task: update a typography error in the French description of homonym pages, seen on [https://github.com/MisterSynergy/deltabot-scripts/commit/afd4c82e04ab338b54229aeec3273dd83d6cbe47 1]. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Additional rights for bureaucrats|Additional rights for bureaucrats]] - The proposal suggests allowing Wikidata bureaucrats to remove admin rights, which they currently cannot do, to streamline processes, reduce reliance on stewards, and align with practices of other wikis. * Proposal: [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Names#Mul_labels_-_proposal_of_massive_addition|Mul labels - proposal of massive addition]] - The proposal suggests massively adding "mul" labels to Wikidata items for given and family names, using a bot to streamline the process and reduce redundant labels. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 17 September, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 17 September, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1726588800 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion & Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database using the Mix’n’Match tool. We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_2_(September_17)_-_Working_session_using_Mix%E2%80%98n%E2%80%99Match_to_add_Wikidata_items|Session 2 (September 17) - Working session using Mix‘n’Match to add Wikidata items]] * [[w:Wikipedia:Meetup/Seattle/Wikidata Day 2024|Wikidata Day 2024 (Seattle)]] - Agenda: Wikidata Twelfth Birthday, Training and Edit-a-thon. When: Saturday, October 26, from 12:30–4:30pm PDT ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Looking for Aotearoa's next roving Wikipedian, a Wikidata Te Papa research expeditions publication & the Wikidata WikiProject IBC follow-up workshop]] - The Aotearoa Wikipedian at Large worked with multiple institutions in 2024, contributing to Wikidata by improving museum exhibition models, creating articles, and collaborating on various projects, including biological field trips and entomology, while also engaging with the local Christchurch editing community. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/India report|Wikimedians-in-residence assigned to add lexicographical data of 5 endangered languages of West Bengal]] - The West Bengal Wikimedians User Group, in collaboration with Jadavpur University, has appointed five linguistics students as Wikimedians-in-residence to add lexicographical data for five endangered languages of West Bengal to Wikidata, contributing to their preservation and digital accessibility. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Czech Republic report|Cooperation between National Library and Wikimedia CR was presented at Wikimania 2024]] - Wikimedia Czech Republic presented their long-standing collaboration with the National Library at Wikimania 2024, highlighting joint educational and community initiatives, along with additional sessions on media education and successful campaigns during the event. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2024/Contents/Aruba report|Vacancy Wikimedian in Residence for Wikipedia on Aruba - Aruba on Wikipedia project]] - Wikimedia Nederland is seeking a Wikimedian in Residence for the "Wikipedia on Aruba" project, which aims to make Aruban and Dutch Caribbean culture and heritage accessible on Wikimedia platforms, with applications open until 16 September 2024. * Presentations: [https://tiago.bio.br/phd%20defense/ The knowledge graph of Wikidata in the context of the Human Cell Atlas] - presentation by [[d:Q90076935|Tiago Lubiana (Q90076935)]] around their PhD defense * Essay: [[d:User:ASarabadani (WMF)/Growth of databases of Wikidata|User:ASarabadani (WMF)/Growth of databases of Wikidata]] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Lagewi/references.js|User:Lagewi/references.js]] - "Sometimes, the data on Wikidata does not answer all your questions. Some types of information are difficult to encode in statements, or simply has not been encoded on Wikidata yet. In such cases, it might be useful to go through the references attached to claims of the entity, for additional information. To simplify this process, this user script lists all unique references based on [[d:Property:P248|stated in (P248)]] and [[d:Property:P854|reference URL (P854)]]. The references are listed in a collapsible list below the table of labels and descriptions, collapsed by default to not be obtrusive." To enable it, include the following line in your [[d:Special:MyPage/common.js|common.js]]: <code>mw.loader.load('//www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lagewi/references.js&oldid=2039248554&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');</code> ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes **[[:d:Property:P12949|denomination]] (<nowiki>value of a currency or type of currency</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12956|exponent of base unit]] (<nowiki>a qualifier of derived from base unit (P12571) used to describe the exponent of the unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (<nowiki>person(s) who devised and developed this game</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (<nowiki>sample image of the person's handwriting</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (<nowiki>role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use "object class of occurrence" (P12913) instead.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (<nowiki>role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use "agent class of action" (P12994) instead. )</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (<nowiki>class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use "agents of action have role" (P12993) instead)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (<nowiki>particular item that initiates this action or class of actions</nowiki>) ** Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12935|Illinois Center for the Book author ID]], [[:d:Property:P12936|Slekt og Data grave ID]], [[:d:Property:P12937|‎FolkWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P12938|iasj article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12939|365scores football team ID]], [[:d:Property:P12940|speedrun.com series ID]], [[:d:Property:P12941|All Musicals lyrics ID]], [[:d:Property:P12942|MobyGames critic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12943|Polygon game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12944|Madain Project ID]], [[:d:Property:P12945|365scores basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P12946|FOLDOC ID]], [[:d:Property:P12947|GameFAQs genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12948|Retromags game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12950|Nomes e Voces ID]], [[:d:Property:P12951|Altar of Gaming company ID]], [[:d:Property:P12952|Altar of Gaming franchise ID]], [[:d:Property:P12953|Altar of Gaming game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12954|Altar of Gaming person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12955|Ciel d'oc ID]], [[:d:Property:P12957|VideoGameGeek genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12958|GameSpot genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P12959|FranceTerme identifier]], [[:d:Property:P12960|DOS Game Modding Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12961|monument ID in the archive of Linz]], [[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/formula weight|formula weight]] (<nowiki>molar mass of an empirical forumula unit of a chemical compound, element or isotope</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/initialism|initialism]] (<nowiki>abbreviation containing only first letters of an expression (regardless if pronounced as letters or as a word)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>magazine capacity or clip size of this firearm or weapon (real or fictional)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/publication type of scholarly article|publication type of scholarly article]] (<nowiki>Publication type of scholarly article</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/characteristic of|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Political foundation|Political foundation]] (<nowiki>The property allows a link between a political party (usually) and its related political foundation, as is common in Germany, in the Netherlands or at the European level. The reverse property ("political party" or "political party affiliation", still different from P102 which is for individual membership) would be useful too.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medietilsynets filmdatabase|Medietilsynets filmdatabase]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Board Game Arena ID|Board Game Arena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGaming.com game ID|BoardGaming.com game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes|Identifiant dans l'annuaire de l'École des chartes]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trakt episode ID|Trakt episode ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Indian Express Topic ID|The Indian Express Topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MinDat Feature ID|MinDat Feature ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID|BoardGameGeek game mechanic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)|Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ontobee id|Ontobee id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/typeset.io journal ID|typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storia della civiltà europea ID|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NooSFere editorial collection ID|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/e-LIS ID|e-LIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionnaire des guérilleros et résistants antifranquistes ID|Dictionnaire des guérilleros et résistants antifranquistes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/pomniky.npmk.cz ID|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** Map of [https://w.wiki/tb9 Karens] / [https://w.wiki/thW Johns] per million according to Wikidata ** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/mmMBW6mGYYim4w6i082q8wUOwIe04oEkqGeeI0kcsQK People with a connection to Dresden who have an anniversary today] ([[d:User:Stefan_Kühn/Dresden#Personen_mit_Bezug_zu_Dresden,_die_heute_ein_Jubiläum_haben|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Wikibooks pages|Wikibooks pages]] - The goal is to add Wikidata items for every Wikibooks page. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Couchdb|Couchdb]] - This project has the purpose to investigate how having Wikidata on CouchDb could work. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject temporärhaus|Temporärhaus]] - This project is intended to document the activities in the [[d:Q27945856|temporaerhaus (Q27945856)]] with reference to Wikidata. * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Ontology/Cleaning Task Force/Changes|Ontology/Cleaning Task Force/Changes]] - Significant actual and proposed changes to the Wikidata ontology that have come out of the cleaning task force efforts. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/BD4F Wikidata Statements that use a retracted article as reference] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q96417649|Among Us (Q96417649)]] - 2018 video game developed by InnerSloth * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L45436|ਕਰਨ (L45436)]] - Punjabi verb "to do" ''' Development ''' * The development team attended the annual WMDE Software Department retreat, so there wasn't much development activity this week. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:42, 16 සැප්තැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27450551 --> == Wikidata Weekly Summary #647 == <languages/> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' <translate> Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-09-30. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?<br> See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#646]]</translate>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''<translate>Discussions</translate>''' <translate>* Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Andrei_Stroe|Andrei Stroe]] - Success! Welcome [[d:User:Andrei_Stroe|User:Andrei Stroe]] as Wikidata's latest Admin. * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/QichwaBot|QichwaBot]] - Task(s): Creating wikidata lexemes for the Quechua languages. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Do_we_want_automatic_inverse_statement_creation_and_if_so,_how_should_they_happen%3F|Do we want automatic inverse statement creation and if so, how should they happen?]] - Closed due to lack of comments for longer than five years. Despite multiple suggestions, there is no clear consensus to move forward.</translate> '''<translate>[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]</translate>''' <translate>* [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata's 12th birthday]] is coming up on October 29th. Have a look at the birthday parties and more planned around the world. * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 1 October, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 1 October, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727798400 Time zone converter]). Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion & Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the [https://irfa.paris/en/en-learn-about-a-missionary/ IRFA database] using the Mix’n’Match tool. We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_3_(October_1)_-_Working_session_using_a_data_model_and_the_UseAsRef_user_script_to_enhance_items|Event page]].</translate> '''<translate>Press, articles, blog posts, videos</translate>''' <translate>* Papers ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-72440-4_4 A Systematic Review of Wikidata in GLAM Institutions: a Labs Approach] - Presents a systematic review of Wikidata use in GLAM institutions within the context of the work of the International GLAM Labs Community (glamlabs.io). The results summarise academic literature on Wikidata projects. By G. Candela et al. ** (es) [https://diff.wikimedia.org/es/2024/09/26/curso-de-wikidata-en-espanol-datos-para-el-conocimiento-colaborativo/ Wikidata course in Spanish: Data for collaborative knowledge] - Throughout October, the WikiLearn platform is hosting a course on Wikidata aimed especially at Latin Americans. [https://learn.wiki/courses/course-v1:WikimediaChile+WMC000+2024/about Enroll here]. ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2408.14849v2 Project SHADOW: Symbolic Higher-order Associative Deductive reasoning On Wikidata using LM probing] - SHADOW is a fine-tuned language model trained on an intermediate task using associative deductive reasoning, its performance is measured on a knowledge base construction task using Wikidata triple completion. By Hanna Abi Akl. ** [https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/MZrm Using Wikidata for Managing Cultural Heritage Information] - The present study uses model wikidata elements as a basis and explores its dynamic formation into a cultural heritage information management tool within a museum. By D. Kyriaki-Manessi and S. Vazaiou. ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-72437-4_23 Enriching Archival Linked Data Descriptions with Information from Wikidata and DBpedia] - This paper investigates the potential to use information in archival records in a larger context for ArchOnto and aims to leverage classes and properties sourced from repositories deemed informal due to their crowd-sourcing nature. By I. Koch et al. ** [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024144799 A framework for integrating biomedical knowledge in Wikidata with open biological and biomedical ontologies and MeSH keywords] - This paper utilizes primary data sources of OBO ontologies and MeSH keywords classified using SPARQL queries for RDF knowledge graphs, to contribute to the robustness and accuracy of collaborative biomedical knowledge graphs. By H. Turki et al. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF-kq8-rO_o&t=3038s Serbian Novels on Wikidata: Project wikiELTeC & Tesla] Part of Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024 in İstanbul, this session presented by Filip Maljković charts progress on contributing Serbian literature to Wikidata. * Dataviz ** [https://tjukanovt.github.io/notable-people Find your most famous neighbour], a world map of notable people based on Wikipedia and Wikidata.</translate> '''<translate>Tool of the week</translate>''' <translate>* [https://larsgw.blogspot.com/2023/12/three-new-userscripts-for-wikidata.html Three new Userscripts for Wikidata] - [[d:User:Lagewi|User:Lagewi]] has written 3 scripts to simplify reading references, explore property-value pairs in use for a statement or attaching a full bibliography to the end of the item page.</translate> '''<translate>Other Noteworthy Stuff</translate>''' <translate>* [https://www.opensanctions.org/datasets/wd_categories/ OpenSactions:Wikidata Persons in Relevant Categories] - Using [https://petscan.wmcloud.org/ PETScan], generates a list of profiles of politically exposed persons by querying specific categories on Wikidata and extracting the entities.</translate> '''<translate>Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review</translate>''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * <translate>Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]:</translate> ** <translate>General datatypes: </translate> ***[[:d:Property:P12969|game designer]] (<nowiki>person(s) who devised and developed this game</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (<nowiki>sample image of the person's handwriting</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (<nowiki>role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use "object class of occurrence" (P12913) instead.)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (<nowiki>role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use "agent class of action" (P12994) instead. )</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (<nowiki>class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use "agents of action have role" (P12993) instead)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (<nowiki>particular item that initiates this action or class of actions</nowiki>) ** <translate>External identifiers: </translate>[[:d:Property:P12963|‎Altar of Gaming character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12964|WikiYeshiva article ID]], [[:d:Property:P12965|Yediot Books book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12966|Mapcarta ID]], [[:d:Property:P12967|VIRIN]], [[:d:Property:P12968|cnkgraph person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12970|Tabletopia game ID]], [[:d:Property:P12971|cnkgraph book ID]], [[:d:Property:P12973|cnkgraph poem ID]], [[:d:Property:P12975|Lexikon der Mathematik entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P12976|‎CNES ID]], [[:d:Property:P12977|‎Tretyakov Gallery artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P12978|‎TV Maze character ID]], [[:d:Property:P12979|Say Who ID]], [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> <translate>* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review:</translate> <translate>** General datatypes: </translate> ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has reading|has reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/magazine capacity|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>In (real or fictional) devices like a firearm, weapon, or engineered thing, this is the default capacity or size of a devices' magazine, clip, or other container typically used to hold ammunition, bolts, cartridges, tools, etc. which pushes those items as needed usually through a spring-based mechanism into a receiver for further use by the device</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/publication type of scholarly article|publication type of scholarly article]] (<nowiki>Publication type of scholarly article</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/characteristic of|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this item</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medietilsynets filmdatabase|Medietilsynets filmdatabase]] (<nowiki>identifier for a film in the Norwegian Medietilsynets database</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Western Australian Biographical Index|Western Australian Biographical Index]] (<nowiki>Card ID from the Western Australian Biographical Index, a set of handwritten index cards compiled in the 1970s.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leased to|leased to]] (<nowiki>person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) <translate>** External identifiers:</translate> [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NWIS site ID|NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteka Nauki IDs|Biblioteka Nauki IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Koha Kütüphane ID|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MyWaifuList character ID|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FantLab artist ID|FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Münzkabinett|Münzkabinett]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Latgales dati person ID|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant inventaire Grand Est|identifiant inventaire Grand Est]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RedBA Granada authority ID|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com musician ID|MetalTabs.com musician ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HA! ID|HA! ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Radio France d'une émission|Identifiant Radio France d'une émission]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Télévisions d'une émission|Identifiant France Télévisions d'une émission]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beniabbandonati ID|beniabbandonati ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB person ID|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Parliament document ID|European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID|Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom person ID|Persons and Names of the Middle Kingdom and early New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> <translate>You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!</translate> '''<translate>Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/BJ2c Network of European Union Independent Fiscal Institutions] ** [https://w.wiki/BNAq Opera singers who are sopranos with an article on English Wikipedia] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Popular_items_without_claims|Popular_items_without_claims]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1126190|هُئَڻُ L1126190]] Sindhi verb (to be)</translate> '''<translate>Development''' * Search: The [[mediawikiwiki:Help:Extension:WikibaseCirrusSearch#Keywords|haswbstatement search magic word]] has been improved by the Search Platform Team. Previously it was limited in which Properties were indexed for it. Going forward haswbstatement:P123 will work for all Properties, regardless of their datatype. This will allow you to filter search results for Items that have a statement with a specific Property. (Searching for a specific complete statement with haswbstatement:P123=xxx will still only work for specific datatypes.) For this to work all Items have to be reindexed and this will take up to 1 month. * Design system migration: We have migrated the Special:NewLexeme page from Wikit to Codex and are working on finishing the migration for the Query Builder. * EntitySchemas: We finished the investigation about how to support search for EntitySchemas by label or alias when linking to an EntitySchema in a statement. ([[phab:T362005]]) * Wikibase REST API: We worked on integrating language fallbacks into the API ([[phab:T371605]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].</translate> <translate>'''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]</translate> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 19:03, 30 September 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27529326 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #648 == <languages/> <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' <translate> Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-10-07. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/2024_10_07|Translate]]. Missed the previous one?<br> See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#647]]</translate>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''<translate>[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]</translate>''' <translate>* Upcoming: ** [https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wikidata-day-2024-tickets-1034373879117?aff=erelexpmlt Wikidata Day 2024] at the Pratt Institute Manhattan Campus, New York - To celebrate Wikidata's 12th Birthday, a mini-conference with beginner workshops, lightning talks and keynote speeches will be held. October 26, 11am - 5pm EDT (UTC-4). More info, registration and full address on this [[w:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Wikidata_Day_2024|Wikipedia event page]]. ** [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|The Wikidata Days 2024 in Bologna, Italy]] will take place on November 8th and 9th. Its [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program]] revolves around Wikidata for libraries and academia, and features a wide range of Wikidata-enthusiastic librarians and researchers from Italy. [[d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Iscrizione|Registration]] is open until October 31st. ** The next [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16th October 2024 at 18:00 CEST in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' ** [[Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon October 2024|Scholia hackathon]] on Oct 18-20, aimed at addressing changes related to the Wikidata graph split ** [https://ktieb.org.mt/en/festival/intangible-cultural-heritage-on-wikidata-wikimedia-community-malta-wcm-wcm-stand-37/ Intangible Cultural Heritage on Wikidata] - Hosted by Wikimedia Community Malta (WCM), November 8, 2024 18:00 - 19:00 CEST, Malta Fairs and Conference Centre (MFCC) in Ta’ Qali, Malta ** [https://library.osu.edu/site/cartoons/2024/10/02/graphic-possibilities-research-workshop/wikidata-event-fall24_-chambliss_/ Edit-A-Thon: 50 States of Comics - Ohio], take part in this virtual event held October 10, 10:00 - 16:00 EST (UTC-5).</translate> <translate>'''Press, articles, blog posts, videos'''</translate> <translate>* Blogs ** [https://www.dbreunig.com/2024/10/04/wikidata-is-a-giant-crosswalk-file.html Wikidata is a giant crosswalk file] dbreunig.com describes how with a little DuckDB and Ruby and data from Wikidata, you can produce a cross-walk file of geographic entities. * Videos ** (ru) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMAQtaKzH1o Wikidata Reconciliation Service] - This video shows how to add QID's to a large number of person-entities, add descriptions and search by full name and years of life. [https://wikidata.reconci.link/ Wikidata reconciliation for OR] (Script: [https://gist.github.com/Podbrushkin/43053bf16640afce96f01721e2f71d6a Github:Podbrushkin]) ** (fr) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luIWdG9eTG0 Data recovery on Wikidata for the DataViz project] - PhilippGam presents the various methods to extract and sort data from Wikidata and use the wikidataMultiSearch tool. ** [https://youtube.com/9pPpwrK7Qq4?t=4984 Bridging the Digital Scriptorium Data Model and Wikidata to Expand Reuse of Manuscript Metadata] Rose McCandless gives this lighning talk at the LD4 2024 Conference. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/continental-and-country-diversity-in-wikipedia-art Continental and country diversity of Wikipedia art]</translate> '''<translate>Tool of the week</translate>''' * (fr) [https://philippegambette.github.io/wikidataMultiSearch/ wikidata MultiSearch] - search for a list of elements in Wikidata. A GPLv3 licenced tool built by Philippe Gambette allows you to search for a list of words in Wikidata and retrieve some associated Wikidata properties. '''<translate>Other Noteworthy Stuff</translate>''' * Are you building applications or services with Wikidata's data? [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/2024-Data access methods|We'd love to hear from you]] to help us figure out the future of accessing Wikidata's data. * [[d:Wikidata:Event_Organizers|Wikidata: Event Organizers]] - If you are organizing or thinking about planning a Wikidata event, this new page listing the additional User rights the user-role 'event organizer' has will be a valuable resource. Including the process for applying for permission rights. '''<translate>Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review</translate>''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> <translate>* Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes:</translate> ***[[:d:Property:P12981|handwriting example]] (<nowiki>sample image of the person's handwriting</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12992|objects of occurrence have role]] (<nowiki>role that objects of this occurrence take on in the context of this occurrence. (For selectional restrictions, use "object class of occurrence" (P12913) instead.)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12993|agents of action have role]] (<nowiki>role that agents of this action take on in the context of this action. (For selectional restrictions, use "agent class of action" (P12994) instead. )</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12994|agent class of action]] (<nowiki>class of items that may initiate this action or class of actions (For roles filled by agents of an action, use "agents of action have role" (P12993) instead)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P12995|agent of action]] (<nowiki>particular item that initiates this action or class of actions</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (<nowiki>Publication type of scholarly work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (<nowiki>person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool</nowiki>) <translate>** External identifiers:</translate> [[:d:Property:P12980|‎Finnish Business ID]], [[:d:Property:P12983|Prosocour person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12984|Stadtwiki Karlsruhe ID]], [[:d:Property:P12985|Athletics New Zealand athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P12986|Encyclopedia of Tunisian Women person ID]], [[:d:Property:P12987|‎LMFDB knowl ID]], [[:d:Property:P12988|ACUM performer ID]], [[:d:Property:P12989|ACUM creator/publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P12990|ACUM Work ID]], [[:d:Property:P12991|ACUM album ID]], [[:d:Property:P12996|culture.ru organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P12997|‎Hindustan Times topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> <translate>* New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes:</translate> ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Larval host plant|Larval host plant]] (<nowiki>Larval host plant - used only for insects - subclass of P1034</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>Classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (<nowiki>Digital memorial for women killed by violence</nowiki>) <translate>** External identifiers:</translate> [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI institute ID|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dwelly entry ID|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant CIRDOC d'un auteur ou d'une autrice|Identifiant CIRDOC d'un auteur ou d'une autrice]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant CIRDOC d'un document|Identifiant CIRDOC d'un document]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque|Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAHRA ID|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Historical Gazetteer place ID|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch person ID|AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Babelio d'un sujet|identifiant Babelio d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen|Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITTF PTT ID|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square series ID|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 series ID|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> <translate>You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]!</translate> '''<translate>Did you know?''' * Query examples:</translate> ** [https://w.wiki/BSj8 Winners of the Guillaume Apollinaire Prize (1941-2023)] ** [https://w.wiki/BQms Libraries in Argentina (on Wikidata)] <translate>* Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:Lingnan_University_Library_Wikidata_Pilot|Lingnan University Library: Wikidata Pilot Project]] - Creating and improving entries for Lingnan University academic staff, as well as generating entries for the Library's digital collections and Lingnan theses and dissertations. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_French_Literary_Prizes|French Literary Prizes]] - Aims to coordinate the development of a database on French literary prizes (list of prizes, jury members, list of winners) ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Cycling/2025_races|Cycling: 2025 Races]] - documenting the the planned Cycling races for 2025. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Abuse_filter_effectiveness|Abuse filter effectiveness]] - This DB report compiles a variety of statistics on combating vandalism.</translate> '''<translate>Development''' * Data access: ** We have published [[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/2024-Data access methods|a survey to better understand the future needs of application developers]] who want to work with Wikidata's data. Please take part if you are developing applications or services using data from Wikidata. ** We are analyzing query logs to better understand which queries could be moved to other services in the future. * Design system: We continued migrating the Query Builder and Special:NewLexeme from Wikit to Codex</translate> <translate>[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer].</translate> '''<translate>Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]</translate> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Help translate]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 19:13, 07 October 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27557411 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #649 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-10-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 07|#648]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: ** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session 15 October, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 15 October, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter). https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1729008000 Christa Strickler will be our first Project Series lead with her joint project with the Wikidata Religion & Theology Community of Practice to contribute biographical data to Wikidata from the IRFA database https://irfa.paris/en/en-learn-about-a-missionary/ using the Mix’n’Match tool. We are excited to learn more about this project, provide a forum for discussion and shared learning, and lend a hand while building new skills. Event page: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/First_Project_Series#Session_4_(October_15)_-_Working_session_to_demonstrate_an_image_search_for_item_enhancement_and_celebrate_with_data_visualizations] ** The next [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16th October 2024 at 18:00 CEST in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. ''The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase.'' ** [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday]]: We already have 30 events scheduled on the list 😍. As a reminder, when your event is ready, don't forget to: *** create a wikipage with more information about the event, participants list, etc. *** add your event to the global calendar and the map, following the instructions here: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Schedule|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Schedule]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2024/10/09/small-data-slow-data-a-snail-approach-to-wikidata/ Small data, slow data − a SNAIL approach to Wikidata]: discusses the value of small, carefully curated datasets in the era of big data. It emphasizes the importance of taking a methodical, "snail-paced" approach to data collection and analysis, which can lead to more meaningful and accurate insights. The blogpost also highlights how this approach can complement the broader trends of big data, ensuring that detailed, high-quality data is not overlooked. * Papers ** "[https://x.com/WikiResearch/status/1843699094579229068 WoolNet: Finding and Visualising Paths in Knowledge Graphs]" given two or more entities requested by a user, the system finds and visualises paths that connect these entities, forming a topical subgraph of Wikidata (Torres Gutiérrez and Hogan) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j0raFQh86c Introductory workshop to Wikidata within the framework of the Latin America Contest in Wikidata 2024] (in Italian) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_iJcKwCnZA GeoPython 2024: Bridging Worlds: Python-Powered Integration of Wikidata and OpenStreetMap]: This talk explores Python-powered tools that integrate Wikidata with OpenStreetMap, allowing users to link entries between the two platforms to enhance geospatial data accuracy while navigating legal and ethical challenges of cross-platform data sharing. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GYJ6V6ySpQ LD4 2024 Conference: Wikidata and Open Data: Enhancing the Hausa Community's Digital Presence] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X88n85Q9O5U Dynamic Mapping using Collaborative Knowledge Graphs: Real-Time SKOS Mapping from Wikidata]: This presentation introduces a workflow using SPARQL queries to dynamically map live Wikidata data to SKOS concepts, featuring a Python tool that converts CSV outputs into RDF triples for integration into linked data environments and knowledge graphs, emphasizing real-time data retrieval and interoperability. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIvp1SqPF4c How to add location coordinates to Wikidata Items] (in Dagbanli) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Die9VnTtep8 Clean-up of problematic Dagbani lexemes]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical_data/Documentation/Languages/dag#Maintenance_tasks|Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation/Languages/dag#Maintenance_tasks]] (in Dagbanli) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4jduWucxao How to link Wikidata Items to Wikipedia Articles] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPPrXFK3E10 Best Practices to editing Dagbani Lexemes on Wikidata] * Podcasts ** [https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/could-making-wikidata-human-readable-lead-to-better-ai/id1713408769?i=1000672273741&l=de-DE Could making Wikidata 'human' readable lead to better AI?]: [[User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]], Portfolio Lead Product Manager at Wikidata Deutschland, discussed a new project aimed at making Wikidata more 'human' readable for Large Language Models (LLMs), which could improve AI reliability by giving these models access to high-quality, human-curated data from Wikidata. * Notebooks ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/citizenship-concentration-in-nobel-prize Citizenship concentration in Nobel laureates] ** [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/continental-and-country-diversity-in-wikipedia-art Continental and country diversity in Wikipedia articles] ''' Tool of the week ''' * '''Elemwala (এলেমওয়ালা)''' ([https://elemwala.toolforge.org https://elemwala.toolforge.org]): is a proof-of-concept interface that allows you to input abstract content and get natural language text in a given output language. There may well be errors with particular inputs, and the text may not be quite as natural as you might expect, but that's where your improvements to your language's lexemes, other Wikidata items, and the tool's [https://gitlab.com/mahir256/ninai source] [https://gitlab.com/mahir256/udiron code] come in! * [https://github.com/johnsamuelwrites/mlscores mlscores]: Tool for calculating multilinguality score of Wikidata items (including properties). E.g. for [[d:Q2013|Wikidata (Q2013)]], the scores are - ''en'': 99.66%, ''fr'': 89.49%, ''es'': 84.07%, ''pt'': 68.47%. For [[d:Property:P31|instance of (P31)]], the scores are - ''en'': 99.86%, ''fr'': 87.12%, ''es'': 80.83%, ''pt'': 61.37%. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Launch of [[Wikidata:WikiProject Deprecate P642|WikiProject Deprecate P642]]: The goal of this project is to prepare for deprecation, and eventual removal, of the property [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]]. Currently, [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] is labeled as "being deprecated", meaning its use is still allowed, but discouraged. From a peak of around 900,000 uses, the property now has around 700,000 uses (see status [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/oFt2TvlNg0iASOSOuASMuCO2wMaEqSYC6QGm2YkU08i here]). Our goal is to reduce that as much as possible in a systematic way, while ensuring that appropriate properties exist to replace all valid uses of [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]]. The latter is key to officially deprecating the property. Before ''removing'' the property, we want to get as close to zero uses as possible. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (<nowiki>Publication type of scholarly work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (<nowiki>person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P12998|Newgrounds submission ID]], [[:d:Property:P12999|Storia della civiltà europea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13000|Encyclopedia of Brno History literature ID]], [[:d:Property:P13001|Linked Open Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13002|‎Ontobee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13003|‎typeset.io journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13004|NooSFere editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>Classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (<nowiki>Digital memorial for women killed by violence</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO fungal entity ID|FAO fungal entity ID]] (<nowiki>identifier from FAO ontology for fungal gross anatomy</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TEES ID|TEES ID]] (<nowiki>Dictionary of Turkish literature works</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bais|bais]] (<nowiki>Indicates a specific form of bias present in a media source, organization, or document, such as false balance, slant, or omission, affecting the representation of information.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDK lexeme ID|TDK lexeme ID]] (<nowiki>Dictionary created by the [[Q1569712|Turkish Language Association]]</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID|Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]] (<nowiki>Online Turkish encyclopedia created by [[Q6062914]] and [[Q19610584]]</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (<nowiki>A database containing data on European media.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stated in unreliable source|Stated in unreliable source]] (<nowiki>used in the references field to refer to the database that is considered a unreliable source in which the claim is made</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hlídač státu subject ID|Hlídač státu subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dwelly entry ID|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque|Identifiant d'un document audiovisuel dans le catalogue de l'Inathèque]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LWW journal ID|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BAHRA ID|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Historical Gazetteer place ID|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch person ID|AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Babelio d'un sujet|identifiant Babelio d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen|Identifiant d'une personne sur Madelen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITTF PTT ID|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Push Square series ID|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 series ID|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia bresciana ID|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number|Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal band ID|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music track ID|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Legaseriea.it player ID|Legaseriea.it player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet|Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet|Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant RTL d’un sujet|Identifiant RTL d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Info d’un sujet|Identifiant France Info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball|identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eHLFL ID|eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS unit ID|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/BXjc Amount of population in cities in Israel over the last 45 years (where this information is entered)] ([https://x.com/idoklein1/status/1845525486463750598 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/9J7N Real numbers with their approximate value] ** [https://w.wiki/BXkH Youngest people (born or died in Dresden)] ([[d:User:Stefan_Kühn/Dresden#Jüngsten_Personen|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject PatternsKilkenny|PatternsKilkenny]] - Patterns were devotional days on the day of the patron saint of a parish or area or at least an annually occurring day when the people of the locality held their personal devotions in a certain pattern (hence the name), i.e. "doing the rounds" around trees or other landmarks at the sacred site. This project tries to collate the records and memories of these patterns for County Kilkenny. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Deprecate P642|Deprecate P642]] - The goal of this project is to prepare for deprecation, and eventual removal, of the property [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]]. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AIDS Walks|AIDS Walks]] - This project aims to collaborate with Wiki editors across the globe to highlight AIDS Walks anywhere in the world. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Temples in Roman Britain|Temples in Roman Britain]] - The aim of the Wikiproject Temples in Roman Britain is to record and catalog sacred spaces in the Roman province Britannia between 43 to 409 CE. By sacred spaces, we include (for the moment) only built structures such as temples, sanctuaries and shrines. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject LinkedReindeersAlta|LinkedReindeersAlta]] - Wikidata Entry: [[d:Q130442625|WikiProject LinkedReindeersAlta (Q130442625)]] supported by the [[d:Q73901970|Research Squirrel Engineers Network (Q73901970)]]. [[c:Category:Rock Art of Alta|Commons Category:Category:Rock Art of Alta]] ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nihongo|Nihongo]] - The goal of this project is to capture the Japanese Language [[d:Q5287|Japanese (Q5287)]] in its entirety on Wikidata. We aim to give advice and establish standards for representing Japanese words as [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Documentation|lexemes]]. * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Cycling/2025 teams|Cycling/2025 teams]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Ivan A. Krestinin/Vandalized Commons links|User:Ivan A. Krestinin/Vandalized Commons links]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q20921603|Queen of Katwe (Q20921603)]] - 2016 film directed by Mira Nair * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L311934|kuiri (L311934)]] - "cook" in Esperanto ''' Development ''' * EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on making it possible to find an EntitySchema by its label or aliases when linking to an EntitySchema in a statement ([[phab:T375641]]) * Design system: We are continuing the work on migrating the Query Builder from Wikit to Codex * REST API: We finished the work on language fallback support in the REST API ([[phab:T371605]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 07|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:02, 14 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27557411 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #650 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-10-21. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 14|#649]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Addshore 3|Addshore]] (RfP scheduled to end after 23 October 2024 18:03 UTC) * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - (1) Add default mul labels to given and family names when the item has an existing default label with a mul language (2) Remove duplicated aliases matching the items mul label, when the item has a native label in with a mul language. As mul has not been fully adopted, a limited of aliases would be modified each day to ensure existing workflows are not disrupted. It is expected that these tasks will apply to roughly 800,000 given and family names. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/So9qBot 10|So9qBot 10]] - Add [[d:Property:P1922|first line (P1922)]] with the first line of the paper to all scientific papers which has a full text link or where the abstract is available. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming: We are getting ready for [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday]] on the 29th October. We already have 30 events scheduled on the list 😍. As a reminder, when your event is ready, don't forget to (1) create a wikipage with more information about the event, participants list, etc. (2) add your event to the global calendar and the map, following the instructions here: [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Run_an_event/Schedule|Wikidata:Twelfth Birthday/Run an event/Schedule]] * Past: ** Wikidata + Wikibase office hour log ([[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2024-10-16|16 October 2024]]) ** [[:d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon October 2024|Scholia hackathon]] (18-20 October) exploring technical options for handling the Wikidata graph split ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://medium.com/@jsamwrites/why-and-how-i-developed-wikidata-multilingual-calculator-22d3b2d65f03 Why and How I developed Wikidata Multilinguality Calculator - mlscores?] - a Wikidata multilingual calculator to facilitate data queries in multiple languages, enhancing accessibility and usability for non-English speakers. * Papers ** [https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/eb/article/view/99594 Catalogação em dados conectados abertos: uma experiência de biblioteca universitária com a Wikidata] ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.13707 Disjointness Violations in Wikidata] ** [https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.06010 A large collection of bioinformatics question-query pairs over federated knowledge graphs: methodology and applications] * Notebooks: [https://observablehq.com/d/2c642cad1038e5ea Who are the most frequent guests of the show Real Time with Bill Maher?] * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMDs8xnKMaA Wikidata Lexicographical Data | Lucas Werkmeister] - Introduction to Wikidata Lexicographical Data to Dagbani Wikimedians] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfN6qsEZTmg Why is Wikidata important for Wikipedia in Spanish] (in Spanish) - "In this workshop we will learn about the value that Wikidata can bring us when working on eswiki articles. We will learn how knowledge is shared between platforms, and how it can save a lot of work for both the Spanish Wikipedia community and other people working on an article on another Wikipedia." ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaPy1yf9rk4 Empowering Lexicographical Data Contributions on Wikidata with Lexica] - "In this session, participants will explore the fascinating world of lexicographical data on Wikidata and learn how to contribute meaningfully using Lexica, a tool designed for easy micro-edits to Lexemes from mobile devices. We will start with a brief introduction to lexicographical data and importance of linking Lexemes to Items. Next, we’ll dive into Lexica, showcasing its key features and providing a step-by-step guide on linking Lexemes to Items on Wikidata. This hands-on workshop is open to both experienced contributors and newcomers, empowering everyone with the knowledge and skills to make impactful contributions to Wikidata’s lexicographical data. By the end of the session, participants will be ready to use Lexica to enrich language data on Wikidata." ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1PssAyMfQQ Wikidata ontology, controlled vocabularies and Wikidata Graph Builder] - This video talks about the Wikidata ontology, how to connect controlled vocabularies to Wikidata, and how to use the Wikidata Graph Builder ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrP2KXJyndk How to use Wikidata for GLAM institutions... - WMCEEM 2024 Istanbul] - How to use Wikidata for GLAM institutions: Case Study for museums in Türkiye and person data ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hc9AQU2tHI Hidden Histories: Illuminating LGBTQ+ archives at the University of Las Vegas, Nevada using Wikidata] - "The University of Nevada, Las Vegas Special Collections and Archives has been strategically working to increase the discoverability, visibility, and access to collections related to marginalized communities in Southern Nevada. In the first stage of this grant-funded Wiki project, over 60 archival collections and 80 oral histories, including related people, businesses, and events associated with the Las Vegas LGBTQ+ community, have been contributed to Wikidata. In this presentation, the author continues this work by introducing UNLV's Special Collections Wiki project, "LGBTQ Hidden Histories." The presentation will discuss ongoing efforts to create, expand, and enrich linked data about the Nevada LGBTQ+ community, address challenges faced during entity extraction using archival materials, and conclude with a linked data visualization exercise using Wikiframe-VG (Wikiframe Visual Graph)." ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zE0QuHCgB6k Africa Wiki Women Wikidata Birthday First Session] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27WodYruHEw Africa Wiki Women Wikidata session on creating SPARQL Queries] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[m:User:Ainali/PreViewStats.js|User:Ainali/PreViewStats.js]] - is a Userscript that gives a quick glance at the pageviews in the header (and links to the full views). If you install it on your global.js on meta, it works on all projects). * [[d:Wikidata:ProVe|Wikidata:ProVe]] - (Automated PROvenance VErification of Knowledge Graphs against Textual Sources) - is a tool for helping editors improve the references of Wikidata Items. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/NVDXC2I2BIPF5UMV4LFVAXG6VKLTG4LS/ Deepesha Burse joins WMDE as Developer Advocate for Wikibase Suite] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RLNHTH3EQKOOV6N53KDELMVGAN2PWL46/ Wikibase Suite: Patch releases] as the first round of patch releases for all Wikibase Suite products, including all WBS Images as well as WBS Deploy * The CampaignEvents extension is now live on Wikidata! This means that if you are an event organizer, you can use several new tools to help manage your events more easily. By getting the Event Organizer right, you can: ** Use simple on-wiki registration for your events. ** Integrate Outreach Dashboard with your event registration page. ([[:File:Episode_4_How_To_Link_The_Outreach_Dashboard_To_Your_Event_Page.webm|see demo]]) ** Communicate more easily with your registered participants. ([[:File:Episode_5_How_To_Email_Participants.webm|see demo]]) ** Make your events more visible to other editors through the [[Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents page]]. ** Find potential participants for your next events. ([[:File:How_to_test_the_Invitation_List_tool.webm|see demo]]), and much more! ** With this extension, you can also see all global events (past, present, and future) on the Special:AllEvents page, but only events using the event registration feature will appear there. If you are an organizer and want to use these new tools, follow the instructions on the [[d:Wikidata:Event_Organizers|Wikidata:Event_Organizers page]] to request the Event Organizer right. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (<nowiki>type of this scholarly work (e.g. “systematic review”, “proceedings”, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (<nowiki>person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13005|pomniky.npmk.cz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13014|‎Dictionary of guerrillas and anti-Franco resistance fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13015|e-LIS publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/male mean age|male mean age]] (<nowiki>male mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/female mean age|female mean age]] (<nowiki>female mean age in a given place; qualifier of {{P|4442}}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>Classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (<nowiki>Digital memorial for women killed by violence</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FAO fungal entity ID|FAO fungal entity ID]] (<nowiki>identifier from FAO ontology for fungal gross anatomy</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bais|bais]] (<nowiki>Indicates a specific form of bias present in a media source, organization, or document, such as false balance, slant, or omission, affecting the representation of information.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDK lexeme ID|TDK lexeme ID]] (<nowiki>Dictionary created by the [[Q1569712|Turkish Language Association]]</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID|Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]] (<nowiki>Online Turkish encyclopedia created by [[Q6062914]] and [[Q19610584]]</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (<nowiki>A database containing data on European media.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stated in unreliable source|Stated in unreliable source]] (<nowiki>used in the references field to refer to the database that is considered a unreliable source in which the claim is made</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Google Plus code|Google Plus code]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a location as seen on Google Maps</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reversal of|reversal of]] (<nowiki>reversal of, inversion of</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Korean Basketball League ID|Korean Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association ID2|Chinese Basketball Association ID2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai encyclopedia entry ID|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number|Israel Railways Corporation Ltd station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet|Identifiant Actu.fr d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet|Identifiant TF1 info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant RTL d’un sujet|Identifiant RTL d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant France Info d’un sujet|Identifiant France Info d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball|identifiant L’Équipe d'une équipe de basketball]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eHLFL ID|eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS unit ID|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Work of Art|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense Work of Art]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDB institution ID|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam tag ID|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWERIK Party ID|SWERIK Party ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Songkick area ID|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Damehåndbolddatabasen ID|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KISTI institute ID|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AELC author ID|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal IDs|Spirit of Metal IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Maps place ID|Yandex Maps place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK track ID|VK track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia medica ID|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital LIMC ID|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamersGlobal genre|GamersGlobal genre]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Baio Copyright duration by Country] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/135958 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/Bcso The Mississippi River and its tributaries] ([https://x.com/idoklein1/status/1848355287838634145 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/6PAr List of countries sorted by life expectancy] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:Wikiproject Dominio Público en América Latina|Dominio Público en América Latina]] - The Public Domain in Latin America Wikiproject aims to improve the data available in Wikidata on authors and works of authorship in Latin America, with emphasis on copyright status to identify whether or not authors and their works are in the public domain. * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Reservoirs|India/Reservoirs]] ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject every politician/Egypt|Every politician/Egypt]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/List of properties/1-1000|Most used properties]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18647981|Moana (Q18647981)]]: 2016 American computer animated film (2024-10-21) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L863492|rehbraun (L863492)]]: German adjective, means "light brown with a slight reddish tinge" ''' Development ''' * Vector 2020: We’re working on improving Wikibase’s dark mode support somewhat ([[phab:T369385]]) * We polished the automatic undo/redo messages to make them more useful ([[phab:T194402]]) * Design system: We’re close to finishing migrating Special:NewLexeme to the Codex design system * EntitySchemas: We’re working on searching EntitySchema values by label and alias ([[phab:T375641]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 14|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:44, 21 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27557411 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #551 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-10-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 21|#650]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Addshore 3|Addshore]] (successful) - Welcome back, Adam! * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata_talk:Notability#Remove_the_"ceb"-Wikipedia_from_automatic_notability|Discussion about remove notability for ceb-Wiki]] ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Wikidata's 12th Birthday is almost here! Let’s celebrate together and make it unforgettable! 🎂 Join in for events happening across the globe in October & November -- there's something for everyone! Here’s how you can be part of the fun. ** Find a local event and connect with fellow Wikidata enthusiasts! ** Give a birthday gift to the community -- whether it's a cool new tool or something fun! ** Join our big online celebration on October 29th -- don’t miss out! [[Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday]] ** Join the special Wikidata [https://wikis.world/@wikimediaDE@social.wikimedia.de/113384930634982280 Query-party tomorrow] and win some branded Wikidata socks! 🎉 * The LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group is taking a break from our new project series format this coming Tuesday, October 29, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1730217600 Time zone converter]) to celebrate Hallowe'en! We'll be celebrating Spooky Season with a WitchyData Working Hour! Following on Christa Strickler's recent project series, we will continue building proficiency with the Mix'n'match tool, but with a ghoulish twist. Join the fall fun by updating your [https://www.canva.com/zoom-virtual-backgrounds/templates/halloween/ Zoom background] or even coming in costume. BYOC (bring your own candy). Event page: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Wikidata_Working_Hours/2024-October-29_Wikidata_Working_Hour|Wikidata:WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group/Wikidata Working Hours/2024-October-29 Wikidata Working Hour]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2024/10/28/wikidata-wird-12-jahre/ Wikidata celebrates 12. Birthday – These are the coolest queries from 112 million entries] (in German) - "Wikidata, the world's largest free knowledge base, celebrates the 12th of October. Birthday. The open data graph for structured knowledge collects facts about numerous terms (items). Meanwhile, Wikidata includes an impressive 112 million items – and many more facts! On the occasion of Wikidata's birthday, we put the collected knowledge to the test and present the most exciting 12 queries that were created from it." ** * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M88w_omwoHM 2024 Wikidata Cross-Domain Forum 2024] (in Chinese) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsU0LykhRBg Wikidata Day NYC 2024 @ Pratt] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQ6dPf5kgKM Mapping the Accused Witches of Scotland in place and time] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BIq8qDT6JE What is Wikibase and what is it used for?] (in Spanish) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lm7NWXX6qz4 Introduction to Wikidata - Wikidata Days 2024 (First day)] (in Spanish) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YxbOPVJXvY Is there a system to capture data in Wikidata automatically?] (in Spanish) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[Wikidata:Lexica|Lexica]] – A mobile-friendly tool that simplifies micro contributions to lexicographical data on Wikidata, making various editing tasks accessible and intuitive for contributors of all experience levels. This tool is developed by the WMDE Wikidata Software Collaboration team in Indonesia. Try Lexica through this link: https://lexica-tool.toolforge.org/ ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * The [[m:Global Open Initiative|Global Open Initiative]] Foundation is building an open-source web app for Supreme Court cases in Ghana. We are looking for volunteers in the following roles: Frontend Developers, Backend Developers, Wikidata/SPARQL Experts, UI/UX Designers, Quality Assurance (QA) Testers, and Legal Professionals. Join us by sendind your resume and a brief description of your expertise to globalopeninitiative{{@}}gmail.com ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13044|characteristic of]] (<nowiki>(qualifier only) statement value is a characteristic, quality, property, or state of this qualifier value</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13045|has kanji reading]] (<nowiki>phonetic reading or pronunciation of the kanji</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]] (<nowiki>type of this scholarly work (e.g. “systematic review”, “proceedings”, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13047|leased to]] (<nowiki>person or organisation that holds or was granted a lease on the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13048|magazine capacity]] (<nowiki>number of projectiles or objects in the magazine feeding a weapon or tool</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13016|GameReactor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13017|Latgales dati person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13018|‎FantLab artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13019|RedBA Granada authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13020|‎NWIS site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13021|MetalTabs.com band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13022|Koha Kütüphane ID]], [[:d:Property:P13023|HA! artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13024|France television program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13026|Radio France program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13027|Grand Est inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13028|Norwegian Media Authority's film rating ID]], [[:d:Property:P13029|Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13030|‎Münzkabinett ID]], [[:d:Property:P13031|MyWaifuList character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13032|‎Kramerius of Czech Digital Library UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13034|‎European Parliament document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13035|‎Western Australian Biographical Index]], [[:d:Property:P13037|beniabbandonati (detailed sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13038|beniabbandonati (summary sheet) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13039|Biblioteka Nauki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13040|Biblioteka Nauki journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13041|Biblioteka Nauki book ID]], [[:d:Property:P13042|Biblioteka Nauki publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13043|PNM Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>Classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monument Counter ID|Monument Counter ID]] (<nowiki>Digital memorial for women killed by violence</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (<nowiki>A database containing data on European media.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (<nowiki>Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (<nowiki>qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (<nowiki>ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (<nowiki>duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (<nowiki>Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cihai dictionary entry ID|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Libération d’un sujet|Identifiant Libération d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/obastan.com dictionary IDs|obastan.com dictionary IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/graphclasses.org ID|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur|identifiant L'Équipe d'un basketteur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Journalistikon.de-ID|Journalistikon.de-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NRW-Archivportal-ID|NRW-Archivportal-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Railways station number|Taiwan Railways station number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID|Taiwan Professional Basketball League ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Damehåndbolddatabasen ID|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spirit of Metal IDs|Spirit of Metal IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VK track ID|VK track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GamersGlobal genre|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PublicationsList author ID|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivportal-D-ID|Archivportal-D-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FID performing arts agent GND ID|FID performing arts agent GND ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Бессмертный полк ID|Бессмертный полк ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FightTime fighters ID|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID|Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Bj6S Languages with more than one writing system] ** [https://w.wiki/Bj83 Map of all the libraries in the world present on Wikidata] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Psychology|Psychology]] - This project aims to improve items related to [[d:Q9418|psychology (Q9418)]]. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q15975673|Loomio (Q15975673)]]: decision-making software to assist groups with collaborative decision-making processes * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L680110|کھاوَݨ / ਖਾਵਣ (L680110)]] mean to "eat" in in Urdu ''' Development ''' * Vector 2022: We are continuing to make Wikidata Items pages work in dark-mode ([[phab:T369385]]) * EntitySchemas: We are continuing to work on making it possible to search for an EntitySchema by its label or alias when making a statement linking to an EntitySchema * Wikibase REST API: ** We discussed what will constitute breaking changes for the API ([[phab:T357775]]) ** We are working on the endpoint for creating Properties ([[phab:T342992]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 21|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:30, 28 ඔක්තෝබර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27654100 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #652 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-11-04. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|#651]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Andrebot_2|Andrebot 2]] - Task(s): Will check Romanian local election information on MongoDB against current relevant Items, where differences occur, will create new Items, link them and update associated information. * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - Withdrawn by proposer. * New request for comments: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Use_of_P2389_as_a_qualifier|Use of (P2389) as a qualifier]] - Should [[d:Property:P2389|organization directed by the office or position (P2389)]] be allowed as a qualifier? ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Rename_PeakFinder_ID_(P3770)|Rename Peakfinder ID (P3770)]] - The Peakfinder website content moved to cdnrockiesdatabases.ca, the associated Property ([[d:Property:P3770|P3770]]) has been relabeled to ''crdb peak ID''. ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Importing_WP_&_WMC_categories_into_Wikidata|Importing WP & WMC categories into Wikidata]] - Project chat discussion on importing Wikipedia Category information to Wikidata items. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Wikidata 12th Birthday happened. Special thanks to all the community members who prepared a present for Wikidata's birthday. New tools, updates, games, sparkly animations and of course plenty of maps! [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Presents|Here's the list of presents, with all the links to try them]]. You can also watch the [[c:File:Wikidata%27s_12th_birthday_presents_demos.webm|demo of all the birthday presents in video]]. * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Africa_Wiki_Women-Wikidata_Birthday_Contest_2024|The Africa Wiki Women-Wikidata Birthday Contest]] ends tomorrow, 05.11.2024. If you're participating, now's your last chance to earn some points by adding [[d:Property:P106|P106]] to items on African women. * Upcoming ** A [[d:WD:Scholia|Scholia]] hackathon will take place on Nov 15-16 online &mdash; see [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon November 2024|Its documentation page]] for details. ** [[Event:Mois_de_l%27histoire_LGBTQ%2B_2024|Mois de l'histoire LGBTQ+ (LGBTQ+ History month)]]: A month-long edit-a-thon from November 1 to 30 for documenting, improving and translating articles on LGBTQ+ topics on Wikidata and French Wikimedia projects. ** Check out the call for papers for the "Wikidata and Research" Conference! It will be held at the University of Florence in Italy on June 5-6, 2025. You can submit your papers by December 9, 2024: [[m:Wikidata and research/Call|Wikidata and research/Call]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://professional.wiki/en/articles/wikibase-strengths-and-weaknesses Is Wikibase Right for Your Project?] ** [https://www.dariah.eu/2024/11/04/dhwiki-a-new-dariah-eu-working-group-focusing-on-building-bridges-between-different-sectors/ DHwiki:a new DARIAH EU-working group focusing on building bridges between different sectors] - this working group acts as a bridge between GLAM institutions, DH researchers and Wikimedians. ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/746 Using AI to add to Wikidata] - Magnus Manske discusses the challenge of integrating Wikimedia Commons artworks into Wikidata. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2410.13707v1 Disjointness Violations in Wikidata] Finds 51 pairs of classes on Wikidata that should be disjoint (e.g. "natural object" vs. "artificial object") but aren't, with over 10 million violations, caused by a small number of "culprits" ([https://x.com/WikiResearch/status/1852081531248099796 source]) ** Refining Wikidata Taxonomy using Large Language Models ([https://x.com/HimarshaJ/status/1849590078806556709 source]) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARQ22UcwJH4 LIVE Wikidata editing #116 at the 12th #WikidataBirthday] - [[d:user:ainali|User:Ainali]] and [[d:user:abbe98|User:Abbe98]] do some live editing (in english) on items related to Wikidata and the sister projects in celebration of Wikidata's 12th birthday. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wJ6D4OLUXM Women Do News at Wikidata Day] - This lightning talk from journalist Molly Stark Dean introduces the Women Do News project to increase visibility of women journalists and expand and enrich Wikipedia articles about them. The project could greatly benefit from Wikidata items being created and/or expanded. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ez1VMoFFwA Knowledge Graphs Pt.2 - Enhancing Knowledge Graphs with LLM Keywords] - Valentin Buchner and Hans Mehlin describe their collaborative project between Nobel Prize Outreach (NPO) and EQT Motherbrain utilising Nobel Prize laureate’s biographies and Nobel Prize lectures. ** (en) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biWYkba4pi0 Introduction to Wikidata|Dagbani WM UG] - [[User:Dnshitobu|User:Dnshitobu]] presents an introductory course to Wikidata, with many Ghanaian examples. ** (cz) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VrtjfgO8Dk&t=3998s Wikidata in practice: document and library record structure and examples of data searches using WDQS] - Morning lecture organised by the National Library of the Czech Republic, Wikimedia CR and the Prague organization SKIP. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_0-i_qEIA8 Introduction to Wikidata and linking it to OSM] - This short introduction is presented by [[d:user:ranjithsiji|User:Ranjithsiji]] on the benefits to OpenStreetMap when connecting it to Wikidata. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[m:Wikidata One click Info Extension"OCI"|Wikidata One Click Info]] is a multilingual extension that enables you to search for any item or word that you come across while reading or browsing online. It's an extension that makes Wikidata's data easy to retrieve and access. Install on [https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ooedcbicieekcihnnalhcmpenbhlfmnj Chrome browser] or [https://addons.mozilla.org/addon/wikidata-one-click-info/ Firefox browser]. A [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pM8kpIV0qALgUNZ5Yq-XYWEDXKfYlfVn/view short video] about the usage of the extension. * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-most-frequent-properties CAT🐈: most frequent properties] a simple Observable tool which shows the most frequent properties for a set of Items. * Are you able to learn languages with Wikidata content? In Ordia there is the "[https://ordia.toolforge.org/guess-image-from-pronunciation/ Guess Image from Pronunciation]" game you can use to learn a few words from various languages. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * A small project on benchmarking query engine performance on useful Wikidata queries is asking for queries from the Wikidata user community to potentially be part of the benchmark. If you are a user of any Wikidata SPARQL service please send queries that you find useful to [mailto:pfpschneider@gmail.com Peter F. Patel-Schneider]. Say what you used the query for and whether you would like to be noted as the source of the query. Queries that take considerable time or time out are especially welcome, particularly if the query caused you to switch from the official Wikidata Query Service to some other service. More information about the project is available in [[Wikidata:Scaling_Wikidata/Benchmarking]]. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: none * External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13049|DDB person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13050|CIRDOC publication ID]], [[:d:Property:P13051|CIRDOC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurotopics ID|Eurotopics ID]] (<nowiki>A database containing data on European media.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (<nowiki>Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (<nowiki>qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (<nowiki>ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (<nowiki>duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (<nowiki>Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (<nowiki>the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (<nowiki>unique code, defined by the {{Q|3029562}}, to identify topographical features of France (regions, departments, citys, hamlet, thoroughfares ...) and elsewhere (Countries, Foreign Cities, ...)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (<nowiki>International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (<nowiki>pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (<nowiki>URL of a website's BEACON file</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BioMed Central journal ID|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Department of Defense Identification Code|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Health Facility Registry ID|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archivportal-D-ID|Archivportal-D-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FID performing arts agent GND ID|FID performing arts agent GND ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Бессмертный полк ID|Бессмертный полк ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID|Dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID|The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIS ID|DBIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB editorial collection ID|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANID Researcher Portal ID|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiBaseball ID|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kultboy editor ID|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TMDB network ID|TMDB network ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILEC World Lake Database ID|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ranker ID|Ranker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/BpFd Individual animals counted per species], [https://w.wiki/BpG9 list of these individual animals] ** [https://w.wiki/BgKJ Chronology of deaths of mathematicians, with their theorems] ([https://x.com/Pyb75/status/1849805466643181634 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AveburyPapers|AveburyPapers]] - The Avebury Papers is a collaborative UKRI-funded research project between University of York; University of Bristol; the National Trust; English Heritage; and Historic England. As part of this project, the team are doing several tasks which are generating data, some of which will be shared via Wikidata, in an effort to link parts of the Avebury collection with other collections. * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Schools|India/Schools]] - focused on school in India ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Video games/2025 video games|2025 video games]] - dedicated to the world of video games in 2025 * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Lexicographical data/Statistics/Count of lexemes without senses|Count of lexemes without senses]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q101110072|2024 United States presidential election (Q101110072)]] - 60th quadrennial U.S. presidential election * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L352|Katze (L352)]] - "domesticated feline animal" in German ''' Development ''' * Mobile statement editing: We are making progress on the technical investigation for how to make it easier to edit statements on mobile. A lot more work to be done after that though. * We fixed the sidebar link to the main page in many languages ([[phab:T184386]]) * Codex: We are continuing with the migration of the Query Builder to Codex, the new design system. The migration of Special:NewLexeme is almost finished. * Query Service: We have updated the list of languages for the language selector in the UI ([[phab:T358572]]) * Vector 2022: We are continuing to adress issues of the Item UI in dark mode ([[phab:T369385]]) * Wikibase REST API: ** We are moving from v0 to v1. ** We have finished the work on the new endpoint for creating Properties. * Action API: We’re improving the way the wbformatvalue API handles invalid options ([[phab:T323778]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:33, 4 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27679634 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #653 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-11-11. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 04|#652]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming ** [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon November 2024|Scholia Hackathon]] on November 15-16 (online) ** [https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/harvard-events/events-calendar/?trumbaEmbed=view%3Devent%26eventid%3D178656789 Black Teacher Archive Wikidata Edit-a-thon] - 19 November 2024, 9am - 12pm, Address: Gutman Library, 6 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA. Improve information about individual educators and their relationships with Colored Teachers Associations, HBCUs, the Divine Nine, religious institutions, and political organizations like the NAACP and Urban League. ** (German)[https://www.berliner-antike-kolleg.org/transfer/termine/2024_11_19_digital_classicist.html Seminar: Using wikibase as an integration platform for morphosyntactic and semantic annotations of Akkadian texts] - 19.11.2024, 16:00 - 18:00 CET (UTC+1), held at the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Unter den Linden 8, 10117 Berlin) ** [https://capacoa.ca/event/wikidata-in-dance-workshop/ Wikidata in dance workshop] - 3 December 2024, 1pm EST (UTC+5). A step-by-step workshop for members of the Canadian Dance Assembly. A free, expert-led series on how open data can benefit dance companies and artists. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VVBT5YD5I6OW4UQ37AGY2D32LATXT5ZU/ Save the date: Wikimedia Hackathon to be held in Istanbul, Turkey on May 2 - 4, 2025] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/TUBM6WI4LHPVEXVMFKHF5ZR3QNUBRYBG/ Apply for a scholarship to attend Wikimania 2025] Scholarships open: 7th November-8th December 2024 ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2024/10/31/wikidata-sprachen-im-internet-fordert/ Bridging language gaps: How Wikidata promotes languages on the Internet] (in German) about the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Software_Collaboration_for_Wikidata Software Collaboration Project for Wikidata] ** [https://wikimedia.ch/en/news/swiss-server-helps-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helps optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] - Wikimedia CH supporting Houcemeddine Turki in leveraging AI to transform Wikidata into a comprehensive, reliable biomedical resource, to bridge healthcare information gaps, especially in the Global South. ** [https://ultimategerardm.blogspot.com/2024/11/the-story-of-african-award-winning.html The story of African award winning scientists using Wikifunctions] * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcoYXJUT-zQ Wikidata's 12th birthday presents demos] ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9h4vcrqhNd0 Open data for journalistic investigation: The cases of Wikidata and Poderopedia] - This session held by Monica Ventura and Carla Toro discusses how open-data allow transparent analysis and evidence-based storytelling, enabling journalists to explore and verify complex information connections. ** (it) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SgxpZzLrNCs AuthorityBox & Alphabetica] - The use of Wikidata's data in the Alphabetica portal and in the [[d:User:Bargioni/AuthorityBox_SBN.js|SBN AuthorityBox]] gadget that can be activated via Code Injector in the [https://opac.sbn.it/ SBN OPAC]. ** [https://www.youtube.com/live/7RYutAJdmLg?t=9720s Semantic Wikibase] - Kolja Bailly presents this session during the MediaWiki Users & Developers Conference Fall 2024 (Day 3). ** (zh-TW) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNAWiLh2o-M Wikidata lexeme editing demonstration] - Wikidata Taiwan provide a demonstration to lexeme editing. ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNlXZ97vb9E OpenRefine - Wikidata Days 2024] - Conducted by Omar Vega from Wikimedia Peru, learn how to create a project with a list, clean and collate data, create a Wikidata schema and upload using QuickStatements. ** (es) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSsoKIrvg2c Merging duplicate Items in Wikidata] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=biWYkba4pi0 Introduction to Wikidata for Beginners in the Mabia communities] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://wdrecentchanges.toolforge.org Wikidata Edits Heatmap]: Real-time map that visualizes recent changes in Wikidata with geospatial markers showing the location of updated Items. * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/wwrw Western world versus the rest of the world]: a tool computing the distribution of mentioned entities in Wikipedia articles between Western world and the rest of the world. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Starting ca. today ({{ISOdate|2024-11-11}}), tools or bots which use the [[:wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wiki replicas]] (such as Quarry) will observe outdated data for up to 8-10 days, as a result of necessary database maintenance ([[phabricator:T367856|T367856]]). Tools or bots which use the APIs will not be affected. * Job vacancy [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-m-f-d-?jobDbPVId=167093023&l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikibase Suite allows institutions to create and host their own linked knowledge base with maximum customizability, this role will be responsible for the vision and strategy of this exciting product! ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: none * External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13052|BAHRA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13053|‎AniSearch person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13055|Dwelly entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13056|Rate Your Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13057|Spirit of Metal band ID]], [[:d:Property:P13058|Madelen person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13059|Babelio subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13060|Indo-Tibetan Lexical Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13061|World Historical Gazetteer place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13062|VG247 series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13063|ITTF PTT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13064|Lega Serie A player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13065|Push Square series ID]], [[:d:Property:P13066|LWW journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13067|Diccionario biográfico de Castilla-La Mancha ID]], [[:d:Property:P13068|Enciclopedia bresciana ID]], [[:d:Property:P13069|A digital concordance of the R̥gveda ID]], [[:d:Property:P13070|Inathèque document ID]], [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]], [[:d:Property:P13122|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Property:P13123|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13124|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13125|Immortal Regiment ID]], [[:d:Property:P13126|dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13127|Eurotopics ID]], [[:d:Property:P13128|TMDB network ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (<nowiki>Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (<nowiki>qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (<nowiki>ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (<nowiki>duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (<nowiki>Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (<nowiki>the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TOPO id|TOPO id]] (<nowiki>unique code, defined by the {{Q|3029562}}, to identify topographical features of France (regions, departments, citys, hamlet, thoroughfares ...) and elsewhere (Countries, Foreign Cities, ...)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (<nowiki>International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (<nowiki>pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (<nowiki>URL of an online service's BEACON file</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Railway station linear reference (line & milestone)|Railway station linear reference (line & milestone)]] (<nowiki>Stations are located on one or more railway routes, each at a given milestone. This makes it possible to situate them in the topology of a railway infrastructure. A linear reference system can be used to position any object on this topology. In this case, we would add one or more route (or line) number + milestone data pairs.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data analysis method|Data analysis method]] (<nowiki>methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Use data collection instrument|Use data collection instrument]] (<nowiki>Tool used by/in the subject to facilitate the collection of qualitative or quantitative data</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data collection method|Data collection method]] (<nowiki>scientific data collection procedure used in/by the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Snooker Tour tournament ID|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a tournament on the main website of World Snooker Tour (official site)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ITV News topic ID|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID|The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DBIS ID|DBIS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB editorial collection ID|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ANID Researcher Portal ID|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WikiBaseball ID|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kultboy editor ID|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ILEC World Lake Database ID|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ranker ID|Ranker ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC author ID|FNAC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID 2|CAMRA Experience pub ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Everand author ID|Everand author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phish.net Venue ID|Phish.net Venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/El Moudjahid tag ID|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bruker-ID i Store norske leksikon|bruker-ID i Store norske leksikon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/teams.by national team ID|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Measuring points uuid|Measuring points uuid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEX '09 entry ID|DEX '09 entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)|Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paramount+ video ID|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gerbang Kata ID|Gerbang Kata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Women's Snooker player ID|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association player ID|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NBA G League player ID|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketballnavi.DB player ID|Basketballnavi.DB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Football Kit Archive ID|Football Kit Archive ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Bsmj Recently edited lexemes since 'DATE'] (in this case Danish since 01.11.2024) ** [https://w.wiki/Bvap List films shot by filming location] - try changing the wd: Wikidata item to another country, city, or even a building or natural location. * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Public_art/Reports/Suriname|Suriname Public Art]] - public artworks and memorials in Suriname ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject HDF|HDF]] - A WikiProject for work underway at the [[d:Q106509427|The HDF Group (Q106509427)]] to connect HDF data with Wikidata. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject French Literary Prizes|French Literary Prizes]] - Aims to coordinate the development of a database on French literary prizes (prize list, jury members, list of winners). In 2008, Bertrand Labes listed more than 1,500 French-speaking literary prizes. To date, Wikidata has 709, including 24 including the list of winners and awarded works. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://orthohin.toolforge.org/ Languages with the most lexemes without senses] (using Toolforge tool 'Orthohin') * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5598|Rembrandt (Q5598)]] - Dutch painter and printmaker (1606–1669) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L740318|ਜੀਵਣ/جِیوَݨ (L740318)]] - 'life' in Punjabi ''' Development ''' * Lua: We changed the Wikibase function ''getAllStatements'' logic to behave as ''getBestStatements''. When invoked, it was returning mutable direct-values, now it will return a copy of those values (which are immutable). ([[phab:T270851]]) * Wikibase REST API: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/L7CPFQRY4RC5NCXOKRN4HWBTNBJ6GS4X/ Wikibase REST API is now on version 1!] ** We've finished the work on the create Property endpoint so it is now possible to create Properties via the REST API. * Configuration: We removed 'mainpage' from $wgForceUIMsgAsContentMsg for Wikidata as requested so translations of the main page are available ([[phab:T184386]]) * mul language code: We moved it to the top of the termbox so labels and aliases in mul are visible first ([[phab:T371802]]) * Revision table size: We are investigating the current state of the revision table of Wikidata's database and what the next steps should be to address its issues. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 10 28|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:32, 11 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27703854 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #654 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-11-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|#653]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 19 November, 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 19 November, 2024 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732035600 Time zone converter]) Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series LD4-WDAG Lexicographical Data Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. You only need to fill it out once, no matter how many sessions you plan to attend. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024 at our regular time of 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET. Visit the [[Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|event LD4 Affinity Group WikiPoject page]] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YQ7CQXMFAYPWOHLEF7KLZZNR3SYIBURN/ Conference about Wikidata and research at the University of Florence in Italy - call for papers deadline December 9, 2024] * [[mw:Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025|Wikimedia Hackathon 2025]] Registration is open until mid-April 2025 (unless event reahes capacity earlier). Hackathon takes place in Istanbul May 2 - 5, 2025. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** GLAM October Newsletter *** (Spanish + En) [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia Report]] - exploring uses of Wikidata in the Colombian context. *** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Latvia_report|Stats and program of the Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia]] *** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata 12th Birthday Report]] ** [https://blog.rayberger.org/wikidata-and-the-2024-open-library-community-celebration Wikidata and the 2024 Open Library Community Celebration] - Ray Berger shares their presentation for the Open Library celebration. ** [https://medium.com/@mark.reuter/a-hip-hop-world-map-7472a66da6a3 A Hip Hop World Map] - Mark Reuter uses Wikidata to create a map of Hip Hop artists birthplaces. * Papers ** [https://www.infodocket.com/2024/11/05/journal-article-shifting-paradigms-the-impact-of-streaming-on-diversity-in-academic-library-film-collections/ Journal Article: “Shifting Paradigms: The Impact of Streaming on Diversity in Academic Library Film Collections”] - Examines the impact of academic libraries shifting collections from physical to digital medium storage, and how Wikidata is used to analyse this. By Clarkson et al.,2024. ** [https://cgscholar.com/bookstore/works/encoding-archaeological-data-models-as-wikidata-schemas?category_id=cgrn&path=cgrn/296/301 Encoding Archaeological Data Models as Wikidata Schemas] - How Wikidata schema are being used to help the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_IDEA|Duros-Europos]] archaelogical archive By Thornton et al., 2024. ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.08696 Population and Exploration of Conference Data in Wikidata using LLMs] - to automate addition of scholarly data. By extracting metadata from unstructured sources and adding over 6,000 entities, it demonstrates a scalable method to enhance Wikidata as a scholarly resource. By Mihindukulasooriya et al., 2024. ** [https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3828/paper37.pdf DBLP to Wikidata: Populating Scholarly Articles in Wikidata] Presents a tool and method for adding scholarly articles and related entities, like co-authors and conference proceedings, to Wikidata using DBLP data, promoting the enhancement of Wikidata’s scholarly coverage. By Nandana Mihindukulasooriya. * Slides ** (Italian) all the slides of the presentations held during [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]] are available in [[:commons:Category:Wikidata Days Bologna 2024 presentations]] (the links have also been added to the [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program page]]) * Videos ** (Italian) all the videos of the presentations held during [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024|Wikidata Days Bologna 2024]] in the main room are available in [[:commons:Category:Wikidata Days Bologna 2024 videos]] (the links have also been added to the [[:d:Wikidata:Events/Wikidata Days Bologna 2024/Programma|program page]]) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfOP3rPZCUg&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Launch of Wikidata Lexicographical Data Contest] from the Dagaare Wikimedia Community. ** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmDgtf4YNCQ How to contribute to Wikidata with QuickStatements?] Omar Vegu of the Wikimedia Perú community will be showing how QS can be used to mass-edit Wikidata. ** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSsoKIrvg2c Wikidata - how to merge two elements that are repeated statements?] - What to do if you find more than one Wikidata item of the same, exact thing? This guide will show you what to do. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy8kv8VGMYU&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D WCNA 2024 Lightning talk: Designing a Wikidata Edit-a-thon for the Black Teacher Archive] - if you are interested in organising a Wikidata edit-a-thon (on any subject), this presentation shows the steps needed. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zMSIok3W3io&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D WCNA 2024: Adding authority control properties in Wikidata for writer and artist biographies] - an example of using Wikidata to enrich and expand an item for biographies. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BYF6L-D350&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D WCNA 2024: Wikidata profiling of small town art] - an example of how structured data can be used to preserve cultural history. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRlW2hTvCPQ MediaWiki U&D Con Fall 2024 - Day 3 - Introduction to Wikibase: Managing Datasets & Collections] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://dblp-to-wikidata.streamlit.app/ DBLP to Wikidata] - This tool is for adding scholarly articles to Wikidata utilizing data from DBLP. It also provides article authors with a tool to enhance Wikidata with associated entities, such as missing co-authors or conference proceeding entities. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgrlGqoegTY Demo video] & [https://github.com/scholarly-wikidata/dblp-to-wikidata Github repo] ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://observablehq.com/d/0099520872e082b9 Observable: Example SPARQL Queries Provenance Index LOD] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: none ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13071|TEES ID]], [[:d:Property:P13072|DVIDS unit ID]], [[:d:Property:P13073|Korean Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13075|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13076|Acervo de Literatura Digital Mato-Grossense work of art ID]], [[:d:Property:P13077|‎Atatürk Ansiklopedisi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13078|Cihai encyclopedia entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13079|‎eHLFL ID]], [[:d:Property:P13080|Songkick area ID]], [[:d:Property:P13081|DDB institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13082|Enciclopedia medica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13083|Sapere.it Italian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13084|Steam tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13085|L'Équipe basketball team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13086|AELC author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13087|TF1 info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13088|RTL topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13089|Actu.fr topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13090|FAO fungal entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13091|France Info topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13092|KISTI institute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13093|Israel Railways station number]], [[:d:Property:P13094|Digital LIMC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13095|TDK lexeme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13096|Yandex Maps organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13097|FightTime fighters ID]], [[:d:Property:P13098|Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn ID]], [[:d:Property:P13099|Cihai dictionary entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13100|Innovating Knowledge manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13101|L'Équipe basketball player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13102|Damehåndbolddatabasen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13103|Journalistikon.de ID]], [[:d:Property:P13104|graphclasses.org ID]], [[:d:Property:P13105|Taiwan Professional Basketball League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13106|PublicationsList author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13107|Monument Counter ID]], [[:d:Property:P13108|Spirit of Metal album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13109|Spirit of Metal style ID]], [[:d:Property:P13110|Spirit of Metal artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13111|Spirit of Metal label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13112|Spirit of Metal place ID]], [[:d:Property:P13113|Libération topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13114|Azerbaijani Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13115|Azerbaijani Dialect Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13116|Azerbaijani Phraseology Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13117|Lezgian Explanatory Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13118|VK Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13119|Taiwan Railways (TR) station number]], [[:d:Property:P13120|GamersGlobal genre]], [[:d:Property:P13121|Archivportal NRW ID]], [[:d:Property:P13122|Department of Defense Identification Code]], [[:d:Property:P13123|Health Facility Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13124|BioMed Central journal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13125|Immortal Regiment ID]], [[:d:Property:P13126|dictionary of affixes used in Czech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13127|Eurotopics ID]], [[:d:Property:P13128|TMDB network ID]], [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatype property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/chemical formula|chemical formula]] (<nowiki>Description of chemical compound giving element symbols and counts</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mode of reproduction|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/health points|health points]] (<nowiki>health or armor points of this video game, board game or role-playing game character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/damage|damage]] (<nowiki>damage value of this video game weapon, ability or character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mummy of a person|Mummy of a person]] (<nowiki>mummy of a person</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WPBSA com player ID|WPBSA com player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for an athlete on the main website of WPBSA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JLPT level|JLPT level]] (<nowiki>difficulty of word by the level of JLPT</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/beer style|beer style]] (<nowiki>classification of a beer based on its style</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has forks|has forks]] (<nowiki>Notable software forks of this software</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/most populous settlement|most populous settlement]] (<nowiki>city, town, or other settlement with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement|rubrique d'une installation classée pour la protection de l'environnement]] (<nowiki>Industrial or agricultural operations generating risks to health and the environment are regulated in France. The various risks are organized into headings in the nomenclature of installations classified for environmental protection. The dangers, pollution and nuisances of each operation are listed by public authorities.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/prototypical syntactic role of argument|prototypical syntactic role of argument]] (<nowiki>qualifier for {{P|9971}} indicating the most basic/fundamental syntactic position of that argument for that verb sense (that is, when the argument structure is not subject to any alternations)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/operating cost|operating cost]] (<nowiki>ongoing recurring cost for operating or using an object</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/effective life of asset|effective life of asset]] (<nowiki>duration of time which an object/asset is expected to be used before needing to be disposed of or replaced</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toki Pona headnoun|Toki Pona headnoun]] (<nowiki>Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Provides data for property|Provides data for property]] (<nowiki>the dataset associated with this external id usually contains data applicable to this other wikidata property</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISCC|ISCC]] (<nowiki>International Standard Content Code. Hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/romantic orientation|romantic orientation]] (<nowiki>pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GND-BEACON-URL|GND-BEACON-URL]] (<nowiki>URL of an online service's BEACON file</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Railway station linear reference (line & milestone)|Railway station linear reference (line & milestone)]] (<nowiki>Stations are located on one or more railway routes, each at a given milestone. This makes it possible to situate them in the topology of a railway infrastructure. A linear reference system can be used to position any object on this topology. In this case, we would add one or more route (or line) number + milestone data pairs.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data analysis method|Data analysis method]] (<nowiki>methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Use data collection instrument|Use data collection instrument]] (<nowiki>Tool used by/in the subject to facilitate the collection of qualitative or quantitative data</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Data collection method|Data collection method]] (<nowiki>scientific data collection procedure used in/by the subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Snooker Tour tournament ID|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a tournament on the main website of World Snooker Tour (official site)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (<nowiki>preliminary work for this finished work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (<nowiki>formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (<nowiki>Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (<nowiki>a scientific or technical illustration of this subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (<nowiki>academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)</nowiki>) * External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/case id (mainland China)|case id (mainland China)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet|Identifiant L'Humanité d’un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Duocet Wiki of Plants ID|Duocet Wiki of Plants ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vardnica.aizpute.lv ID|vardnica.aizpute.lv ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dtf.ru person ID|dtf.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NLI Newspaper Collection ID|NLI Newspaper Collection ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet|Identifiant Les Inrockuptibles d'un sujet]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GERS ID|GERS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/European Legislation Identifier|European Legislation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danbooru tag|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Alexander Keiller Museum ID|Alexander Keiller Museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative|Islamic Scientific Manuscripts Initiative]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Timenote.info Person ID|Timenote.info Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thai railway station identifier|Thai railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Resistance in Belgium ID|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID|Comprehensive Information System on Korean Historical Figures ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SNCF station trigram|SNCF station trigram]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Jolt username|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur|Identifiant Mediapart d'un blogueur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Centre d'études Picasso|identifiant Centre d'études Picasso]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Indo-European Lexicon ID|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SGES monument ID|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Presisov večjezični slovar ID|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Usito|Usito]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID|FVDP Vietnamese dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FNAC author ID|FNAC author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CAMRA Experience pub ID 2|CAMRA Experience pub ID 2]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Everand author ID|Everand author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Phish.net Venue ID|Phish.net Venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/teams.by national team ID|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Measuring points uuid|Measuring points uuid]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DEX '09 entry ID|DEX '09 entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)|Marktstammdatenregisternummer (Einheit)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paramount+ video ID|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gerbang Kata ID|Gerbang Kata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Women's Snooker player ID|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Basketball Association player ID|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NBA G League player ID|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Basketballnavi.DB player ID|Basketballnavi.DB player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Football Kit Archive ID|Football Kit Archive ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Electronic Language International Festival Person ID|Electronic Language International Festival Person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/C6iL List Authors by work language (Latin)] ** [https://w.wiki/C6iZ Return Lexemes of Month and Day in the filtered languages] ** [https://w.wiki/C7BP Hip Hop artists by place of birth] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_HelveticArchives|Helvetic Archives]] - coordination of data ingests and workshops related to the [[d:Q98557969|HelveticArchives]], operated by the Swiss National Library. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Scholia/Surveys/2024|Scholia, 2024 Surveys]] - assists with the planning, conduct, analysis and communication of a user survey for Scholia. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Biography/Authors_by_writing_language/Latin|Authors by writing language (Latin)]] - Wikidata list for the Biography WikiProject. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:EntitiesWithoutDescription|Entities without description]] - find items missing a description in a chosen language. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q44387|Darius I (the Great) (QQ44387)]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L712968|Vrimle (L712968)]] This Lexeme is 'teem'ing with forms (Bokmål). ''' Development ''' * [BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT] [[listarchive:list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/DK3QH24M7SSZ76P7Q2QTRY4FVZOHBF7Z/|wbformatvalue API will no longer accepts most options]] * Wikibase REST API: We are looking into how to do search in the REST API. * Special:NewLexeme: We merged the full migration from the Wikit to the Codex design system. * EntitySchemas: We are polishing the patches to make it possible to search for EntitySchemas by label when linking to an EntitySchema in a new statement. * Wikidata support is now available to [[:tcy:ಮುಖ್ಯ_ಪುಟ|Tulu Wikipedia]] and [[:tcy:s:ಮುಖ್ಯ_ಪುಟ|Tulu Wikisource]] [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11:30, 19 November 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27703854 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #655 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-11-26. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 19|#654]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/333Bot|333Bot]] - Task(s): Add missing sitelinks to english Wikisource based on their header templates there. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Additional_rights_for_bureaucrats|Additional rights for bureaucrats]] - Closed as successful. Bureaucrats will now be able to remove Admin rights. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]] ''' * Upcoming ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KP4H3NIV4BUZU4MVFOPP656SBW7OE7P3/ 2025 Wikimedia Hackathon - registration is now open] ** Save the date: the [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days 2025]], an online event focusing on the use of Wikidata's data for tools and applications, will take place in February. You can already [[d:Event talk:Data Reuse Days 2025|propose sessions for the program]]. ** Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 3 December 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 3 December 2024 at 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1733245200 Time zone converter]). Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. You only need to fill it out once, no matter how many sessions you plan to attend. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024, at our regular time of 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|Event page]] ** [[wikimania:2025:Scholarships|Wikimania 2025 Scholarships are now open!]] This application is open until Sunday 8th December, 2024 ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2024/Contents/Colombia report|Why and for what purpose should Wikidata be used in Colombia?]] ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Latvia_report|Wikidata Workshop 2024: National Library of Latvia]] ** [https://blog.rayberger.org/wikidata-and-the-2024-open-library-community-celebration Wikidata and the 2024 Open Library Community Celebration] ** [https://news.illinoisstate.edu/2024/11/where-the-data-may-roam-bringing-wild-west-performers-to-wikidata/ Where the data may roam]: Bringing Wild West performers to Wikidata. Author Jason Sharp documents their experience adding legendary showman Buffalo Bill to Wikidata. ** [https://blog.biodiversitylibrary.org/2024/11/meet-tiago-bhl-wikimedian-in-residence.html Advancing BHL’s Data for a Sustainable Future: Meet Tiago, Our New Wikimedian-in-Residence] The [[Wikidata:WikiProject BHL|BHL-Wiki Working Group]] has enrolled a Wikimedian-in-Residence with a focus on Wikidata and Structured Data on Commons. * Papers ** [https://apcz.umk.pl/FT/article/view/52732 Beyond the Library Catalogue: Connecting Library Metadata to Wikidata] - examines how integrating Wikidata into libraries enhances resource discoverability, fosters interoperability, and empowers users within a global knowledge network. By Okuonghae, O. (2024). ** [https://content.iospress.com/articles/semantic-web/sw243686 On assessing weaker logical status claims in Wikidata cultural heritage records] - approaches to representing weaker logical status (WLS) information in Wikidata, finding limited usage, variations and ambiguities between datasets, and proposes improvements for clarity and accuracy. By Di Pasquale et al.(2024) * Books: [https://doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0393-7 Tiziana Possemato, ''Entity modeling: la terza generazione della catalogazione'']: contains many references to the use of Wikidata in cataloguing * Videos ** (Portuguese)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60Oq6LVZCdY Wikidata & OpenRefine] - Part of the “Introduction to digital platforms for research” sessions for the Centro Luís Krus of NOVA FCSH. Practical exercises for data reconciliation from the Portuguese Early Music Database using the OpenRefine tool. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8U9bheQorg NODES 2024: Using Dbpedia and Wikidata Knowledge Graphs With Neo4j] - Cuneyt Tyler presents 'Semantic Space', a project using Dbpedia and Wikidata to enhance the user experience browsing articles on the web. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGEDRHtRVtc Uploading Images From Public Sites] - Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata make great bedfellows. Margaret Donald shows how to create Commons categories, create structured data and link categories to Wikidata. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_Kry2fIHXc WCNA: LOFESQ Lots of Farmers Empty Silos Quicker]: building community through a named entity Wikibase. Experiences of the Smithsonian Libraries and Archives setting up the WikiNames Wikibase instance and breaking down knowledge silos * Podcast series: [https://whoseknowledge.org/dsd-whose-voices/ Decolonizing structured data: a new season of Whose Voices?] including "Episode 5 -- Unpacking Wikidata’s possibilities with [[d:User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]]" * Other ** [[m:Research:Newsletter/2024/November#"SPINACH":_LLM-based_tool_to_translate_"challenging_real-world_questions"_into_Wikidata_SPARQL_queries|SPINACH: AI help for asking Wikidata "challenging real-world questions"]] ** [[commons:File:De_Wikidata_à_Wikibase-CampusDuLibre-23-Novembre-2024-John_Samuel.pdf|De Wikidata à Wikibase : Pour une meilleure compréhension de vos données]], presentation by [[d:User:Jsamwrites|John Samuel]] at [[d:Q131312243|Le campus du libre 2024 (Q131312243)]], Lyon, November 23, 2024. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://ordia.toolforge.org/guess-image-from-pronunciation/ Guess Image from Pronunciation] is an Ordia game that uses lexicographic data in Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The game challenges players to match the correct image with the audio pronunciation of what the image depicts. * [https://github.com/fusion-jena/abecto/releases/tag/v3.1.1 ABECTO] is a tool that compares #RDF data to spot errors and assess completeness. Recent changes to the tool adjust result export for #Wikidata Mismatch Finder to changed format, add reporting of qualifier mismatches to Wikidata Mismatch Finder export, and suppress illegal empty external values in Wikidata Mismatch Finder export ([https://wikis.world/@janmartinkeil@mstdn.social/113480328404817505 Tweet]) * [https://wd-infernal.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Infernal] is an API that allows you to infer new facts from Wikidata. It uses a set of rules to infer new facts from existing ones. The generated statements will have qualifiers to indicate the source and method of the inference. Output is an array of statements in JSON/Wikidata format. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/750 blog]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13146|picture of this person doing their job]] (<nowiki>picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13150|ISCC]] (<nowiki>ISCC hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13142|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P13143|DEX ’09 entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13144|Electronic Language International Festival person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13145|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Property:P13147|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13148|Le Club Mediapart blogger ID]], [[:d:Property:P13149|Phish.net venue ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (<nowiki>preliminary work for this finished work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (<nowiki>formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (<nowiki>Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (<nowiki>an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (<nowiki>academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UMC rating|UMC rating]] (<nowiki>Age rating category as designated by the UAE Media Council (UMC)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Non-binary population|Non-binary population]] (<nowiki>number of non-binary people inhabiting the place</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role named as|role named as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of it's respective work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bequest income|bequest income]] (<nowiki>The sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Corporate body code|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBOID|SBOID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Waymark code|Waymark code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID|Radio Algeria tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThePWHL.com player ID|ThePWHL.com player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [[d:User:Ainali/30_Day_Map_Challenge_2024#/map/4|Map of Swedish municipalities colored by Wikipedia article length]] ([https://social.coop/@ainali/113498913509281376 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/C8KA Timeline of deaths from disasters in Spain] ([https://x.com/jmcollado/status/1861142531855032517 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Aargauer Bibliografie|Aargauer Bibliografie]] - WikiProject for the coordination of data ingests and Wikipedia workshops related to the official bibliography of the [[d:Q301235|Aargau Cantonal Library]], operated by [[d:Q113977165|Bibliothek und Archiv Aargau]] (Switzerland) ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Amis|WikiProject Taiwan/Amis]] - collects information related to the Ami culture, including statistics and activity records. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Rwanda|Rwanda]] - aims to be a central hub for the curation of any and all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organizational, etc...) relating to Rwanda [[d:Q1037|Rwanda (Q1037)]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/without claims by site/enwiki|A list of Items with a sitelink to English Wikipedia but without any Statements]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q223385|Cueva de las Manos (Q223385)]] - cave with cave paintings in Santa Cruz, Argentina * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L2781|bezczelny (L2781)]] - Polish adjective that can mean "impudent" or "brazen" in English ''' Development ''' * Wikidata Query Service: The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split/Rules|graph split rules]] have been updated to now also include Items that contain a statement using "[[d:Property:P13046|publication type of scholarly work]]" into the scholarly article graph. * Wikibase.cloud now allows personal userscripts ([[phab:T378627]]) * EntitySchemas: We continued the work on making it possible to search for EntitySchemas by label and aliases when making a statement linking to an EntitySchema.([[phab:T375641]]) * Ontology file: We are updating the Wikibase ontology file. ([[phab:T371196]], [[phab:T371752]]) * Property Suggester: We are updating the suggestions data ([[phab:T377986]] but first need to improve the underlying scripts ([[phab:T376604]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are prototyping the search functionality for the REST API ([[phab:T379608]]) * Revision table: We are continuing the investigation into the size limitations of the table. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 19|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:43, 26 නොවැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27853794 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #656 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-12-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 26|#655]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ThesaurusLinguaeAegyptiaeBot|ThesaurusLinguaeAegyptiaeBot]] - Task(s): Creating and updating Hieroglyphic Ancient Egyptian and Coptic lexemes and ancient Egyptian text artifact items. It is also to maintain links to the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae project via approved properties. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Schema_virtual_tour|Schema Virtual Tour]] - [[d:User_talk:Brechtd|User:Brechtd]] would like feedback on determining a data model and schema for Wikidata items that are an instance of [[d:Q2915546|virtual tour(Q2915546)]] - See [[d:Wikidata:Schema_proposals/virtual_tour|Schema Proposal - Virtual Tour]] for more info. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Create_items_for_property_proposals|Create items for Property proposals]] - Despite a spirited discussion with many comments both in favour and opposition, no consensus was reached. '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Events]]''' * Upcoming: ** Wikimedia Deutschland is providing a total of 15 participation scholarships for Wikimania 2025 (7 individual and 4 tandem scholarships). Further information is available on [[w:de:Wikipedia:Förderung/Wikimania/English|this page]]. An overview of all questions in the application form is [[c:File:2024-11-14 Wikimania 2025 scholarship application (Wikimedia Deutschland).pdf|here]]. [https://zforms.wikimedia.de/wmde/form/Wikimania2025scholarshipapplicationform/formperma/z3vs3NSu6TildxnidcQlBrJ3YQiEDDXP0x9E3l6T6is Apply here]. Closes 8 December 2024. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/BL5D7RN65PLSLAA3AGNI32LTCXR7UKDM/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team—December 4, 2024]. The time is 17:00 CET ** Tomorrow / 3rd December 2024: Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity]] Group session @ 9am PT / 12pm ET / 5pm UTC / 6pm CET. If you would like to attend, please fill out the [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Etherpad form] to ensure all necessary materials are provided for you. ** Deadline for the [[m:Central Asian WikiCon 2025|Central Asian WikiCon 2025]] scholarship application is December 30, 2024. We encourage you to make Wikidata-related submissions (the deadline for submission is March 22, 2025. '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Research ** [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Research/Statement_Signals|Statement Signals: Wikidata usage on other Wikis]]: A new research report is available. Explores what trace Wikidata data is measurable on other Wiki pages and proposes initial metrics for measuring Wikidata statement usage on Wikimedia content pages. Also suggests methods to improve data analysis and collection. PDF is available on [[c:File:Statement_Signals_Measuring_Wikidata_Usage_on_Other_Wikis.pdf|Commons]] * Blogs ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2024/11/28/celebrating-wikidatas-12th-birthday-across-the-world/ Celebrating Wikidata’s 12th birthday across the world] - Wikidata celebrated its 12th birthday in October and November 2024, with a series of global events and activities aimed at commemorating the platform's contributions to the open knowledge movement, engaging its community of volunteers, and highlighting the significant role Wikidata plays in the digital landscape. By Dan Shick * Papers ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/386043293_Beyond_the_Library_Catalogue_Connecting_Library_Metadata_to_Wikidata Beyond the Library Catalogue: Connecting Library Metadata to Wikidata] - This paper explores how libraries can leverage Wikidata to enhance resource discoverability, foster interoperability, and integrate into the global knowledge ecosystem. By Omorodion Okuonghae (2024). ** [https://www.deslab.org/publication/a-framework-for-integrating-biomedical-knowledge-in-wikidata-with-open-biological-and-biomedical-ontologies-and-mesh-keywords/ A framework for integrating biomedical knowledge in Wikidata with open biological and biomedical ontologies and MeSH keywords] - Enhancing Wikidata’s biomedical knowledge by integrating OBO ontologies and PubMed’s MeSH keywords, addressing gaps, improving classification accuracy, and verifying relations for stronger interoperability and accuracy. By Chebil et al. (2024). ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2411.15550v1 Class Order Disorder in Wikidata and First Fixes] analyzes class order violations in Wikidata's ontology using SPARQL, evaluates fixes, and offers solutions through improved tools or community involvement. By P. Patel-Schneider and E. Doğan. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey-D-oiBcx4 Edit a Wikidata Item and Lexeme] - The Tyap Wikimedia User Group produced this tutorial on editing as part of the Wikidata 12th Birthday celebrations for the Wikidata @12 Data-a-thon. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzo6IysvZNk State of the art in combining OpenStreetMap and Linked Data] - Covers Linked Data basics, its potential with OSM, and popular methods for linking, extracting, combining, and querying data from both sources. Jump to ([https://youtube.com/watch?v=gzo6IysvZNk?t=359 Wikidata]) ** (正體字, CN Trad.) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5WuyQh_m8s Getting Started with Wikidata] - An introduction and overview to Wikidata and some associated tools such as ORES and LiftWing. ** (正體字, CN Trad.) [https://youtube.com/watch?v=obvET8QyHRw Wikidata Basic Editing Tutorial] - This session was given as part of the COSCUP '24 conference on the OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Agenda Track. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s499PeolbOg LLM-based natural-language representations for SPARQL queries over Wikidata and DBpedia] - LORiS: This tool can help you understand complex SPARQL queries by converting them to natural language. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrwvxIsWRKs Towards an Open NLI LLM-based System for KGs: A Wikidata Case Study] - At the 7th ISRITI 2024 conference, Jaycent Ongris shows how RAG (retrieval-augmented generation) has been used in a natural-language question-answer platform to directly query Wikidata. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmCbTOZ4Yos How knowledge representation is changing in a world of LLM's] - Denny Vrandečić gives this keynote session at the SWIB (Semantic Web in Libraries) conference. ** [https://youtube.com/watch?v=PKk_b7zC1KA?t=1170Finding the Capacity to Grieve Once More] - Alexandros Kosiaris of the Wikimedia Foundation explains changes made to make Wikipedia more stable and prevent outages, including how it calls and fetches data from Wikidata. Session given at SREcon24. '''Tool of the week''' * [https://wse-research.org/LoRiS-LLM-generated-representations-of-SPARQL-queries/ LoRiS] - Generate natural-language descriptions of SPARQL queries via LLM's. '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * [[d:Wikidata:WordGraph|Wikidata:WordGraph]]: Google released the WordGraph dataset as a belated present for Wikidata’s 12th birthday. The dataset contains 968,153 forms in 39 languages. * [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=171424268&l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikimedia Deutschland has an open and exciting vacancy for a Product Manager of Wikibase Suite. [https://jobdb.softgarden.de/jobdb/public/jobposting/applyonline/click?jp=50824818 Apply!] * Tools or bots which use the [[:wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wiki replicas]] (such as Quarry) will observe outdated data for up to 8-10 days, as a result of necessary database maintenance ([[phabricator:T367856|T367856]]). Tools or bots which use the APIs will not be affected. (This was previously announced [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 11|2024-11-11]] but didn’t actually take place yet.) '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13146|picture of this person doing their job]] (<nowiki>picture of a person in action, especially for a sportsperson, visual artist, musican, actor. P18 is normally used for portraits</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13150|ISCC]] (<nowiki>ISCC hash code that identifies a media object based on fuzzy hashing</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13129|Kultboy editor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13130|WikiBaseball ID]], [[:d:Property:P13131|Ninilchik Russian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13132|ANID Researcher Portal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13133|TOPO ID]], [[:d:Property:P13134|DBIS Resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13135|ITV News topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13136|Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites ID]], [[:d:Property:P13137|ISFDB editorial collection ID]], [[:d:Property:P13138|Great Norwegian Encyclopedia contributor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13139|ILEC World Lake Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13140|Sage Social Science Thesaurus ID]], [[:d:Property:P13141|El Moudjahid tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13142|SGES monument ID]], [[:d:Property:P13143|DEX ’09 entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13144|Electronic Language International Festival person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13145|Medieval Coin Hoards of the British Isles ID]], [[:d:Property:P13147|Paramount+ video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13148|Le Club Mediapart blogger ID]], [[:d:Property:P13149|Phish.net venue ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/study or design for this work|study or design for this work]] (<nowiki>preliminary work for this finished work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OAI formatter|OAI formatter]] (<nowiki>formatter to generate ID compatible with {{Q|2430433}} services</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Library Collection|Open Library Collection]] (<nowiki>Link to Open Library Collection which contain manually and automaticallly collections of editions and works on certain topics</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/scientific illustration|scientific illustration]] (<nowiki>an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/thesis submitted for|thesis submitted for]] (<nowiki>academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/meeting of|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this body (legislature, committee, convention, etc.)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UMC rating|UMC rating]] (<nowiki>Age rating category as designated by the UAE Media Council (UMC)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Third-gender population|Third-gender population]] (<nowiki>number of third-gender people inhabiting the place</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/role named as|role named as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of it's respective work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/bequest income|bequest income]] (<nowiki>The sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audio tour|Audio tour]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Augmented reality tour|Augmented reality tour]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual reality tour|Virtual reality tour]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/extension that populates category|extension that populates category]] (<nowiki>analogous to {{P|4329}} for tracking cat:s populated by extensions of MediaWiki, linking to extension causing the population</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUATM statistical code|CUATM statistical code]] (<nowiki>7-digits code attributed to administrative-territorial units of Moldova</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CUATM unique identification code|CUATM unique identification code]] (<nowiki>4-digits code attributed to administrative-territorial units of Moldova</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISLRN|ISLRN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/erail.in railway station identifier|erail.in railway station identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gallimard author ID|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts|Identifiant d'un(e) artiste sur Reg-Arts]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eyrolles author ID|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zvuk album ID|Zvuk album ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chtyvo author ID|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EU Corporate body code|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SBOID|SBOID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Waymark code|Waymark code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID|Radio Algeria tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThePWHL.com player ID|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)|Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant L'AF au champ d'honneur|Identifiant L'AF au champ d'honneur]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans Vidas|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans Vidas]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ Open Source Security Foundation Best Practices Identifier| Open Source Security Foundation Best Practices Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OpenSSF Best Practices ID|OpenSSF Best Practices ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Mémoire des avocats|Identifiant sur Mémoire des avocats]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wurfhand|Wurfhand]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University Bibliography Tübingen ID|University Bibliography Tübingen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZSL Authority ID|ZSL Authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PUG authority ID|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks class ID|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HCERES expert ID|HCERES expert ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/CCfd Using cross-product / cross-join to produce list of categories] **[https://w.wiki/CEmt Map of individuals charged, convicted and/or exonerated of Witchcraft with place of death in Switzerland] **[https://w.wiki/CEn6 Names and Locations of French Castles (Château)] **[https://w.wiki/CEnW Train Station information (with a Spanish Wikipedia article)] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Bibliotheek_UvA/HvA|Bibliothek UvA/HvA]] - documenting, archiving and creating items from collections from the UvA/AUAS Library in Amsterdam, beginning with the works of [[d:https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130736773|Allard Pierson]]. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ghana|Ghana]] - A hub for Ghanaian activities and entities, including regional languages: Dagbanli, Twi and Dagari. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Taiwan/Thao|Thao (Taiwan)]]: For collecting information related to Thao cultural themes, including statistics and activity records. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Recent_deaths|Recent Deaths]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5682|Miguel de Cervantes]]: Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright (1547-1616) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1236574|புறவு (L1236574)]] - A Tamil lemma for dense forest, impassable jungle and a pigeon dove. '''Development''' * EntitySchemas: We are continuing the work on making it possible to search for an EntitySchema by its label or alias when making a new statement linking to an EntitySchema. * PropertySuggester: We have updated the script that generates the suggestions and will update the suggestions next. * Lexicographical data: We fixed a visual issue with search results on the Codex-based Special:NewLexeme ([[phab:T370057]]) * Vector 2022: We are working on designs to fix the remaining issues with the skin on Wikidata. * Wikibase REST API: We are finishing the prototype for supporting search in the API. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 11 26|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:30, 2 December 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27853794 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #657 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the <br>week leading up to 2024-12-09. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 02|#656]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/KlaraBot|KlaraBot]] - Task(s): Append a human's lifespan to descriptions when they can be authoritatively sourced. * Closed request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/audio_transcription_(P9533)|Audio transcription (P9533)]] - Closed with no consensus. The discussion is ongoing on the Property [[d:Property_talk:P9533|P5933]] talk page. ''' Events ''' * Past: [[m:Amical_Wikimedia|Amical Wikimedia]], the Catalan-language and culture focused thematic Wikimedia Organization organized the [[w:ca:Viquipèdia:Celebrem_Wikidata|Celebrem Wikidata (Let's celebrate Wikidata)]] project to celebrate Wikidata's 12th anniversary, from November 10 - 30. This included a Wikidata introduction workshop to equip participants with the editing skills to tackle the project's main aim. This was presented as a game to delete duplicate info on Wikidata and [[w:ca:Portada|Catalan Viquipèdia]] infoboxes, in three areas: protected buildings, officers' positions and data related to sports teams players. At the end of the event, ~200 Wikidata-fed infoboxes and Wikidata items were improved and many Wikipedia editors edited Wikidata for the first time! * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** (Deutsch)[https://www.lhlt.mpg.de/events/40120/2368 Wikidata for Legal Historians] - Tue. 10 December, 3pm - 7pm (UTC+1). This presentation explores Wikidata as a key platform for LOD, explains its Semantic Web foundation, introduces FactGrid (a Wikidata-based platform for historical research). Highlights potential of both platforms using examples and encourages discussion for legal historical research. [https://plan.events.mpg.de/event/381/ Register here]. ** '''Today''' (09.12.2024) is the last chance to submit an Abstract for the [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research]] conference (5 - 6 June 2025). If you are interested in participating, please review the [[m:Wikidata_and_research/Call#Call_for_abstracts|submission acceptance format]] before submitting [https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimedia.it/Wikidata_and_Research/2025/Conference#tab-active-submissions here]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/mediawiki-users-and-developers-conference-2024-vienna MediaWiki Conference Highlights], featuring Wikibase talks including one by Christos Varvantakis and Jon Amar from Wikimedia Deutschland. ** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/connecting-wikibase-and-semantic-mediawiki Semantic Wikibase 2024 Update] ** [https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20241203748270/en/Wikimedia-Deutschland-Launches-AI-Knowledge-Project-in-Collaboration-with-DataStax-Built-with-NVIDIA-AI WMDE launches AI Knowledge project in collaboration with DataStax built with NVIDIA AI] ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/07/ten-years-of-philippine-local-government-data-as-gift-to-wikidatas-12-year-anniversary/ Ten years of Philippine local Govt. data] for Wikidata's 12th Birthday. Read about SKAP's (Shared Knowledge Asia Pacific) efforts to add 10 years worth of financial data of local Government assets to Wikidata during a Datathon. * Papers ** [https://zenodo.org/records/14313263 Developing an OCR - Wikibase Pipeline for Place Names in the RGTC Series] - introduces a semi-automated workflow for extracting and digitally storing geographically relevant information, including spatial relations and contextual details, from place names in the Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes. By Matthew Ong (2024). * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAJwmMrTF-M Wikibase4Research] - Kolja Bailly presents ways in which the Wikibase4Research tool by the TIB Open Science Lab supports researchers in dealing with Mediawiki software for knowledge bases such as Wikibase and facilitates better and FAIR Research Data Management. Includes a live demonstration and beginner-friendly instructions. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-metrics CAT🐈: Metrics] computing simple metrics (number of labels, number of descriptions, number of sitelinks, number of statements) for item matching a simple claim. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Template:Image_properties Template:Image properties] New template listing properties that link to images. * [[m:Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect|Let's Connect]] invites you to get involved in helping spread awareness and knowledge of Wikidata, potentially help organise a Wikidata Learning Clinic. Are you interested in participating? Please sign-up on this [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdiea87tSYmB2-1XHn_u8RLe7efMJifJBzffIM-6rtpx0PWqw/viewform registration form]. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13162|reference illustration]] (<nowiki>an illustration of this subject to provide a detailed reference for its appearance. It should be ideally tied to the primary literature on the item.</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13151|Gallimard author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13152|Football Kit Archive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13153|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13154|Bibliothèque du Séminaire de Tournai publisher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13155|Reg-Arts artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13156|EU Corporate body code]], [[:d:Property:P13157|PBY Ben-Yehuda dictionary identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13158|Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13159|L'AF au champ d'honneur ID]], [[:d:Property:P13160|Radio Algeria tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Property:P13161|Radio Algeria tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Property:P13163|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13164|Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land acknowledgement|land acknowledgement]] (<nowiki>acknowledgement of indigenous or native people whose ancestors lived at a location</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/homonym of|homonym of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taxon known by this common name|taxon known by this common name]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this common name refers</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCGames.de product ID|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AniSearch character ID|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hachette author ID|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/El Watan tag ID|El Watan tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Albin Michel author ID|Albin Michel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DNCI label ID|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Battle.net game ID|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Collectie Nederland ID|Collectie Nederland ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/CMYo Items missing Hungarian labels or description that are part of Library and Information Science (Q13420675)] ** [https://w.wiki/CMZD Items from Maori Wikipedia missing English labels or descriptions] ** [https://w.wiki/CMZL Instances of "Shopping Center" located in administrative territorial entity subclass of Norway] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** Nonprofit Organisations in [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Nigeria|Nigeria]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Belgium|Belgium]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Italy|Italy]]. * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda|Rwanda]] - since its creation a couple of weeks ago, it has expanded greatly with new sections for [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/List|Lists]], [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/Museums|Museums]] and [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Rwanda/Hospitals|Hospitals]]. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Unauthorized_bots|Unauthorized Bots]] - A list of bots and their edits, operating without a Bot flag. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q49727|Das Erste]]: A German public service television channel broadcasting for more than 70 years. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L8153|Kerzu (L8153)]] the [[d:Q12107|Breton]] word for December, directly translates from "totally black", rather appropriate for the cold, dark last month of the year. ''' Development ''' *[[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Ghana|Ghana]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 02|Previous issue]] · [[User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:19, 9 December 2024 (UTC)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27853794 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #658 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-12-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 09|#657]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/PWSBot|PWSBot]] - Task(s): Is a selfmade chatbot to answer factual questions as part of a final research project for educational purposes. * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/CarbonBot|CarbonBot]] - ''Withdrawn by submitter'' ''' Events ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: * Next Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] session (Attn: Please fill out Pre-Participation Survey!) 17 December 2024: We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group Session on Tuesday, 17 December 2024 at 9 am PT / 12 pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6 pm CET ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1734454800 Time zone converter]) Wikimedian Mahir Morshed is leading a series of four sessions focused on lexicographical data in Wikidata. We are looking forward to learning more about these Wikibase entities! If you anticipate attending the workshop sessions, please fill out a brief survey linked from our Series [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/LD4-WDAG_Lexicographical_Data_Series Etherpad] to help us prepare relevant materials for you. Sessions will be held on November 5, November 19, December 3, and December 17, 2024 at our regular time of 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Second_Project_Series|Event page]] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/PHUQQWNZZGTPYLOGGII4HVUO63OA2MFZ/ 2025 Wikimedia Hackathon - register now] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Papers ** [[:w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-12-12/In_focus|Are Wikipedia articles representative of Western or world knowledge?]], December 12, 2024, ''[[:w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/|The Signpost]]'' ** Baptiste de Coulon, "Les don­nées liées, Wikidata et les archi­ves : une oppor­tu­nité de contri­bu­tion aux com­muns numé­riques". In: [[d:Q15751263|La Gazette des archives]], n°271, 2024-2, p.37-56 (free access online after 3 years). * Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9byadj0uko AWS re:Invent 2024] - Wikimedia Deutschland's [[d:User:Lydia_Pintscher_(WMDE)|Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)]] and Philippe Saadé talk about [[d:Wikidata:Embedding Project]]. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://shex-validator.toolforge.org/packages/shex-webapp/doc/shex-simple.html Tabular Online Validator] - checks if SPARQL query results conform to a provided schema by validating data and highlighting potential errors, such as missing properties, invalid values, or too many values, with the option to refine the schema if issues arise. (A major update to the current ShEx validator that is expected to get integrated into the existing validator soon) * [https://observablehq.com/@pac02/cat-overview-of-references CAT🐈: Overview if references]: looking at references for a set of Wikidata items ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://openrefine.org/blog/2024/11/25/openrefine-developer-role Now Hiring: OpenRefine Developer & Contributor Engagement] * The Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) is launching the Entity Management Cooperative (EMCO) program in 2025, aiming to unify entity management across the semantic web, including registries like Wikidata. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/PB4QXF34D5TN63QXSL6I2YIG7BKPSUYF/ Volunteers, including those with prior experience in PCC’s ISNI or Wikidata pilots, are invited to join the Early Adopters Phase by January 17, 2025]. * The Biodiversity Heritage Library Working Group has set up [[m:BHL|a page on Meta t]]<nowiki/>o coordinate contributions across projects, including Wikidata ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: ** [[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (<nowiki>the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (<nowiki>country specific tax status of non-profit organisations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Рахимов, Гафур Рахимович|Рахимов, Гафур Рахимович]] (<nowiki>Gʻafur Rahimov</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of wich this item is the taxonomic type</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks conflict ID|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JudaicaLink person ID|JudaicaLink person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berlinische Galerie object ID|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Unique Entity Number|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/4fKM World map of recent censuses known at Wikidata for each decade] (select decade on the right side) ** [https://w.wiki/CS6f Timeline of inception of Ghanaian universities] ** [https://w.wiki/3Sxm Most common name in Germany by year of birth] * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Chemistry/Elements|Chemistry/Elements]] ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Truku|Taiwan/Truku]] - a compilation of information on the subject of Taroko culture, including statistics and records of activities. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/CSEU Dagbani Lexemes with Glosses which are the same as the Lemma] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q17485699|Alice Through the Looking Glass (Q17485699)]] - 2016 film directed by James Bobin where now 22-year-old Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L744998|آب‌لرزه‌یاب (L744998)]] - Persian noun, translates to "hydro-seismometer" ''' Development ''' * Wikibase REST API: We prototyped search support for the REST API and would like [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round#Give us feedback on the search proof of concept in the REST API!|your feedback on it]]. * Property Suggestions: We updated the underlying data so you should have more up-to-date suggestions again when making new statements. * EntitySchemas: We continued the work on making it possible to search for EntitySchemas by their label and aliases when linking to them in a statement. * Query Service: We are investigating if we can do something about the issue where not all edgeLabels are shown on a graph visualisation ([[phab:T381857]]) and if there are any alternatives to the library used for the graph builder in the Query Service ([[phab:T381764]]) * Under the hood: We are optimizing the server setup for the term store to accommodate its growth ([[phab:T351802]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 09|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:57, 16 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27940631 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #659 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-12-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 16|#658]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/P518 scope|P518 scope]] - Should scope of league or [[d:Property:P118|competition (P118)]] include forms and aspects? ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Trying_to_get_a_consensus_on_English_label_for_Q30_--_"United_States_of_America"_vs_"United_States"|Trying to get a consensus on English label for Q30 -- "United States of America" vs "United States"]] ''' Events ''' * Ongoing: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AATBE57724357T7QC6EAXNGO2KKBJRDE/ Wikidata Cleanup 2024] - [[d:User:Romaine|Romaine]] continues his initiative, "Wikidata Cleanup," to coordinate community efforts in addressing the problem of items missing basic properties during the last ten days of 2024, when many users have extra time due to holidays. The aim is to improve data quality by focusing on ensuring all items have essential properties like "instance of" (P31) or "subclass of" (P279), adding relevant country and location data, and maintaining consistency within item series. * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days]] - online event focusing on projects using Wikidata's data, 18-27 February 2025. You can submit a proposal for the program [[d:Event talk:Data Reuse Days 2025|on the talk page]] until January 12th. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://www.calishat.com/2024/12/16/exploring-youtube-channels-via-wikidata/ Exploring YouTube Channels Via Wikidata], by Tara Calishain. "This time I'm playing with a way to browse YouTube channels while using Wikidata as context. And you can try it too, because it doesn't need any API keys!" ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/754 Wikidata Items "described at URL" domain ranked list], by Magnus Manske * Papers: [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783111082486-003/html Finding Female Film Editors in Wikidata: How to Query and Visualize Filmographic Records] * Videos: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7sK-nFiRbM How to link a Wikipedia article to Wikidata] (Spanish) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://ordia.toolforge.org/flying-dehyphenator/ Flying Dehyphenator] is an Ordia game. Given the start part of a word, use the spacebar to move the word and hit the next part of the word. Only hyphenations described with the Unicode hyphenation character work. * Want a wrap of your Wikidata activities in 2024? [https://wikipediayir.netlify.app Wiki Year In Review] has it for you! (use www.wikidata.org for the project URL) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [[mw:Wikibase/Suite-Contributing-Guide|Wikibase/Suite-Contributing-Guide]]: Wikibase Suite's contributing guide has been published. This guide aims to help anyone who wants to contribute and make sure they are equipped with all the relevant information to do so. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (<nowiki>the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this common name refers</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13187|role named as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this organization</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (<nowiki>country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of wich this item is the taxonomic type</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>Number of shading units in a graphics card.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Three Decks conflict ID|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Berlinische Galerie object ID|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Singapore Unique Entity Number|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kyiv Independent Topic|Kyiv Independent Topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Football Teams.com stadium ID|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Play:Right genre ID|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wellcome Collection concept ID|Wellcome Collection concept ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/CVwB Countries that have had a woman serving as Minister of Defense] ** [https://w.wiki/CUKR Leonardo DiCaprio's partners] ([https://x.com/Michal_J_Spacek/status/1870053341436223745 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/CGYX Countries that have most items with Mastodon or PeerTube (ActivityPub) social networks] ([https://wikis.world/redirect/statuses/113582298631341475 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/CVwi Olympians who died during the year 2024] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Deaths_in_2024|source]]) * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Japan|Nonprofit Organizations/Japan]] ** * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/CVtd Items with a sitelink to Dutch Wikipedia and have no P31 and/or P279] ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AATBE57724357T7QC6EAXNGO2KKBJRDE/ source]) (replace 2x the "nl" into the language code of your language) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q66|Boeing (Q66)]] - American global aerospace and defense corporation * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L348887|julehilsen]] - Christmas greeting in Danish ''' Development ''' * With the winter holidays upon us, the development team is taking a break, and there will be no deployments for Wikidata during this time. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 16|Previous issue]] · [[User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]]) · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:01, 23 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=27940631 --> == Weekly Summary #660 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2024-12-30. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 23|#659]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Welcome to 2023’s Final Weekly Summary! ''' A huge thank you to everyone who contributed to the newsletter this year! 🎉 Each of your contributions, whether big or small, has made a difference and has helped us create a vibrant and informative resource for the Wikidata community. 🙏 Let's continue building and sharing knowledge together in the coming year! 🙌✨ '''Discussions''' * Open request for oversight: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Oversight/Ameisenigel|Ameisenigel]] (RfP scheduled to end at 6 January 2025 21:52 UTC) '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Papers ** [https://doi.org/10.5282/o-bib/6081 Library Data in Wikimedia Projects: Case Study from the Czech Republic] by Jansová, L., Maixnerová, L., & Š´tastná, P. (2024). ''"The paper outlines the collaboration between the National Library of the Czech Republic and Wikimedia since 2006, focusing on linking authority records with Wikipedia articles and training librarians and users. By 2023, the National Library provided most of its databases under a CC0 license, launched a "Wikimedians in Residence" program, and collaborated on projects involving linked data and using authority records in Wikidata. This partnership has enhanced their cooperation for mutual benefit, identifying key factors for their successful long-term collaboration."'' ** [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/24701475.2024.2431798 How have you modelled my gender? Reconstructing the history of gender representation in Wikidata] by Melis, B., Fioravanti, M., Paolini, C., & Metilli, D. (2024). ''"The paper traces the evolution of gender representation in Wikidata, showing how the community has moved from a binary interpretation of gender to a more inclusive model for trans and non-binary identities. The Wikidata Gender Diversity project (WiGeDi) timeline highlights the significant changes influenced by external historical events and the community's increased understanding of gender complexity."'' * Videos: Arabic Wikidata Days 2024 - Data Science Course - First Practical Session: Wikibase-CLI Tool ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTkF1Y5sOPY part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fpWNtyO9Qg part 2]) by Saeed Habishan. "The Wikibase-CLI enables command-based interaction with Wikidata using shell scripts and JavaScript. The tool runs on NodeJS and enables automatic reading and editing of Wikidata." '''Tool of the week''' * [https://github.com/lubianat/wikiora WikiORA] - is a tool designed for gene over-representation analysis. It integrates data from Wikidata, Wikipedia, Gene Ontology, and PanglaoDB to help researchers identify significantly enriched gene sets in their data. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (<nowiki>the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this common name refers</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13187|role named as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this organization</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (<nowiki>country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>Number of shading units in a graphics card.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (<nowiki>Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (<nowiki>Amount of money donated to a person or organization</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hockey1946.ru player id|hockey1946.ru player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Paris Match ID|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kyiv Independent Topic|Kyiv Independent Topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Football Teams.com stadium ID|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Play:Right genre ID|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wellcome Collection concept ID|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Vortex software ID|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VG247 game ID|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mishramilan catalog ID|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast work ID|myCast work ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/CZYW trees of motifs described in Thompson's motif index (first two levels)] ** [https://w.wiki/CZ$T Think tanks by country] ([https://x.com/AlexHinojo/status/1873636409262670255 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/Ca5f Painters that have died before 1925 but do not have a Wikimedia Commons category on their Wikidata Item] ([https://wikis.world/@magnusmanske/113583435538294677 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Uganda|Uganda]] - aims to be a central hub for the curation of any and all items (biographical, cultural, geographical, organisational, etc...) relating to [[d:Q1036|Uganda (Q1036)]] * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Narration/Folktales|Narration/Folktales]] - creation of Items for motifs described in Thompson's motif index completed ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Austria|Austria]] - concerns itself with improving data from nonprofit organizations in Austria * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[D:Wikidata:Database reports/Deleted Wikidata entities used in SDC|Deleted Wikidata entities used in SDC]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q8037764|Wressle Castle (Q8037764)]] - late 14th-century quadrangular castle in East Yorkshire, England, UK * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L750580|ਲੇਟਣ (L750580)]] - in Punjabi (pa) and "لیٹݨ" in Punjabi Shahmukhi (pnb) transliterate to "Leṭaṇ," which means "to lie down" or "to rest" in English. '''Development''' * Most of the development team staff are still taking a break, so no development happened. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|Read the full report]]''' · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 23|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:12, 30 දෙසැම්බර් 2024 (යූටීසී) · </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28042872 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #661 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-01-06. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|#660]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Constraints_for_Germanies|Constraints for Germanies]] - Following from a property discussion on [[d:Property_talk:P17#German_non-states|P17 (German non-states)]], this RfC aims to find consensus on how to apply constraints that exclude items of historical periods in German history. ''' [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]] ''' * [https://wikimedia.pt/eventos/oficina-lexicografia-e-sustentabilidade-linguistica-documentacao-do-mirandes-com-recurso-a-wikidata/ Workshop: Lexicography and linguistic sustainability - Mirandese documentation using Wikidata] This Portuguese-language workshop takes place Thursday 16 January, 10:00 - 17:00, Room 208, 206 at the Faculty of Letters of the University of Porto. * Please submit your proposals for the [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|Data Reuse Days]] online event until January 12th. See current proposals on the [[d:Event_talk:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|talk page]] and here's some ideas to inspire you: presentations/demos of tools using Wikidata's data (10mins Lightning Talk presentations), discussions and presentations connecting Wikidata editors with reusers and/or explanations and demos on how to use a specific part of the technical infrastructure to reuse Wikidata's data (APIs, dumps, etc.). * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AXIS6LCWODKBHKBBA26KTLZ2BESHWSFA/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team --January 8, 2025]. The Search Platform Team holds monthly meetings to discuss anything related to Wikimedia search, Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), Wikimedia Commons Query Service (WCQS), etc.! Time: 16:00-17:00 UTC / 08:00 PDT / 11:00 EDT / 17:00 CET * The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 15th January 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/H266YWDOBVUZ3OMANPP7N7BLDHWDAO4N/ Wiki Workshop 2025 Announcement and Call for Papers]. Submission deadline: March 9, 2025 (23:59 AoE) ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: (fr) [https://george2etexte.wordpress.com/2024/12/12/autrices-au-pseudonyme-masculin/ female authors with male pseudonyms], blog post by ''Le Deuxième Texte'' including SPARQL queries to find female authors with male pseudonyms. * Websites :[https://matlaofmalta.github.io/PRA3006/ Global Dementia and Risk Factors], website by 'Students at the Maastricht Science Programme', includes data visualizations of the prevalence and current treatments of dementia across the world. It utilises data extracted as SPARQL Endpoints from Wikidata. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.20942 Ontology-grounded Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction by LLM under Wikidata schema] - This paper proposes an ontology-driven approach to KG construction using LLMs where competency questions guide ontology creation and relation extraction, leveraging Wikidata for semantic consistency. A scalable pipeline minimizes human effort while producing high-quality, interpretable KGs interoperable with Wikidata for knowledge base expansion. By Xiaohan Feng, Xixin Wu & Helen Meng (2024). ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-97-6995-7_39 Knowledge Incorporated Image Question Answering Using Wikidata Repository] - Proposes a Visual Question Answering (VQA) model that integrates external knowledge from Wikidata to address complex open-domain questions by combining image, question, and knowledge modalities. Evaluated on the VQAv2 dataset, the model outperforms prior state-of-the-art approaches, demonstrating improved reasoning and accuracy (Koshti et al., 2024). * Videos: (arabic) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbuks8jCyGw Part 6: SPARQL Demo Session: connecting external services] - Sparql SERVICE clause gives access to additional data such as labels via wikibase:label, interaction with MediaWiki APIs using wikibase:mwapi, and integration of data from subgraphs (such as the main graph and the scholarly articles graph). Integration of data from external SPARQL endpoints such as DBpedia. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://github.com/thadguidry/wikidata-entity-linker Wikidata Entity Linker] - is a Microsoft Edge browser extension that creates web links for matching inner HTML text based on a regex format of Q\d+ which is the format of a Wikidata Entity ID. ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SEM4F3VBD3SJ5URR3VXRP26FGO2LSOGN/ email]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/karriere/stellenportal/detail/job/show/Job/research-software-engineer-wikibase-expertin-mwd Vacancy: Research Software Engineer / Wikibase-Expert] - The Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB) located in Hannover has a research position open for someone interested in the deployment, administration and maintenance of open source knowledge management software such as Mediawiki, Wikibase and OpenRefine as part of the NFDI4Culture partnership within the OSL. * January 1, 2025, marked Public Domain Day, with hundreds of 1929 films entering the public domain. [[d:User:Spinster|Sandra]] has shared [[d:User:Spinster/Work notes/202501 1929 US films for Public Domain Day|helpful notes]] to assist in making these films discoverable via [[d:Help:WikiFlix|WikiFlix]], by adding video files to Wikicommons and Wikidata. Join the effort! '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (<nowiki>the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this common name refers</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13187|role named in credits as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this organization</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13165|PCGames.de product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13166|PUG authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13167|Three Decks class ID]], [[:d:Property:P13168|Vidas author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13169|Usito ID]], [[:d:Property:P13170|ZSL authority ID]], [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nonprofit tax status|nonprofit tax status]] (<nowiki>country specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>Number of shading units in a graphics card.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (<nowiki>Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (<nowiki>Amount of money donated to a person or organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Norsk oversettterleksikon ID|Norsk oversettterleksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hockey1946.ru player id|hockey1946.ru player id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/footballdatabase.eu match ID|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID|Kamus Pelajar Edisi Kedua ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant MACM d'un artisite|identifiant MACM d'un artisite]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Syrian Memory person ID|Syrian Memory person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DOSBox Wiki|DOSBox Wiki]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lutris company ID|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Gaia ID|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Vortex software ID|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mishramilan catalog ID|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast work ID|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Beaux Arts ID|Beaux Arts ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hessian Biography person ID|Hessian Biography person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Cc7k French Photographers born before 1870, who do not have a French Wikipedia article] ** [https://w.wiki/CdzY The 10 smallest countries with some kind of urban rail transit system] ** [https://w.wiki/Cdzc Last meals of people] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_French_scientific_prizes|French Scientific Prizes]] aims to list French-language awards and to ensure the mention of a source associated with each award. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Property:P641|Items with "sport (P641)" only]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q19455277|2015 Iditarod Q19455277)]] - sled dog race * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L478233|trekke (L478233)]] - Norwegian irregular verb "to pull", "to drag", or "to draw" ''' Development ''' * The development team is just settling back in after the holidays, so there haven’t been any significant updates yet. [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|Read the full report]]''' · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2024 12 30|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:00, 6 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී) · </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28065367 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #662 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-01-13. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|#661]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 17:00 UTC, 15th January 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase. ** [https://m.facebook.com/ActivatingBotswana/photos/-join-the-wikidata-bw-2025-training-contest-date-saturday-18012025-time-1000-am-/603821475632432/ Join the Wikidata Training Event 2025] organised by Wikimedia Botswana UG for Wikidata enthusiasts of all levels. Starts 18 Jan 10:00am CAT (UTC+2), registration required. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs **[[metawiki:BHL/Our_outcomes/WiR/Status_updates/2025-01-10|Updates on the Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library focusing on Structured Data on Commons and Wikidata]] ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Wikidata module for the Hidden Figures CURE]] - The newly published Wikidata module for the Hidden Figures CURE teaches undergraduates to use Wikidata for uncovering and highlighting the contributions of hidden figures in natural history, such as women, people of color, and Indigenous peoples. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2024/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World: Ways forward]] - Efforts to improve the representation of UNESCO's Memory of the World (MOW) international register on Wikidata include new articles, enhanced data quality, and training on creating structured data. Key contributions involve updating Wikipedia and Wikidata entries, addressing data inconsistencies, and expanding the visibility of MOW inscriptions across languages. ** [[diffblog:2025/01/12/empowering-multilingual-knowledge-the-journey-behind-the-1-click-info-extension-powered-by-wikidata/|Empowering Multilingual Knowledge: The Journey Behind the 1-Click-Info Extension Powered by Wikidata]] - Introduces the [[m:Wikidata_One_click_Info_Extension%22OCI%22|1-Click Data extension]] for your browser. A project funded by the Arcadia grant through Wikimedia Deutschland and fiscally sponsored by the Dagbani Wikimedians user group. ** [https://wikimedia.cat/2025/01/09/visibilitzacio-del-domini-public-a-wikidata/ Public domain visibility on Wikidata] (in Catalan). The article discusses how Wikidata is being used to enhance the visibility of public domain works by integrating copyright information and making it easily accessible. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U2TDZCGBs8 Tracking Looted Art with Graphs, Graphs and Networks in the Humanities 2022 Conference] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3hBerusj198 How Wikimedia Uses AI to Vectorize its Knowledge Base] * Presentations: ''Wikibase e Wikidata per lo studio dell'epigrafia greca'' (in Italian, i.e. Wikibase and Wikidata for the study of Greek epigraphy), presentation at SAEG (Advanced Seminar of Greek Epigraphy) IX in Rome, 10 January 2025, by [[:d:User:Pietro Ortimini|Pietro Ortimini]], [[:d:User:Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini|Anna Clara Maniero Azzolini]], [[:d:User:Epìdosis|Epìdosis]] - [[:commons:File:Wikibase e Wikidata per lo studio dell'epigrafia greca - SAEG.pdf|slides]] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.johl.io/dungeonofknowledge/roguelike.html Dungeon Of Knowledge] - is a roguelike game with Items generated from Wikidata that lets you crawl through the Dungeon of Knowledge in a classic ASCII interface. ([https://wikis.world/@johl@mastodon.xyz/113537541434127802 toot]) ([https://www.johl.io/dungeonofknowledge/ blog]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [[d:User:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Ursula Zage]] has joined the [https://www.wikimedia.de/ueber-uns/ansprechpartner_innen/ Software Communication team] (SCoT) at Wikimedia Deutschland as an intern until the end of June 2025. Welcome Zita! * [https://viaf.org/ VIAF] (cf. [[:d:Q54919|Q54919]] and [[:d:Property:P214|P214]]) underwent a relevant change of interface on January 10; the way of visualizing clusters in JSON format has changed in comparison with [https://www.oclc.org/developer/api/oclc-apis/viaf/authority-cluster.en.html present OCLC documentation] and e.g. http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412/viaf.json doesn't work anymore; this broke most or all Wikidata gadgets using VIAF data; in the absence of official communications from OCLC, developers are trying to understand if the new VIAF interface is stable before changing their gadgets accordingly '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13171|bequest income]] (<nowiki>the sum a organisations receives from bequests/legacies in a timeframe</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13176|taxon known by this common name]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this common name refers</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13177|homonymous taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which the taxon name is an exact homonym</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13187|role named in credits as]] (<nowiki>use as qualifier to indicate how the object's role was named in the credits of its respective work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13188|meeting of]] (<nowiki>subject is a meeting or session of this organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (<nowiki>jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13172|Collectie Nederland ID]], [[:d:Property:P13173|Hachette author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13174|CamerounWeb person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13175|Hindi Shabdamitra entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13178|OpenSSF Practices ID]], [[:d:Property:P13179|Japanese Health Insurance System Facility ID]], [[:d:Property:P13180|Centre d'Etudes Picasso ID]], [[:d:Property:P13181|CUATM statistical code]], [[:d:Property:P13182|CUATM unique identification code]], [[:d:Property:P13183|JudaicaLink person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13184|teams.by national team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13185|Eyrolles author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13186|Mémoire des avocats ID]], [[:d:Property:P13189|BCU Kirundi-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13190|Estonian–Latvian Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13191|WHL player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13192|Indo-European Lexicon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13193|Battle.net game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>number of shading units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Accused of|Accused of]] (<nowiki>Crime or other misdeed a person has been accused of, but ''not proven or convicted''</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (<nowiki>Amount of money donated to a person or organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (<nowiki>headword languge of dictionary</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Entry height|Entry height]] (<nowiki>Height of the entrance above ground level for boarding public transport vehicles.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (<nowiki>the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (<nowiki>number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lyricfind artist ID|Lyricfind artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cimetières de France|Identifiant Cimetières de France]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Football National League player ID|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UAF match ID|UAF match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo|Identifiant d'un(e) journaliste sur Francetvinfo]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica venue ID|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica person ID|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica film ID|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hankook Ilbo tag ID|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rijksmuseum ID|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taz topic ID|taz topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Ci3h Search for Items where description begins with capitalised letters, filter by language, country of citizenship and occupation] ** [https://w.wiki/Ci5D Wikidata Items using the 'smells of' property] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Writing Systems|Writing Systems]] aims to standardize and enhance Wikipedia's coverage of writing systems and related subjects. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Sitelink statistics|Some statistics about sitelinks]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q219831|The Night Watch (Q219831)]] - 1642 painting by Rembrandt * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L107276|дополнение (L107276)]] - Rusian noun (dopólnenie) that can mean "addition", "supplement" or an "an object" ''' Development ''' * Wikidata Query Service UI: We fixed a long-standing issue with missing edge labels in graph visualisations ([[phab:T317702]]) * Wikibase REST API: We implemented a [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round#Give us feedback on the search proof of concept in the REST API!|proof of concept for a search endpoint]] you can try out. * EntitySchemas: We’re working on language fallback for the heading on EntitySchema pages ([[phab:T228423]]) * Language codes: We cleaned up language codes in WikibaseLexeme after moving some of them to CLDR ([[phab:T352922]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Greenland|Greenland]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 06|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:26, 13 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28092985 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #663 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-01-20. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 13|#662]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Xezbeth|Xezbeth]] - RfP scheduled to end after 26 January 2025 09:17 (UTC). ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]: ** [https://calendar.colorado.edu/event/black-history-month-wikidata-comics-edit-a-thon Edit-A-Thon for Black History Month]: 12 February 1300 - 1500 MST (UTC+7) is an onsite event at the University of Colorado Boulder, with a theme to add or expand items on Black and African-American comics creators. ** [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days 2025]] is from February 18 to 27, 2025! This is an online event focusing on how people and organizations use Wikidata's data to build interesting applications and tools. Don't forget to register so we can know you are coming. * Past: Missed the Q1 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[d:Wikidata:Events/Telegram_office_hour_2025-01-15|2025-01-15 (Q1 2025)]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [https://blog.rayberger.org/cleaning-up-legacy-wikipedia-links Cleaning up legacy Wikipedia links in Open Library]: The blog post discusses cleaning up outdated Wikipedia links to improve article accuracy and navigation, while highlighting the importance of integrating Wikidata for better data management. * Papers ** [https://doi.org/10.36253/jlis.it-630 Tiziana Possemato, ''Recording Gender in the Person Entity: An Ongoing Discussion'']: it compares the practices of gender-registration of person-type entities in LCNAF and ISNI with the use of P21 in Wikidata. By Ray Berger ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.06699v1 Large Language Models, Knowledge Graphs and Search Engines - A Crossroads for Answering Users' Questions]: this paper seeks to establish a taxonomy of user information needs to help establish a roadmap of future research for finding synergies between LLM's, Search engines and Knowledge graphs. By Hogan et al., (2025) * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQRKMWFK5yE Replacing deprecated Wikipedia links with Wikidata items in Open Library] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjrDTHdsWOo&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Tracking Looted Art with Wikidata Queries] - As part of ''Art History Loves Wiki 25'', Laurel Zuckerman will show how Wikidata SPARQL queries can aid provenance researchers and historians find, identify and track looted art. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times]: Ormat Murat Yilmaz will speak on how Wikidata and OSM play a role in coordinating relief efforts by providing a collaborative platform for providing data about affected areas. Part of WM CEE meeting 2024 Istanbul. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aMDO5ZMYyLg&pp=ygUIV2lraWRhdGE%3D Serbian Novels on Wikidata]: Presented by Filip Maljkovič on the progress and process of adding Serbian literature into Wikidata, using OCR methods to map pages and assign Properties. ** (german)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL7cj6h6YZk Wikidata for NGOs: Use and network open data sensibly]: Johan Hoelderle discusses how nonprofits can benefit from the largest free knowledge base and show what potential open data offers for non-profit projects. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Khj5jIOeKHE Data partnerships and Libraries combating misinformation]: WMDE's [[d:User:Alan Ang (WMDE)|Alan Ang]] delivers a speech on how GLAM institutions can help prevent the spread of dis- and misinformation whether hallucinatory AI or malicious, part of the Wikimedia+Libraries International Convention 2025. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://fist.toolforge.org/file_candidates/#/ Wikidata file candidates📱] - This tool can show you candidate matches of Wikidata Items to files on Commons and Flickr. ([http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/509 original blog]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://github.com/OpenRefine/OpenRefine/releases/tag/3.9-beta1 OpenRefine 3.9-beta1 was released] * [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/50824818/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=179781902&l=en Product Manager: Wikibase Suite]: Wikimedia Deutschland is looking for a PM to lead Wikibase Suite, empowering institutions like GLAMs and research groups to build customizable linked knowledge bases and contribute to the world’s largest open data graph. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (<nowiki>jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (<nowiki>height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13194|Singapore Unique Entity Number]], [[:d:Property:P13195|AniSearch character ID]], [[:d:Property:P13196|Three Decks conflict ID]], [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/About box|About box]] (<nowiki>Screenshot of the About Box of the respective software (contains important information such as authors, license, version number and year(s) and is included in almost every software)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>number of shading units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (<nowiki>Amount of money donated to a person or organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (<nowiki>headword languge of dictionary</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (<nowiki>the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (<nowiki>number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (<nowiki>Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (<nowiki>total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (<nowiki>days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID|Park Merwestein Bomenwijzer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/taz topic ID|taz topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF game ID|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/CnZG Most common eponyms] (a name or noun formed after a person) ** [https://w.wiki/FRz Number of Lexemes including recordings from Lingua Libre by language] ** [https://w.wiki/CnZP Boiling point of alkanes] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Boiling_point_of_alkanes|source]]) ** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/APjvLNGJSiKismGqMmYUogq6Ieq6qgkAcSc8M2AYsKw Train station in Germany without image] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#train_stations_in_Germany_without_image|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject IIT|WikiProject IIT]] aims to describe current and former IIT faculty members. The following property schema is based on a similar schema found at [[Wikidata:WikiProject IUPUI University Library|WikiProject IUPUI University Library]] * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject sum of all paintings/Historic collections|Sum of all paintings/Historic collections]] - keep track of historic collections as part of the provenance of paintings * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-todo/project_stats.php Links per language] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q3030|4 Vesta (Q3030)]] - second largest asteroid of the main asteroid belt * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L347296|L347296]] - Tamil noun that can mean "priest", "teacher" or "preceptor" ''' Development ''' * mul language code: [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CEANO2X2PMFMEBFY6ZTCUUYR4P6O54CD/ The "mul" language code for labels, descriptions and aliases will be fully enabled on #Wikidata starting 28th Jan!] * Constraint violations: ** We’re making good progress on checking format constraints more efficiently and with fewer errors ([[phab:T380751|T380751]]) ** We’re working on making distinct-values constraint checks works with the split Query Service ([[phab:T369079|T369079]]) * EntitySchemas: We’re working on making the heading on EntitySchema pages apply language fallback ([[phab:T228423|T228423]]) * Search: We’ve started working on the new search UI component which will let you search for additional entity types from the main search bar and not just Items anymore ([[phab:T338483|T338483]]) * Wikibase REST API: We're working on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383209|T383209]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United States of America|United States of America]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 13|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:39, 20 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28136359 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #664 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-01-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 20|#663]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Closed request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/Xezbeth|Xezbeth]] (closed as successful). Welcome onboard \o/ ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/UYJB44NLH4SEB6QC4LDTL6T6OG3H3C7L/ Call for Proposals: IslandoraCon 2025]. ''"IslandoraCon brings together a community of librarians, archivists, cultural heritage collections managers, technologists, developers, project managers, and open source project enthusiasts in support of the Islandora framework for digital curation and asset management."'' Deadline for session proposals: February 14, 2024. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs: [http://simia.net/wiki/Progress_in_lexicographic_data_in_Wikidata_2024 Progress in lexicographic data in Wikidata 2024] by Denny Vrandečić. See also ** [http://simia.net/wiki/Languages_with_the_best_lexicographic_data_coverage_in_Wikidata_2024 Languages with the best lexicographic data coverage in Wikidata 2024] ** [http://simia.net/wiki/Wikidata_lexicographic_data_coverage_for_Croatian_in_2024 Wikidata lexicographic data coverage for Croatian in 2024] * Videos ** (replay) [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLs-DUSOdPkl7GiF6yPQH8vYhr8trSEY-s Arabic Wikidata Days 2024] full playlist ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=faUAEZBf7dA NYC Parks on Wikidata] (Wikipedia Day NYC 22nd Birthday Bash) ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=znuP1Rp_YZc From books to Bytes (10): Factgrid. A Wikibase instance for historical data] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[d:User:Bamyers99/PhotoNearby.js|PhotoNearby.js]] - a user script that checks Wikimedia Commons for a nearby photo if no [[d:Property:P18|image (P18)]] statement and has [[d:Property:P625|coordinate location (P625)]]. Displays above the Statements heading. Defaults to a 500 meter radius. Displays a link to WikiShootMe. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * As part of an effort to benchmark open source SPARQL engines on Wikidata, the page [[d:Wikidata:Scaling_Wikidata/Benchmarking/Existing_Benchmarks|Wikidata:Scaling Wikidata/Benchmarking/Existing Benchmarks]] contains some initial results and analyses of benchmarking Blazegraph, MilleniumDB, QLever, and Virtuoso on several existing SPARQL query benchmarks for Wikidata. There are some surprising results there, particularly related to different answers produced by different engines. Suggestions on how to improve the effort or provide deeper explanations of the results are particularly welcome on the discussion page. * '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (<nowiki>jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (<nowiki>height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13197|Berlinische Galerie object ID]], [[:d:Property:P13198|ThePWHL.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13199|Play:Right genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13200|Resistance in Belgium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13201|Paris Match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13202|Kyiv Independent topic]], [[:d:Property:P13203|Newmark Albanian-English Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13204|Wellcome Collection concept ID]], [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of shading units|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>number of shading units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/hat gespendet|hat gespendet]] (<nowiki>Amount of money donated to a person or organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (<nowiki>headword languge of dictionary</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (<nowiki>the location code of the location item. Should be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (<nowiki>number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (<nowiki>Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (<nowiki>total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (<nowiki>days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (<nowiki>compound where the parts are reversed</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (<nowiki>lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (<nowiki>{{Translate this | fr = <!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --> }}</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (<nowiki>document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (<nowiki>Link to the council information system of the municipality</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (<nowiki>item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HonestGamers game ID|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant|identifiant Pappers d'un dirigeant]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn|Kvikmyndavefurinn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID|Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EHIS educational institution ID|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF game ID|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy ID|The Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd studio ID|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Izvestia topic ID|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Museum Data Service museum ID|Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trade register Switzerland ID|Trade register Switzerland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/CrWS Pairs of things, of different types, that smell of the same thing]. ([[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Smell/Tools-tasks|Source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/CrfV Literary work (1700-1830) with more than 25 sitelinks] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Old_books_that_appear_on_lots_of_wikipedias?|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/Crfk What are the statistics for lexemes in language A that are derived from lexemes in language B?] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Lexeme_Etymological_data_for_language|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject No Longer at the Margins|No Longer at the Margins]] - aims to highlight and document the contributions of women in science, ensuring their visibility and recognition in the historical and archival record by addressing biases and gaps in representation. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/commonsmerge|Merge candidates based on same commons category]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q309988|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Q309988)]] - technical university and research center in Karlsruhe, Germany * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L113869|истина (L113869)]] - Russian noun (pronounced "istina"), translates to "truth", "reality" or a fact in English. ''' Development ''' * Storage growth: We are making some changes to the terms-related database table in order to scale better ([[phab:T351802]]) * Constraint violations: We’re working on making distinct-values constraint checks works with the split Query Service ([[phab:T369079]]) * EntitySchemas: We’re working on making the heading on EntitySchema pages apply language fallback ([[phab:T228423]]) * Search: We are working on the new search UI component which will let you search for additional entity types from the main search bar and not just Items anymore ([[phab:T338483]]) * Wikibase REST API: We're continuing the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383209]]) * Lua: We are investigating if we can increase the Entity Usage Limit on client pages ([[phab:T381098]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/United States of America|United States of America]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 20|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 19:36, 27 ජනවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28179464 --> == Weekly Summary #665 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-02-03. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 03|#664]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/WhitneyBot|WhitneyBot]] - Task: Sync artist data from the [[w:Whitney_Museum|Whitney Museum of American Art's]] collection to Wikidata. * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/ZLBot|ZLBot]] - Closed as unsuccessful. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Proper_names_in_multiple_languages|Proper names in multiple languages]] - This RfC seeks to address concerns regarding the recent MUL announcement for [[d:Help:Default_values_for_labels_and_aliases|default values for labels and aliases]]. '''Events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** We are excited to reveal [[d:Wikidata:WikidataCon_2025|WikidataCon 2025]] will be returning this year, keep an eye on the project page for more details to come, and block your calendar for October 31 - November 2. ** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! The next [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project]] series session on Tuesday, 4 February, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738688400 Time Zone Converter] Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The first session will focus on selling your project to administrators. ** Wikidata Indonesia is holding a [https://www.instagram.com/p/DFhh69fv7qg/ Datathon] (February 5 - 7) and [https://www.instagram.com/p/DFekzK5PCzE/ Quiz] (January 31 - February 7), take part! ** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #73 February 10 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at Taipei {{Q|61752245}} ** [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025|Data Reuse Days]], February 18-27: online event dedicated to the applications using Wikidata's data and their technical setup. [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|A first version of the program]] is now available. Make sure to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register]] to receive the event's access links. ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/DULCWTDLOMIRQYLBPSIVZZXDGTX7ZLMJ/ Talk to the Search Platform / Query Service Team - February 12].Time: 16:00-17:00 UTC / 08:00 PST / 11:00 EST / 17:00 CET ** [https://events.illinoisstate.edu/event/why-wikidata-introduction-and-edit-a-thon/ Why Wikidata? and edit-a-thon] hosted by Illinois State University on February 4, 1400 - 1600 CST (UTC-6). Eric Willey and Rebecca Fitzsimmons will hold a hands-on demonstration of Wikidata, at the Milner Library, ISU (Room 165). * Past Events ** [[m:Event:Wikimedia_Canada/Wikidata_Workshop_Jan_2025|Wikidata Workshop Jan 2025]] - Hosted by Wikimedia Canada, this workshop offered 2 sessions for English and French-speaking attendees. Subjects covered include the basics of Wikidata, intro to editing, linking photos to Commons and how to query Wikidata. The workshop took place 30 January 01:00 - 03:00 UTC. '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** Bob duCharme, author of ''Learning SPARQL'' posts a blog entry on [https://www.bobdc.com/blog/filterforeignliterals/ filtering (only) foreign labels] from a SPARQL query, using the WDQS to illustrate their example. ** (german)[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/abitech-2025-0011/html How does library work in the Wikiverse affect the use of your own holdings?] - Wikidata enthusiast Christian Erlinger explores in this article how GLAM institutions measure their contributions to the Wikiverse and how Wikidata items and sitelinking contribute to their connectedness. * Papers ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-78952-6_48 Towards a Sustainable Community-Driven Documentation of Semantic Web Tools] A Wikidata-based toolkit to help knowledge engineers and developers find and document semantic web tools by categorizing them into a taxonomy and integrating GitHub metadata to track their maintenance status. By A. Reiz, F.J. Ekaputra & N. Mihindukulasooriya (2025). ** [[commons:File:FOSDEM-2025-Wikidata-Wikibase-JohnSamuel.pdf|From Open Collaboration to Customized Control - Transitioning from Wikidata to Wikibase]] by John Samuel at FOSDEM 2025 (Track: Collaboration and Content Management) on February 1, 2025. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-q8vgVOrQM Biodiversity Heritage Library Creator IDs on Wikidata via Mix'n'match] - Tiago Lubiana will demonstrate the workflow of Mix'n'Match curation and adding BHL Creator ID's to Wikidata. ** (arabic)[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zmFylVYalc OpenRefine and QuickStatements] - In this 2nd session of the Arabic Wikidata Days 2024, advanced skills of OR such as improving and importing tabular data. QS will also be demonstrated and how it simplifies adding and editing Wikidata. Presented by Professor Qais Shraideh. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v82D_Q2MFVk Resource, Description & Access & STA] - Michaela Edelmann introduces the cataloging platform that runs on Wikibase for the German-speaking DACH countries. ** (Czech) 25th Annual Conference: National Archives of Czech Republic had 2 segments for Wikibases: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nssngihJCnQ&t=2098s Wikibase for Welsh Authority Control] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nssngihJCnQ&t=2896s Wikibase: a tool for creating/sharing LOD] * Presentations ** [https://zenodo.org/records/14755184 New developments of Wikibase-as-a-Service] at the Open Science Lab (part of NFDI4Culture). Presented at Art Loves History Wiki Conference, it shows developments to the WB software suite. '''Tool of the week''' * [https://holonetgalacticmap-frontend.vercel.app/ Holonet Galactic Map] - Explore information and facts of the planets that inhabit the Star Wars universe, powered by Wikidata. '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * ⚠️ '''Wikidata Query Service graph split''': The graph split is about 2 months away. If you are doing queries that involve scholarly articles or if you have an application that does you will be affected. Please check [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split]] for details. * We ([[d:User:Peter F. Patel-Schneider|Peter F. Patel-Schneider]] and [[User:Egezort|Egezort]]) want to run a course on the Wikidata Ontology for a limited number of participants. Designed for those already familiar with Wikidata, it will present information about ontologies and how they form the core of Wikidata, incorporating several exercises on analyses of and fixes to the Wikidata ontology. Upon successful completion (ending with a group project in consultation by us), participants will receive certificates. Please give feedback and suggestions to improve the structure and course content (found in more detail at [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|WikiProject:Ontology Course]]) which will be incorporated into our Wikimedia [[M:Grants:Project/Rapid|rapid grant application]] to support the effort. Interested in helping or want to share your thoughts? [[d:Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Let us know]]. * Several database changes will impact Wikidata in the coming months, including the migration of the term store (<code>wbt_ tables</code>) to a dedicated cluster to improve performance and enable future growth. This move will speed up most Wikidata SQL queries but prevent direct joins between term store data and other Wikidata tables. Additionally, the wb_type table will be removed, with its mapping hardcoded in Wikibase, simplifying the codebase. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7AMRB7G4CZ6BBOILAA6PK4QX44MUAHT4/ More details]. * Call for projects and mentors for Google Summer of Code 2025! Deadline: February 28th. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GQWJNAPQFXZRW2KN4AO3OV5YMVMO6SNQ/ More info]! * [https://www.wikimedia.de/presse/europaeischer-open-source-award-fuer-lydia-pintscher-auszeichnung-fuer-ihren-beitrag-zu-wikidata/ Lydia Pintscher awarded the] [[d:Q131702864|European Open Source Award]] - Wikidata Portfolio Manager for WMDE, Lydia's contributions to the development of Wikidata have been recognised in the category of ''Advocacy and Awareness''. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13210|organisation tax status]] (<nowiki>jurisdiction specific tax status of organisations like non-profits</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (<nowiki>height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13251|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>number of shading units in a graphics processing unit (GPU)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13252|land acknowledgement]] (<nowiki>acknowledgement of indigenous or native people who live and whose ancestors lived at a location</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13205|Amsterdam Monumentenstad ID]], [[:d:Property:P13206|VG247 game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13207|DNCI label ID]], [[:d:Property:P13208|National Football Teams.com stadium ID]], [[:d:Property:P13209|Kamus Pelajar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13211|Dictionary of Norwegian Translators ID]], [[:d:Property:P13212|MACM artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13213|Lutris company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13214|hockey1946.ru player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13215|DOSBoxWiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13216|NBA G League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13217|World Women's Snooker player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13218|footballdatabase.eu match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13219|GERS ID]], [[:d:Property:P13220|Comprehensive Historical Dictionary of Ladino entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13221|SBOID]], [[:d:Property:P13222|Game Vortex software ID]], [[:d:Property:P13223|Syrian Memory Institution person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13224|Mishramilan catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13225|myCast work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13226|Hessian Biography person (GND) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13227|Beaux-Arts ID]], [[:d:Property:P13228|Gaia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Property:P13244|Kvikmyndavefurinn work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13245|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13246|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13247|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13248|‎Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13249|‎Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13250|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13253|Pappers executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13254|Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13255|L'Humanité topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13256|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Heritage type|World Heritage type]] (<nowiki>Propriety of World heritage site : the Type (Cultural, Natural, Mixed)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (<nowiki>headword languge of dictionary</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/location code|location code]] (<nowiki>the location code of the location item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which location code system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (<nowiki>number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (<nowiki>Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (<nowiki>total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (<nowiki>days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (<nowiki>compound where the parts are reversed</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (<nowiki>lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (<nowiki>{{Translate this | fr = <!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --> }}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (<nowiki>document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (<nowiki>Link to the council information system of the municipality</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (<nowiki>item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/doors open on the… / exit train on the…|doors open on the… / exit train on the…]] (<nowiki>side of the train where the doors open at this station or only side where this vehicle has doors</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/directs readers to|directs readers to]] (<nowiki>document or class of documents to which this item or class directs readers (aliases: is citation of {{!}} links to {{!}} refers to {{!}} target)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/items classified|items classified]] (<nowiki>class of items that this classification system classifies (aliases: items categorized {{!}} classifies {{!}} categorizes)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason not to be used with instances of|reason not to be used with instances of]] (<nowiki>clarification for why P31 (instance of) can not be used with this property</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dislikes of fictional character|dislikes of fictional character]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AI-generated media prompt|AI-generated media prompt]] (<nowiki>exact prompt that was used to generate an AI-generated media</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Text-to-image software used for creation|Text-to-image software used for creation]] (<nowiki>text-to-image generation software that was used to create this media or work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/schism|schism]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lemmy instance URL|Lemmy instance URL]] (<nowiki>the Lemmy instance of/about the subject</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur le site Mille ans de littérature d'oc]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Registre national des gels|identifiant Registre national des gels]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nafziger Order of Battle ID|Nafziger Order of Battle ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica company ID|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MUBI Festival ID|MUBI Festival ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RPG Maker game ID|RPG Maker game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Geography entry ID|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGLAi ID|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jeune Afrique person ID|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norskeflyplasser.no-ID|norskeflyplasser.no-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Finnish Olympic Committee ID|Finnish Olympic Committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/University of Pécs teachers identifier|University of Pécs teachers identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMCAT term ID|TERMCAT term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Handle prefix|Handle prefix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letterboxd studio ID|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Izvestia topic ID|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trade register Switzerland ID|Trade register Switzerland ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Music track ID|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Trust Heritage Records ID|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toonopedia ID|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oorlogsbronnen-identifier|Oorlogsbronnen-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPC Zone game ID|CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patristic Text Archive|Patristic Text Archive]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca italiana work ID|Biblioteca italiana work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM|identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nesdb.se game ID|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon|Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número de Identificación Tributaria|Número de Identificación Tributaria]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note trail identifier|Hiking Note trail identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note mountain identifier|Hiking Note mountain identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Video Game History Foundation Library|Video Game History Foundation Library]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Music track ID|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PromoDJ track ID|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jamendo track ID|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Know Your Meme slug|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CriticDB IDs|CriticDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID|RFI topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service topic ID|Algeria Press Service topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note chalet identifier|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Marxism ID|Encyclopedia of Marxism ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Cvmf Old books (1700 - 1830) with many (+25) Sitelinks] ** [https://w.wiki/CrbD List of translated songs or musical works, with 'role named in credits' as a qualifier] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]:[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal|WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal]] - This project with the Museum of Contemporary Art of Montreal aims to share its data model. * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Antiquity/Patristic_Text_Archive|Antiquity: Patristic Text Archive]] is a web archive for (mostly) Greek [[d:Q189380|Patristic]] archival texts. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|WikiProject: Ontology Course]] - as mentioned above, this WikiProject plans to be a certified course to teahc participants about proper Wikidata ontologies. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Mr._Ibrahem/Language_statistics_for_items|Language statistics for Items]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q3554288|Valérie Masson-Delmotte (Q3554288)]] - French engineer and climatologist * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L30087|lasku(L30087)]] - Finnish noun, translates to "landing", "calculation" or "invoice" in English. '''Development''' * Storage growth: We are continuing to make some changes to the terms-related database table in order to scale better ([[phab:T351802]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to work on bringing search to the REST API ([[phab:T383126]]) * mul language code: Support for the language code has been rolled out fully * EntitySchemas: We finished adding language fallback to the heading of EntitySchema pages ([[phab:T228423]]) * Sitelinks: Fixed a bug that prevented linking Wikidata Items from Wikipedias ([[phab:T385261]]) * Scoped search: We continued working on improving the main search field on Wikidata in order to allow you to search for Properties, Lexemes, etc more easily with it ([[phab:T321543]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''·[[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 01 27|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · 16:15, 3 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28182031 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #666 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-02-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 03|#665]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/TiagoLubianaBot_5|TiagoLubianaBot 5]] - Task(s): Add [[d:Property:P18|image]] or [[d:Property:P13162|reference illustration]] based on categories for botanical illustrations on Wikimedia Commons. Only add when only 1 or 2 files in category. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Sapper-bot|Sapper Bot]] - Task(s): Daily updates the [[d:Q126982|Sea of Galilee]]'s [[d:Property:P2044|elevation above sea level]] based on official government data. * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MangadexBot|MangadexBot]] - Task(s): add metadata from mangadex to manga with Mangadex manga ID - closed as relevant Property has been deprecated and marked for deletion. '''Events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** Data Reuse Days, starting on February 18th. [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025#Sessions|Check out the program]] and don't forget to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register on wiki]] to receive the access link. ** [https://calendar.library.torontomu.ca/event/3855376 Whose (Wiki)Data is it anyway?] - Ethics & Consent when cataloguing people, places and things. An on-site Library workshop of the Toronto Metropolitan University, February 12, 1200 - 1600 EST (UTC-5). ** [https://calendar.colorado.edu/event/black-history-month-wikidata-comics-edit-a-thon Comics Edit-A-Thon for Black History month], hosted by the ''Center for Research Data and Digital Scholarship'' of the University of Colorado (onsite only & registration required). February 12, 1300 - 1500 MST (UTC-7). '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [https://www.daniel-motz.de/articles/query-by-graph Making SPARQL more accessible]: Daniel Motz's bachelor's thesis on visual query graphs, check out their project in Tool of the Week ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/02/05/glam-rockers/ GLAM Rockers: an interview with the creators of GLAMorous Europe] - Anne Mühlich and Gerd Müller speak about their project [https://www.glam-europe.de/ GLAMorous Europe] which uses Wikidata to enrich the digital art collection. ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/02/10/preserving-community-history-with-wikibase/ Preserving Community History with Wikibase] - Tan Li Qi of MyCommunity, a Singaporean nonprofit dedicated to preserving the stories of everyday people by documenting community narratives, social memories, and local heritage. ** [https://sites.harvard.edu/harvard-library-circ/2025/02/03/wikidata-edit-a-thon-for-the-black-teacher-archive/ Wikidata Edit-A-Thon for Black Teacher archive] by the Harvard Library University. A write-up of the event which saw more than 400 items edited. * Project Chat - join the discussion ** [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_we_certify_Wikidata_trainers?|Should Wikidata trainers be certified?]] '''Tool of the week''' * [https://query.daniel-motz.de/ Query by Graph] - build a SPARQL query using drag'n'drop visual elements. This is an interesting tool that provides another way to approach building SPARQL queries, especially for those that find the Query builder or raw SPARQL unintuitive or complex. * [https://cividata.org/en/ CivData] - "Cividata makes the diverse world of non-profit organizations visible. As a volunteer project, Cividata provides a comprehensive overview of non-profit organizations worldwide, based on data from Wikipedia's sister project Wikidata." '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * [[m:Global_Resource_Distribution_Committee/Creation_of_the_interim_GRDC|Creation of the interim Global Resource Distribution Committee]] - Call for candidates ends February 25, [[m:Midnight_deadline|midnight (AOE)]].<br />The interim GDRC is being established to oversee and adjust resource distribution for the Community Fund, aligning with the movement's evolving needs. Currently open to applications from candidates with experience in grantmaking, budgeting and knowledge of Wikimedia's grant types. Further information on the role and how to apply can be found on the [[m:Submit_your_application|GDRC Meta page]] * [https://www.curationist.org/news/curationist-is-seeking-a-part-time-remote-digital-archivist Curationist seeks Digital Archivist] - Curationist, a free online resource for cultural heritage seeks a part-time archiver who can navigate Wikidata, SPARQL and create metadata and support writers. * For the upcoming [[m:Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research]] conference in July, the [https://openreview.net/group?id=wikimedia.it/Wikidata_and_Research/2025/Conference&referrer=%5BHomepage%5D(%2F)#tab-accept-paper list of accepted papers] has been posted. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13238|entry height]] (<nowiki>height of the entrance above ground level for boarding vehicles</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13251|number of shading units]] (<nowiki>number of shading units in a graphics processing unit (GPU)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13260|romantic orientation]] (<nowiki>pattern of romantic attraction of this person or fictional character — use ONLY IF they have stated it themselves, unambiguously, or it has been widely agreed upon by historians after their death</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13262|location code]] (<nowiki>the location code of the location (please use more specific property if available)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13269|directs readers to]] (<nowiki>document or class of documents to which this item or class directs readers</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13229|Franceinfo journalist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13230|Hankook Ilbo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13231|Cinema Belgica person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13232|Cinema Belgica venue ID]], [[:d:Property:P13233|Ukrainian Association of Football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13234|Rijksmuseum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13235|Cinema Belgica film ID]], [[:d:Property:P13236|Danbooru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13237|Russian Football National League player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13239|Database of Canada's Early Women Writers ID]], [[:d:Property:P13240|taz ID]], [[:d:Property:P13241|Roman Inscriptions of Britain Online ID]], [[:d:Property:P13242|Répertoire du patrimoine bâti de Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13243|Game Jolt username]], [[:d:Property:P13244|Kvikmyndavefurinn work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13245|Kvikmyndavefurinn person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13246|EHIS educational institution ID]], [[:d:Property:P13247|WSGF game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13248|‎Kvikmyndavefurinn company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13249|‎Museum Data Service museum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13250|HonestGamers game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13253|Pappers executive ID]], [[:d:Property:P13254|Islamic Philosophy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13255|L'Humanité topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13256|Kamus Dewan Edisi Tiga ID]], [[:d:Property:P13257|Izvestia topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13258|Presisov večjezični slovar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13259|Zvuk release ID]], [[:d:Property:P13261|Mille ans de littérature d'oc author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13263|norskeflyplasser.no ID]], [[:d:Property:P13264|HCERES expert ID]], [[:d:Property:P13265|Registre national des gels ID]], [[:d:Property:P13266|A Dictionary of Geology and Earth Sciences entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13267|DGLAi ID]], [[:d:Property:P13268|Finnish Olympic Committee athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13270|Cinema Belgica company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13271|RPG Maker game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Property:P13272|Chinese Church and Organization Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13273|Letterboxd studio ID]], [[:d:Property:P13274|Biblioteca Italiana work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13275|A Dictionary of Cultural Anthropology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13276|A Dictionary of Geography entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13277|A Dictionary of Sociology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13278|Jeune Afrique person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13279|Dictionary of Late Antiquity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13280|University of Pécs Almanac ID]], [[:d:Property:P13281|TERMCAT term ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nomenclatural type of|nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVD region code|DVD region code]] (<nowiki>DVD release is restricted to region code</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological National Register code|Archaeological National Register code]] (<nowiki>identifier of elements of the National archaeological register of Moldova</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/presented works|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant REGAFI|identifiant REGAFI]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Maximum beam energy|Maximum beam energy]] (<nowiki>Maximum beam energy of a particle accelerator</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name starts with|name starts with]] (<nowiki>The name that this qualifies, the full contents of which are unknown, is known to start with these characters.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/духовный сан|духовный сан]] (<nowiki>formal styles of address used for members of the clergy</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A2B2 user ID|A2B2 user ID]] (<nowiki>User ID on a2b2.org</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Source language|Source language]] (<nowiki>headword languge of dictionary</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DIF historia player ID|DIF historia player ID]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a sportsperson connected to Djurgårdens IF on difhistoria.se (official site)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of texture mapping units|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of render output units|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of ray tracing cores|number of ray tracing cores]] (<nowiki>number of ray tracing cores in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bibliography for subject|Bibliography for subject]] (<nowiki>Wikidata property on this item providing a link to a bibliography about the subject that is a good starting point.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/likes / dislikes|likes / dislikes]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of goals scored in penalty shootouts|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (<nowiki>total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/broadcasting days and time|broadcasting days and time]] (<nowiki>days of the week in which a TV or radio program is broadcasted</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reverse compound|reverse compound]] (<nowiki>compound where the parts are reversed</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cognate-citation|cognate-citation]] (<nowiki>lexeme with with the same etymological origin and where a source supports it.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche (inventaire)|Instrument de recherche (inventaire)]] (<nowiki>{{Translate this | fr = <!-- | xx = descriptions dans d'autres langues --> }}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Instrument de recherche|Instrument de recherche]] (<nowiki>document containing detailed information about a specific collection of papers or records within an archive</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ratsinformationssystem|Ratsinformationssystem]] (<nowiki>Link to the council information system of the municipality</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name with acutes|name with acutes]] (<nowiki>item name with acute accents showing stressed vowels</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/doors open on the… / exit train on the…|doors open on the… / exit train on the…]] (<nowiki>side of the train where the doors open at this station or only side where this vehicle has doors</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/items classified|items classified]] (<nowiki>class of items that this classification system classifies (aliases: items categorized {{!}} classifies {{!}} categorizes)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason not to be used with instances of|reason not to be used with instances of]] (<nowiki>clarification for why P31 (instance of) can not be used with this property</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/dislikes of fictional character|dislikes of fictional character]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AI-generated media prompt|AI-generated media prompt]] (<nowiki>exact prompt that was used to generate an AI-generated media</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Text-to-image software used for creation|Text-to-image software used for creation]] (<nowiki>software that was used to create this media or work</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lemmy instance URL|Lemmy instance URL]] (<nowiki>the Lemmy instance of/about the subject</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/reason for event cancellation|reason for event cancellation]] (<nowiki>circumstances leading to the cancellation of the event</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/stylized title|stylized title]] (<nowiki>''(no English description proposed yet)''</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RAM capacity|RAM capacity]] (<nowiki>amount of volatile random-access memory (RAM) modules used by this device</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VRAM capacity|VRAM capacity]] (<nowiki>amount of dual-ported video RAM (VRAM) modules used by this device</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nombre anterior|nombre anterior]] (<nowiki>Former official name used by an entity, organization, place, or object.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/earliest start date|earliest start date]] (<nowiki>earliest start date</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/model number|model number]] (<nowiki>Identifier for a product model</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nation Ranking (primary) and Nation Ranking (secondary)|Nation Ranking (primary) and Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (<nowiki>Nation Ranking (primary)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has license|has license]] (<nowiki>licenses the subject have</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/representing sports team|representing sports team]] (<nowiki>a sports team or club representing this organisation or geographic area</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)|Algeria Press Service tag ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ech-Chaab tag ID|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shamela Algeria person ID|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/enterprise number (Germany)|enterprise number (Germany)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Subject ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Progetto Euploos ID|Progetto Euploos ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DataGov dataset|DataGov dataset]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ERR keyword ID|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID|Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Spanish-German Dictionary ID|Spanish-German Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SearchCulture.gr ID|SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cinema Belgica censorship ID|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SOIUSA code|SOIUSA code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MetalTabs.com track ID|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rutracker.org page ID|rutracker.org page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RateMyProfessors ID|RateMyProfessors ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PubMed author ID|PubMed author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BodyMeasurements.org ID|BodyMeasurements.org ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bluepages article ID|Bluepages article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID|Archaeological Cadastre (Greece) info ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishia item ID|Wikishia item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (English)|Euronews topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (French)|Euronews topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Spanish)|Euronews topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID (Arabic)|Euronews topic ID (Arabic)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Unine thesis id|Unine thesis id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enpedia ID|Enpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number|Bahamut Animation Crazy Serial Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Team Norway profile ID (new)|Team Norway profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)|NOC of Belarus champion ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JOC profile ID (new)|JOC profile ID (new)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (French)|RFI topic ID (French)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (English)|RFI topic ID (English)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID (Spanish)|RFI topic ID (Spanish)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/EJU profile ID|EJU profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ROAR id|ROAR id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPB profile ID|CPB profile ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/U.S. Soccer player ID|U.S. Soccer player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Celfic FC player ID|Celfic FC player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sutian entry ID|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/wikiHow article ID|wikiHow article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Graceful17 ID|Graceful17 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IATI Organisation Identifier|IATI Organisation Identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Suno artist ID|Suno artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VAi Archiefhub Agent ID|VAi Archiefhub Agent ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Soccerbase season ID|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlaymakerStats season ID|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN.com football match ID|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurosport person ID|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Newsweek topic ID|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/New York Post topic ID|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RaiPlay Sound IDs|RaiPlay Sound IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DDLC entry ID|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fluorophores.org substance ID|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID|Yahoo Knowledge Graph ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Modern China Biographical Database ID|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID|Chinese Engineers Relational Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes vessel ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/booru tag|booru tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/critify.de game ID|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MikuWiki article ID|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSR package|JSR package]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Storytel author ID|Storytel author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TvStar.info person ID|TvStar.info person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Amazon Music track ID|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Trust Heritage Records ID|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Toonopedia ID|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Oorlogsbronnen-identifier|Oorlogsbronnen-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPC Zone game ID|CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patristic Text Archive|Patristic Text Archive]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM|identifiant d'une œuvre au MACM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nesdb.se game ID|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon|Identifiant d'une personne sur le site du musée du diocèse de Lyon]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número de Identificación Tributaria|Número de Identificación Tributaria]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note trail identifier|Hiking Note trail identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note mountain identifier|Hiking Note mountain identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Video Game History Foundation Library|Video Game History Foundation Library]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Music track ID|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PromoDJ track ID|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jamendo track ID|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Know Your Meme slug|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CriticDB IDs|CriticDB IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI topic ID|RFI topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Algeria Press Service topic ID|Algeria Press Service topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note chalet identifier|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of Marxism ID|Encyclopedia of Marxism ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Helden van het Verzet person ID|Helden van het Verzet person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Records of Early English Drama ID|Records of Early English Drama ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The New Yorker topic ID|The New Yorker topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/top50|top50]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PBA.com player ID|PBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PWBA.com player ID|PWBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LEMAC ID|LEMAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music music video ID|Rate Your Music music video ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rate Your Music release issue ID|Rate Your Music release issue ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nonbinary Wiki id|Nonbinary Wiki id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/goal.com football match ID|goal.com football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LEMAV ID|LEMAV ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AllGame game ID|AllGame game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Partij)|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Partij)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechRaptor IDs|TechRaptor IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kompass company ID|Kompass company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechSavvy.de GPU ID|TechSavvy.de GPU ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PCPartPicker hardware ID|PCPartPicker hardware ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wine AppDB ID developer ID|Wine AppDB ID developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memoria Chilena ID|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID|The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/8HMC Specifiying colours for a gender representation of Scottish witches] ** [https://w.wiki/D2TF Currently active rock metal bands, their hometowns and latest release] ** [https://w.wiki/Cwm5 Map of Global Administrative Areas with links to Xeno-canto datasets in GBIF] ** [https://w.wiki/Cxfy Map of drowned places and their images] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Events_and_Role_Frames/Game_plan|Events and Role Frames]] - the goal is to enhance Wikidata’s representation of lexemes by linking lexeme senses to PropBank role sets. ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/List_of_Canadian_doctors|List of Canadian doctors (WikiProject Medicine)]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/List_of_properties/1-1000|List of most used Properties]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q634873|Newton's parakeet (Q634873)]] - extinct species of bird * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L1328922|kuchapa (L1328922)]] - Swahili noun that can mean "photographic print", "print", "printer", "act of typing" or an "publishing." '''Development''' * Search in the UI: We continued the work on adding a search UI that lets you search in Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas more easily ([[phab:T338483]]) * Search in the API: We are continuing our work on search in the REST API ([[phab:T383126]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Nigeria|Nigeria]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Wikidata:Status updates/2025_02_10|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 18:13, 10 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28241170 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #667 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-02-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 10|#666]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for CheckUser: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/CheckUser/Lymantria|Lymantria]] (RfP scheduled to end at 19 February 2025 04:22 UTC) * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Anna's Archive|Anna's Archive]] - The RFC is about whether Wikidata should import and store metadata from Anna's Archive, considering legal, copyright, and technical challenges. ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]: ** Data Reuse Days, starting on February 18th. [[d:Event:Data Reuse Days 2025#Sessions|Check out the program]] and don't forget to [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1050|register on wiki]] to receive the access link. ** How to the use the [[:w:20th Century Press Archives]] as Source ([[Wikipedia:Digitaler_Themenabend#111._DTA:_„Das_Pressearchiv_20._Jahrhundert_als_Quelle“,_18._Februar_2025,_19_Uhr|Digitaler Themenabend: Das Pressearchiv 20. Jahrhundert als Quelle]] - in German) will introduce into research in the archives and into the work of [[:de:Wikipedia:Projekt Pressearchiv|Wikipedia Projekt Pressearchiv]] - Tuesday, February 18, at 18:00 UTC (informal [[:de:Wikipedia:Digitaler_Themenabend#111._DTA:_%E2%80%9EDas_Pressearchiv_20._Jahrhundert_als_Quelle%E2%80%9C,_18._Februar_2025,_19_Uhr|registration]]) ** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project series session on Tuesday, 18 February, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1738688400 Time Zone Converter]. Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The second session will focus on choosing your project. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project|Event page]] ** (workshop) [[WMFdashboard:courses/Grupo de Usuários Wiki Movimento Brasil/Wikidata Lab XLIV|Wikidata Lab XLIV: Launch of QuickStatements 3.0]] on February 24 at 15:00 UTC. Register [[WMFdashboard:courses/Grupo de Usuários Wiki Movimento Brasil/Wikidata Lab XLIV|here]] and watch it on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ WMB's YouTube channel]! ** Wikidata and Wikibase: Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities. Talk on Wednesday, 5 March. By Information Services, University of Edinburgh. ([https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/wikidata-and-wikibase-curriculum-transformation-in-the-digital-humanities-tickets-1247440079859 register]) * Past: ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata at WikiLibCon 2025]] ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Germany report|Exploring Wikidata & Building Community for Cultural Heritage Professionals]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://addshore.com/2025/02/visualizing-wikibase-ecosystem-using-wikibase-world/ Visualising the Wikibase ecosystem using Wikibase World] by [[d:User:Addshore|Addshore]] ** [[foundationsite:news/2025/02/12/wikipedia-recognized-as-a-digital-public-good/|Wikipedia Recognized as a Digital Public Good]] * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAfpEYXb2WI From Open Collaboration to Customized Control: Transitioning from Wikidata to Wikibase]. Presented by John Samuel, this talk explores Wikibase, a self-hosted platform that brings the power of Wikidata to your own infrastructure. ** (Ukranian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROuOz8gxMoU The Role of Wikidata in the development of the Crimean Tatar Wikipedia]. This talk discusses how Wikidata has been used to support populating a small language Wikipedia with content. ** (Portuguese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Gw0Wdh6CNQ Mapping etymology on OpenStreetMaps with Wikidata] Tiago Lubjana demonstrates how to map etymology in OpenStreetMaps with Wikidata, using the streets of the [[d:Q971299|Butantanã Institute]] as an example. * Podcasts: Between The Brackets Episode 173: [https://betweenthebrackets.libsyn.com/episode-173-adam-shorland-tom-arrow-and-ollie-hyde Adam Shorland, Tom Arrow and Ollie Hyde] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://rstockm.github.io/fedipol/index.html Fedipol] (Fediverse Activity Tracker) is a Wikidata-based tool used for tracking activity and analyzing accounts related to German political parties, institutions, and instances on the Fediverse. * [https://openrefine.org/blog/2025/02/13/version-3-9-0 OpenRefine 3.9.0 was released] ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/N4RKFU6DYVJFJ3PIS3PEGKH7YJSRLRVJ/ Call for Projects and Mentors for Outreachy Round 30 is open!] The deadline to submit projects on the Outreachy website is March 4, 2025 at 4pm UTC and the project list will be finalized by March 14, 2025. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13282|land acknowledgement]] (<nowiki>acknowledgement of indigenous or native people who live and whose ancestors lived at a location</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13296|study or design for this work]] (<nowiki>preliminary work for this finished work</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13283|Dizionario Biografico della Calabria Contemporanea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13284|ESPN.com football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13285|WPBSA.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13286|World Snooker Tour tournament ID]], [[:d:Property:P13287|Bertsolaritzaren Datu Basea ID]], [[:d:Property:P13288|EJU judoka ID]], [[:d:Property:P13289|Yandex Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13290|Video Game History Foundation Library agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P13291|Video Game History Foundation Library subject ID]], [[:d:Property:P13292|Video Game History Foundation Library resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13293|Toonopedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13294|PlaymakerStats season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13295|ERR keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P13297|El Watan topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13298|BGSU Historical Collections of the Great Lakes entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13299|‎CPC Zone game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13300|New York Post topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13301|National Trust Heritage Records ID]], [[:d:Property:P13302|Records of Early English Drama ID]], [[:d:Property:P13303|Shamela Algeria person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13304|PWBA.com player ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The College of Cardinals Report|The College of Cardinals Report]] (<nowiki>ID of the person on the The College of Cardinals Report website</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nation Ranking (secondary)|Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (<nowiki>Nation Ranking (primary)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Peh-oe-ji|Peh-oe-ji]] (<nowiki>writing system for {{Q|36778|Taiwan Taigi}} or other {{Q|36495}} language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System|Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System]] (<nowiki>romanization system for {{Q|36778|Taiwan Taigi}} or other {{Q|36495}} language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/leader of organization|leader of organization]] (<nowiki>This property identifies the top executive leader of an organization, regardless of the specific title used by the organization.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery ID|National Gallery ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamDB developer ID|SteamDB developer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Group ID|Steam Group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne dans le Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise|Identifiant d'une personne dans le Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID|Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DRTV IDs|DRTV IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hiking Note plant identifier|Hiking Note plant identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personnalité sur Calindex|Identifiant d'une personnalité sur Calindex]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur Calindex|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice sur Calindex]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant dans le dictionnaire de la BnF|Identifiant dans le dictionnaire de la BnF]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Atlantic topic ID|The Atlantic topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturenvanteri place ID|Kulturenvanteri place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID|Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VGC IDs|VGC IDs]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack artist-ID|Audiomack artist-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack album-ID|Audiomack album-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiomack sang-ID|Audiomack sang-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikishire Page ID|Wikishire Page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kulturdatenbank-ID|Kulturdatenbank-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TERMDAT ID|TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database ID|United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Homosaurus ID (V4)|Homosaurus ID (V4)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IRIS UNIL author ID|IRIS UNIL author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kantonsspital St.Gallen Author ID|Kantonsspital St.Gallen Author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Big Finish Release ID|Big Finish Release ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TermTerm UUID|TermTerm UUID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FU-Lexikon ID|FU-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Miraheze wiki ID|Miraheze wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Eurobasket.com club ID|Eurobasket.com club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/domain name|domain name]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/CweX What tropical cyclones have hit Indonesia?] ([https://x.com/4sqa/status/1887868955102228579 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/6CBD Cheeses named after towns] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q183529|Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex (Q183529)]] - stadium in Kyiv, Ukraine * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L39182|hacer (L39182)]] - Spanish verb that can mean "do", "create", "pretend" or "play a role". ''' Development ''' * Search: We are continuing the work on the improved search that lets you limit your search more easily to other entity types besides Items like Lexemes and Properties ([[phab:T321543]]) * RDF: We are working on aligning the RDF export to the Query Service prefixes ([[phab:T384344]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Cuba|Cuba]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 10|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:11, 17 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28241170 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #668 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-02-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|#667]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/MatSuBot_10|MatSuBot_10]] - Task(s): Import aliases from [[d:Property:P2521|Female form of Label (P2521)]] and [[d:Property:P3321|Male form of Label(P3321)]]. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Trainers|Certify the Wikidata trainers?]] - Initially discussed in [[d:Wikidata:Project_chat#Should_we_certify_Wikidata_trainers?|Project Chat]], this RfC looks to establish a clear community-endorsed policy on how Wikidata Trainers can be appropriately certified and their skills demonstrated and recognized. ''' Events ''' * Ongoing events: Data Reuse Days, until February 28th: [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|watch the sessions that you missed and check the program for this week]]. * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/International Mother Language Day 2025 Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2025 Datathon]] - online event by [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India|WikiProject India]] from 21-28 February 2025. ** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #74 March 10 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at Taipei {{Q|61752245}} * Past: ** [[:m:Wikisource Conference 2025/Submissions/Wikidata and Bangla Wikisource: When two cool kids play together!|Wikidata and Bangla Wikisource: When two cool kids play together!]] at [[:m:Wikisource Conference 2025|Wikisource Conference 2025]] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ Wiki Movimento Brasil unveil QuickStatements 3.0] - A livetsreamed workshop showcasing the latest version of QuickStatements. Discover the new features implemented based on community research. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Videos: ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmHhcBIFQAM Live Wikidata Editing] - User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 return for a Wikidata live edit session for Data Reuse Days. ** (Czech) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TMYlp9NlMU Wikibase as a tool for database operation in a memory institution] Linda Jansová presents this session on Wikibase (first streamed 9 November, 2024) at the 13th Wikiconference 2024, hosted by WM Česká republika. * Podcasts: [https://creators.spotify.com/pod/show/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922/a-a963q1t Using Wikidata to connect constituents with their government] - User:Ainali (Co-founder of ''Wikimedians for Sustainable Development'' discusses their knowledge about Wikidata and how it underpins [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory|Govdirectory]], their vision for the future impact of Wikidata. ''' Tool of the week ''' * The [https://github.com/WikiEducationFoundation/wikidata-diff-analyzer WikidataDiffAnalyzer] is a Ruby gem designed to parse and analyze differences between Wikidata revisions, providing detailed statistics on changes to claims, labels, descriptions, aliases, site links, and more, while also supporting analysis of merges, redirects, and other edit types. * [https://rstockm.github.io/fedipol/index.html German Political parties and politicians tracked on the Fediverse] - Powered by Wikidata, this Fediverse tracker aggregates social media links to official channels of German politicians. ([https://chaos.social/@rstockm/113982039705706466 toot]) ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=191749381&l=en Job Vacancy: Senior UX Designer for Wikidata] - If you have a passion for UX design and open and free knowledge, please consider applying! * [Wikibase] [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibaseug@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YCM3S7ZOJL6JL3BFHOM4ILWQ4PDR42LW/ Bug Fixes: Wikibase Suite Deploy 1.0.2, 3.0.4, Wikibase 1.0.2, 3.0.3] '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13308|software used for creation]] (<nowiki>software that was used to create this media or work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13318|mode of reproduction]] (<nowiki>ways for living organisms to propagate or produce their offsprings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13326|Toki Pona headnoun]] (<nowiki>Toki Pona common noun for which the name serves as a proper modifier</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13304|PWBA.com player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13305|IATI organisation ID]], [[:d:Property:P13306|Oorlogsbronnen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13307|DIF historia player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13309|Cinema Belgica censorship ID]], [[:d:Property:P13310|critify.de game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13311|Digital Scriptorium Catalog item ID]], [[:d:Property:P13312|Patristic Text Archive author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13313|Patristic Text Archive work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13314|Patristic Text Archive manuscript ID]], [[:d:Property:P13315|Patristic Text Archive person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13316|Patristic Text Archive organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13317|The New Yorker topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13319|CriticDB author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13320|Rate Your Music music video ID]], [[:d:Property:P13321|Eurosport person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13322|Soccerbase season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13323|nesdb.se game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13324|Albin Michel author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13325|National Gallery ID]], [[:d:Property:P13327|Wine AppDB ID developer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13328|Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13329|Brussels Inventory of Natural Heritage tree ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Date filed|Date filed]] (<nowiki>Filing date for a document, e.g. a patent or court case. Alternative names include <code>date submitted</code>, <code>submission date</code>, <code>filing date</code>, etc. These are all distinct from dates of issuance, granting, acceptance, publication, etc. that are public-facing and have to do with the last stage in a publication process. Searches for [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=date+filed&title=Special:Search&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns120=1 similar] terms yielded [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=filing&ns120=1&fulltext=Search+for+a+property&fulltext=Search no results], so apologies if this is redundant.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/API documentation|API documentation]] (<nowiki>API documentation URL</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Euronews topic ID|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NES Directory game ID|NES Directory game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Friends of Friendless Churches ID|Friends of Friendless Churches ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bane NOR station ID|Bane NOR station ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Meine Abgeordneten ID|Meine Abgeordneten ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wikidot article ID|Wikidot article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Breitbart tag ID|Breitbart tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SMB-digital asset ID|SMB-digital asset ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Authority control/Korean National Species list ID|Authority control/Korean National Species list ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FMJD person ID|FMJD person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KNDB person ID|KNDB person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Radiomuseum.org vacuum tube transitor ID|Radiomuseum.org vacuum tube transitor ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lenape Talking Dictionary ID|Lenape Talking Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thinky Games database game ID|Thinky Games database game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopædia Universalis index ID|Encyclopædia Universalis index ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archives in Bavaria ID|Archives in Bavaria ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CBFC record ID|CBFC record ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/DBhe Show missing alias when they exist as another gendered form] ** [https://w.wiki/DACK Items with Human Settlement, but lack a Country] ** [https://w.wiki/DByA Image gallery of works by William Hogarth] [[:d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/collections#Works_of_William_Hogarth_by_collection|(source)]] ** [https://w.wiki/DC7Q Objects in Sri Lanka] (differentiated by different color icons) ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Generating_a_list_of_subjects_for_a_photo_project|source]]) ** [https://query-chest.toolforge.org/redirect/O3WoHEep4y0uC2cwkYkIq8WOIQKqEEqo6IkmAkUAEa8 Find a certain edit summary in page history] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Find_a_certain_edit_summary_in_page_history|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Wiki-PR Puerto Rican Cultural Heritage|Puerto Rican Cultural Heritage]] - serves as a central hub for various initiatives highlighting Puerto Ricans and Puerto Rican culture in Wikidata * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/Federation_report|SPARQL: Federation report]] - Check the status of different SPARQL endpoints. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q466611|The Incredible Hulk (Q466611)]] - 2008 superhero film directed by Louis Leterrier * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L743600|år (L743600)]] - Nynorsk noun that can mean "a vein", "road", "talent", "an ore", "insect wing part" or "small stripe with a different colour from its surroundings." ''' Development ''' * Hosting the Data Reuse Days * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on a search endpoint for the API ([[phab:T383126]]) * Search: We are continuing to work on the search field that lets you search other entity types as well and not just Items ([[phab:T321543]] * Mobile editing: We are designing prototypes for first testing sessions [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Uganda|Uganda]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''' · [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 17|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:59, 24 පෙබරවාරි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28298643 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #669 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-03-03. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|#668]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Other: Email Chain [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JPY7EHO7ANRYAY7ATDZ6GR3NT2VWCU22/ "Elephant in the room"] - discussing the large number of Wikidata Items lacking Statements, Sitelinks or Labels/Descriptions. ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** All the information you need to start working on your [[wikimania:2025:Program|Wikimania 2025 program]] submissions is now available on the Wiki. Deadline: March 31 st, Anywhere on Earth. ** New Wikidata Event! The upcoming [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|"Wikidata and Sister Projects"]] event (May 29–June 1) is looking for speakers to share how Wikidata connects with other Wikimedia projects - if you are interested, request more info or [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|submit your session idea here]]. ** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group project series session on Tuesday, March 4, 2025 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 17:00 UTC / 6pm CET [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1741107600 Time Zone Converter] Eric Willey will be facilitating a series of four sessions focused on starting a Wikidata project from the foundation up at your institution. The third session will focus on making the most of your time and work. [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Affinity_Group_Calls/Starting_A_Wikidata_Project#Session_3_(March_4)_-_Making_the_Most_of_Your_Time_and_Work|Event page]]. ** [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/wikidata-and-wikibase-curriculum-transformation-in-the-digital-humanities-tickets-1247440079859 Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities] - Join for 4 free talks showcasing how linked open data can support teaching, research and collections. March 5, 1500 - 1700 GMT (UTC-0). ** [[m:Wiki_Workshop_2025/Call_for_Papers|Wiki Workshop 2025 CfP - Call for Papers]] (Submission deadline: March 9) ** [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/Open Data Day Taiwan 2025|Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]] March 9 Time: 09:30-17:30 UTC+8 at Taipei [[d:Q122750631|Humanities Building (Q122750631)]] ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/U752LT3K7ZRDD6WLBB6T4IJSGH3LVQSE/ Wiki Mentor Africa (WMA) Hackathon 2025 - Registration & Scholarship Now Open]. Date: 28th - 30th March 2025. Who Can Participate? African developers, Wikimedia contributors, and anyone interested in Wikimedia projects. * Ongoing: ** [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]] - annual global contest aimed at documenting and sharing the diverse customs and traditions observed during the month of Ramadan. Date: 25 February 2025 – 16 April 2025. Register [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|here]]! ** Items with [[d:Property:P31|P31 (instance of)]] = human settlement without a country has dropped from 7600 to below 4600 Items. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/SNG4X263GJBGFNKY5LX2WDD7KU3IICQI/ You can help to get it even lower]. ** [[:d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Events/Open Data Days 2025/Datathon|Wikidata & OpenStreetMap Datathon & Mapathon as part of International Open Data Day 2025]] from 1st - 15th March 2025 by [[d:Q11037573|WikiProject India (Q11037573)]]. * Past events: Data Reuse Days 2025: you can [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025#Sessions|watch the sessions that you missed]] at your own pace. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/feb/24/uk-universities-educate-the-most-national-leaders-globally-analysis-shows UK universities educate the most national leaders globally], analysis (based on Wikidata) shows. By The Guardian ** Two Wikimedians-in-Residence appointed to increase Maltese literature representation on Wikipedia and Wikidata [https://timesofmalta.com/article/national-book-council-appoints-wikimediansinresidence.1105754 Times of Malta] * Videos ** (French) PasseGares: Bug fixes and data imports from Wikidata [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNhmxBAryys YouTube] ** Adding Wikidata label and descriptions, from the Wali Language Art+Feminism Editathon (Ghana 2025) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il7trmWUXv0 YouTube] ** Workshop showcasing QuickStatements 3.0! Learn how this updated tool streamlines your workflow and discover new features. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHqyRynWGvQ YouTube] ** Contributing to Wikidata 101, a series of demonstrations organised by WM Community UG Uganda [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Zo8Z3_vqvM Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c59Z2tpEsuU Part 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTWs5fCyok8 Part 3] ** Optimize SPARQL queries to avoid timeouts: Efficiently count entities sharing values [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksj8n4IyOqQ YouTube] ** Data Reuse Days [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejMPb2P_3XWnLH4K14f7wGRd playlist] and live-editing session with User:Ainali and User:Abbe98 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoRjMUP95x4 YouTube] ** LUDAP: Shared authority file for Luxembourg's Scientific and Cultural Heritage, with Wikibase [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpwdTwteY5w YouTube] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[m:QuickStatements 3.0|QuickStatements 3.0]] - new version of the original QuickStatements with enhanced functionality, performance, and user experience. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/GQ5FOALWYP6P6JXBPDQNC4RZPIPZ5VDZ/ On March 17, Vector 2022 will become the default skin on Wikidata] * Jobs ** Senior UX Designer for Wikidata - [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=191749381&l=en Apply online] ** Product Manager for Wikibase Suite - [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=190245769&l=en Apply online] '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13338|thesis submitted for degree]] (<nowiki>the academic degree for which a thesis or dissertation is submitted</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13330|Korean National Species list ID]], [[:d:Property:P13331|NES Directory game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13332|Miraheze wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13333|Global Energy Monitor Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13334|FU-Lexikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13335|MACM artwork ID]], [[:d:Property:P13336|Hiking Note chalet identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13337|domain name]], [[:d:Property:P13339|‎TechRaptor game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13340|‎TechRaptor company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13341|‎TechRaptor genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13342|Sanzhi Dargwa dictionary ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/copy present in institution|copy present in institution]] (<nowiki>copy present in institution</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/single extrait de l'album|single extrait de l'album]] (<nowiki>indicates the album from which the item is taken</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/HelloAsso organization ID|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/europlayers.com club ID|europlayers.com club ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/eLIBRARY Document Number|eLIBRARY Document Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LIBRIS Library ID|LIBRIS Library ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parlament.fyi person ID|parlament.fyi person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Embryo Project Encyclopedia ID|Embryo Project Encyclopedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/factordb id|factordb id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yukon Register of Historic Places ID|Yukon Register of Historic Places ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Our Campaigns container ID|Our Campaigns container ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/badmintoncn.com star ID|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Game Input Database ID|Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Historia Hispánica ID|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coasterpedia ID|Coasterpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Captain Coaster coaster ID|Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Captain Coaster park ID|Captain Coaster park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dark Ride Database IDs|Dark Ride Database IDs]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/DE5f Map of Birthplace of Polish Nationals, born after 1900 who have an article on Polish Wikipedia] ** [https://w.wiki/DGqj Items with no Statement or Sitelinks] - You can help by expanding these Items! ** [https://w.wiki/DH2r Showcase lexemes and their language/lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35747 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|Climate Change Policies]] - aims to model policies related to Climate change on Wikidata. * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:Database reports/Most linked category items|Most linked category Items]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q383541|Basshunter (Q383541)]] - Swedish singer, record producer, and DJ * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L7347|baguette (L7347)]] - French noun that can mean "elongated type of bread loaf", "elongated type of bread loaf", "conductor's baton", "chopsticks", "drum sticks" or "magic wand". ''' Development ''' * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on the simple Item search ([[phab:T383126]]) * Dumps: We fixed an issue that prevented the dumps from being generated ([[phab:T386401]]) * Search: We are continuing to work on the search UI that will let you search not just Items but also other entity types ([[phab:T321543]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Australia|Australia]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 02 24|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:27, 3 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28317525 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #670 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-03-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|#669]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: [https://www.unifi.it/it/eventi/incontro-donne-toscane-wikidata-laboratorio-di-inserimento-dati-una-memoria-condivisa Tuscan Women & Wikidata] - data entry lab for shared memory, 5 March. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/03/03/data-reuse-days-2025/ WMDE Blog - Highlights of Data Reuse Days]: The post showcases 3 excellent apps: WikiFlix (public domain full-length films), KDE Itinerary (travel assistant app) and Scribe Keyboard (easier writing in secondary languages). These are just some of the applications built using Wikidata; check out more at the [[d:Event:Data_Reuse_Days_2025|Data Reuse Days]] pages. ** (German) [https://blog.wikimedia.de/2025/03/05/digitale-stolpersteine/ Digital Stumbling Blocks – How the Wiki Community Drives Remembrance Culture]: User:Cookroach highlights the efforts of Wikimedians across projects (Wikidata, Wikipedia, Commons) to digitally document the [[w:Stolperstein|Stolpersteine]], brass-plaques laid to commemorate victims of the National Socialism. ** (German) [https://dhistory.hypotheses.org/9858 Digital History Berlin: Field research with LOD] - a write-up of the methods, experiences data-model and SPARQl queries of the field research conducted as part of the [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Field_Survey_Digital_Humanities_/_Digital_History|WikiProject: Field Survey Digital Humanities]]. ** (Italian) [https://www.sc-politiche.unifi.it/art-1343-progetto-wikipedia-e-wikidata-per-la-cesare-alfieri.html# Wikipedia & Wikidata project for Cesare Alfieri] - an introduction to the project to expand articles and data of the archives of Cesare Alfieri University of Florence. ** [https://semlab.io/blog/communicating-ontology Communicating Ontology: Technical approaches for facilitating use of our Wikibase data] (Semantic Lab at Pratt Institute) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://github.com/acrion/zelph zelph]: A new tool for detecting logical contradictions and making inferences in Wikidata, using a rule-based system to improve data quality and derive new facts. Check it out on GitHub or explore results on the [https://zelph.org/ project website]. * New Tool for Women’s Day: [https://scheherazade-temp.toolforge.org/ Scheherazade] identifies women without articles in your Wikipedia but present in many others, helping editors prioritize creating missing biographies. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZX63E4GPQC6ZQBKGLI7XJUANKT6KOKHE/ Wikimedia Research Fund had launched]. You're encourage to submit proposals around Wikidata. The deadline to submit your proposal is April 16, 2025. * The 4th iteration of the [[d:Wikidata:Open Online Course|Wikidata:Open Online Course]] will begin from March 17 until April 30. Whether you're a beginner taking your first steps, an individual in need of a refresher on Wikidata concepts, or a seasoned trainer looking to level up your skills - this course is right for you. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13351|model number]] (<nowiki>identifier for a product model</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13353|provides data for property]] (<nowiki>dataset associated with this external ID usually contains data applicable to this other Wikidata property</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13359|items classified]] (<nowiki>class of items that this classification system classifies</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13360|presented works]] (<nowiki>works of art or creative works performed, displayed or presented at a given event</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13361|number of goals scored in penalty shootouts]] (<nowiki>total number of goals scored by a team in a penalty shootout</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13343|‎Thinky Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13344|Lenape Talking Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13345|Biographical Dictionary of Republican China (X-Boorman) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13346|LEMAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13347|Bane NOR station ID]], [[:d:Property:P13348|Sutian entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13349|Platform for Taiwan Religion and Folk Culture ID]], [[:d:Property:P13350|Meine Abgeordneten ID]], [[:d:Property:P13352|Hiking Note plant ID]], [[:d:Property:P13354|VGC game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13355|VGC company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13356|VGC people ID]], [[:d:Property:P13357|Archives in Bavaria ID]], [[:d:Property:P13358|VGC theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13362|‎Steam group ID]], [[:d:Property:P13363|AllGame game ID (archived)]] * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/kigo of|kigo of]] (<nowiki>the season the sense denotes in haiku in Japanese</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score|Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised score]] (<nowiki>score that the subject have received on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised psychological assessment tool as administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under scientifically controlled and licensed conditions, standardized conditions</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archaeological site (Japan) ID|Archaeological site (Japan) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hmong Studies Citations ID|Hmong Studies Citations ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GitLab topic|GitLab topic]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Christchurch City Council Park ID|Christchurch City Council Park ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online researcher ID|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online web resource ID|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Clio-online organization ID|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Congress.gov committee ID|Congress.gov committee ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AGORHA ID|AGORHA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Crunchyroll artist ID|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ZOOM Platform product ID|ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GCMD keyword ID|GCMD keyword ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/KnowWhereGraph entity ID|KnowWhereGraph entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VejinBooks author ID|VejinBooks author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SteamDB tech ID|SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant Cartofaf d'une organisation|Identifiant Cartofaf d'une organisation]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Saarland Biografien ID|Saarland Biografien ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Murderpedia ID|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Big Fish Games game ID|Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/DHxF Obscure units of measurement and where to find them] ** [https://w.wiki/DNQ7 Female scientists with most number of sitelinks] (but not English Wikipedia) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientCoinsAndModernMedals|AncientCoinsAndModernMedals]] * WikiProject Highlights: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Biology/List_of_mushrooms|WikiProject Biology: List of Mushrooms]] - revived by [[d:User:Prototyperspective|User:Prototyperspective]], help catalogue all known fungal friends, and join the subreddit (for all Wikidata topics): r/WData ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject India/Police Stations|India/Police Stations]] * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Software/List of free software without an image set|List of free software without an image set]] - This is a table of Wikidata items about a free software missing an image. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18406872|Doctor Strange (Q18406872)]] - 2016 film directed by Scott Derrickson * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L476372|felle (L476372)]] - Bokmål verb that can mean "to make something fall", "to kill", "to force a resignation", "to prove guilt", "to let lose", "to announce" or "to join." ''' Development ''' * Search: The search team at the WMF has added a new search keyword for Lexemes. You can use the keyword "inlanguage:en" or "inlanguage:Q1860" to limit your search to Lexemes with Lexeme language English and so on. Here is an example search for "bank" within English Lexemes: https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?search=L%3Abank+inlanguage%3Aen ([[phab:T271776]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 03|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:02, 10 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28349310 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #671 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-03-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|#670]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Deprecate_P642|Time to deprecate P642]] - [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] has spent 3 years marked as''deprecated''. Is it time to finally mark it as an [[d:Q18644427|obsolete Wikidata property(Q18644427)]]? ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EDXCS7QM3QYJBORQUKBJ3NTIDUYIZSKU/ Call for Wikimania 2025 Programme reviewers]. Apply until Monday 17 March 12:00 UTC ** Wikidata Affinity Group Update: The fourth session of Starting a Wikidata Project, originally set for March 18, will now be an asynchronous Slack discussion in the #wikidata channel of the LD4 Slack Space. Join us at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742313600 9am PT / 16:00 UTC] to discuss Reporting Your Outcomes and Results. Join Slack [https://join.slack.com/t/ld4/shared_invite/zt-31379okvn-8IVWvbCZerKnN352sKCa2g here]. Note: April programming will pause as we prepare the next series. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Training for the staff of the Museum of Photography in Krakow on Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata]] - "The training aimed to enable the MuFo staff to effectively navigate and develop skills in editing and managing the museum's digital resources within the Wikimedia projects." ** (German) [https://temporaerhaus.de/tag/wikimedia/ Wikipedia Unterwegs - this time in Neu-Ulm]: This travelling community meetup for German Wikimedians discusses the growing ecosystem of Wikipedia, Wikidata and Commons. ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/757 REST in Rust] by Magnus: "A new Rust crate has been developed to simplify access to the Wikibase REST API, featuring industry-level coding standards, 248 unit tests, >97% code coverage, and high maintainability. Check out the GitHub repo and contribute via the issue tracker or pull requests!" * Videos ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2MZ7O26YWZDLNDUU5YKW3RKQHRKR6D5C/ Useful videos that explain how to set up/make use of Wikibases]. Put together by Valerie ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk7Lfr9mAAk&pp=ygUIV2lraWJhc2U%3D Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities] ** (Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IT_dl08DMA Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]: more details and program agenda on the [[m:Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikidata_Taiwan/Open_Data_Day_Taiwan_2025|Wikimedia Taiwan Meta Event]] page ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQneCQUk9d8 Wikidata as an Open Data Resource]: Ian Watt at Open Source SG ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRY2mtj1MFY Bridging GLAM and Wiki: The Khalili Perspective]: Dr. Martin Poulter, WiR at Khalili Foundation. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.expeditia.info/ Research Expeditions on Wikidata with itineraries] - Visualization tool for research expeditions itineraries and natural history collections. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * An [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KDZXE3S57G34WUHHB4R5DTQ4RLOZKLCY/ update regarding the WDQS backend] has been published, about the adoption of the new endpoints and the next steps that will take place. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/A6OR2H5UHG6CNDE4LHIXBX4KAVK2KLKZ/ Call for Projects – Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2025]. Do you have a technical project that needs contributions? Or a testing initiative that could use more hands? Submit a project BY 21st March 2025. * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Embedding_Project The Wikidata Vector Database] prototype is almost ready! Developers interested in integrating semantic search into their applications and editors looking to explore Wikidata items using natural language search are invited to reach out for more details: philippe.saade{{@}}wikimedia.de * Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=198705093&l=en Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders) '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13380|OAI formatter]] (<nowiki>formatter to generate ID compatible with Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting services</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13381|AI-generation prompt]] (<nowiki>exact prompt that was used to generate this AI-generated media or work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (<nowiki>methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13364|Wikishire article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13365|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13366|Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13367|Graceful17 entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13368|‎Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13369|DRTV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13370|Calindex person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13371|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13372|‎TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13373|Kulturdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13374|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13375|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13376|‎Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Property:P13377|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Property:P13378|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13379|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13382|‎ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13383|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13384|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13385|‎SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13386|‎Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13387|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13388|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13389|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/watercraft prefix|watercraft prefix]] (<nowiki>prefix applied to watercraft operated by different organisations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accused|accused]] (<nowiki>person or organization who has been accused of carrying out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act without having received a criminal conviction or where the accused have been acquitted in a court of law</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to volume|applies to volume]] (<nowiki>volume of the item (usually edition of a work) to which the claim applies</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oxygen endurance|oxygen endurance]] (<nowiki>The maximum time a submarine, spacecraft or enclosed vehicle can sustain life using its onboard oxygen supply.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coefficient of thermal expansion|Coefficient of thermal expansion]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fracture toughness|fracture toughness]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kosovo NGO registration number|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yale LUX ID|Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/geraldika.ru symbol ID|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swimcloud swimmer ID|Swimcloud swimmer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CACI company ID|CACI company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 16 ID|VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Higher Education Database ID|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qur'an Wiki article ID|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSIC code|JSIC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macrotransactions game ID|Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Landtag Tirol person ID|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NexusMods mod ID|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thunderstore game ID|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideQuest app ID|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Academy of Engineering member ID|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGO ID|DGO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiovisual Identity Database page|Audiovisual Identity Database page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rodovid family ID|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/D4EV Location of fire stations in Spain] ([https://x.com/angelobregons/status/1889979376768614743 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/DTc9 Oldest known individual per taxon] (pre-20th century) ([https://wikis.world/@WikidataFacts@mastodon.social/114173501080142856 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientMaths|AncientMaths]] * WikiProject Highlights: New country page for [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Poland|Poland]] in [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations|WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations]], and on [https://cividata.org/en/poland/ cividata.org]. Help expanding it! * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/DQWP German lexemes without forms divided by lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35931 source]) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q915|Perm (Q915)]] - city in Russia * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L298686|Knoten (L298686)]] - German noun that can mean "knot", "fundamental unit of which graphs (in graph theory) are formed", "point where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined", or "hair wrapped in a circular coil around itself (bun)." ''' Development ''' * Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383126]]) * Search: We are continuing the work on making it easier to search for entities other than Items in the search box ([[phab:T338483]]) * Query Service: We set up the constraint checks to use the split graph instead of the full graph ([[phab:T374021]]) * Integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are looking into how changes from Wikidata are represented on the other Wikimedia projects and how that can be improved ([[phab:T386200]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 17|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:55, 17 මාර්තු 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28385923 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #672 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-03-17. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|#670]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Deprecate_P642|Time to deprecate P642]] - [[d:Property:P642|of (P642)]] has spent 3 years marked as''deprecated''. Is it time to finally mark it as an [[d:Q18644427|obsolete Wikidata property(Q18644427)]]? ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EDXCS7QM3QYJBORQUKBJ3NTIDUYIZSKU/ Call for Wikimania 2025 Programme reviewers]. Apply until Monday 17 March 12:00 UTC ** Wikidata Affinity Group Update: The fourth session of Starting a Wikidata Project, originally set for March 18, will now be an asynchronous Slack discussion in the #wikidata channel of the LD4 Slack Space. Join us at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742313600 9am PT / 16:00 UTC] to discuss Reporting Your Outcomes and Results. Join Slack [https://join.slack.com/t/ld4/shared_invite/zt-31379okvn-8IVWvbCZerKnN352sKCa2g here]. Note: April programming will pause as we prepare the next series. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Training for the staff of the Museum of Photography in Krakow on Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata]] - "The training aimed to enable the MuFo staff to effectively navigate and develop skills in editing and managing the museum's digital resources within the Wikimedia projects." ** (German) [https://temporaerhaus.de/tag/wikimedia/ Wikipedia Unterwegs - this time in Neu-Ulm]: This travelling community meetup for German Wikimedians discusses the growing ecosystem of Wikipedia, Wikidata and Commons. ** [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/757 REST in Rust] by Magnus: "A new Rust crate has been developed to simplify access to the Wikibase REST API, featuring industry-level coding standards, 248 unit tests, >97% code coverage, and high maintainability. Check out the GitHub repo and contribute via the issue tracker or pull requests!" * Videos ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikibase-cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2MZ7O26YWZDLNDUU5YKW3RKQHRKR6D5C/ Useful videos that explain how to set up/make use of Wikibases]. Put together by Valerie ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uk7Lfr9mAAk&pp=ygUIV2lraWJhc2U%3D Wikidata and Wikibase - Curriculum Transformation in the Digital Humanities] ** (Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1IT_dl08DMA Open Data Day Taiwan 2025]: more details and program agenda on the [[m:Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikidata_Taiwan/Open_Data_Day_Taiwan_2025|Wikimedia Taiwan Meta Event]] page ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQneCQUk9d8 Wikidata as an Open Data Resource]: Ian Watt at Open Source SG ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRY2mtj1MFY Bridging GLAM and Wiki: The Khalili Perspective]: Dr. Martin Poulter, WiR at Khalili Foundation. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://www.expeditia.info/ Research Expeditions on Wikidata with itineraries] - Visualization tool for research expeditions itineraries and natural history collections. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * An [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata-tech@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KDZXE3S57G34WUHHB4R5DTQ4RLOZKLCY/ update regarding the WDQS backend] has been published, about the adoption of the new endpoints and the next steps that will take place. * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/A6OR2H5UHG6CNDE4LHIXBX4KAVK2KLKZ/ Call for Projects – Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon 2025]. Do you have a technical project that needs contributions? Or a testing initiative that could use more hands? Submit a project BY 21st March 2025. * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Embedding_Project The Wikidata Vector Database] prototype is almost ready! Developers interested in integrating semantic search into their applications and editors looking to explore Wikidata items using natural language search are invited to reach out for more details: philippe.saade{{@}}wikimedia.de * Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-/ Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders) '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13380|OAI formatter]] (<nowiki>formatter to generate ID compatible with Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting services</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13381|AI-generation prompt]] (<nowiki>exact prompt that was used to generate this AI-generated media or work</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (<nowiki>methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13364|Wikishire article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13365|HelloAsso organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13366|Dictionnaire de la déportation gardoise person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13367|Graceful17 entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13368|‎Game Input Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13369|DRTV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13370|Calindex person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13371|Historia Hispánica ID]], [[:d:Property:P13372|‎TERMDAT ID]], [[:d:Property:P13373|Kulturdatenbank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13374|DDLC entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13375|Chinese Basketball Association player ID]], [[:d:Property:P13376|‎Captain Coaster coaster ID]], [[:d:Property:P13377|Memoria Chilena ID]], [[:d:Property:P13378|Jamendo track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13379|MikuWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13382|‎ZOOM Platform product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13383|Clio-online researcher ID]], [[:d:Property:P13384|Clio-online organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13385|‎SteamDB tech ID]], [[:d:Property:P13386|‎Big Fish Games game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13387|Clio-online web resource ID]], [[:d:Property:P13388|Iowa State University Library Vocabularies ID]], [[:d:Property:P13389|Newsweek topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/watercraft prefix|watercraft prefix]] (<nowiki>prefix applied to watercraft operated by different organisations</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/accused|accused]] (<nowiki>person or organization who has been accused of carrying out this harmful, illegal, or immoral act without having received a criminal conviction or where the accused have been acquitted in a court of law</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/applies to volume|applies to volume]] (<nowiki>volume of the item (usually edition of a work) to which the claim applies</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/oxygen endurance|oxygen endurance]] (<nowiki>The maximum time a submarine, spacecraft or enclosed vehicle can sustain life using its onboard oxygen supply.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Coefficient of thermal expansion|Coefficient of thermal expansion]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/fracture toughness|fracture toughness]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk work ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID|Danskefilmstemmer.dk character ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kosovo NGO registration number|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yale LUX ID|Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/geraldika.ru symbol ID|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Swimcloud swimmer ID|Swimcloud swimmer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CACI company ID|CACI company ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/VD 16 ID|VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/World Higher Education Database ID|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Qur'an Wiki article ID|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/JSIC code|JSIC code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Macrotransactions game ID|Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Landtag Tirol person ID|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NexusMods mod ID|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Thunderstore game ID|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SideQuest app ID|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IndExs Exsiccata ID|IndExs Exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Academy of Engineering member ID|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DGO ID|DGO ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Audiovisual Identity Database page|Audiovisual Identity Database page]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID|Encyclopaedia of Islam (Arabic edition) ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rodovid family ID|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/D4EV Location of fire stations in Spain] ([https://x.com/angelobregons/status/1889979376768614743 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/DTc9 Oldest known individual per taxon] (pre-20th century) ([https://wikis.world/@WikidataFacts@mastodon.social/114173501080142856 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject AncientMaths|AncientMaths]] * WikiProject Highlights: New country page for [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Poland|Poland]] in [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations|WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations]], and on [https://cividata.org/en/poland/ cividata.org]. Help expanding it! * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [https://w.wiki/DQWP German lexemes without forms divided by lexical category] ([https://t.me/c/1325756915/35931 source]) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q915|Perm (Q915)]] - city in Russia * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L298686|Knoten (L298686)]] - German noun that can mean "knot", "fundamental unit of which graphs (in graph theory) are formed", "point where an orbit crosses a plane of reference to which it is inclined", or "hair wrapped in a circular coil around itself (bun)." ''' Development ''' * Wikibase REST API: We continued the work on adding search to the API ([[phab:T383126]]) * Search: We are continuing the work on making it easier to search for entities other than Items in the search box ([[phab:T338483]]) * Query Service: We set up the constraint checks to use the split graph instead of the full graph ([[phab:T374021]]) * Integration in the other Wikimedia projects: We are looking into how changes from Wikidata are represented on the other Wikimedia projects and how that can be improved ([[phab:T386200]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] ·''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28439177 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #672 (correct version!) == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-03-24. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 17|#671]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * New requests for permissions/Bot:[[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Administrator/MsynABot (2025)|Request for admin flag for MsynBot]] - From 2021 through 2024, this bot has implemented the 2019 RfC “[[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/semi-protection to prevent vandalism on most used Items|semi-protection to prevent vandalism on most used Items]]” by maintaining page protections based on the outcome, [[d:Wikidata:Protection policy#Highly used items]]. The admin flag got lost due to bot inactivity but the bot operation could be resumed immediately if the admin flag is given back. '''Events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [[d:Event:AAFRennes2025|AAFRennes2025, 26-28 Mars 2025]] ** 5-6 April & 12 April: [[d:Wikidata:Scholia/Events/Hackathon April 2025|Scholia Hackathon]] ** [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] to take place '''May 29 - June 1'''. Please send us your session ideas, we still have lots of space for proposals. This is a great chance to highlight the benefits of Wikidata use in other WM projects. See [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Talk page]] for proposals. '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [https://professional.wiki/en/articles/wikibase-extensions Enhance Your Wikibase With Extensions] ** [https://tech-news.wikimedia.de/2025/03/21/editing-lexemes-with-your-little-finger/ Editing Lexemes with your little finger] ** [https://commonists.wordpress.com/2025/03/24/wikidata-and-the-sum-of-all-video-games-2024-edition/ Wikidata and the sum of all video games − 2024 edition] by [[User:Jean-Frédéric|Jean-Fred]] * [https://threadreaderapp.com/thread/1902026975210025181.html Thread: Who wins in a Wikipedia race between GPT-4.5, o1, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, and @OpenAI's new Computer-Using Agent?] '''Tool of the week''' * [[d:Wikidata:Lexica|Lexica]] - a mobile-friendly tool that simplifies micro contributions to lexicographical data on Wikidata, making various editing tasks accessible and intuitive for contributors of all experience levels. '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' *[[d:Wikidata:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements | Mobile Editing of Statements]] - You have been asking for the ability to edit statements from mobile devices for years, this project will make editing statements on Wikidata Items more accessible and user-friendly for mobile users. [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/bo2e7e2a/apply Sign up to participate in prototype testing and interviews with our UX team] *Join the Wikimedia Deutschland software development team: [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53665453/Product-Manager-Wikibase-Suite-all-genders-/ Product Manager Wikibase Suite] (all genders) '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13391|data analysis method]] (<nowiki>methods used in the main item for inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of discovering useful information</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13390|booru tag]], [[:d:Property:P13392|Steam Group numeric ID]], [[:d:Property:P13393|Kompass company ID]], [[:d:Property:P13394|‎Macrotransactions game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13395|Thunderstore game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13396|‎JSR package ID]], [[:d:Property:P13397|‎GitLab topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13398|Amazon Music track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13399|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13400|SideQuest app ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/levels|levels]] (<nowiki>levels, maps, episodes, chapters or stages of this video game</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scilit scholar ID|Scilit scholar ID]] (<nowiki>author identifier on {{Q|77125337}}</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/وزن صرفي عربي|وزن صرفي عربي]] (<nowiki>A feature to adjust the pattern of Arabic words in lexemes</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/باب صرفي للأفعال العربية الثلاثية المجردة|باب صرفي للأفعال العربية الثلاثية المجردة]] (<nowiki>Morphology of the Arabic triliteral verbs</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/land degradation|land degradation]] (<nowiki>The amount of land that is degraded by an object. Mainly for infrastructure projects</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Research projects that contributed to this data set|Research projects that contributed to this data set]] (<nowiki>This property allows to identify research projects that they have contributed to or created an item</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Platform height|Platform height]] (<nowiki>platform height above the top of the rail (or above the road for buses)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/extended by (addons for this item)|extended by (addons for this item)]] (<nowiki>Class of software this software is extended by</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID|Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delfi.ee theme ID|Delfi.ee theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Dezède d'un individu|identifiant Dezède d'un individu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SeqCode Registry ID|SeqCode Registry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Openalfa street ID|Openalfa street ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID|The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Education entry ID|A Dictionary of Education entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TDKIV wikibase ID|TDKIV wikibase ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/DZF7 2024 Population Census in Uganda] ([https://x.com/kateregga1/status/1900953102976512383 source]) * WikiProject Highlights: **[[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal/Liste des artistes de la collection|Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal/Liste des artistes de la collection]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q15046091|Cinderella (Q15046091)]] - 2015 film directed by Kenneth Branagh * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L166968|страсть (L166968)]] - Russian noun that can mean "love", "passion", "desire", or "suffering." '''Development''' * Wikibase REST API: We finished work on the simple Item search ([[phab:T383126]]) and started on the one for Properties ([[phab:T386377]]) * Vector 2022 skin: We fixed a number of the remaining issues with dark mode ([[phab:T385039]]) and sitelink positioning ([[phab:T316797]]) * Search: We continued the work on making it easier to search in other entity types (Properties, Lexemes, EntitySchemas) besides Items ([[phab:T321543]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] Anything to add? Please share! :) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 10|Previous issue]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] ·''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28449306 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #673 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-04-01. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 03 24|#672]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/BRPever_2|BRPever 2]] adminship request closes tomorrow. '''Events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://www.mcls.org/news/2025/03/31/mclss-linked-data-users-group-invites-you-to-the-annual-wikidata-edit-a-thon-from-april-7-11-2025/ MCL's Linked Data Usergroup's Wikidata Edit-A-Thon] - The Midwest Collaborative for Library Services is hosting an editathon between April 7 - 11, 2025. This is an onsite event and only available to USA states: Indiana and Michigan. ** (German) [https://sammlungen.io/termine/digitale-provenienzforschung-in-universitaetssammlungen-werkstattberichte-im-sommersemester-2025/yann-legall Wikidata models on colonial looting and African cultural heritage] - June 4, 2025, 1300 UTC+2. This event will be presented in German. ** [https://www.instagram.com/wikimediauganda/p/DH3ZdaHxNo2/ Wikidata Training Workshop by WM Uganda] - on April 26, discover how Wikidata powers Wikipedia and beyond! [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScmrjO-SkG4Y1-O8G5I5dMH97PMQNaMWxJZN-kJHHSmouM-wQ/viewform Register here] '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [https://diginomica.com/wikidata-adds-ai-vectors-graph-and-knowledge-bases-heres-why Diginomica: Wikidata adds AI vectors graph and knowledge bases, here's why] ** [https://diginomica.com/something-weekend-differing-versions-reality-what-can-we-learn-how-wikidata-navigating-conflicting Diginomica: Differing versions of reality; how Wikidata navigates conflicting accounts] * Papers ** [https://www.iastatedigitalpress.com/jlsc/article/id/18295/ The New Zealand Thesis Project: Connecting a nation’s dissertations using Wikidata] ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10294v1 Wikipedia is Not a Dictionary, Delete! Text Classification as a Proxy for Analysing Wiki Deletion Discussions] - includes Wikidata. * Presentations ** [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15109700 Using chemistry data in Wikidata in AI], at the [https://www.acs.org/meetings/acs-meetings/spring.html American Chemical Society Spring 2025] meeting * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eVI4jwmRS64&pp=ygUId2lraWRhdGE%3D Live Wikidata editing - creating Property proposals] with Jan Ainali. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvHVlK_3qJ8 Entity Management Cooperative meeting, with Wikidata] ** (Taiwanese) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HTcKU2K-Vqw Seediq Wikimedia 2024 Annual Conference] - hosted by Wikidata Taiwan, here are the opening remarks by Principal Zhan Su'e's opening speech. ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ac7laU1WH7o Open translations in mathematics (Oxford Seminar)] - This presentation from Tim Osgood discusses the utility of mathematics for translations, a community-driven approach, and how Wikidata is contributing. ** (Spanish) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IDUzn5sC9g Socialisation: Literary Data in Bogota 2015 - 2020] - The Colombian Publishing Observatory of the Caro y Cuervo Institute presents "Metadata Model for Independent Publishing in Bogotá", containing over 31,500 data points, all catalogued in Wikidata. ** (Italian) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaZno818m5o Tools for Visualising Wikidata] - Carlo Bianchini presents some useful tools for visualising data and queries from Wikidata, with a focus on Digital Humanities. '''Tool of the week''' * [[d:Wikidata:Twelfth_Birthday/Presents|Revisiting the Twelfth Birthday Presents]] - if you haven't seen the birthday presents already, go check them out! '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * '''[BREAKING CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENT]''' [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ Please find full information here] * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Wikidata Ontology Course]] Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan will run a seven-week Wikidata Ontology Course starting late April / early May. It aims to expand the Wikidata community’s knowledge of the Wikidata ontology through lectures, exercises, and group projects. Participants should have prior Wikidata experience and are expected to attend lectures, complete exercises (about one hour per week), and contribute to a group project. More details [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course||available here]]. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: none ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13399|Crunchyroll artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13400|SideQuest app ID]], [[:d:Property:P13401|The Atlantic topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13402|TechSavvy.de GPU ID]], [[:d:Property:P13403|‎Delfi.ee theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13404|The College of Cardinals Report ID]], [[:d:Property:P13405|NexusMods mod ID]], [[:d:Property:P13406|Hiking Note Trail identifier]], [[:d:Property:P13407|Hiking Note mountain identifier]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SWIS-WEM Facility Code|SWIS-WEM Facility Code]] (<nowiki>Unique identifier for facilities registered with the Australian Energy Market Operator for facilities operating in the South West Interconnected System Wholesale Electricity Market (SWIS-WEM Facility Code)</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/number of downloads (2)|number of downloads (2)]] (<nowiki>number of downloads of times this application or creative work have been downloaded</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/species protection status|species protection status]] (<nowiki>Links species, habitat or biotope type with the regulation international or national that protects this species</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Number of Heads of Families|Number of Heads of Families]] (<nowiki>number of family cards (KK) in an area</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mother's maiden name|mother's maiden name]] (<nowiki>maiden name of this person’s mother</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FirstCycling team season ID|FirstCycling team season ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FirstCycling race ID|FirstCycling race ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID|Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ethnologue language family ID|Ethnologue language family ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Untappd beer ID|Untappd beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Catálogo Histórico de Teses e Dissertações da Área de História ID|Catálogo Histórico de Teses e Dissertações da Área de História ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Sun topic ID|The Sun topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databáze her platform ID|Databáze her platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rekhta Gujarati author ID|Rekhta Gujarati author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Itch.io tag ID|Itch.io tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Jerusalem Post topic ID|The Jerusalem Post topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DVIDS Photo ID|DVIDS Photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX person ID|LUX person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX group ID|LUX group ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX place ID|LUX place ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Shazoo tag ID|Shazoo tag ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ідентифікатор особи в Бібліометрика української науки|ідентифікатор особи в Бібліометрика української науки]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/SCImago Institutions Rankings ID|SCImago Institutions Rankings ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UniRank ID|UniRank ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Climate Policy Radar ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX concept ID|LUX concept ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/iNaturalist photo ID|iNaturalist photo ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Ordre national du Québec|identifiant Ordre national du Québec]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LUX event ID|LUX event ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Cabinet minutes of the Federal Government ID|Cabinet minutes of the Federal Government ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/R-Sport match ID|R-Sport match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sport Express football match ID|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CPJ topic ID|CPJ topic ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Dfaf Find Good or Featured Articles in Spanish and Portuguese Wikipedia] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Rwanda|Govdirectory: Rwanda]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q252320|Pleinfeld (Q252320)]] - market municipality in Germany * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]:[[d:Lexeme:L322138|humpback (L322138)]] - English noun that can mean " kyphosis (condition of the spine)", "a person with an abnormal curvature of the spine", "humpback whale, a particular marine mammal variety", "pink salmon", "lake skygazer, a type of ray-finned fish", " type of arch bridge where the span is larger than the ramps on either side", or " humpback dolphin, a particular variety of marine mammal." '''Development''' * Search: We continued the work on making it easier to search entity types other than Items (Lexemes, Properties, EntitySchemas) in the search box ([[phab:T321543]]) * Vector 2022 theme: We are fixing remaining issues with dark mode ([[phab:T385039]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to build out the simple Item search endpoint ([[phab:T386228]]) and are looking into the one for Properties ([[phab:T386377]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Australia|Australia]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] Anything to add? Please share! :) <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[:d:Special:Wikidata:Status updates/2025_04_01|Read the full report]]''' &middot; [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] &middot; [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 16:39, 1 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී) </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28449306 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #674 == <div class="plainlinks"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]]<div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"></div> <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata over the last week.<br>This is the Wikidata summary of the week before 2025-04-07. Please help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translate]].''</div> ''' <!--T:1--> Events ''' <!--T:2--> * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wiki-research-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GQR2VT7LONW5AHMHUT7RGMZFUQBGYJCF/ Wiki Workshop Registration is Now Open!] The event will be held virtually over two days on May 21 & 22, 2025. ** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #75 April 14 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]] ** (French) [https://geographie-cites.cnrs.fr/collecte-et-usages-de-donnees-issues-de-wikipedia-et-wikidata-dans-les-recherches-en-shs/ Collection and use of Wikipedia and Wikidata data in SHS searches] - 17 June, 2025. Participation via video-conference available, [https://framaforms.org/je-collecte-et-usages-des-donnees-wikipedia-dans-les-recherches-en-shs-1741892154 register here] and [https://site-fef6fe.gitpages.huma-num.fr/journee/wikipedia.html program info here]. ''' <!--T:3--> Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' <!--T:4--> * Blogs ** Inference, continued - Magnus Manske adds 2 new functions to WD-infernal. [http://magnusmanske.de/wordpress/archives/777 The Whelming] ** (French) Illustrious women in public spaces. Streets, buildings and other places overwhelmingly feature men [https://porte-plume.app/projet/challenge-wikidata-en-classe/blog/billet/b69566ea-713d-44d0-845c-3501d5bb5ff2 Porte Plumpe] ** [https://www.veradekok.nl/en/2025/03/kahle-receives-projectuil-from-wikipedia/ Brewster Kahle (Internet Archive) receives ProjectUil from Dutch Wikipedia] * Papers: Enabling disaggregation of Asian American subgroups: a dataset of Wikidata names for disparity estimation [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-04753-y - Paper] by Lin, Q. et al (2025). * Videos ** Curationist: What is it and how does it work? - Curationist utilises Wikidata to help discover, curate and share public-domian art and cultural heritage content. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kj9FDIX0JSg YouTube] ** (Swedish) Connecting Wikidata, OpenStreetMap and the National Archives with Magnus Sälgö [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=byqopx1aQLI YouTube] ** (French) Focus on Wikidata, Wikifying Science, a presentation from Delphine Montagne and Pierre-Yves Beaudouin. [https://www.canal-u.tv/chaines/renatis/cfe-renatis-focus-sur-wikidata-wikifier-la-science Canal-U TV: C@fé Renatis] * Other ** (Portuguese) Wikidata at School: expanding access to knowledge and tackling gender gaps! [https://www.instagram.com/p/DH9qZcENJ75/ Instagram: Projeto Mais] ''' <!--T:5--> Tool of the week ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata for Web|Wikidata:Tools/Wikidata for Web]] - <!--T:6--> also known as Wikidata for Firefox is a browser extension for Mozilla Firefox that displays data from Wikidata on various websites, enhancing the information you are already looking at, and also allows extraction of data from these websites. ''' <!--T:7--> Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' <!--T:8--> * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Wikidata Ontology Course]] Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan will run a seven-week Wikidata Ontology Course starting late April / early May. It aims to expand the Wikidata community’s knowledge of the Wikidata ontology through lectures, exercises, and group projects. Participants should have prior Wikidata experience and are expected to attend lectures, complete exercises (about one hour per week), and contribute to a group project. More details [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|available here]]. * Job Vacancy - Are you interested in helping shape the technical future of Wikimedia's knowledge graph? We are looking for a [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Staff Engineer (Wikidata)] ''' <!--T:9--> Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> <!--T:10--> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13413|beam energy]] (<nowiki>kinetic energy of elementary or composite particles moving together (for example in a particle accelerator)</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13408|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13409|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13410|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Property:P13411|‎TDKIV Wikibase ID]], [[:d:Property:P13412|Landtag Tirol person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * <!--T:11--> New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/interior decorator|interior decorator]] (<nowiki>A property for the interior decorator of notable buildings</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incompatible with|incompatible with]] (<nowiki>significant elements with which an entity is incompatible and indicates a significant property of this entity</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/warranty period|warranty period]] (<nowiki>warranty period of this product as covered by the original manufacturer or creator</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trafikplatssignatur|Trafikplatssignatur]] (<nowiki>Swedish station code</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/outcome 2|outcome 2]] (<nowiki>outcome of a criminal charge or a civil complaint</nowiki>) ** <!--T:12--> External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TechPowerup GPU ID|TechPowerup GPU ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB category of an award ID|ISFDB category of an award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Expression topic ID|L'Expression topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery (London) PID|National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Orthodox World|Identifiant sur Orthodox World]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> <!--T:13--> You can comment on [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' <!--T:14--> Did you know? ''' <!--T:15--> * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/DjTs Plants missing a French description] ** [https://w.wiki/DjTv Sorting Organisations by the no. of subsidiaries it owns] ** [https://w.wiki/DhPF Popular German Family names] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: ** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile|Govdirectory: Chile]] ** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Bahamas|WikiProject: Bahamas]] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database_reports/identical_birth_and_death_dates|Items with identical Birth and Death dates]] - another way to identify duplicate items. * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q23572|Game of Thrones (Q23572)]] - American fantasy drama television series * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1215369|umuyagankuba (L1215369)]] - "electricity" in Kirundi ''' <!--T:16--> Development ''' <!--T:17--> * We made some progress on the ScopedTypeaheadSearch feature by improving the UI, and making it translatable ([[phab:T390269]]) * We continued working on dark mode support ([[phab:T389633]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are almost done adding the last [[phab:T389013|few features]] on the simple item and property search endpoint. We'll be happy to get feedback on these from 15.04 when they're completed * We will begin user testing to improve Mobile Editing Experience: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Mobile editing of statements]] <!--T:18--> [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' <!--T:19--> Weekly Tasks ''' <!--T:20--> * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/European Union|European Union]] * Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 01|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current| Help translate]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:19, 7 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28449306 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #675 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-04-14. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|#674]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: The next [[d:Wikidata:Events#Office_hours|Wikidata+Wikibase office hours]] will take place on Wednesday, 16:00 UTC, 16th April 2025 (18:00 Berlin time) in the [https://t.me/joinchat/IeCRo0j5Uag1qR4Tk8Ftsg Wikidata Telegram group]. The Wikidata and Wikibase office hours are online events where the development team presents what they have been working on over the past quarter, and the community is welcome to ask questions and discuss important issues related to the development of Wikidata and Wikibase. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://lucaswerkmeister.de/posts/2025/04/12/introducing-m3api/ Introducing m3api], By Lucas Werkmeister ** [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/04/08/wikidata-query-service-graph-database-reload-at-home-2025-edition/ Wikidata Query Service graph database reload at home, 2025 edition]. By Adam Baso * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVqCEeVuzTQ Understanding Why Your OPTIONAL Properties in Wikidata Queries Might Be Ignored] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eh6hi94Imn8 Playing with LEGO on Wikidata]. By Tiago Lubiana * Other: [[d:User:Spinster/Wikidata references made easier|Wikidata references made easier]]. "Several tricks to make it easier and faster, using various scripts and gadgets" to add references to Wikidata statements. By [[d:User:Spinster|Spinster]] ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://topic-curator.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Topic Curator] is a React-based web application. It’s a new and improved version of [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Tools/ItemSubjector ItemSubjector] created to help Wikimedians connect items on Wikidata to the right topics. By entering a topic QID, it finds related articles using the topic’s label, aliases, or custom terms. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Join the Wikidata development team at Wikimedia Deutschland ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Staff Engineer Wikidata (all genders)] ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.career.softgarden.de/jobs/53795746/Senior-UX-Designer-Wikidata-all-genders-/ Senior UX Designer Wikidata (all genders)] '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13413|beam energy]] (<nowiki>kinetic energy of elementary or composite particles moving together (for example in a particle accelerator)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13414|number of downloads]] (<nowiki>number of downloads of times this application or creative work have been downloaded</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13415|Taiwanese Taigi Romanization System]] (<nowiki>Romanization system for Taiwan Taigi or other Southern Min language varieties in Fujian and South East Asia</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13408|National Academy of Engineering member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13409|Murderpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13410|Cultural Heritage Azerbaijan ID]], [[:d:Property:P13411|‎TDKIV Wikibase ID]], [[:d:Property:P13412|Landtag Tirol person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13416|Fluorophores.org substance ID]], [[:d:Property:P13417|Kosovo NGO registration number]], [[:d:Property:P13418|TechPowerUp GPU Specs Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13419|iNaturalist photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P13420|Climate Policy Radar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13421|LIBRIS library ID]], [[:d:Property:P13422|Dizionario della Musica in Italia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13423|Untappd beer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13424|Bahamut Animation Crazy ID]], [[:d:Property:P13425|KnowWhereGraph entity ID]], [[:d:Property:P13426|GCMD keyword ID]], [[:d:Property:P13427|Ohio University ArchivesSpace Agent ID]], [[:d:Property:P13428|CBFC record ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/interior decorator|interior decorator]] (<nowiki>A property for the interior decorator of notable buildings</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/incompatible with|incompatible with]] (<nowiki>significant elements with which an entity is incompatible and indicates a significant property of this entity</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/warranty period|warranty period]] (<nowiki>warranty period of this product as covered by the original manufacturer or creator</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Trafikplatssignatur|Trafikplatssignatur]] (<nowiki>Swedish station code</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/outcome 2|outcome 2]] (<nowiki>outcome of a criminal charge or a civil complaint</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/output color|output color]] (<nowiki>color of the generated images</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/proposal of|proposal of]] (<nowiki>Qualifier for the statement {{P|31}} {{Q|64728694}} to state what the proposed thing is.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/floral diagram|floral diagram]] (<nowiki>picture on commons of a floral diagram of a Taxon</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/member of sequence or class of number|member of sequence or class of number]] (<nowiki>The number is of a special form or class or member of a sequence</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ISFDB category of an award ID|ISFDB category of an award ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/L'Expression topic ID|L'Expression topic ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans le catalogue de la bibliothèque du Saulchoir]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Gallery (London) PID|National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant sur Orthodox World|Identifiant sur Orthodox World]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Steam Deck HQ game ID|Steam Deck HQ game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Hardcore gaming 101 ID|Hardcore gaming 101 ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/torial username|torial username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BirdLife DataZone species ID|BirdLife DataZone species ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/BirdLife DataZone site ID|BirdLife DataZone site ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Schulnummer Schleswig-Holstein|Schulnummer Schleswig-Holstein]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Kunstkamera ID|Kunstkamera ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Corago singer ID|Corago singer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MoNA spectrum ID|MoNA spectrum ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans La Croix|Identifiant d'un(e) auteurice dans La Croix]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Meta-Doctrinal.org|identifiant Meta-Doctrinal.org]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CvLAC ID|CvLAC ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OGDB genre ID|OGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IGDB genre ID|IGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WSGF taxonomy term ID|WSGF taxonomy term ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GameSpot platform ID|GameSpot platform ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PerformArt ID|PerformArt ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024|Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/Doco Top 10 items instance of Wikimedia category ordered by number of Sitelinks] ([https://t.me/c/1224298920/141683 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/Dor5 Twitter accounts of biologists] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject USC Libraries|WikiProject USC Libraries]] A WikiProject for work done at University of Southern California Libraries to connect library data with Wikidata. * WikiProject Highlights: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Nonprofit Organizations/Kosovo|Nonprofit Organizations/Kosovo]] - Add the most important NGOs of Kosovo * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]: [[d:User:Pasleim/Connectivity|User:Pasleim/Connectivity]] - Connectivity between Wikimedia projects * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q714581|Nea Salamis Famagusta FC (Q714581)]] - professional association football club based in Ammochostos (Famagusta) * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L44061|Straße (L44061)]] - German noun that can mean "road", "straight", "street", "strait", "group of people inhabiting buildings along a perticular street" or "production line". ''' Development ''' * We merged and prepared changes to rename <code>wikibase:EntitySchema</code> to <code>wikibase:WikibaseEntitySchema</code> in RDF ([[phab:T371196]]) – this has been [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AAKO2VGVKJXEDH2HPZBGMAUDVGC7SA7R/ announced as a breaking change] and will be deployed to Wikidata on 24 April * We made some more improvements to dark mode support ([[phab:T389633]]) * We’re working on tests for the <code>ScopedTypeaheadSearch</code> feature ([[phab:T385790]]) * Wikibase REST API: We're going to wrap up pagination on the simple Item and property search endpoint and are working to improve our test architecture for search ([[phab:T386691]]). We're going to pick up prefix search for Items and phrase matching next! [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile|Chile]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[:d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|Read the full report]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 07|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:33, 14 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28532948 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #676 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-04-22. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 14|#675]].<br><translate>Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]</translate>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' <translate>Events</translate> ''' * <translate>[[<tvar name="1">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events</tvar>|Upcoming]]:</translate> [[Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/2025年4月雲林維基街景踏查團暨工作坊| <translate>Yunlin Liu Fang Tien Shang Sheng Mu OpenStreetMap x Wikidata Workshop</translate> ]] <translate> April 27 Time: 09:30-17:00 UTC+8 at {{Q|708809}} Red Altar (Hongtan)</translate>. * <translate>Past: Missed the Q2 Wikidata+Wikibase office hour? You can catch up by reading the session log here: [[<tvar name="2">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Telegram office hour 2025-04-16</tvar>|2025-04-16 (Q2 2025)]]</translate> ''' <translate> Press, articles, blog posts, videos </translate>''' * <translate>Blogs</translate> ** [https://thottingal.in/blog/2025/04/15/qjson/ qjson: <translate>Fetching all properties of a Wikidata item in a single API call</translate>] <translate>By Santhosh Thottingal</translate> ** [https://olea.org/diario/2025/04/14/Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025-proposals-Wikibase.html <translate> A Wikibase call for action at the Wikimedia Hackathon 2025</translate>] <translate>By Ismael Olea </translate> ** [https://museumdata.uk/blog/putting-uk-collections-on-the-map/ <translate> Putting UK collections on the map</translate>] <translate>by the Museum Data Service</translate> ** [https://chem-bla-ics.linkedchemistry.info/2025/04/20/the-april-2025-scholia-hackathon.html The April 2025 Scholia Hackathon] by Egon Willighagen * <translate>Papers</translate> ** [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/talking-wikidata-communication-patterns-and-their-impact-on-commu <translate>Talking Wikidata: Communication Patterns and Their Impact on Community Engagement in Collaborative Knowledge Graphs</translate>] - <translate> Investigative study on Wikidata discussions, revealing that the community is generally inclusive and conflict is rare, but many controversial topics lack consensus, and valuable contributors disengage early. By Koutsiana et. al., (2025)</translate> **[https://zenodo.org/records/15226371 <translate>Natural history specimens collected and/or identified and deposited</translate>] - <translate>By Latham (2025)</translate> *<translate>Videos</translate> ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vWoNZLBj7mM Wiki Workshop 2025 - Wikidata Inconsistencies with Language Models and Data Mining in a Pipeline] by Houcemeddine Turki ** (Italian) [https://youtube.com/dL9JEfHpU68?si=RXymgDS8-ZE687aE Cla-G, an instance of Wikibase as a tool to support game classification] by Carlo Bianchini * <translate>Other</translate> ** [https://x.com/afliacon/status/1908928893727211669?s=46 <translate>Wikidata & Wikibase for Authority Control & Knowledge Organization Workshop</translate>] <translate>By AfLIA</translate> ** [https://github.com/oolonek/daily-lotus <translate>Mastodon bot</translate>] <translate> that "highlights natural compounds found in plants, fungi, bacteria or animals — and includes Wikidata references and visual structure depictions."</translate> '''<translate>Tool of the week</translate>''' * <translate>[[<tvar name="3">d:Special:MyLanguage/User:Spinster/Wikidata_references_made_easier</tvar>|User:Spinster/Wikidata references made easier]]: The script helps in adding references to statements, in order to provide context for our data, make the data more reliable, transparent and trustworthy for anyone who uses it </translate>. ''' <translate>Other Noteworthy Stuff</translate>''' * <translate>Registration is open for a Wikidata ontology course led by Peter Patel-Schneider and Ege Doğan.</translate> <translate>To register, email pfpschneider{{@}}gmail.com with your Wikidata username and a brief note on your interest. The course starts 1 May, with weekly lectures on Thursdays from 1–3pm EDT (skipping 29 May and 12 June).</translate> <translate>Space may be limited; priority goes to those already interested. Participants should know Wikidata, attend sessions, complete weekly exercises (~1 hour), and join a group project</translate>. <translate>Details: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Ontology/Ontology_Course|Course page]]</translate> * [[wikifunctions:Wikifunctions:Main_Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with Dagbani Wikipedia since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call functions from Wikifunctions and integrate them in articles. * <translate>Wikidata job openings at the The Wikimedia Foundation</translate> ** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/6814912 <translate>Lead Product Manager, Wikidata Platform</translate>] (<translate>remote</translate>) ** [https://job-boards.greenhouse.io/wikimedia/jobs/6816145 <translate>Tech Lead, Wikidata Platform</translate>] (<translate>remote</translate>) '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13430|number of texture mapping units]] (<nowiki>number of texture mapping units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13429|Saarland Biografien ID]], [[:d:Property:P13431|A Dictionary of Education entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13432|Cultural Heritage in Japan site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13433|BirdLife DataZone site ID]], [[:d:Property:P13434|BirdLife DataZone species ID]], [[:d:Property:P13435|Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13436|Internet-Portal „Westfälische Geschichte“ person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13437|Chtyvo author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13438|Homosaurus ID (V4)]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/terminal speaker|terminal speaker]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organization code|organization code]] (<nowiki>the organization code of the organization item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/organization unit code|organization unit code]] (<nowiki>the organization unit code of the organization unit/part/(sub)division item. Should either be used with qualifier property {{Q|P459}} to specify which system being used, or be used as the qualifier of {{P|31}}.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Picture composition|Picture composition]] (<nowiki>Description of a picture composition (design rules) analogous to the Commons category “[[:commons:Category:Picture composition]]”</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MANDALA Tibetan Living Dictionary ID|MANDALA Tibetan Living Dictionary ID]] (<nowiki>entry for a lexeme in the Tibetan Living Dictionary by MANDALA</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Monarque régnant|Monarque régnant]] (<nowiki>Person who has held or is holding the role of king, queen, sultan, or other monarch at the head of a kingdom or empire.</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Moure's Catalog ID|Moure's Catalog ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MobyGames attribute ID|MobyGames attribute ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Número RPJ|Número RPJ]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identificador de obra no Catálogo Mourisco|Identificador de obra no Catálogo Mourisco]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IPRESS ID|IPRESS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TeamUSA.com athlete ID|TeamUSA.com athlete ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC document kind classification code|IEC document kind classification code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Europe PMC Preprint identifier|Europe PMC Preprint identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Snopes ID|Snopes ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID|A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID|Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PyPI organization name|PyPI organization name]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PlayStation Museum product ID|PlayStation Museum product ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/A Dictionary of Public Health entry ID|A Dictionary of Public Health entry ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''<translate>Did you know?</translate> ''' *<translate> Query examples</translate>: **[https://w.wiki/Dk9f All Genres of Classical Musical Compositions and their Labels in English and German] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#All_Genres_of_Classical_Musical_Compositions_and_their_Labels_in_English_and_German|source]]) * <translate>WikiProject Highlights</translate>: <translate>[[<tvar name="51">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/Travel</tvar>|Taiwan Travel]]</translate> - <translate>aims to create travel related items about Taiwan</translate> * <translate>[[<tvar name="6">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items</tvar>|Showcase Items]] </translate>: [[d:Q18786473|Pete's Dragon (Q18786473)]] - 2016, film by David Lowery * <translate>[[<tvar name="7">d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes</tvar>|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3855|Bill (L3855)]] - English noun (/bɪl/) that can mean "invoice", "proposed law", "bird's beak", or "a given name"</translate>: ''' <translate>Development</translate> ''' * <translate>Wikidata changes in watchlist and recent changes on Wikipedia and co: We are continuing the work on making the edit summaries more understandable </translate>([[phab:T386200]]) * <translate>Wikibase REST API: We are continuing to build out the simple search functionality</translate> ([[phab:T389011]]) * <translate>Dark mode: We are fixing a few remaining issues with dark mode support in the Vector 2022 theme</translate> ([[phab:T389633]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|<translate>You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here</translate>]]. <translate>If you want to help, you can also have a look at</translate> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority <translate>the tasks needing a volunteer</translate>]. ''' <translate>Weekly Tasks</translate> ''' * <translate> Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[<tvar name="8">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review</tvar>|above]] </translate>. * <translate>Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[<tvar name="9">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?</tvar>|above]]</translate>. * <translate>Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[<tvar name="10">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Chile</tvar>|Chile]]</translate> * <translate> Summarize your [[<tvar name="11">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?</tvar>|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences</translate>. * <translate>Help [[<tvar name="11">d:Special:LanguageStats</tvar>|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language!</translate> * <translate> [[<tvar name="12">d:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pasleim/projectmerge</tvar>|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects </translate>. * <translate>Help [[<tvar name="13">d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next</tvar>|write the next summary!]]</translate> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 14|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:23, 22 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28574345 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #677 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-04-28. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 22|#676]].<br> Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for bureaucrat: [[Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bureaucrat/Wüstenspringmaus|Wüstenspringmaus]] ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research Conference]] June 5-6, 2025 at the University of Florence. ** [https://wikidataworkshop.github.io/2025/ The 5th Wikidata Workshop] taking place November 2-3, 2025 during the [https://iswc2025.semanticweb.org/ 25th International Semantic Web Conference] hosted in Nara, Japan. Call for Papers is open until 23:59 [[w:Special:MyLanguage/Anywhere_on_Earth|AoE]], August 2. This year, the program tracks are ''1. Novel Work'' and ''2. Previously Published Work''. Submission template and guidelines are [https://www.overleaf.com/read/pwspggxsbdvy available here] and you can [https://openreview.net/group?id=swsa.semanticweb.org/ISWC/2025/Workshop/Wikidata submit your topic here]. ** The [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] online conference approaches: May 29 - July 1, 2025. Have you [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|registered]] yet? ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://datascientistsdiary.com/how-to-build-a-production-ready-knowledge-graph/ How to Build a Production-Ready Knowledge Graph(with Code): A Practical Guide ] By Amit Yadav ** [https://nearby.hypotheses.org/2478 Who are the Cardinal Electors of 2025 papal conclave? A typical question for Wikidata? ] by {{Q|67173261}} * Papers ** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/proceedings/10.1145/3696410?tocHeading=heading2 Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery on Web Conference 2025.] By Guodong et. al., (2025) ** [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3696410.3714757 Passage: Ensuring Completeness and Responsiveness of Public SPARQL Endpoints with SPARQL Continuation Queries ] By Thi Hoang et. al., (2025) ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://quarry.wmcloud.org/ quarry.wmcloud.org] is a public querying interface for Wiki Replicas, a set of live replica SQL databases of public Wikimedia Wikis. Quarry is designed to make running queries against Wiki Replicas easy. Quarry can also be used to query public databases stored in ToolsDB. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://scholia.toolforge.org/ Scholia] is running a [https://survey.wikimedia.it/index.php/179555 user survey] until the end of May . * Researchers from the University of Regina in Canada invite you to participate in the Open Data Community Survey 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/XHXV4P6DILOUG6QFAO22FEJHXAWOS7YH/ Read more]! '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13449|BEACON file URL]] (<nowiki>URL of an online service's BEACON file, a data interchange format for large numbers of uniform links.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13459|research projects that contributed to this data set]] (<nowiki>research projects that have contributed to or otherwise created an item</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13464|‎terminal speaker]] (<nowiki>the last person able to speak the language fluently</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13478|‎nomenclatural type of]] (<nowiki>taxon item of which this item is the taxonomic type (name-bearing type), e.g. the family for which this genus is the type, the genus for which this species is the type, the taxon for which this type specimen is the type, ect...</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13497|interior designer]] (<nowiki>person responsible for the interior design of a notable building or structure</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13504|‎kigo of]] (<nowiki>season which denotes the sense in haiku in Japanese</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13438|Homosaurus ID (V4)]], [[:d:Property:P13439|Helden van het Verzet person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13440|Our Campaigns container ID]], [[:d:Property:P13441|Catálogo Histórico de Tese e Dissertações da Área de História ID]], [[:d:Property:P13442|Congress.gov committee ID]], [[:d:Property:P13443|Congressional Medal of Honor Society recipient ID]], [[:d:Property:P13444|Israeli Governmental Data Repository ID]], [[:d:Property:P13445|Deutsche Genbank Obst (‎DGO) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13446|DVIDS photo ID]], [[:d:Property:P13447|FirstCycling race ID]], [[:d:Property:P13448|FirstCycling team season ID]], [[:d:Property:P13450|Hmong Studies Citations ID]], [[:d:Property:P13451|Cartofaf organization ID]], [[:d:Property:P13452|Calindex author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13453|Diocese of Lyon Museum person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13454|BnF dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13455|Dezède person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13456|Meta-Doctrinal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13457|Ordre national du Québec ID]], [[:d:Property:P13458|‎Internet Game Database genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13460|Shazoo tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13461|‎OGDB genre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13465|Tax Identification Number (Colombia)]], [[:d:Property:P13466|‎National Gallery (London) PID]], [[:d:Property:P13467|Kunstkamera ID]], [[:d:Property:P13468|Zurich Kantonsrat and Regierungsrat member ID]], [[:d:Property:P13469|‎WSGF taxonomy term ID]], [[:d:Property:P13470|World Higher Education Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13471|‎VD 16 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13472|United Nations Terminology Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13473|Trafikplatssignatur]], [[:d:Property:P13474|Top50 system ID]], [[:d:Property:P13475|IndExs exsiccata ID]], [[:d:Property:P13476|Markstammdatenregister ID]], [[:d:Property:P13479|Ech-Chaab tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13480|‎SearchCulture.gr ID]], [[:d:Property:P13481|RaiPlay Sound program ID]], [[:d:Property:P13482|RaiPlay Sound playlist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13483|Modern China Biographical Database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13484|Know Your Meme slug]], [[:d:Property:P13485|LEMAV ID]], [[:d:Property:P13486|PerformArt ID]], [[:d:Property:P13487|Chilean NPO number]], [[:d:Property:P13488|TermTerm UUID]], [[:d:Property:P13489|Steam Deck HQ game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13490|‎SeqCode Registry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13491|School ID Schleswig-Holstein]], [[:d:Property:P13492|Rodovid family ID]], [[:d:Property:P13493|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Party)]], [[:d:Property:P13494|Captain Coaster park ID]], [[:d:Property:P13495|Scilit scholar ID]], [[:d:Property:P13496|The Rural Settlement of Roman Britain ID]], [[:d:Property:P13498|PCPartPicker product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13499|goal.com football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13500|The Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism ID]], [[:d:Property:P13501|Cultural Heritage Online (Japan) special ID]], [[:d:Property:P13502|Eurobasket.com club ID]], [[:d:Property:P13503|europlayers.com club ID]], [[:d:Property:P13505|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Property:P13506|‎Danskefilmstemmer.dk work or dubbing ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/defined for|defined for]] (<nowiki>the subject takes the object as parameter (or parameter tuple)</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Long Distance Walkers Association|The Long Distance Walkers Association]] (<nowiki>External Identifier (URL slug) for a hiking route on The Long Distance Walkers Association website (United Kingdom only)</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC CDD for electronics|IEC CDD for electronics]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/GOG Dreamlist ID|GOG Dreamlist ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IEC CDD units|IEC CDD units]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Urban Dictionary ID (2)|Urban Dictionary ID (2)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RCI number|RCI number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID|Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/myCast person ID|myCast person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Personality Database category ID|Personality Database category ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/parliament.uk bill ID|parliament.uk bill ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Bierista beer ID|Bierista beer ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/Dv$w All national parties that are members of a European party and whose country is a member of the European Union] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Query_on_national_parties_and_their_seats|source]]) **[https://w.wiki/Dw23 Related works from co-citation analysis] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Scholia's_"Related_works_from_co-citation_analysis"_as_federated_query|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] : [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Saint_Mary%27s_College_(IN)|WikiProject Saint Mary's College (IN)]] aims to improve the coverage of Saint Mary's and the scholarly works being created at Saint Mary's. * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L642328|Córdoba (L642328)]] - Spanish noun (kór-do-ba) that can mean "a city in Spain", "a city in Argentina", or "a Mexican city" ''' Development ''' * Bug: We fixed an issue where newly created Properties became inaccessible after adding a statement with a Property linking to an Item or Lexeme. The fix will go live on Wednesday. ([[phab:T374230]]) * Search: We continued implementing the new search that will make it easier to search for Properties and Lexemes in the UI ([[phab:T321543]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 22|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:48, 28 අප්‍රේල් 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28574345 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #678 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-05-05. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 28|#677]].<br>Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> '''Discussions''' * Closed request for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Mr_Robot|Mr Robot]] - No consensus reached. '''Events''' * Past events: [[m:Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon in Istanbul]] *[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events:]] **[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Volunteer_Supporters_Network/Wikidata_pour_les_débutants_2025-05-16 Volunteer Supporters Network/Wikidata for beginners] May 16, 2025 **[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects| Wikidata and Sister Projects]] May 29 - June 1, 2025. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register here]] ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_and_research|Wikidata and Research Conference]] June 5-6, 2025 at the University of Florence. ** [https://pretalx.coscup.org/coscup-2025/ Call for Proposals]:[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2025|Wikidata Taiwan x OpenStreetMap Taiwam @ COSCUP 2025]],Submission Deadline: May 10, 2025 (AoE). **[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon_2025| WikidataCon 2025]] Oct 31 - Nov 2, 2025. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|Register here]] *Ongoing event: [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events/Coordinate_Me_2025| Coordinate Me 2025]] May 1 - May 31, 2025 '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event_talk:WikidataCon_2025#WikidataCon_update_-_May_2025|WikidataCon 2025 - programme track categories are ready]] - time to start thinking about session proposals! ** [https://r.iresmi.net/posts/2025/osm_Wikidata/Cross checking OSM IDs between OSM and Wikidata] By Michaël ** [https://www.advanced-television.com/2025/05/02/wikiflix-goes-live/ WikiFlix, a new free streaming platform goes live] * Papers ** [https://hackernoon.com/how-to-develop-a-privacy-first-entity-recognition-system How to Develop a Privacy-First Entity Recognition System] By Papadopoulou et. al., (2025) ** [https://hackernoon.com/detecting-and-masking-personal-data-in-text Detecting and Masking Personal Data in Text] By Papadopoulou et. al., (2025) ** [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10840323 EA2N: Evidence-Based AMR Attention Network for Fake News Detection ] By Gupta et. al., (2025) '''Tool of the week''' * [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Main_Page OpenStreetMap]: OpenStreetMap, is a project that creates and distributes free geographic data for the world. It was started because most maps you think of as free actually have legal or technical restrictions on their use, holding back people from using them in creative, productive, or unexpected ways . '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * Ever played Redactle? [[d:User:Lucas Werkmeister|Lucas]] put together a Wikidata version of it. Can you guess the Item? Still needs a bit of work but you can [https://wdactle.toolforge.org/ try it out now]. * [https://mamot.fr/@pintoch/114449249307450950 EditGroups has a new maintainer ] '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13517|organization unit code]] (<nowiki>organization unit code of the organization unit/part/(sub)division item</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13518|likes of fictional character]] (<nowiki>particular likes which applies to this fictional character as (usually) stated in their official profile or biography</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13519|dislikes of fictional character]] (<nowiki>particular dislikes which applies to this fictional character as stated in their official profile or biography</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13522|number of render output units]] (<nowiki>number of render output units in a graphics processing unit</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13525|RAM capacity]] (<nowiki>amount of volatile random-access memory (RAM) modules used by this device</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13549|species protection status]] (<nowiki>Links species, habitat or biotope type with the regulation international or national that protects this species</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13551|Nation Ranking (primary)]] (<nowiki>main/general ranking for a cycling tournament season</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13552|Nation Ranking (secondary)]] (<nowiki>youth/U23 ranking for this cycling tournament season</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13505|badmintoncn.com star ID]], [[:d:Property:P13506|‎Danskefilmstemmer.dk work or dubbing ID]], [[:d:Property:P13507|geraldika.ru symbol ID]], [[:d:Property:P13508|‎JSIC code]], [[:d:Property:P13509|The Oxford Dictionary of Music entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13510|Dark Ride Database ride ID]], [[:d:Property:P13511|Dark Ride Database park ID]], [[:d:Property:P13512|Dark Ride Database manufacturer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13513|‎Databáze her platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P13514|Mourisco Catalogue work ID]], [[:d:Property:P13515|Radiomuseum vacuum tube/transistor ID]], [[:d:Property:P13516|‎CAMRA pub ID]], [[:d:Property:P13520|MobyGames attribute ID]], [[:d:Property:P13521|MetalTabs.com track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13523|Moure's Catalog ID]], [[:d:Property:P13524|PromoDJ track ID]], [[:d:Property:P13526|Euronews topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13527|Audiomack artist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13528|Audiomack album ID]], [[:d:Property:P13529|Europe PMC preprint ID]], [[:d:Property:P13531|‎SMB-digital asset ID]], [[:d:Property:P13532|Audiomack song ID]], [[:d:Property:P13533|Encyclopaedia of Islam (glossary and index of terms) ID]], [[:d:Property:P13534|Qur'an Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13535|Itch.io tag ID]], [[:d:Property:P13536|Corago singer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13537|‎MoNA spectrum ID]], [[:d:Property:P13538|La Croix author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13539|‎Billie Jean King Cup player ID 2024]], [[:d:Property:P13540|‎TeamUSA.com athlete ID]], [[:d:Property:P13541|‎Snopes ID]], [[:d:Property:P13542|A Dictionary of Media and Communication entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13544|Black Sea Cultural Inventory ID]], [[:d:Property:P13545|‎PyPI organization name]], [[:d:Property:P13546|The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology entry ID]], [[:d:Property:P13550|‎PlayStation Museum product ID]], [[:d:Property:P13553|Urban Dictionary ID]], [[:d:Property:P13554|‎GOG Dreamlist ID]], [[:d:Property:P13555|RCI number]], [[:d:Property:P13556|‎Portable Antiquities Scheme image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13557|Orthodox World ID]], [[:d:Property:P13558|‎Coasterpedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13559|Ethnologue language family ID]], [[:d:Property:P13560|‎factordb ID]], [[:d:Property:P13561|SCImago Institutions Rankings ID]], [[:d:Property:P13562|UniRank ID]], [[:d:Property:P13563|Bibliometrics of Ukrainian science person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Context Window|Context Window]] (<nowiki>The maximum length of an input token in the language model.</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/contains nutrient|contains nutrient]] (<nowiki>Food contains nutrient</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/underlying data|underlying data]] (<nowiki>this mathematical structure has these data as part</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/échelle de Beaufort|échelle de Beaufort]] (<nowiki>empirical measure describing wind speed based on observed conditions</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Mobility Database ID|Mobility Database ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Patrimonio Galego ID|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Substack username|Substack username]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Private Enterprise Number|Private Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ComputerLanguage.com definition|ComputerLanguage.com definition]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/otzovik.com review ID|otzovik.com review ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Persoon)|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Persoon)]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know ?''' * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]] : ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Nonprofit_Organizations/Ukraine|Nonprofit Organisations: Ukraine]] ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Stockholm_Archipelago_Trail|Stockholm Archilepago Trail]] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]] : [[d:Wikidata:Database_reports/Descriptions_with_Q|Descriptions with QID]] - These Item descriptions contain a QID or Item ID. * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q288771|Hans van Mierlo (Q288771)]] - Dutch politician (1931–2010) * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L28956|Tribe (L28956)]] - English noun (trīb) that can mean "a social division in traditional society", "a political subdivision", or "a genre of Techno Music": '''Development''' * Wikidata Query Service: The search platform team finished the remaining work for the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|graph split]] and it is going live [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZLIUAGRLPQLLBVJSC2AEG7FNTTOER66I/ this week]. * We took part in the [[m:Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|Wikimedia Hackathon in Istanbul]] * Wikipedia and co: We continued working on improving how Wikidata edits are shown on the watchlist on Wikipedia and co. We are focusing on showing labels instead of IDs for the entities (Items, Properties, ...) linked in the edit summaries ([[phab:T388685]]) * UI: We continued doing small fixes for dark mode support in the UI ([[phab:T385039]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on the search endpoint ([[phab:T383126]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R| You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Philippines|Philippines]] * Summarize your [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/2025 04 28|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:07, 5 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28574345 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #679 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-05-12. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#678]].<br>Translations are [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|available]]''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming]]: ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/噶哈巫 Wikidata 工作坊|Kaxabu Wikidata Workshop]] May 17 at Puli DOC, Nantou ** [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Taiwan/賽德克 Wikidata Lexeme 工作坊|Seediq Wikidata Lexeme Workshop]] May 18 at Puli DOC, Nantou * Past: Wikimedia Hackathon happened on May 4. Check out the closing showcase that included some Wikidata-related projects: [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/Wikimedia_Hackathon_2025_Closing_Showcase Etherpad (Hackaton 2025)] '''Press, articles, blog posts, videos''' * Blogs ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Serbia_report|GLAM and Wikidata: The "GLAMorous Wikidata" Campaign]]: In March 2025, Wikimedia Serbia launched a local thematic campaign called GLAMurous Wikidata, focused on improving data about cultural and heritage institutions on Wikidata. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Netherlands_report|Project "Open Topstukken" ("Open Collection Highlights") - Maastricht University and Radboud University]]: The "Open Topstukken" project is a collaboration between Maastricht University and Radboud University to digitize and publish rare books and manuscripts, with metadata from their Omeka S systems automatically transferred to Wikidata by Wikidata specialists. ** [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April_2025/Contents/Italy_report|Wikidata and Research]]: The programme for the “Wikidata and Research” conference is now available online. Scheduled for 5–6 June 2025 at the University of Florence, this event is convened by a volunteer Scientific Committee in collaboration with Wikimedia Italia and the University of Florence. * Papers ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391431150_Capacitating_Librarians_with_Wikidata_Literacy_for_Managing_Wikipedia_Information_Resources_Implications_to_Libraries Capacitating Librarians with Wikidata Literacy for Managing Wikipedia Information Resources: Implications to Libraries] By Oyighan et. al., (2025) ** [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391461181_Social_Biases_in_Knowledge_Representations_of_Wikidata_separates_Global_North_from_Global_South Social Biases in Knowledge Representations of Wikidata separates Global North from Global South] By Das et. al., (2025) ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-89366-7_6 Automatic Curriculum Cohesion Analysis Based on Knowledge Graphs] By Gacek & Adrian (2025). * Videos ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2i2w0L2rcRI African Wiki Women Wikidata training for the gender equality campaign] ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=_8JbA1AC4yY Using Listeria tool to create Wikidata lists from Wikidata] ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=OZXEtUrjJrY Using the Mix'n'match tool to match external datasets to Wikidata items.] ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a57QK4rARpw Connecting the World’s Knowledge with Abstract Wikipedia] By Denny Vrandečić '''Tool of the week''' * [https://wdactle.toolforge.org/ Wdactle game] -- is a Wikidata version of Redactle! It's a game where you are shown a Wikidata Item with all labels and words redacted and have to figure out what it is. Guessing a word reveals all the places where it is used. Built by Luca Werkmeister during the Wikimedia Hackathon 2025. '''Other Noteworthy Stuff''' * ⚠️ Wikidata Query Service graph split: As you know Wikidata Query Service was no longer able to handle the complete set of data Wikidata has. To address this the graph in Wikidata Query Service has now been split into a main graph (that continues to be at query.wikidata.org) and a scholarly graph (that is at query-scholarly.wikidata.org). For more details please see [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split]]. *Join the [[d:Wikidata:Impact stories|Wikidata:Impact stories]] global campiagn. We're celebrating the amazing Wikidata community - editors, developers, librarians, and creators - and inviting you to share how Wikidata is used. Your story can inspire others and grow the community. Submit yours or nominate a cool project by June 6. '''Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review''' * Newest General datatypes: **[[:d:Property:P13564|‎third-gender population]] (<nowiki>number of third-gender people inhabiting the place</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13565|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13566|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Property:P13567|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Property:P13568|‎Substack handle]], [[:d:Property:P13569|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13570|R-Sport match ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/related video|related video]] (<nowiki>less fitting video, used only because a better alternative is not available. If an appropriate video of the item is available, use P10 instead. Value should not be a generic placeholder.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cosplay of|cosplay of]] (<nowiki>character(s) that are cosplayed in this image or video</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/RFI station ID (timetables)|RFI station ID (timetables)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/registration number of japanese invoice system|registration number of japanese invoice system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jesuit Online Necrology ID|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Geographicus-cartographer|Geographicus-cartographer]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Harper's tag|Harper's tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Czech Librarians ID|Database of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Location Code|Open Location Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CABR-identifier|CABR-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onsland-identifier|Onsland-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)|National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PC98 Images game ID|PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Meißen ID|Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! '''Did you know?''' * Query examples: **[https://w.wiki/E3Yi All you want to know about] [[d:Q1030833|The Blue Coats (Q1030833)]] ** [https://w.wiki/97bM Birthplace of Colombians in the Public Domain] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q18386245|Soir d'été sur la plage de Skagen – l'artiste et sa femme (Q18386245)]] - painting by Peder Severin Krøyer from 1899 * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L494436|Projektion (L494436)]] - German noun (pro-yek-tsi̯oːn) that can mean "projection", "image display", or "defence mechanism in Psychoanalysis" '''Development''' * mul language code: We are fixing an issue where Items can't be found by their mul language label or alias ([[phab:T392058]]) * Wikibase REST API: We are working on phrase matching for the simple search ([[phab:T389011]]) * Dark mode: We fixed a color contrast bug with the entity selector when making new statements ([[phab:T393641]]) * Ontology: We’re working on an updated, more complete version of the wikibase.owl ontology file ([[phab:T371752]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. '''Weekly Tasks''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Italy|Italy]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> '''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:02, 12 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28671619 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #680 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-05-19. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#679]].<br> Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/THEbotIT 2|THEbotIT 2]] - New functional aspect to [[d:Wikidata:Requests for permissions/Bot/THEbotIT 1|automatic creation of items]] describing lexicographical articles of [[s:de:Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft|Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft]] (RE). The described topics of an RE article should also link back to the article. ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** On Thursday, 22 May 2025, from 10:00 to 12:00 (CEST), [https://www.digis-berlin.de/ digiS Berlin] will offer an online workshop titled "Wikidata for GLAMs." The event is free, open to all, and conducted in German. More information and registration is [https://www.digis-berlin.de/wikidata-workshop-am-22-05-2025/ here]. ** (Italian) [https://www.attoppa.it/event/introduzione-a-wikidata-e-ai-progetti-wikimedia-lm43 Introduction to Wikidata and Wikimedia projects - LM43] May 29, 2025 12:00 PM to 2:00 PM ** The [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] online event is nearly here! Four days of sessions on the use of Wikidata in the Wikimedia Projects, join us from '''May 29 - June 1'''. [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|Register here]]. [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|See the Program schedule]]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/05/15/wikilearn-news-may-2025/ Diff Blog: Spotlight on Wikidata in the WikiLearn newsletter]: WikiLearn's May 2025 update highlights how its online courses, including Wikidata 101, are effectively helping Wikimedians develop key skills, reduce edit reversion rates, and foster engagement across multiple language communities. ** [https://googlemapsmania.blogspot.com/2025/05/the-meaning-behind-our-place-names.html The Meaning Behind Our Place Names] - The Open Etymology Map uses Wikidata-linked etymology tags in OpenStreetMap to reveal the origins of place names, offering an interactive way to explore the historical and linguistic roots of streets, towns, and landmarks * Papers ** Preprint: [https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-53n0w Scholia Chemistry: access to chemistry in Wikidata] - This study explores Wikidata's role in chemistry, highlighting how thousands of new chemicals were added, how new properties and database links enhance chemical representation, and how Scholia ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-91428-7_15 Making an Under-Resourced Language Available on the Wikidata Knowledge Graph: Quechua Language] By Huaman et. al., (2025) - This study integrates Quechua lexical data into Wikidata, adding 1,591 lexemes along with senses, forms, and pronunciation audio, demonstrating how Wikidata can support under-resourced languages in AI-driven Knowledge Graphs to promote linguistic diversity and inclusivity. ** [https://arxiv.org/html/2505.10142v1 Knowledge-Based Aerospace Engineering - A Systematic Literature Review] By Wittenborg et al., (2025) - This study systematically reviews Knowledge-Based Aerospace Engineering, analyzing over 1,000 articles, constructing a knowledge graph mapped to Wikidata, and demonstrating how structured, semantic-based approaches can enhance aerospace design, collaboration, and sustainable aviation * Videos ** (Italian) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=9ELzahfQqY8 Introduction to Wikidata for archives] ** (Sweden) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sGbFNnZi7Pk Stockholm Archipelago Trail OSM Wikidata SDC] By Magnus Salgo ** (German) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbq0Y0PnTE0 Instructional video on SPARQL queries in Wikidata] By OER4SDI ''' Tool of the week ''' *[https://www.npmjs.com/package/wikidata-taxonomy Wikidata-Taxonomy] is a Command-line tool and library to extract taxonomies from Wikidata. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * We are improving and expanding our Help and documentation pages, please tell us what you think: [[d:Wikidata:How_to_use_data_on_Wikimedia_projects/Parser_function|Parser Functions]] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes **[[:d:Property:P13564|third-gender population]] (<nowiki>number of third-gender people inhabiting the place</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13571|context window]] (<nowiki>maximum length of an input token in the language model</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13574|‎most populous urban area]] (<nowiki>city or town with the largest population in this area (country, state, county, continent, etc.)</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13565|Encyclopedia of the Serbian National Theatre ID]], [[:d:Property:P13566|vlaamsekunstcollectie.be ID]], [[:d:Property:P13567|Patrimonio Galego ID]], [[:d:Property:P13568|‎Substack handle]], [[:d:Property:P13569|Sport Express football match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13570|R-Sport match ID]], [[:d:Property:P13572|‎ComputerLanguage.com definition]], [[:d:Property:P13573|Repertorium kleine politieke partijen 1918-1967 (Person)]], [[:d:Property:P13575|‎RFI station ID (timetables)]], [[:d:Property:P13576|Geographicus cartographer ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/related video|related video]] (<nowiki>less fitting video, used only because a better alternative is not available. If an appropriate video of the item is available, use P10 instead. Value should not be a generic placeholder.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/cosplay of|cosplay of]] (<nowiki>character(s) that are cosplayed in this image or video</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/breed belongs to taxon|breed belongs to taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon to which members of this breed (or these breeds) belong</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reason for no value|Reason for no value]] (<nowiki>qualifier property to be used with statements having the object "no value", given to provide a reason for "no value"</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/over|over]] (<nowiki>base field of this vector space, base ring of this module, pair of base rings for this bimodule, base monoidal category of this enriched category, etc.</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/has WikiProject|has WikiProject]] (<nowiki>WikiProject which has this topic as its main subject</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/mixing engineer|mixing engineer]] (<nowiki>person responsible for mixing the different sonic elements of a piece of recorded music into a final version of a track</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/normally caused by|normally caused by]] (<nowiki>item that normally causes this effect, but that is not necessarily the cause here</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/criminal motive|criminal motive]] (<nowiki>verified reasoning behind a crime</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/registration number of japanese invoice system|registration number of japanese invoice system]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Jesuit Online Necrology ID|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Harper's tag|Harper's tag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Database of Czech Librarians ID|Database of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Open Location Code|Open Location Code]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CABR-identifier|CABR-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Onsland-identifier|Onsland-identifier]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)|National Library of Spain Alma ID (BNE v2.0)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/PC98 Images game ID|PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Stadtwiki Meißen ID|Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/R-Sport team ID|R-Sport team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/WürzburgWiki ID|WürzburgWiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AW-Wiki ID|AW-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Wetzipedia ID|Wetzipedia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/OberpfalzWiki article ID|OberpfalzWiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Tüik village id|Tüik village id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/viberate.com Artist Id|viberate.com Artist Id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/African Music Library Band ID|African Music Library Band ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Delfi.lv theme ID|Delfi.lv theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ESPN soccer team ID|ESPN soccer team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/15min.lt theme ID|15min.lt theme ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trove.scot ID|trove.scot ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Identifiant d'une personne sur PRET19|Identifiant d'une personne sur PRET19]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Židovski biografski leksikon ID|Židovski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/IMDb Interest ID|IMDb Interest ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/E4T9 Map of pubs in Scotland] ([https://wikis.world/@AllyD@mastodon.online/114482324831243753 source]) ** [https://w.wiki/EC5v Data about all 60 members of the European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education] ([https://x.com/AlexHinojo/status/1923605850607735114 source]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_zelph |WikiProject_zelph]] - WikiProject zelph focuses on integrating a semantic network system with Wikidata to enhance data quality. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q16857406| The Jungle Book (Q16857406)]] - 2016 film directed by Jon Favreau * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L339628|pukka (L339628)]] - English adjective (puh-kuh) that can mean "genuine", "highest class", or "complete" ''' Development ''' * UI: We are putting the finishing touches on the new search box that will make it easier to search for Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas as well ([[phab:T321543]]) * Dark mode: We fixed the last known issues and are getting ready to roll it out * Mobile statement editing: We are refining prototypes for testing and started technical investigations * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on simple search, focusing on phrase matching now ([[phab:T389011]]) * Query Service: We are working on a small experiment to show a notification for simple queries that are better run on other APIs ([[phab:T391264]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Read the full report]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:46, 19 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28740206 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #681 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">''Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-05-27. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#680]].<br> Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/William_Avery_Bot_12|William Avery Bot 12]] - Task(s): Add [[d:Property:P698|PubMed publication ID(P698)]] to items that lack it, but have [[d:Property:P356|DOI(P356)]], which allows it to be looked up using the [https://biopython.org/docs/1.76/api/Bio.Entrez.html PubMed API]. * [[:d:Wikidata talk:Identifiers#Novalue for missing IDs|Talk: Wikidata Identifiers (No value for missing Ids)]]: about how to indicate that a certain entity is absent in a given database ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]]<br/>During 4 half-days of sessions showcasing and showing how Wikidata supports and is integrated to the other Wikimedia projects<br/>From Thursday, May 29 from 16:00 UTC to Sunday, June 1 13:30 UTC.<br/> [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|Registration link]] - [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|Program]] - [[d:Event_talk:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects|Questions? (Talk page)]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/user/s8321414/diary/406703 Taiwan Street-view Expedition (Huwei and Tuku, Yunlin, Taiwan)] - joint OSM and Wikidata activity ** * Papers ** (Italian) [https://www.datocms-assets.com/103094/1747654189-imagines-n-12-cencetti_pellizzari_viti.pdf ''Termini, dati e collegamenti: ‘conversazioni’ tra il Thesaurus del Nuovo soggettario e Wikidata'']: This study is about the history of the cooperation between the [[:d:Q16583225|Thesaurus del Nuovo soggettario]] (the main [[:d:Q17152639|thesaurus]] used by Italian libraries for subject indexing) and Wikimedia projects, initially Wikipedia and now mainly Wikidata ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16635 WikiDBGraph: Large-Scale Database Graph of Wikidata for Collaborative Learning] By Wu et al., (2025) — This study introduces WikiDBGraph, a network of 100,000 linked databases from Wikidata, using 17 million connections to improve AI learning and reveal challenges in handling interconnected data. ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.16383 Filling in the Blanks? A Systematic Review and Theoretical Conceptualisation for Measuring WikiData Content Gaps] By Ripoll et al., (2025) – The paper systematically reviews content gaps in Wikidata, proposing a typology of missing data and a framework to measure these gaps, highlighting their impact on knowledge quality and completeness. ** [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-91705-9_5 AI in Data Management and Analysis] By Haber et al., (2025) – This paper explores how AI streamlines academic data tasks like cleaning and analysis, whike tools like Google DataPrep, Airtable and Wikidata help researchers, but human oversight is key to maintaining accuracy and ethics in research. * Videos ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=CBCgyF-WAP4&pp=0gcJCdgAo7VqN5tD Using PetScan to create lists from Wikipedia and Wikidata] By Tamsin Braisher ([[d:User:DrThneed|Dr Thneed]]). ** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=nxgB7LvG1N0 Connecting Collections: Wikidata as a Bridge between Museums and Communities] By Museo de los Museos and Carla Toro. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_Toolkit|Wikidata Toolkit]] The Wikidata Toolkit is an open-source Java library for using data from Wikidata and other Wikibase sites. Its main goal is to make it easy for external developers to take advantage of this data in their own applications. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * A discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Some of the hypothesis involve Wikidata. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: none ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13576|Geographicus cartographer ID]], [[:d:Property:P13577|‎Wikibase of Czech Librarians ID]], [[:d:Property:P13578|Jesuit Online Necrology ID]], [[:d:Property:P13579|Ons Land ID]], [[:d:Property:P13580|‎VejinBooks author ID]], [[:d:Property:P13581|‎PC98 Images game ID]], [[:d:Property:P13582|Rhein-Neckar-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13583|CvLAC ID]], [[:d:Property:P13584|‎Stadtwiki Meißen ID]], [[:d:Property:P13585|‎WürzburgWiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13586|Wetzipedia ID]], [[:d:Property:P13587|AW-Wiki ID]], [[:d:Property:P13588|‎Tüik village ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/LSF rating|LSF rating]] (<nowiki>Indonesia film classification administered by the Indonesian Film Censorship Board</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/image of cosplay|image of cosplay]] (<nowiki>cosplay that depicts this character or person</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Classificazione Guizzi degli strumenti musicali|Classificazione Guizzi degli strumenti musicali]] (<nowiki>Guizzi's classification system of musical instruments</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/name translation|name translation]] (<nowiki>translation into native language</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Concertzender ID|Concertzender ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MCW-PL article ID|MCW-PL article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Polska Biblioteka Muzyczna PBM|Polska Biblioteka Muzyczna PBM]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/norsk soldatregister person ID|norsk soldatregister person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Databank verkiezingsuitslagen|Databank verkiezingsuitslagen]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/TNT Sports soccer team ID|TNT Sports soccer team ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/NHK Archives Portal Broadcasting History ID|NHK Archives Portal Broadcasting History ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Lithuanian lake ID|Lithuanian lake ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Sierra Wiki article ID|Sierra Wiki article ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID|Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/archive creator archieven.nl|archive creator archieven.nl]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: [https://w.wiki/EFJi Exemplars of the Magna Carta] ([[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata_talk:WikiProject_Manuscripts#Magna_Carta |source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History|Revitalizing UK History]]- A wikiproject with the aim of enriching UK historical figures. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q19689203|The BFG (Q19689203)]] - 2016 film by Steven Spielberg * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L580449|trucco (L580449)]] - Italian noun (ˈtruk.ko) meaning "deceptive ploy", "makeup", or "strategic maneuver" ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:47, 27 මැයි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28755133 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #682 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-06-02. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#681]].<br> Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * New requests for permissions/Bot: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Bot/Wikidata_Translation_Bot|Wikidata Translation Bot]] - task/s: Automate translation of Item Labels and Descriptions across supported languages and submit them using the official Wikidata API. * New request for comments: [[d:Wikidata:Requests for comment/Mass-editing policy|Mass-editing policy]] * Closed request for comments: ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Rename_PeakFinder_ID_(P3770)|Rename PeakFinder ID (P3770)]] - Property was renamed. ** [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_comment/Domain_name_as_data|Domain name as data]] - property [[d:Property:P13337|domain name (P13337)]] was created. ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** New Linked Data for Libraries [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our first event will include guests from the Wikidata Search team to discuss the recent graph split project. Join us Tuesday, June 3, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST (Time zone converter). Please see our [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit project page] for more information and Zoom links. ** OpenStreetMap X Wikidata Meetup #77 June 9 Time: 19:30-21:00 UTC+8 at [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Q61752245|Mozilla Community Space Taipei (Q61752245)]] ** Revitalizing UK History #June 7 Time 16:00 UTC [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:Revitalizing_UK_History Revitalizing UK History] * Just missed it? ** Wikidata and Sister Projects: [[d:Event:Wikidata_and_Sister_Projects#Sessions|full day videos and presentation slides are being made available on the program page]]. ** [https://wikimedia.es/evento/concurso-coordinate-me-2025-online/ Coordinate Me 2025], the contest to add [[d:Property:P625|geographic coordinates (P625)]] for countries with low representation has ended. Who will be declared winner? ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://osl.hypotheses.org/16774 Wikidata promotes Sister Projects through interwiki links] SLUB Open Science Lab writer Jens Bemme has put together a comprehensive article covering the recent online event and many examples of Wikidata being used. * Papers ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.21693 MAKIEVAL: A Multilingual Automatic Wikidata-based Framework for Cultural Awareness Evaluation for LLMs] By Zhao et al., (2025) - This paper presents MAKIEVAL, a framework for evaluating cultural awareness in LLMs across languages, showing that models exhibit stronger cultural awareness when prompted in English. ** [https://www.arxiv.org/pdf/2505.19971 Conversational Lexicography: Querying Lexicographic Data on Knowledge Graphs with SPARQL through Natural Language] By Sennrich & Ahmadi (2025) - This paper develops a natural language interface for retrieving lexicographic data from Wikidata, creating a taxonomy and dataset, and evaluating language models, with GPT-3.5-Turbo showing the best generalization despite scalability challenges. ** [https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23461 UAQFact: Evaluating Factual Knowledge Utilization of LLMs on Unanswerable Questions] By Tan et al., (2025) - This paper introduces UAQFact, a bilingual dataset for evaluating LLMs on unanswerable questions, showing that models struggle to fully utilize stored factual knowledge even with external support. * Videos ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NC6zkOznAeM Listful Thinking:Using Wikidata to support editing workflows] By Dr Thneed ** (French) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=sdsPS8Af6YE Using Wikidata to gain visibility on the internet?] By Nelly Darbois ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BY_2T6yB56Q How to create a SPARQL Query to search Wikidata Item Description] By vlogize ** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1j6pHOBRqt0 Wikimedia Commons and Wikidata tutorial for the subject of Virreinal Art] By Luis Alvaz ** [https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLduaHBu_3ejPiMknpyQFM43rivJbn33Ff&si=F7kedfs1h48e-xQ7 Wikidata and Sister Projects (YouTube Playlist)] - full daily recordings from the Wikidata and Sister Projects event. ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://github.com/brawer/wikidata-qrank Wikidata Qrank] is a ranking signal for Wikidata entities. It gets computed by aggregating page view statistics for Wikipedia, Wikitravel, Wikibooks, Wikispecies and other Wikimedia projects. For example, according to the QRank signal, the fictional character Pippi Longstocking ranks lower than Harry Potter, but still much higher than the obscure Äffle & Pferdle. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com Should I watch this?] - Enter a film title or IMDb ID to get a recommendation, uses data from Wikidata. * Job Openings - want to help shape the future of Wikidata or Wikibase? ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56640059/Software-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=220899039&l=en Software Engineer (Wikidata)] ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/55063868/Staff-Engineer-Wikidata-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=209936577&l=en Staff Engineer (Wikidata)] ** [https://wikimedia-deutschland.softgarden.io/job/56244967/UX-Designer-Wikibase-Cloud-all-genders-?jobDbPVId=216209752&l=en UX Designer (Wikibase Cloud)] ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' <!-- NEW PROPERTIES DO NOT REMOVE --> * Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]]: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Property:P13589|‎reason for no value]] (<nowiki>qualifier property to be used with statements having the object "no value", given to provide a reason for "no value"</nowiki>) ***[[:d:Property:P13593|cosplay of]] (<nowiki>characters that are cosplayed in this image or video</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13590|espn.com soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13591|‎Yale LUX ID]], [[:d:Property:P13592|Židovski biografski leksikon ID]], [[:d:Property:P13594|verkiezingsuitslagen database ID]], [[:d:Property:P13595|Norwegian soldier register 1940 ID]], [[:d:Property:P13596|Polish Music Library PBM ID]], [[:d:Property:P13597|‎MCW-PL article ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review: ** General datatypes: ***[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/UK Mutual Registration Number|UK Mutual Registration Number]] (<nowiki>identifier for an organisation in the UK's Mutuals Public Register</nowiki>) ** External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scilit organization ID|Scilit organization ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/paleo.ru person ID|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu|identifiant Assemblée nationale du Québec non-élu]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/ThinkyGames genre ID|ThinkyGames genre ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Letopis of MSU person ID|Letopis of MSU person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MAI person ID|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/istina.msu.ru journal ID|istina.msu.ru journal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/MultimediaWiki page ID|MultimediaWiki page ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Submarine Cable Map ID|Submarine Cable Map ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Nederlands Film Festival person ID|Nederlands Film Festival person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CTS URN|CTS URN]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Scientific heritage of Russia person ID|Scientific heritage of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID|Virtual necropolis of Ukrainian emigration person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Cycling Federation person ID|Russian Cycling Federation person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Yandex Books author ID|Yandex Books author ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Theatre museums of Russia person ID|Theatre museums of Russia person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID|Reabilitovani istoriyeyu person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CARLA ID|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Boosty author ID|Boosty author ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/ELXS All lexemes in Minangkabau (sorted chronologically by their entry time)] ** [https://w.wiki/EMbF Film Directors who are still alive] * Schema examples: ** * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Status_updates/Next WikiProject WordNet] * WikiProject Highlights: ** * Newest [[d:Wikidata:Database reports|database reports]]:[[Wikidata:Database reports/Most linked category items|list of the most linked category page items]] * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]:[[d:Q18407657| Captain America: Civil War (Q18407657)]] - 22016 film by Anthony and Joe Russo * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L1250690|(L1250690) spegnere (L1250690)]] - Italian verb "switch off" or "to die" ''' Development ''' * Vector 2022 skin: We enabled dark mode for Items, Properties and Lexemes on Wikidata ([[phab:T389330]]) * Mobile statement editing: We are continuing with the technical investigation. * Diffs: We merged a volunteer patch by Matěj Suchánek to format quantity diffs a bit more sensibly ([[phab:T394585]]) * Search in the UI: We enabled the new search on https://test.wikidata.org and https://wikidata.beta.wmflabs.org. It lets you easily search in other entity types as well now, not just Items. Please give it a try. * Wikibase REST API: We are continuing the work on integrating simple search, specifically phrase matching ([[phab:T389011]]) * Query Service: We are working on an experiment to add a small dialog to inform people about alternative access methods for very simple queries that don't require SPARQL ([[phab:T391261]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:17, 2 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28806202 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #683 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-06-10. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#682]].<br> Help with [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Translations]].''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Discussions ''' * Open request for adminship: [[d:Wikidata:Requests_for_permissions/Administrator/Coinhote|Coinhoe]] - RfP scheduled to end after 10 June 2025 23:49 (UTC) ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: New Linked Data for Libraries [[d:Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] project series! We have our next LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group event series on the Wikidata Graph Split project. Our second event will be a conversation with Daniel Mietchen and Lane Rasberry about [https://scholia.toolforge.org/ Scholia], the Wikidata frontend which generates and presents scholarly profiles based on WikiCite content. They'll speak to Scholia's current state and roadmap, with consideration for the recent Wikidata graph split. Tuesday, June 10, 2025 at 9am PT/ 12pm ET/ 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST. More info and Zoom links: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|project page]]. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://github.com/trokhymovych/wikidata-vandalism-detection Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection]: resources to reproduce training and evaluation procedure for the paper Graph-Linguistic Fusion: Using Language Models for Wikidata Vandalism Detection ** [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EyInxNXvz3rmmlTeYOKg6Sr5EKG--4mzBXlaz_HhYRY/edit?usp=sharing Cataloguing guidelines for representing the Memory of the World International Register on Wikidata] Google Doc to shape the process of a coming data upload: comments are open. ** [https://outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Memory_of_the_World_report GLAM:Memory of the World Report:] Hannah Drummen at UNESCO, alongside data expert Martin, has completed a structured dataset of 496 International Register items, ready for bulk upload to Wikidata in June, with an aim to enhance accessibility and define best practices for future updates. ** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library_report|Wikidata QID updates to BHL catalogue]]: The BHL Lead Developer, Mike Lichtenberg, is ensuring periodic Wikidata Qid refreshes in the BHL Catalogue, with the working group advising a downloadable post-refresh report for OpenRefine integration, to be sent to the BHL Metacat group for reconciliation by Siobhan or other Wikidata editors. ** [[d:outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May_2025/Contents/Indonesia_report GLAM Wiki|Wikidata training & Datathon in Indonesia]]: Wikimedia Indonesia hosts WikiLatih Wikidata training to enhance skills in editing Indonesian cultural heritage data on Wikidata, while Datathon challenges participants to make the most edits on museum-related topics in Indonesia. * Papers ** [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40481658/ Wikidata for Botanists: Benefits of collaborating and sharing Linked Open Data] By von Mering et al., (2025) - This paper explores Wikidata as a multilingual open knowledge base for botany, highlighting its role in connecting botanical information across sources, and calling on the botanical community to enhance its content. ** [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-025-05200-8 CS-KG 2.0: A Large-scale Knowledge Graph of Computer Science] By Dessí et al., (2025) - This paper introduces CS-KG 2.0, an advanced AI-powered knowledge graph built from 15 million research papers, designed to enhance scientific exploration by structuring and interconnecting vast amounts of computer science literature. * Videos ** [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHhvcvvFPsA Using the Wiki List tool] - GoogleSheet with formulae for retrieving Wikidata values and writing QuickStatements commands. ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=0eGNxqvW89M Introduction to Wikidata] By Robin Isadora Brown and Lane Rasberry ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ijwiYthh6CY Wikidata Editing] By Kusaal Wikipedia Community ** (Portuguese) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=UWuRQstMm8E Federating academic SPARQL searches in Wikidata] By Tiago Lubiana ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://phonemes.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Phonemes] This is the web application developed specifically for Wikidata IOLab. In here you can add phonemes to a whole bunch of languages, basing your work on the work that the brazilian students of their national olympiad did while editing Wikipedia. * [https://www.should-i-watch-this.com/Mission%20Imposible/2018 Should I watch this?] is a tool that helps users decide whether a movie or show is worth watching. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes **[[:d:Property:P13598|Guizzi's classification of musical instruments]] (<nowiki>Guizzi's classification system of musical instruments</nowiki>) **[[:d:Property:P13602|single taken from the album]] (<nowiki>indicates the album from which the item is taken</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13599|‎GameSpot platform ID]], [[:d:Property:P13600|‎OberpfalzWiki article ID]], [[:d:Property:P13601|‎Private Enterprise Number]], [[:d:Property:P13603|TNT Sports soccer team ID]], [[:d:Property:P13604|‎Fondazione Ragghianti Fototeca image ID]], [[:d:Property:P13605|ROAR ID]], [[:d:Property:P13606|‎15min.lt theme ID]], [[:d:Property:P13607|FMJD person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13608|NAQ non-elected person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13609|paleo.ru person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13610|‎Sierra Wiki article ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New External identifier property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biblioteca Pública|Biblioteca Pública]] (<nowiki><nowiki>{{TranslateThis</nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Libretexts ID|Libretexts ID]] (<nowiki>the world's largest collection of free OER textbooks online</nowiki>) * External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant Évêques suisses|identifiant Évêques suisses]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Deaf Movie Database|Deaf Movie Database]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID|Biographical Dictionary of Affiliated Dissemination of Literacy among Georgians ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Physicians of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Athletes of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID|Biographical Dictionary of Winemakers of Georgia ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/matricule number|matricule number]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/inn|inn]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Debian Wiki article|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Desura game ID (archived)|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/QUDT dimension ID|QUDT dimension ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/ERgB Wikisource transcriptions of texts on the Memory of the World International Register], ([[d:User:MartinPoulter/queries/memory_of_the_world#Wikisource_transcriptions_of_individual_texts|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/4cn2 Bills and coins of Brazilian Real (with pictures)] * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProject]] highlights: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Names/be-tarask Names/Belarusian] - This WikiProject aims to add structured and linguistic data to Wikidata to enable the study of people's names across all time periods, regions, and languages. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q5901134|Ant-Man (Q5901134)]] - 2015 film directed by Peyton Reed ''' Development ''' * Mobile editing of statements: We are doing initial development focusing on technical investigations and basic UI elements ([[phab:T394292]], [[phab:T394886]]) * Lexemes: We are looking into a rare error when trying to do undo certain Lexeme edits ([[phab:T392372]]) * Watchlist/Recent changes on Wikipedia: We continued working on showing labels instead of IDs in the edit summaries of Wikidata changes that are shown in the watchlist and recent changes of Wikipedia and co ([[phab:T388685]]) * Wikibase REST API: Finishing touches on simple search ([[phab:T383126]]) * Query Service UI: Added experimental popup to point people running very simple queries to other available access methods ([[phab:T391264]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 13:22, 10 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28846270 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #684 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-06-16. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#683]].<br>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Events|Upcoming events]]: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/african-wikimedians@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7ZEIMLZEQXFLSXPT2N6FROB2TCMMKVVW/ GLAM Wiki Conference 2025] - Program Call-for-Proposals: Deadline 15 June. ** [[d:Q134950534|COSCUP 2025 (Q134950534)]] [[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikidata Taiwan/COSCUP 2025|Open Street Map x Wikidata Track]] - [[d:Q699543|National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Q699543)]] 9 August - 10 August. ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Blogs ** [https://professional.wiki/en/news/wikibase-faceted-search-released Wikibase Faceted Search Released] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxKWpTQBrqk demo video]) ** [https://github.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap DecomissionedAircraftMap] (see tool below) - The Decommissioned Aircraft Map project uses Wikidata to enhance its mapping of historic aircraft by pulling images from linked Wikidata entries. Users can contribute by adding or correcting Wikidata tags on OpenStreetMap, ensuring accurate representation of aircraft locations and visuals. By Watmildon. * Videos: [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aDVeeym9Dpg Querying Wikidata using tools such as QuickStatements and Petscan] - Wikimedia Community User Group Uganda ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://dataviz.toolforge.org/ Wikidata Visualization]: a visualization tool for Wikidata SPARQL queries * [https://overpass-ultra.us/#map&query=url:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/watmildon/DecomissionedAircraftMap/refs/heads/main/AircraftMap.ultra&m=0.87/0/0 DecomissionedAircraftMap] (as a demonstration of the power of OpenStreetMap into Wikidata): pulls geodata for displayed aircraft from OpenStreetMap and generates thumbnails from linked Wikidata entries. * [http://tiago.bio.br/query-split-tester Query split tester] (Beta): webtool to see the impact on the graph split on your SPARQL query. ''' Other Noteworthy Stuff ''' * Nominations for the [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Coolest Tools Award]] 2025 are open. Nominate your favorite tool! Nominations are due by the 25th of this month already. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest General datatypes **[[:d:Property:P13612|‎breed belongs to taxon]] (<nowiki>taxon to which members of this breed (or these breeds) belong</nowiki>) * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13611|CARLA ID]], [[:d:Property:P13613|Enciclopedia Galega Universal ID]], [[:d:Property:P13614|ThinkyGames genre ID]] * New External identifier property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/worn on|worn on]] (<nowiki>part of the body where an item of clothing, equipment, or jewelry is worn</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rewards this type of work|rewards this type of work]] (<nowiki>kind of work for which an award is given</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/sign meaning|sign meaning]] (<nowiki></nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/trailer of|trailer of]] (<nowiki>works that this trailer video represents</nowiki>) * External identifiers: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Facebook image ID|Facebook image ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/DE-BIAS ID|DE-BIAS ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Author identifier in FragTrag|Author identifier in FragTrag]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Niedersächsische Personen-ID|Niedersächsische Personen-ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref match ID|FBref match ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/FBref competition ID|FBref competition ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 A visual representation of the birthplaces and death places of women medical doctors who qualified in the UK between 1877 and 1914.] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]]) ** [https://w.wiki/6RiP Distinct languages of Wikidata Lexemes] * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_PCC_EMCO_Wikidata_CoP|EMCO Wikidata CoP]] - EMCO promotes the discovery and use of the world’s knowledge by supporting metadata producers in library and other cultural heritage communities. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q50008|The Times (Q50008)]] - British daily national newspaper based in London * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L3348|right (L3348)]] - English adjective (rīt) meaning "opposite of left", "correct/just", or "politically conservative" ''' Development ''' * Mobile editing: ** [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GX3FR7E6ASLEOP7LLKXTYCJ6O34QX3QJ/ Share your feedback on the new prototype that brings statement editing on Items to mobile]. ** We continued base work for making editing statements on mobile possible. * Simple search is now available in the Wikibase REST API! You can find information and leave feedback [[d:Wikidata talk:REST API feedback round|here]]. * Lexemes: We’re working on a WikibaseLexeme error that happens when trying to revert the deletion of a form that was already undeleted ([[phab:T392372]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikidata|Unsubscribe]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 14:29, 16 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28856554 --> == Wikidata weekly summary #685 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikidata-logo-en.svg|150px|right]] <div style="margin-top:10px; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'' Here's your quick overview of what has been happening around Wikidata in the<br>week leading up to 2025-06-23. Missed the previous one? See issue [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|#684]].<br>''</div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-width: 400px; -moz-column-width: 400px; column-width: 400px;"> ''' Events ''' * Join us for the third [[Wikidata: WikiProject LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group|LD4 Wikidata Affinity Group]] event on the Wikidata Graph Split project, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750780800 Tuesday, June 24 at 9am PT / 12pm ET / 16:00 UTC / 6pm CEST]. We’ll share updates on the Query Service, tools, and SPARQL learning resources. Stanford researchers Shicheng Liu and Sina Jandaghi Semnani will present their Spinach Wikidata Agent, which translates complex questions into SPARQL queries [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_LD4_Wikidata_Affinity_Group/Project_Series/GraphSplit|Project page]] ''' Press, articles, blog posts, videos ''' * Presentations ** [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15690771 Slides of the panel] ''MediaWiki-based tools and services in Digital Humanities workflows'', part of the DARIAH-EU Annual Event 2025 in Göttingen: (the panel was about Wikibase instances, including Wikidata) * Blogs ** [https://stefan.bloggt.es/2025/06/wer-war-wie-oft-bei-lanz-schoener-leben-mit-linked-data/ Who appeared how often on Lanz?] (in German) ** [https://techinformed.com/wikidata-leader-on-open-data-in-age-of-ai/ Wikidata’s Lydia Pintscher on importance of open data in the age of AI] * Papers ** [https://www.psypost.org/scientists-uncover-surprisingly-consistent-pattern-of-scholarly-curiosity-throughout-history/ Scientists uncover surprisingly consistent pattern of scholarly curiosity throughout history] ** [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 ''The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality''] by [[User:Ambrosia10|Ambrosia10]] and colleagues used Wikidata to publicly curate the information. * Videos ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j8hxYuqCVm4 Holy wells and OpenData - a talk about Wikidata et al.] ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ek629n_-2v4&pp=0gcJCfwAo7VqN5tD Wikidata Graph Split - Writing an FAQ] - By Tiago Lubiana ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=mI9KmLI_NNA Taller introducción a Wikidata - Erika Guetti Suca] ** [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=2177TktBLok Wikidata Lab XLV: Quick Statements 3.0 - Part II] By Wikimedia Brasil ** (Spanish) [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=W74pw00i4IQ ¿Qué es Wikidata y cómo se edita?] By Wikimedia Colombia ''' Tool of the week ''' * [https://femiber.upf.edu/ FEMIber]: a digital humanities tool that uses structured data aligned with Wikidata principles to document and analyze how women are represented in medieval Iberian chronicles. ''' Newest [[d:Special:ListProperties|properties]] and [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Property proposal|property proposals]] to review ''' * Newest External identifiers: [[:d:Property:P13615|The Memories of the Gulag and Their Authors person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13616|Debian Wiki article]], [[:d:Property:P13617|UK Parliament bill ID]], [[:d:Property:P13618|CPJ topic ID]], [[:d:Property:P13619|Desura game ID (archived)]], [[:d:Property:P13620|Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho ID]], [[:d:Property:P13621|Swiss Bishops ID]], [[:d:Property:P13622|KNDB person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13623|MAI person ID]], [[:d:Property:P13624|necropolis.uinp.gov.ua person ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPERTIES --> <!-- NEW PROPOSALS DO NOT REMOVE --> * New General datatypes property proposals to review: **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/état|état]] (<nowiki>state of the matrix while printing</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Russian Federal Tax Service ID|Russian Federal Tax Service ID]] (<nowiki>identifier of Russian Tax Service for people or organization</nowiki>) **[[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/donation URL|donation URL]] (<nowiki>official URL for making donations to the subject</nowiki>) * New External identifier property proposals to review: [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Ukrainian Memorial person ID|Ukrainian Memorial person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Memorial Platform person ID|Memorial Platform person ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Klimadashboard.de region ID|Klimadashboard.de region ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id|Taiwan Central News Agency News topic id]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant HAL d'une collection|identifiant HAL d'une collection]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/CoreTennis.net player ID|CoreTennis.net player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada|identifiant sujet du dictionnaire biographique du Canada]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/AMNH entity ID|AMNH entity ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/nasljerseys.com player ID|nasljerseys.com player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal Decentralization hromada ID|Portal Decentralization hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID|Portal of united hromadas of Ukraine hromada ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Archive of Our Own story ID|Archive of Our Own story ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/rada.info council ID|rada.info council ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/International Tennis Federation player ID|International Tennis Federation player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Confederation of African Tennis player ID|Confederation of African Tennis player ID]], [[:d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Artvee artwork ID|Artvee artwork ID]] <!-- END NEW PROPOSALS --> You can comment on [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Overview|all open property proposals]]! ''' Did you know? ''' * Query examples: ** [https://w.wiki/EKb5 Place of birth to Place of Death - arrow indicator] ([https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Request_a_query source]) ** [https://w.wiki/tZJ Map with place of birth and years of cartographers] ([[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query#Place_of_birth_to_Place_of_Death_-_arrow_indicator?|source]]) * Newest [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:WikiProjects|WikiProjects]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Personal_Collections WikiProject Personal Collections] - The WikiProject Personal Collections aims to develop standardized terms, multilingual ontologies, and best practices for consistently describing personal collections and archives on Wikidata. * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase items|Showcase Items]]: [[d:Q484365|David Duchovny (Q484365)]] - American actor and writer * [[d:Wikidata:Showcase lexemes|Showcase Lexemes]]: [[d:Lexeme:L183915|газ (L183915)]] - Russian noun (ɡas) meaning "gas (physical state)", "natural gas", or "accelerator pedal" ''' Development ''' * Query Service: It is now possible to download query results in Wikidata Query Service that include coordinates as GeoJSON (KML & GPX should also be available soon). Thanks to Atom.oil.2 for the patch. ([[phab:T216601]]) * Wikidata integration in Wikipedia and co: We are continuing the work on improving how Wikidata changes show up in watchlist and recent changes, specifically showing labels instead of IDs in the future. ([[phab:T388685]]) * Search: We enabled the new search box that makes it easier to search in Properties, Lexemes and EntitySchemas as well. We are working on minor fixes based on feedback. * Mobile statement editing: We are working on showing the first statements in the new way - mostly tech demo and nothing to see yet ([[phab:T394886]]) * Federation: We are looking into measuring and better understanding queries that use SPARQL federation. * REST API: We continued working on prefix search for Items in the API ([[phab:T388209]]) [[phab:maniphest/query/4RotIcw5oINo/#R|You can see all open tickets related to Wikidata here]]. If you want to help, you can also have a look at [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/71/query/zfiRgTnZF7zu/?filter=zfiRgTnZF7zu&order=priority the tasks needing a volunteer]. ''' Weekly Tasks ''' * Add labels, in your own language(s), for the new properties listed [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Newest_properties_and_property_proposals_to_review|above]]. * Contribute to the showcase Item and Lexeme [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|above]]. * Govdirectory weekly focus country: [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Govdirectory/Norway|Norway]] * Summarize your [[d:Wikidata:Status_updates/Next#Did_you_know?|WikiProject's ongoing activities]] in one or two sentences. * Help [[d:Special:LanguageStats|translate]] or proofread the interface and documentation pages, in your own language! * [[d:User:Pasleim/projectmerge|Help merge identical items]] across Wikimedia projects. * Help [[d:Wikidata:Status updates/Next|write the next summary!]] <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''· [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Previous|Previous issue]] · [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Status updates/Current|Current issue]] · [[:d:User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)]] [[:d:User talk:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)|talk]] · [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 15:12, 23 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී)''' </div> </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Mohammed Abdulai (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikidata&oldid=28856554 --> m12k1wdnwi0vi46cn1287tdue8knh5u 0 147224 750519 652013 2025-06-24T04:51:34Z CommonsDelinker 157 No permission since 16 June 2025, හේතුව ලෙස දක්වා [[c:User:Krd|Krd]] විසින් [[c:File:Kompanichenko_taras_2009.jpg|Kompanichenko_taras_2009.jpg]] ගොනුව මකාදමා ඇත. 750519 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ටාරස් කොම්පනිචෙන්කෝ''' ({{බස-uk|Тарас Компаніченко}}); 1969 නොවැම්බර් 14 වන දින යුක්රේනියානු එස්එස්ආර් හි කියෙව්හි උපත ලැබීය. ටාරස් කොම්පනිචෙන්කෝ යනු යුක්රේන පටිගත කිරීමේ කලාකරුවෙකි, කොබ්සාර්, බෑන්ඩ්‍රිස්ට්, ලිර්නික්, නිර්මාපකයෙකු සහ ගායක-ගීත රචකයෙකි.<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Тарас Компаніченко - пісні, біографія - Українські пісні |url=http://www.pisni.org.ua/persons/454.html}}</ref> ඔහු කොබ්සාර්ස්කි ට්සෙක් (වචනාර්ථයෙන් "කොබ්සාර් ගිල්ඩ්") මෙන්ම "චෝරියා කොසැකා" සහ "සර්මැටිකා" යන [[මුල් කාලීන සංගීතය|මුල් සංගීත]] කණ්ඩායම්වල ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයෙකි. ඔහු 2004 නොවැම්බර් සිට 2005 ජනවාරි දක්වා යුක්රේනයේ සිදු වූ තැඹිලි විප්ලවයේ මෙන්ම යුරෝමයිඩන් 2013-2014 හි ක්‍රියාකාරී කොටස්කරුවෙකු විය. ඔහු යුක්රේනයේ කීර්තිමත් කලාකරුවෙක්<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=2016-10-02 |title=Указ Президента України № 1001/2008 «Про відзначення державними нагородами України» |url=http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/10012008-8177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129030318/http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/10012008-8177 |archive-date=2016-11-29 |website=Офіційне інтернет-представництво Президента України |language=uk}}</ref> සහ වාසිල් ස්ටස් ත්‍යාග ලාභියෙකි. මුලින් චිත්‍ර ශිල්පියෙකු සහ කලා ඉතිහාසඥයෙකු ලෙස පුහුණුව ලැබූ ඔහු සංගීතයට පක්ෂව මෙම වෘත්තිය අත්හැරියේය. [[රුසියාව]] [[2022 රුසියානු යුක්‍රේන ආක්‍රමණය|යුක්රේනයට පූර්ණ පරිමාණ ආක්‍රමණයක්]] දියත් කිරීමෙන් පසුව, ඔහු ආයුධ අතට ගෙන 241 වන භෞමික ආරක්ෂක බළකායට සම්බන්ධ විය.<ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=Hayda |first=Julian |date=1 June 2022 |title=War isn't dampening artists' determination to revive Indigenous Ukrainian music |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/17/1093264993/war-isnt-dampening-artists-determination-to-revive-indigenous-ukrainian-music |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> [[ගොනුව:Компаніченко,_Гончаренко.jpg|thumb]] [[ගොනුව:Компаніченко.jpg|thumb]] == යොමු කිරීම් == {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} == බාහිර සබැඳි == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041211/http://www.panterra.com.ua/review/1/kompanichenko.htm Спадкоємець українських мудреців – INTERV'ю] * [http://kharkivkobza.narod.ru/Kyryl.html Інтерв`ю з Тарасом компаніченком про проперспективи ට්‍රැඩිසයිනොගෝ විසින් නවෝත්පාදන යන්ත්‍ර මත ප්‍රකාශ කිරීම] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජීවමාන ජනයා]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:1969 උපත්]] 1louf2loy93nc6w34dif4shv93q1dyv 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[], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "විකිපීඩියා:සත්‍යෝක්ෂ්‍යතාව" }, "section_image_recommendation": { "disabled": false, "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "", "maxTasksPerDay": 25 }, "update": { "disabled": false, "templates": [ "Update", "Update section" ], "excludedTemplates": [], "excludedCategories": [], "learnmore": "" } } 1yavvtg8zgvz1x3at8pws2hx3925ef2 0 178133 750496 750185 2025-06-23T22:58:16Z Titanciwiki 17542 මෙතුමා මුදල් ලේකම් ධුරයට පත්වීම පිළිබඳ යාවත්කාලීන කිරීමක් 750496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලඥයෙකි (1973-)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[ගරු]] | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|en|Harshana Sooriyapperuma}}}} | honorific-suffix = | image = Harshana Suriyapperuma in 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = 2025 වසරෙහි හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මහතා | office = [[මුදල් අමාත්‍ය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)|මුදල්, ආර්ථික ස්ථායිකරණ සහ ජාතික ප්‍රතිපත්ති අමාත්‍යාංශයෙහි ලේකම්වරයා]] | term_start = 2025 ජූනි 23 | term_end = | president = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | minister = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | predecessor = මහින්ද සිරිවර්ධන | office1 = මුදල් සහ ක්‍රමසම්පාදන නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය | president1 = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | primeminister1 = [[හරිනි අමරසූරිය]] | minister1 = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | term_start1 = 2024 නොවැම්බර් 21 | term_end1 = 2025 ජූනි 20 | predecessor1 = අජිත් නිවාඩ් කබ්රාල් | successor1 = ''හිස්'' | office2 = [[ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීන්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ජාතික ලැයිස්තු]] [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු]] මන්ත්‍රී | parliament2 = | majority2 = | term_start2 = 2024 නොවැම්බර් 21 | term_end2 = 2025 ජූනි 20 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | parliament3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = | governor4 = | 1blankname4 = | 1namedata4 = | constituency4 = | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | birth_name = හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|02|15|df=y}}<ref name="පාර්ලිමේන්තුව 1">{{Cite web |title=ගරු (ආචාර්ය) හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මහතා, පා.ම.|url=https://www.parliament.lk/si/component/members/viewMember/3609/?Itemid=|access-date=22 ජූනි 2025|work=මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්‌ගේ නාමාවලිය|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව]]|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] | party = [[ජාතික ජන බලවේගය]] | otherparty = [[ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ]] | occupation = දේශපාලනඥ | spouse = | partner = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | profession = සමාගම් අධ්‍යක්ෂ | rank = | branch = | unit = | allegiance = | serviceyears = | signature = | website = | footnotes = {{Notelist}} }} '''හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම''' ({{lang-en|Harshana Sooriyapperuma}}; උපත 1973 පෙබරවාරි 15<ref name="පාර්ලිමේන්තුව 1" />), යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] දේශපාලනඥයෙකු වන අතර වත්මන් මුදල්, ආර්ථික ස්ථායිකරණ සහ ජාතික ප්‍රතිපත්ති අමාත්‍යාංශයේ ලේකම්වරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.divaina.lk/breaking-news/11837|title=ආචාර්ය හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශ ලේකම්වරයා ලෙස පත් කරයි|website=දිවයින|date=24 ජූනි 2025|access-date=24 ජූනි 2025}}</ref> ඒ මහතා 2024 සිට 2025 දක්වා මුදල් සහ ක්‍රමසම්පාදන නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sinhala.adaderana.lk/news/203601|title=නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු 29ක් දිවුරුම් දෙති|website=අද දෙරණ|date=21 නොවැම්බර් 2024|access-date=22 නොවැම්බර් 2024}}</ref> ඒ මහතා හිටපු [[ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීන්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ජාතික ලැයිස්තු]] [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු]] මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=I වැනි කොටස: (I) වැනි ඡේදය - සාමාන්‍ය — රජයේ නිවේදන — පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය - 2024 — ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 99අ වගන්තිය යටතේ ප්‍රකාශය |magazine=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ ගැසට් පත්‍රය]] - අති විශේෂ |date=17 නොවැම්බර් 2024 |issue=2410/07 |page=2A |url=http://documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2024/11/2410-08_S.pdf |accessdate=20 නොවැම්බර් 2024 |location=[[රාජගිරිය]], [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]] |archive-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120204619/http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2024/11/2410-08_S.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==මූලාශ්‍ර== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} {{ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි 17 වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු}} {{DEFAULTSORT:සූරියප්පෙරුම, හර්ෂණ}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජාතික ජන බලවේගයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයන්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චරිත කතා]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජීවමාන ජනයා]] b9c5qnf2f8fzv7fvj6kq94m2jfnmkk0 750567 750496 2025-06-24T05:32:59Z Titanciwiki 17542 අත්වැරැද්ද නිවැරදි කිරීම 750567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලඥයෙකි (1973-)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[ගරු]] | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|en|Harshana Sooriyapperuma}}}} | honorific-suffix = | image = Harshana Suriyapperuma in 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption = 2025 වසරෙහි හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මහතා | office = [[මුදල් අමාත්‍ය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)|මුදල්, ක්‍රමසම්පාදන හා ආර්ථික සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍යාංශයෙහි ලේකම්වරයා]] | term_start = 2025 ජූනි 23 | term_end = | president = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | minister = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | predecessor = මහින්ද සිරිවර්ධන | office1 = මුදල් සහ ක්‍රමසම්පාදන නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය | president1 = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | primeminister1 = [[හරිනි අමරසූරිය]] | minister1 = [[අනුර කුමාර දිසානායක]] | term_start1 = 2024 නොවැම්බර් 21 | term_end1 = 2025 ජූනි 20 | predecessor1 = අජිත් නිවාඩ් කබ්රාල් | successor1 = ''හිස්'' | office2 = [[ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීන්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ජාතික ලැයිස්තු]] [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු]] මන්ත්‍රී | parliament2 = | majority2 = | term_start2 = 2024 නොවැම්බර් 21 | term_end2 = 2025 ජූනි 20 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | parliament3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | office4 = | governor4 = | 1blankname4 = | 1namedata4 = | constituency4 = | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | birth_name = හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|02|15|df=y}}<ref name="පාර්ලිමේන්තුව 1">{{Cite web |title=ගරු (ආචාර්ය) හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මහතා, පා.ම.|url=https://www.parliament.lk/si/component/members/viewMember/3609/?Itemid=|access-date=22 ජූනි 2025|work=මන්ත්‍රීවරුන්‌ගේ නාමාවලිය|publisher=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව]]|url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_place = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | nationality = [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] | party = [[ජාතික ජන බලවේගය]] | otherparty = [[ජනතා විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ]] | occupation = දේශපාලනඥ | spouse = | partner = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = | profession = සමාගම් අධ්‍යක්ෂ | rank = | branch = | unit = | allegiance = | serviceyears = | signature = | website = | footnotes = {{Notelist}} }} '''හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම''' ({{lang-en|Harshana Sooriyapperuma}}; උපත 1973 පෙබරවාරි 15<ref name="පාර්ලිමේන්තුව 1" />), යනු [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ශ්‍රී ලාංකික]] දේශපාලනඥයෙකු වන අතර වත්මන් මුදල්, ක්‍රමසම්පාදන හා ආර්ථික සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍යාංශයේ ලේකම්වරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.divaina.lk/breaking-news/11837|title=ආචාර්ය හර්ෂණ සූරියප්පෙරුම මුදල් අමාත්‍යාංශ ලේකම්වරයා ලෙස පත් කරයි|website=දිවයින|date=24 ජූනි 2025|access-date=24 ජූනි 2025}}</ref> ඒ මහතා 2024 සිට 2025 දක්වා මුදල් සහ ක්‍රමසම්පාදන නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sinhala.adaderana.lk/news/203601|title=නියෝජ්‍ය අමාත්‍යවරු 29ක් දිවුරුම් දෙති|website=අද දෙරණ|date=21 නොවැම්බර් 2024|access-date=22 නොවැම්බර් 2024}}</ref> ඒ මහතා හිටපු [[ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීන්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව|ජාතික ලැයිස්තු]] [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව|පාර්ලිමේන්තු]] මන්ත්‍රීවරයෙකි.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=I වැනි කොටස: (I) වැනි ඡේදය - සාමාන්‍ය — රජයේ නිවේදන — පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය - 2024 — ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 99අ වගන්තිය යටතේ ප්‍රකාශය |magazine=[[ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ ගැසට් පත්‍රය]] - අති විශේෂ |date=17 නොවැම්බර් 2024 |issue=2410/07 |page=2A |url=http://documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2024/11/2410-08_S.pdf |accessdate=20 නොවැම්බර් 2024 |location=[[රාජගිරිය]], [[ශ්‍රී ලංකාව]] |archive-date=20 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120204619/http://www.documents.gov.lk/files/egz/2024/11/2410-08_S.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==මූලාශ්‍ර== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} {{ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි 17 වන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මන්ත්‍රීවරු}} {{DEFAULTSORT:සූරියප්පෙරුම, හර්ෂණ}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ශ්‍රී ලාංකික දේශපාලනඥයෝ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජාතික ජන බලවේගයෙහි දේශපාලනඥයන්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චරිත කතා]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ජීවමාන ජනයා]] pqjczgpn1lvong7kxgwe75s1zy1lmor 0 180369 750616 741158 2025-06-24T06:39:15Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 නව කාරණා එක් කළෙමි 750616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියා]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == aj7xquets9krafxunqcmv2yozun3zj4 750618 750616 2025-06-24T06:40:22Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 750618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපය|ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියා]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == r4d6zxfnm8opy3c0ausluok5o3i9x66 750626 750618 2025-06-24T07:00:34Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 නව කාරණා එක් කළෙමි 750626 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපය|ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපය|නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපය|දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපය|බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියාව]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = indo-european | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් | ancestor = [[පුරාණ ලතින් භාෂාව|පුරාණ ලතින්]] | glotto = roma1334 | glottorefname = Romance | fam1 = ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය | fam2 = [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලික]] | fam3 = [[ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන් භාෂා|ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන්]] | fam4 = [[ලතින්]] | ancestor2 = [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් භාෂා|ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] | child1 = [[ඉතාලි-බටහිර භාෂා|ඉතාලි-බටහිර]] | child2 = [[නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක භාෂා|නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක]] | child3 = [[දකුණු රෝමානුක භාෂා|දකුණු රෝමානුක]] | child4 = [[පැනෝනියානු ලතින්|පැනෝනියානු]] † | child5 = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලතින්|බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය]] † | iso2 = roa | iso5 = roa | lingua = 51- (phylozone) | mapcaption = යුරෝපයේ රෝමානුක භාෂා | map2 = Detailed SVG map of the Romance-speaking world.svg | mapcaption2 = ගෝලීය රෝමානුක භාෂා {{legend|#045a8d|බහුතර ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#0674b6|සම-නිලලත් හා බහුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#439dd4|නිලලත් නමුත් සුළුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#9bbae1|සංස්කෘතික හෝ ද්විතියික වන භාෂාව}} | protoname = [[මූල රෝමානුක භාෂාව|මූල රෝමානුක]] | speakers = {{මිලියන 900 පමණ}}<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|chapter=Summary by language size|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |archive-date=2013-02-02|url-status=dead|title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World|edition=16|publisher=Ethnologue|isbn=978-1556712166|date=2009-05-30|pages=1248}}</ref> }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == rtc1iccfj8pzu6fnc2sb1dkh5t0ws0c 750628 750626 2025-06-24T07:01:31Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 750628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපය|ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපය|නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපය|දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපය|බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියාව]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = Indo-european | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් | ancestor = [[පුරාණ ලතින් භාෂාව|පුරාණ ලතින්]] | glotto = roma1334 | glottorefname = Romance | fam1 = ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය | fam2 = [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලික]] | fam3 = [[ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන් භාෂා|ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන්]] | fam4 = [[ලතින්]] | ancestor2 = [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් භාෂා|ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] | child1 = [[ඉතාලි-බටහිර භාෂා|ඉතාලි-බටහිර]] | child2 = [[නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක භාෂා|නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක]] | child3 = [[දකුණු රෝමානුක භාෂා|දකුණු රෝමානුක]] | child4 = [[පැනෝනියානු ලතින්|පැනෝනියානු]] † | child5 = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලතින්|බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය]] † | iso2 = roa | iso5 = roa | lingua = 51- (phylozone) | mapcaption = යුරෝපයේ රෝමානුක භාෂා | map2 = Detailed SVG map of the Romance-speaking world.svg | mapcaption2 = ගෝලීය රෝමානුක භාෂා {{legend|#045a8d|බහුතර ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#0674b6|සම-නිලලත් හා බහුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#439dd4|නිලලත් නමුත් සුළුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#9bbae1|සංස්කෘතික හෝ ද්විතියික වන භාෂාව}} | protoname = [[මූල රෝමානුක භාෂාව|මූල රෝමානුක]] | speakers = {{මිලියන 900 පමණ}}<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|chapter=Summary by language size|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |archive-date=2013-02-02|url-status=dead|title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World|edition=16|publisher=Ethnologue|isbn=978-1556712166|date=2009-05-30|pages=1248}}</ref> }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == pe7lzguq5tfcotn40ra5zehimwdyx8j 750629 750628 2025-06-24T07:02:00Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 750629 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපය|ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපය|නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපය|දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපය|බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියාව]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = Indo-European | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් | ancestor = [[පුරාණ ලතින් භාෂාව|පුරාණ ලතින්]] | glotto = roma1334 | glottorefname = Romance | fam1 = ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය | fam2 = [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලික]] | fam3 = [[ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන් භාෂා|ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන්]] | fam4 = [[ලතින්]] | ancestor2 = [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් භාෂා|ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] | child1 = [[ඉතාලි-බටහිර භාෂා|ඉතාලි-බටහිර]] | child2 = [[නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක භාෂා|නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක]] | child3 = [[දකුණු රෝමානුක භාෂා|දකුණු රෝමානුක]] | child4 = [[පැනෝනියානු ලතින්|පැනෝනියානු]] † | child5 = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලතින්|බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය]] † | iso2 = roa | iso5 = roa | lingua = 51- (phylozone) | mapcaption = යුරෝපයේ රෝමානුක භාෂා | map2 = Detailed SVG map of the Romance-speaking world.svg | mapcaption2 = ගෝලීය රෝමානුක භාෂා {{legend|#045a8d|බහුතර ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#0674b6|සම-නිලලත් හා බහුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#439dd4|නිලලත් නමුත් සුළුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#9bbae1|සංස්කෘතික හෝ ද්විතියික වන භාෂාව}} | protoname = [[මූල රෝමානුක භාෂාව|මූල රෝමානුක]] | speakers = {{මිලියන 900 පමණ}}<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|chapter=Summary by language size|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |archive-date=2013-02-02|url-status=dead|title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World|edition=16|publisher=Ethnologue|isbn=978-1556712166|date=2009-05-30|pages=1248}}</ref> }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == nilpwlw30d58jkeae1onshpma061zkr 750630 750629 2025-06-24T07:03:09Z Chandler Vonhaght 61171 750630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ලතින්''' හෝ '''නව-ලතින්''' '''භාෂා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන රෝමානුක භාෂා, [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] භාෂාවෙන් ඍජුව පැවත එන භාෂා වේ. ඒවා [[ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුල|ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය භාෂා පවුලේ]] [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලි ශාඛාවේ]] දැනට පවතින එකම උපභාෂා කාණ්ඩය වේ. {{Infobox language family | name = රෝමානුක | region = [[ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපය|ඉතාලි අර්ධද්වීපයේ]] [[පැරණි ලතියුම්]] හි ආරම්භ වූ මෙය දැන් [[ලතින් යුරෝපය|ලතින් යුරෝපය]] ([[නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපය|නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ]], [[දකුණු යුරෝපය|දකුණු යුරෝපයේ]] සහ [[බටහිර යුරෝපය|බටහිර යුරෝපයේ]] කොටස්) සහ [[ලතින් ඇමරිකාව]]<nowiki> ([මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාවේ]] සහ </nowiki>[[දකුණු ඇමරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ රටවල්වල) මෙන්ම [[අප්‍රිකාවේ]] ප්‍රදේශ ([[ලතින් අප්‍රිකානු එක්සත් ජනපදය|ලතින් අප්‍රිකාව]]), [[ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය]], [[ආසියාව]] සහ [[ඕෂනියාව]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යවහාර කරයි. | familycolor = Indo-European | altname = ලතින්/ නව-ලතින් | ancestor = [[පුරාණ ලතින් භාෂාව|පුරාණ ලතින්]] | glotto = roma1334 | glottorefname = Romance | fam1 = ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය | fam2 = [[ඉතාලික භාෂා|ඉතාලික]] | fam3 = [[ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන් භාෂා|ලතිනෝ-ෆැලිස්කන්]] | fam4 = [[ලතින්]] | ancestor2 = [[ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් භාෂා|ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින්]] | child1 = [[ඉතාලි-බටහිර භාෂා|ඉතාලි-බටහිර]] | child2 = [[නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක භාෂා|නැගෙනහිර රෝමානුක]] | child3 = [[දකුණු රෝමානුක භාෂා|දකුණු රෝමානුක]] | child4 = [[පැනෝනියානු ලතින්|පැනෝනියානු]] † | child5 = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලතින්|බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය]] † | iso2 = roa | iso5 = roa | lingua = 51- (phylozone) | mapcaption = යුරෝපයේ රෝමානුක භාෂා | map2 = Detailed SVG map of the Romance-speaking world.svg | mapcaption2 = ගෝලීය රෝමානුක භාෂා {{legend|#045a8d|බහුතර ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#0674b6|සම-නිලලත් හා බහුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#439dd4|නිලලත් නමුත් සුළුතරය වන ස්වදේශීය භාෂාව}} {{legend|#9bbae1|සංස්කෘතික හෝ ද්විතියික වන භාෂාව}} | protoname = [[මූල රෝමානුක භාෂාව|මූල රෝමානුක]] | speakers = මිලියන 900 පමණ<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|chapter=Summary by language size|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202224556/http://www.ethnologue.com/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size |archive-date=2013-02-02|url-status=dead|title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World|edition=16|publisher=Ethnologue|isbn=978-1556712166|date=2009-05-30|pages=1248}}</ref> }} ස්වදේශීය ව්‍යවහාරකයින් සංඛ්‍යාව අනුව වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යවහාර වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහ නම්: * [[ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව|ස්පාඤ්ඤ]] (මිලියන 489): මෙය [[ස්පාඤ්ඤය]], [[මෙක්සිකෝව]], [[සමක ගිනියාව]] සහ [[මධ්‍යම ඇමරිකාව|මධ්‍යම]] සහ [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] (මිලියන 240): මෙය [[පෘතුගාලය]], [[බ්‍රසීලය]], [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|පෘතුගීසි]] [[පෘතුගීසි ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව|ව්‍යවහාරික අප්‍රිකාව]], [[ටිමෝර්-ලෙස්ටේ]] සහ [[මකාවෝ|මැකාවු]] යන රටවල නිල වශයෙන් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[ප්‍රංශ භාෂාව|ප්‍රංශ]] (මිලියන 74): රටවල් 27 ක නිල භාෂාව වේ. * [[ඉතාලි භාෂාව|ඉතාලි]] (මිලියන 67): [[ඉතාලිය|ඉතාලියේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙසත්, [[වතිකානුව|වතිකානු නගරය]], [[සැන් මරිනෝ|සැන් මැරිනෝ]], [[ස්විට්සර්ලන්තය]]; [[ක්‍රොඒෂියා|ක්‍රොඒෂියාවේ]] යන ප්‍රදේශවල සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙසත්; [[ස්ලෝවේනියාව|ස්ලෝවේනියාවේ]] ([[ඉස්ට්‍රියාව]]) සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ ([[සැන්ටා තෙරේසා]], [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] සහ [[එන්කැන්ටාඩෝ]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]]) කලාපීය භාෂාවක් ලෙසත් ව්‍යවහාර වේ. * [[රුමේනියානු]] (මිලියන 25): [[රුමේනියාව]], [[මෝල්ඩෝවා|මෝල්ඩෝවාව]] සහ [[සර්බියාව|සර්බියාවේ]] [[වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශය|වොයිවඩීනා ස්වයං පාලන ප්‍රදේශයේ]] නිල භාෂාව ලෙස ද, [[හංගේරියා රාජධානිය|හංගේරියාවේ]], සර්බියාවේ සහ [[යුක්‍රේනය|යුක්‍රේනයේ]] අනෙක් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් හී සුළු භාෂාවක් ලෙස ද වහරනු ලබයි. යුරෝපය, ආසියාව සහ අප්‍රිකාව පුරා [[ලතින් භාෂාව]] පැතිරීම ආරම්භ වූයේ [[රෝමානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයේ]] ව්‍යාප්තියත් සමඟ ය. රෝමය ප්‍රදේශයන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ලතින් භාෂාව පරිපාලන, හමුදා සහ වෙළඳාමේ භාෂාව බවට පත් විය. එය විශේෂයෙන් බටහිර සහ දකුණු යුරෝපයේ ගැඹුරින් මුල් බැස ගනු ලැබූ අතර, අවසානයේ මෙම භාෂාව සුළු ප්‍රදේශීය වෙනස්කම් සහිත ග්‍රාම්‍ය ලතින් බවටත්, ඉන් රෝමානුක භාෂා බවටත් විකාශනය විය. 15 වන සියවසේ ආරම්භ වූ [[යටත්විජිතවාදය|යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතවාදයේ]] කාල පරිච්ඡේදය හේතුවෙන් රොමානුක භාෂා ලොව පුරා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඇමරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ සහ අප්‍රිකාවේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ව්‍යාප්ත වූ රෝමානුක භාෂා ව්‍යවහාර කරන ස්වදේශික කථිකයන් ගණන මිලියන 900 ඉක්මවයි. පෘතුගීසි, ප්‍රංශ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවන්ට ද ස්වදේශික නොවන කථිකයන් බොහෝ දෙනෙක් සිටින අතර ඒවා [[පොදු ව්‍යවහාරික භාෂා]] ලෙස බහුලව භාවිතා වේ. ප්‍රධාන භාෂා පහට අමතර ව කලාපීය රෝමානුක භාෂා සහ උපභාෂා රාශියක් ද ඇත. බහුලව භාවිතා වන රෝමානුක භාෂා පහම යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ නිල භාෂා ලෙස ද හඳුනා ගෙන ඇත. == භාෂා පවුලේ නාමය සහ සාමාජික භාෂා == siqd9ee6ri1d4qsqminb4wx8r7chgoc 14 182150 750476 749301 2025-06-23T15:21:40Z EmausBot 5927 Bot: Migrating 1 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q6227777]] 750476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portal box|Companies|United Kingdom}} Aerospace companies of the [[United Kingdom]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Aerospace Companies Of The United Kingdom}} [[Category:Aerospace companies by country|United Kingdom]] [[Category:Aerospace companies of Europe by country|United Kingdom]] [[Category:Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Engineering companies of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom]] cxg715dxm2l1846c5kti4ifcslobp8y 0 182266 750569 750016 2025-06-24T05:34:14Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750569 wikitext text/x-wiki ===රංගනය=== * [[යශෝධා විමලධර්ම]] * තුමිදු දොඩන්තැන්න * [[අයිරාංගනි සේරසිංහ]] * [[ජයලත් මනෝරත්න]] * [[වසන්ති චතුරානි]] * රොෂාන් පිලපිටිය * ශෙහාරා හේවාදේව * සමාධී අරුණචායා * මහේන්ද පෙරේරා * [[වීණා ජයකොඩි]] * [[ක්ලීටස් මෙන්ඩිස්]] * [[රෝහණ බැද්දගේ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] skvdc2y6ey8ck2d14c0v7u9u6espcjc 750570 750569 2025-06-24T05:34:49Z Ttheek 66430 Lead missing 750570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} ===රංගනය=== * [[යශෝධා විමලධර්ම]] * තුමිදු දොඩන්තැන්න * [[අයිරාංගනි සේරසිංහ]] * [[ජයලත් මනෝරත්න]] * [[වසන්ති චතුරානි]] * රොෂාන් පිලපිටිය * ශෙහාරා හේවාදේව * සමාධී අරුණචායා * මහේන්ද පෙරේරා * [[වීණා ජයකොඩි]] * [[ක්ලීටස් මෙන්ඩිස්]] * [[රෝහණ බැද්දගේ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:සිංහල-භාෂා චිත්‍රපට]] cvhg4pmmy3ezk25r464aelcmiowx19v 0 182270 750560 749817 2025-06-24T05:28:31Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750560 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Central-West Region in Brazil.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] '''මධ්‍යම-බටහිර''' හෝ '''මධ්‍ය-බටහිර කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Centro-Oeste do Brasil}} {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˌsẽtɾoˈɛstʃi du bɾaˈziw|}} ) [[ගොයාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ගෝයියාස්]], [[මටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මාටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ]] සහ [[මටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ඩො සල් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මාටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ඩෝ සුල්]] යන ප්‍රාන්තවලින් සමන්විත වේ; බ්‍රසීලයේ ජාතික අගනුවර වන බ්‍රසීලියා පිහිටා ඇති [[ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඩිස්ට්‍රිටෝ ෆෙඩරල්]] (ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය) සමඟ. මෙම කලාපය ජාතික භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 18.86% ක් සමන්විත වන අතර, බ්‍රසීලයේ අඩුම ජනගහනයක් සහිත කලාපය වේ. 1960 ගණන්වලදී රටේ ෆෙඩරල් අගනුවර [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] සිට බ්‍රසීලියා වෙත ගෙනයාමත් සමඟ, රටේ අභ්‍යන්තරයට මාර්ග සහ දුම්රිය මාර්ග ඉදිකිරීම කලාපයට ප්‍රවේශය පහසු කළ අතර, ජනගහන වර්ධනය වේගවත් කළ අතර කලාපයේ සංවර්ධනයට සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක විය. 1979 දී [[මටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ඩො සල් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මැටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ඩෝ සුල්]] නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට [[මටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මාටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ]] ලෙස හැඳින්වූ ප්‍රාන්තය පරිපාලනය හා සංවර්ධනය සඳහා පහසුකම් සැලසීම සඳහා ප්‍රාන්ත දෙකකට බෙදීමට රජය ගත් තීරණය ක්‍රියාවට නැංවීය. බ්‍රසීලියා ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, මැරේචල් රොන්ඩන් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, කැම්පෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ සහ සැන්ටා ජෙනෝවේවා ගුවන්තොටුපළ මධ්‍ය-බටහිර කලාපය බොහෝ බ්‍රසීලියානු නගර සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන අතර සමහර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. මධ්‍යස්ථානය-බටහිර යනු බ්‍රසීලියා විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, බ්‍රසීලියා විශ්ව විද්‍යාල මධ්‍යස්ථානය, ගොයිස් ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, මැටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ඩෝ සුල් ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, මැටෝ ග්‍රෝසෝ ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ රොන්ඩොනොපොලිස් ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය වේ. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] ge8jinxqeyak87krrl56x74kipabepm 0 182271 750559 749821 2025-06-24T05:28:25Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750559 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Southeast Region in Brazil.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] '''අග්නිදිග කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Sudeste do Brasil}} {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w suˈdɛstʃi du bɾaˈziw|}} ) [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]], [[මිනාස් ගෙරායිස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මිනාස් ගෙරායිස්]], [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනයිරෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ඩි ජැනයිරෝ]] සහ [[සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සාඕ පවුලෝ]] යන ප්‍රාන්තවලින් සමන්විත වේ. එය රටේ ධනවත්ම කලාපය වන අතර, බ්‍රසීලයේ [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන්]] (2022) ආසන්න වශයෙන් 53% කට වගකිව යුතුය <ref name="ibge_PIB_2022">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=In 2022, GDP grows in 24 Federation Units |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/en/agencia-news/2184-news-agency/news/41906-in-2022-gdp-grows-in-24-federation-units |website=ibge.gov.br}}</ref>, මන්ද සාඕ පවුලෝ, රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ සහ මිනාස් ජෙරයිස් බ්‍රසීලයේ ධනවත්ම රාජ්‍ය තුන වන අතර, [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය]] අනුව බ්‍රසීලයේ ඉහළම රාජ්‍ය තුන වේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් බ්‍රසීලියානු කලාප සියල්ල අතර ඉහළම ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ද ඇත. බ්‍රසීලයේ මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 44% ක් පමණ අග්නිදිග කලාපය විසින් නියෝජනය කරනු ලබන අතර, ජනගහනය, නාගරික ජනගහනය, ජනගහන ඝනත්වය, වාහන, කර්මාන්ත, විශ්ව විද්‍යාල, ගුවන්තොටුපළ, වරාය, මහාමාර්ග, රෝහල්, පාසල්, නිවාස සහ තවත් බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ අතින් රට ඉදිරියෙන් සිටී. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] bituws6l1bhk8t9vrrdqmeo0y1i3bsc 0 182272 750558 749819 2025-06-24T05:28:12Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:South Region in Brazil.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] බ්‍රසීලයේ '''දකුණු කලාපය''' ( {{බස|pt|Região Sul do Brasil}} {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈsuw du bɾaˈziw|}} ) යනු බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප පහෙන් එකකි. එයට [[පරනා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පරානා]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු සල් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]] සහ [[සැන්ටා කැතරිනා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සැන්ටා කැටරිනා]] ප්‍රාන්ත ඇතුළත් වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 576,409.6 වේ. රටේ කුඩාම කලාපය වන අතර, බ්‍රසීලයේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 6.76% ක් පමණ අල්ලාගෙන සිටී. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය ගිනිකොනදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ [[මිනාස් ගෙරායිස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මිනාස් ජෙරයිස්]] ප්‍රාන්තයට වඩා කුඩාය, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස මුළු මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් [[ප්‍රංශය|ප්‍රංශයටම]] වඩා කුඩාය. එය [[සංචාරක කර්මාන්තය|සංචාරක]], ආර්ථික සහ සංස්කෘතික ධ්‍රැවයකි. එය [[උරුගුවායි|උරුගුවේ]], [[ආර්ජන්ටිනාව]] සහ [[පැරගුවේ]] මෙන්ම මධ්‍යම-බටහිර සහ අග්නිදිග කලාප සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට මායිම් වේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට වඩා අඩු අපරාධ අනුපාතයක් ඇති මෙම කලාපය සංචාරය කිරීමට ආරක්ෂිතම කලාපය ලෙස සැලකේ. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Jaraguá do Sul é a cidade mais segura do Brasil – Notícias – R7 Domingo Espetacular |url=http://noticias.r7.com/domingo-espetacular/videos/jaragua-do-sul-e-a-cidade-mais-segura-do-brasil-07082017 |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=noticias.r7.com}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] ti5ca8rp0l3t8mu4xdiebgrgkvmraed 0 182273 750557 749820 2025-06-24T05:28:05Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750557 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:North Region in Brazil.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''බ්‍රසීලයේ උතුරු කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Norte do Brasil}} {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w ˈnɔʁtʃi du bɾaˈziw|}} ) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය ජාතික භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 45.27% කි. රටේ ඕනෑම කලාපයක දෙවන අඩුම ජනගහනය එය සතු වන අතර, එය ජාතික දළ [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය|දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන්]] සුළු ප්‍රතිශතයකට දායක වේ. මෙම කලාපය [[ඉන්දියාව|ඉන්දියාවට]] වඩා තරමක් විශාල වන අතර සමස්ත [[යුරෝපියානු සංගමය|යුරෝපීය සංගමයට]] වඩා තරමක් කුඩාය. එය [[අක්රේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|අක්රේ]], [[අමපා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|අමපා]], [[ඇමසෝනාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඇමසෝනාස්]], [[පරා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පරා]], [[රැන්ඩෝනියා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රැන්ඩෝනියා]], [[රෝරයිමා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රෝරයිමා]] සහ [[ටෝකන්ටින්ස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ටෝකන්ටින්ස්]] යන ප්‍රාන්තවලින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ සියලුම ප්‍රදේශ අතුරින් අඩුම ජන ඝනත්වය එහි ඇති අතර, එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට ජනගහනය 4.5 ක් පමණි. ජනගහනයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල කේන්ද්‍රගත වී ඇත. <ref name=":0">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Censo 2022 - Panorama |url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/}}</ref> බෙලෙම් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ සහ මනාවුස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ උතුරු කලාපය බොහෝ බ්‍රසීලියානු නගර සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන අතර සමහර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. මෙම කලාපය ඇමසෝනාස් ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ පාරා ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආයතන රැසකට නිවහන වේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] m4on53uqjj1rnuijdslvb8yqmt07qv0 0 182274 750555 749809 2025-06-24T05:26:53Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Northeast Region in Brazil.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''බ්‍රසීලයේ ඊසානදිග කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Nordeste do Brasil}} {{IPA|pt-BR|ʁeʒiˈɐ̃w nɔʁˈdɛstʃi du bɾaˈziw|}} ) යනු බ්‍රසීලියානු භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ආයතනයට අනුව රටේ නිල සහ දේශපාලන කලාප පහෙන් එකකි. [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] ප්‍රාන්ත විසි හයෙන්, එය නවයකින් සමන්විත වේ: [[මරන්හාඕ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මරන්හාඕ]], [[පියෞයි ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පියෞයි]], [[කෙයාරා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|කෙයාරා]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු නෝර්ටේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු නෝර්ටේ]], [[පරයිබා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පරයිබා]], [[පර්නම්බුකෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පර්නම්බුකෝ]], [[අලගොආස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|අලගොආස්]], [[සර්ගිපේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සර්ගිපේ]] සහ [[බහියා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|බහියා]], සමග ෆර්නැන්ඩෝ ඩි නොරොන්හා දූපත් සමූහය (කලින් පර්නාමයේ වෙනම කොටසක්) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ '''''නෝර්ඩෙස්ටේ''''' ("ඊසානදිග") ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන මෙම කලාපය, [[පෘතුගාලය|පෘතුගීසීන්]] සහ අනෙකුත් යුරෝපීය ජනයා විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණයට ලක් කරන ලද පළමු කලාපය වූ අතර, රටේ ඉතිහාසයේ තීරණාත්මක කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. ''නෝර්ඩෙස්ටේහි'' උපභාෂා සහ එහි ජනප්‍රවාද, ආහාර, සංගීතය සහ සාහිත්‍යය ඇතුළු පොහොසත් සංස්කෘතිය රට පුරා පහසුවෙන් වෙන්කර හඳුනාගත හැකි ඒවා බවට පත්විය. අද දක්වාම, ''නෝර්ඩෙස්ටේ'' එහි ඉතිහාසය සහ සංස්කෘතිය සඳහා මෙන්ම එහි ස්වාභාවික පරිසරය සහ එහි උණුසුම් කාලගුණය සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධය.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=April 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[විකිපීඩියා:තහවුරු කිරීමක් අවශ්‍යයි|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">උපුටා දැක්වීම අවශ්‍යයි</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ''නෝර්ඩෙස්ටේ'', ඊසාන දෙසින් සහ ගිනිකොන දෙසින්, වයඹ දෙසින් සහ බටහිරින් [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය|අත්ලාන්තික් මුහුදු තීරයේ]] සිට ඇමසන් ද්‍රෝණිය දක්වා සහ දකුණින් දකුණු [[බහියා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|බාහියා]] හි එස්පින්හාකෝ කඳුකරය හරහා විහිදේ. එය සාඕ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ ගඟ සහ [[ගංගා ද්‍රෝණි|ජලාපවහන ද්‍රෝණිය]] ආවරණය කරන අතර, එය කලාපයේ ගවේෂණය, ජනාවාස සහ ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය සඳහා උපකාරී විය. මෙම කලාපය මුළුමනින්ම පෘථිවියේ [[ඝර්ම කලාපය|නිවර්තන කලාපය]] තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර එය කැටින්ගා, අත්ලාන්තික් වනාන්තරය සහ සෙරාඩෝ පරිසර කලාපවලින් කොටසක් ආවරණය කරයි. දේශගුණය උණුසුම් හා අර්ධ ශුෂ්ක වන අතර, කැටින්ගා හි සෙරික් සිට සෙරාඩෝ හි මෙසික් සහ අත්ලාන්තික් වනාන්තරයේ හයිඩ්‍රික් දක්වා වෙනස් වේ. ඊසානදිග කලාපය බ්‍රසීලියානු භූමියෙන් 18% ක් නියෝජනය කරන අතර, මිලියන 57 ක ජනගහනයක් සිටින අතර, රටේ මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 28% ක් වන අතර, බ්‍රසීලයේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 14.2% ක් (2020) දායක වේ. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Breve retrato econômico da região Nordeste {{!}} Blog do IBRE |url=https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/breve-retrato-economico-da-regiao-nordeste |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=blogdoibre.fgv.br}}</ref> ජනගහනයෙන් හතරෙන් තුනක් පමණ අත්ලාන්තික් වෙරළ තීරයේ පොකුරු වශයෙන් පිහිටි නාගරික ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වෙති.{{තහවුරු​ කරන්න|date=January 2014}} සහ මිලියන 15 ක් පමණ ජනතාවක් අභ්‍යන්තර ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වෙති. එය දරිද්‍රතාවයෙන් පෙළෙන කලාපයකි: ජනගහනයෙන් 43.5% ක් දරිද්‍රතාවයේ ජීවත් වන අතර එය දිනකට ඩොලර් 2 ට අඩු ආදායමක් ලෙස අර්ථ දැක්වේ. <ref name="g">{{Cite journal|last=Garmany|first=Jeff|date=2011|title=Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil|journal=Cities|publisher=Elsevier|volume=28|issue=1|pages=45–52|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2010.08.004}}</ref> සැල්වදෝර්, රෙසිෆ්, ෆෝටලීසා සහ සාඕ ලුයිස් යන ප්‍රාන්ත ඇතුළුව සෑම ප්‍රාන්තයකම අගනුවර එහි විශාලතම නගරය වේ; එම අගනගර හතර මිලියනයකට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් සහිත වෙරළබඩ නගර වේ. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=G1 |first=Do |last2=Paulo |first2=em São |date=December 4, 2010 |title=Confira o ranking das maiores regiões metropolitanas |url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2010/12/confira-o-ranking-das-maiores-regioes-metropolitanas.html |website=Brasil}}</ref> ''නෝර්ඩෙස්ටේ හි'' ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ නවයක් ඇති අතර, මෙම කලාපය බ්‍රසීලයේ දෙවන විශාලතම මගීන් සංඛ්‍යාව (දළ වශයෙන් 20%) ඇත. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ කලාප]] avsdw2ybue3df7b3ytsd4499xqfmdoc 0 182276 750554 749851 2025-06-24T05:25:54Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750554 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Macrometrópole.png|thumb|සිතියම]] '''මහා සාඕ පවුලෝ''' ( {{Langx|pt|Grande São Paulo}} ) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සාඕ පවුලෝ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ පිහිටා ඇති විශාල අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයේ බහු අර්ථ දැක්වීම් වලින් එකක් සඳහා නිශ්චිත නොවන යෙදුමකි. == අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය == [[ගොනුව:Marginal_Pinheiros_e_Jockey_Club.jpg|thumb| නවීන ගොඩනැගිලි|වම]] නීත්‍යානුකූලව නිර්වචනය කරන ලද නිශ්චිත පදයක්, ''Região Metropolitana de São Paulo'' (RMSP), මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් සාඕ පවුලෝ සඳහා එක් නිර්වචනයක්, ප්‍රාන්ත [[අගනුවර|අගනුවර වන]] සාඕ පවුලෝ ඇතුළුව මහ නගර සභා 39 කින් සමන්විත වේ. සාඕ පවුලෝ හි ආර්එම්එස්පී බ්‍රසීලයේ මූල්‍ය හා ආර්ථික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර එහි මුළු ජනගහනය 20,743,587 කි (2022 සංගණනය). විශාලතම මහ නගර සභා වන්නේ 11,451,245 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත සාඕ පවුලෝ, 1,291,784 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත ගුවාරුල්හෝස් සහ 500,000 කට වඩා වැඩි ජනගහනයක් සහිත නගර කිහිපයක් වන අතර, ඒබීසී කලාපයේ සාඕ බර්නාඩෝ ඩෝ කැම්පෝ (අඟල් 810,729) සහ සැන්ටෝ ඇන්ඩ්‍රේ (අඟල් 748,919) උදාහරණයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් සාඕ පවුලෝ හි දකුණේ පිහිටි ඒබීසී කලාපය (සැන්ටෝ ඇන්ඩ්‍රේ, සාඕ බර්නාඩෝ ඩෝ කැම්පෝ සහ සාඕ සීටානෝ ඩෝ සුල් වෙතින්) [[ෆෝක්ස්වෑගන්|වොක්ස්වැගන්]] සහ ෆෝඩ් වැනි කාර්මික සමාගම් සඳහා වැදගත් ස්ථානයකි. එය විශාල කලාපයේ "මූලික" නගර නියෝජනය කරයි. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] bbcvblzkzdn6z04g9yhr0zzfoz6vne5 0 182277 750552 749842 2025-06-24T05:24:54Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Rio_deJaneiro_LE2002059_lrg.jpg|දකුණ|thumb| අගනගරයේ චන්ද්‍රිකා රූපය, මධ්‍යයේ සිට අගනුවර]] '''මහා [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]]''', නිල වශයෙන් '''රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''' ( ''ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් රියෝ'', නිල වශයෙන් [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] භාෂාවෙන් ''රෙජියෝ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටානා ඩෝ රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ'' ) යනු බ්‍රසීලයේ [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනයිරෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ පිහිටා ඇති විශාල අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයකි, එය [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] දෙවන විශාලතම සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ තුන්වන විශාලතම වේ. එය රාජ්‍ය අගනුවර වන [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනෙයිරෝ]] ඇතුළු මහ නගර සභා 22 කින් සමන්විත වේ. රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය බ්‍රසීලයේ ඓතිහාසික, සංස්කෘතික සහ ආර්ථික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අතර එහි මුළු ජනගහනය 12 කි.&nbsp;මිලියන වැසියන්. මෙම කලාපය ප්‍රථම වරට නිල වශයෙන් නිර්වචනය කරන ලද්දේ 1974 ජූලි 1 වන දින, ගුවානබරා [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනයිරෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] වෙත ඒකාබද්ධ වීමට වසරකටත් අඩු කාලයකට පෙරය. [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] - බයික්සාඩා ෆ්ලූමිනෙන්ස් සහ නයිටෙරෝයි - සාඕ ගොන්සාලෝ සමඟ නගර සභා කිහිපයක් ඉහළ මට්ටමේ නගර සභාවක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි. 1993, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2013 සහ 2018 යන වර්ෂවලදී ඉතිහාසයේ විවිධ අවස්ථා වලදී විවිධ නගර ඇතුළත් කිරීමට හෝ ඉවත් කිරීමට එය කිහිප වතාවක් වෙනස් කරන ලදී.[[ගොනුව:Rio_de_Janeiro_Regiao_Metropolitana_2014_modified.svg|thumb|310x310පික්| රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනයිරෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ප්‍රාන්තයේ, රතු පැහැයෙන් යුත් මහා රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] නගර.|වම]]කලාපයේ ජල සැපයුම් සැලසුම් සම්බන්ධීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, ප්‍රදේශයේ ප්‍රවාහනය ප්‍රදේශයේ සියලුම මහ නගර සභා වෙත නාගරික අන්තර් නාගරික බස් රථ, අගනුවර හරහා බයික්සාඩා ෆ්ලුමිනෙන්ස් මහ නගර සභා වෙත දුම්රිය, ගුවානබරා බොක්ක මහ නගර සභා කිහිපයකට තොටුපළ බෝට්ටු සහ රියෝ-නයිටෙරෝයි පාලම, රතු රේඛාව, ජනාධිපති ඩුත්‍රා අධිවේගී මාර්ගය සහ [[Rodovia Niterói-Manilha|නයිටෙරෝයි-මැනිල්හා අධිවේගී මාර්ගය]] ( [[:pt:Rodovia Niterói-Manilha|pt]] ) වැනි ප්‍රධාන නගරාන්තර නිදහස් මාර්ග සමඟ දැඩි ලෙස අන්තර් සම්බන්ධිත වේ. බොහෝ ප්‍රවාහන ක්‍රම බස් රථ, දුම්රිය, මෙට්‍රෝ, නිදහස් මාර්ග සහ අධිවේගී මාර්ග යන ප්‍රාග්ධන අභ්‍යන්තර ප්‍රවාහන පද්ධතිය සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇත. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] hbrczfrjku1fbqa8n19gd8cidwjh5zr 0 182278 750550 749843 2025-06-24T05:24:44Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:RMBH_map.png|thumb| බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය සහ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් තීරය]]'''බ්‍රසීලයේ ග්‍රේටර් බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ''' යනු මහ නගර සභා 34 කින් සමන්විත '''බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ අගනගර කලාපය''' විස්තර කිරීමට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් භාවිතා වන නමයි. 2013 වන විට, එය මිලියන හයකට අධික ජනගහනයක් සහිත [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] තුන්වන විශාලතම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය වේ; ජනගහනය අනුව විශාලතම නගරය බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ ය. == නගර == සමස්තයක් වශයෙන්, මහ නගර සභා 34 ක් බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශයේ කොටසකි: බෝල්ඩිම්, බෙලෝ හොරයිසොන්ටේ, බෙටිම්, බෲමඩින්හෝ, කේටේ, කැපිම් බ්‍රැන්කෝ, කන්ෆින්ස්, කොන්ටෙජම්, එස්මරල්ඩාස්, ෆ්ලෝරෙස්ටල්, ඉබිරිටේ, ඉගරාපේ, ඉගරාපේ, ඉගරාපේ, ජබොටිකටුබාස්, නෝවා යුනියෝ, ජුවාටුබා, ලාගෝවා සැන්ටා, මාරියෝ කැම්පෝස්, මාටියස් ලෙමේ, මැටොසින්හෝස්, නෝවා ලීමා, පේද්‍රෝ ලියෝපෝල්ඩෝ, රැපොසෝස්, රිබෙයිරෝ දාස් නෙවෙස්, රියෝ ඇසිමා, සැන්ටා රියෝ සාඕ මන්සෝ ජෝකිම් ඩි බිකාස්, සාඕ ජොසේ ඩි ලපා, සර්සෙඩෝ, ටක්වාරාසු ඩි මිනාස්, වෙස්පාසියානෝ. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] g7ps6vj71el1w5jwus4836nppz4bb9u 0 182279 750549 749850 2025-06-24T05:24:39Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Pernambuco RM Recife.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''රිසයිෆ් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය''', නිල වශයෙන් '''රෙසිෆ්හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt-BR|Região Metropolitana do Recife (RMR)}} , නොහොත් ''ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් රෙසිෆ්'' ), යනු 2022 වන විට මිලියන 3.7 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත [[ඊසානදිග කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ]] ප්‍රධාන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයකි, <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=Predator |date=2023-12-21 |title=Censo 2022: população reduz no núcleo metropolitano litorâneo e cresce nos polos de desenvolvimento da RM Recife |url=https://www.observatoriodasmetropoles.net.br/censo-2022-populacao-reduz-no-nucleo-metropolitano-litoraneo-e-cresce-nos-polos-de-desenvolvimento-da-rm-recife/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Observatório das Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Population Estimates {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18448-estimates-of-resident-population-for-municipalities-and-federation-units.html?=&t=o-que-e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802064300/https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18448-estimates-of-resident-population-for-municipalities-and-federation-units.html?=&t=o-que-e |archive-date=2022-08-02 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=www.ibge.gov.br |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]}}</ref> රෙසිෆ් ප්‍රාන්ත අගනුවර වන [[පර්නම්බුකෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පර්නාම්බුකෝ]] කේන්ද්‍ර කර ගෙන ඇත. 2017 දී, එය ජාතික වශයෙන් 8 වන විශාලතම අගනගර කලාපය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title="Tabela 4: POPULAÇÃO DAS REGIÕES METROPOLITANAS, REGIÕES INTEGRADAS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO E AGLOMERAÇÕES URBANAS COM MAIS DE UM MILHÃO DE HABITANTES" |url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/media/com_mediaibge/arquivos/c0019d67f9d6ec8982c6dbce473b6782.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203050321/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/media/com_mediaibge/arquivos/c0019d67f9d6ec8982c6dbce473b6782.xlsx |archive-date=2019-02-03 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=IBGE |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලියානු භූගෝල විද්‍යා හා සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ආයතනය (IBGE) එහි ''බලපෑම් ක්ෂේත්‍ර'' සමීක්ෂණවල ආර්ථික හා සමාජීය වැදගත්කම අනුව කලාපය "අගනගරයක්" ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වයි. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Areas of Influence of Cities {{!}} IBGE |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/geosciences/territorial-organization/geographic-networks-and-flows/19332-areas-of-influence-of-cities.html?=&t=o-que-e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802064300/https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/geosciences/territorial-organization/geographic-networks-and-flows/19332-areas-of-influence-of-cities.html?=&t=o-que-e |archive-date=2022-08-02 |access-date=2021-04-01 |website=www.ibge.gov.br |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]}}</ref> කලාපයේ බලපෑම් කලාපය [[බහියා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|බහියා]], [[කෙයාරා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|කෙයාරා]], [[මරන්හාඕ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මරන්හාඕ]], [[පියෞයි ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පියෞයි]], [[රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු නෝර්ටේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු නෝර්ටේ]] සහ [[සර්ගිපේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සර්ගිපේ]] යන කොටස් වලට අමතරව [[අලගොආස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|අලගොආස්]], [[පරයිබා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පරයිබා]] සහ [[පර්නම්බුකෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පර්නම්බුකෝ]] යන සමස්ත ප්‍රාන්ත ඇතුළුව ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ විශාල කොටසක් ආවරණය කරයි. මෙම බලප්‍රදේශය තුළ නටාල්, ජෝවා පෙසෝවා, මැසියෝ සහ අරකාජු යන කුඩා නගර වේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] qfdegaygaaihfzc47bu5zqhre2kq2wv 0 182280 750548 749849 2025-06-24T05:24:32Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Planalto Central (cropped).jpg|thumb|රූපවාහිනී කුළුණෙන් පෙනෙන ස්මාරක අක්ෂය]] '''බ්‍රසිලියා''' ({{IPAc-en|b|r|ə|ˈ|z|ɪ||l|i|ə}} {{respell|brə|ZIL|ee|ə}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Brasília |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brasilia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510171613/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brasilia |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Brasilia in US English: Brasilia |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Brasilia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510171612/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Brasilia |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=2019-05-10 |website=en.oxforddictionaries.com |publisher=[[Oxford University]]}}</ref> {{IPA|pt|bɾaˈziliɐ, bɾaˈziljɐ|lang|Brasilia-pronunciation-ptbr.ogg}}) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] සහ [[ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය, බ්‍රසීලය|ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ]] [[අගනුවර|අගනුවරයි]] . රටේ [[මධ්‍යම-බටහිර කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|මධ්‍යම-බටහිර]] කලාපයේ බ්‍රසීලියානු උස්බිම්වල පිහිටා ඇති මෙය, 1960 අප්‍රේල් 21 වන දින ජනාධිපති ජුසෙලිනෝ කුබිට්ෂෙක් විසින් ජාතික අගනුවර ලෙස [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම සඳහා ආරම්භ කරන ලදී. Brasília යනු මිලියන 2.8 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත, [[සාඕ පවුලෝ]] සහ [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ]] ට පසු බ්‍රසීලයේ තුන්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහිත නගරයයි . ප්‍රධාන ලතින් ඇමරිකානු නගර අතරින්, එය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඉහළම අගයක් ගනී. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=Istrate |first=Emilia |title=Global MetroMonitor &#124; Brookings Institution |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115071513/http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Brookings.edu}}</ref> බ්‍රසීලියා යනු 1956 දී ලුසියෝ කොස්ටා, ඔස්කාර් නීමියර් සහ ජෝකිම් කාර්ඩෝසෝ විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සැලසුම් සහගත නගරයකි . අගනුවර [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]] සිට වඩාත් මධ්‍යම ස්ථානයකට ගෙන යාමේ යෝජනා ක්‍රමයක් යටතේ මෙය සංවර්ධනය කරන ලදී. භූ දර්ශන නිර්මාණ ශිල්පියා වූයේ රොබර්ටෝ බර්ල් මාක්ස් ය . <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |year=2012 |title=Niemeyer e Joaquim Cardozo: uma parceria mágica entre arquiteto e engenheiro |url=http://www.ebc.com.br/2012/12/niemeyer-e-joaquim-cardozo-uma-parceria-magica-entre-arquiteto-e-engenheiro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106051353/http://www.ebc.com.br/2012/12/niemeyer-e-joaquim-cardozo-uma-parceria-magica-entre-arquiteto-e-engenheiro |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=7 January 2019 |publisher=[[Empresa Brasil de Comunicação|Brazil Communication Company]] |language=pt}}</ref> නගරයේ සැලසුම එය අංකිත කුට්ටි වලට මෙන්ම හෝටල් අංශය, බැංකු අංශය සහ තානාපති කාර්යාල අංශය වැනි නිශ්චිත ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සඳහා අංශවලට බෙදා ඇත. බ්‍රසීලියා නගරය 1987 දී යුනෙස්කෝ [[යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක ‍උරුම අඩවි|ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක්]] ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කරන ලද්දේ එහි නූතනවාදී ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සහ අද්විතීය කලාත්මක නාගරික සැලසුම්කරණය නිසාය. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=World Heritage List |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119104733/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/445 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |publisher=Unesco}}</ref> 2017 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී [[යුනෙස්කෝ|යුනෙස්කෝව]] විසින් එය "නිර්මාණ නගරය" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර එතැන් සිට නිර්මාණශීලී නගර ජාලයේ කොටසක් වී ඇත. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=The Brazilian cities Brasília, Paraty and João Pessoa join the UNESCO Creative Cities Network |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_brazilian_cities_brasilia_paraty_and_joao_pessoa_join |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003221009/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/brasilia/about-this-office/single-view/news/the_brazilian_cities_brasilia_paraty_and_joao_pessoa_join/ |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=3 October 2018 |agency=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization}}</ref> එය ඔස්කාර් නීමියර් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සුදු පැහැති නවීන ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සඳහා කැපී පෙනේ. බ්‍රසීලයේ ෆෙඩරල් රජයේ ශාඛා තුනම නගරයේ පිහිටා ඇත: විධායක, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සහ අධිකරණ . බ්‍රසීලියා විදේශ තානාපති කාර්යාල 124කට ද සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Lista do Corpo Diplomático e Organismos Internacionais |url=http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807162048/http://www2.mre.gov.br/cerimonial/ |archive-date=7 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |publisher=Cerimonial, Ministério das Relações Exteriores}}</ref> නගරයේ ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ එය අනෙකුත් සියලුම ප්‍රධාන බ්‍රසීල නගර සහ සමහර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගමනාන්ත සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන අතර එය බ්‍රසීලයේ තුන්වන කාර්යබහුලම ගුවන් තොටුපළ වේ. එය [[2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය|2014 FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයේ]] ප්‍රධාන සත්කාරක නගරවලින් එකක් වූ අතර 2016 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේදී පාපන්දු තරඟ කිහිපයක් පැවැත්වීය; එය 2013 FIFA සම්මේලන කුසලානය ද පැවැත්වීය. ගුවන් යානයක හැඩයෙන් සකස් කර ඇති {{විස්තරාත්මක සටහන්|The idea that Brasília was designed to look like an airplane is a myth. According to Lúcio Costa, it is a cross that was adjusted in accordance to the landscape of the construction site.<ref>{{cite web|title=Avião ou borboleta? Entenda as inspirações de Lúcio Costa para o projeto de Brasília|url=https://g1.globo.com/df/distrito-federal/noticia/2019/06/04/aviao-ou-borboleta-entenda-as-inspiracoes-de-lucio-costa-para-o-projeto-de-brasilia.ghtml|website=G1|access-date=2024-09-24|language=pt}}</ref>|group=note}} එහි "ෆියුස්ලේජ්" යනු විශාල උද්‍යානයක් දෙපස ඇති පළල් මංතීරු යුගලයක් වන මොනුමෙන්ටල් අක්ෂයයි. " නියමු කුටියේ " ප්‍රකා ඩොස් ට්‍රෙස් පොඩෙරෙස් ඇත, එය වටා ඇති රජයේ ශාඛා 3 සඳහා නම් කර ඇත. බ්‍රසීලයේ අනෙකුත් නගර මෙන් මහ නගර සභාවක් නොව පරිපාලන කලාපයක් වන බැවින් බ්‍රසීලියාවට අද්විතීය නීතිමය තත්වයක් ඇත. "බ්‍රසීලියා" යන නාමය බොහෝ විට [[ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය, බ්‍රසීලය|ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කය]] සමස්තයක් ලෙස හැඳින්වීමට සමාන පදයක් ලෙස භාවිතා වන අතර එය පරිපාලන කලාප 35 කට බෙදා ඇති අතර ඉන් එකක් (ප්ලැනෝ පිලෝටෝ) මුලින් සැලසුම් කළ නගරයේ ප්‍රදේශය සහ එහි ෆෙඩරල් රජයේ ගොඩනැගිලි ඇතුළත් වේ. IBGE විසින් මුළු ෆෙඩරල් දිස්ත්‍රික්කයම බ්‍රසීලියා නගර ප්‍රදේශයෙන් සමන්විත බව සලකනු ලබන අතර, පළාත් පාලන ආයතනය සමස්ත දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සහ [[ගොයාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ගොයියාස්]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අසල්වැසි මහ නගර සභා 12 එහි අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ලෙස සලකයි. <ref name="ipe-gdf-amb">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Área Metropolitana de Brasília |trans-title=Brasília Metropolitan Area |url=https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121161013/https://atlas.ipe.df.gov.br/4-3-area-metropolitana-de-brasilia-html/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Atlas do Distrito Federal |publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa e Estatística do Distrito Federal (IPEDF) |language=pt |quote=A Área metropolitana de Brasília (AMB) foi definida pela Codeplan na Nota Técnica n° 01/2014. A AMB é formada pelo Distrito Federal e sua periferia metropolitana, constituída por 12 municípios circunvizinhos (também integrantes da Ride-DF) que possuem fluxos e relações de natureza metropolitana com o Distrito Federal.}}</ref> <ref name="ipea-metro">{{Cite journal|last=Cruz|first=Bruno de Oliveira|date=2020|title=Área metropolitana de Brasília e o mercado de trabalho|url=https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/10390/1/brua_22_ensaio_urbana_artigo_7.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Boletim Regional, Urbano e Ambiental|language=pt|publisher=Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (IPEA)|pages=83–99|doi=10.4000/books.irdeditions.35769|isbn=9782709927413|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121160850/https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/10390/1/brua_22_ensaio_urbana_artigo_7.pdf|archive-date=21 November 2023|access-date=21 November 2023}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="note" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර සහිත ලිපි (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] <references /> pbguqmxq6ycx6szreociyczrz7n4inm 0 182281 750546 749841 2025-06-24T05:23:16Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:RioGrandedoSul_RM_PortoAlegre.svg|දකුණ|thumb|300x300පික්|'''මහා පෝටෝ ඇලෙග්‍රේ''' .]] '''මහා පෝර්ටෝ ඇලග්‍රේ''' නොහොත් '''පෝර්ටෝ ඇලග්‍රේ අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය''' බ්‍රසීලයේ 5 වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත මෙට්‍රෝ ප්‍රදේශය වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය මිලියන 4.3 ක් වන අතර, [[රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු සල් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ සුල්]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර වන පෝර්ටෝ ඇලග්‍රේ අවට මහ නගර සභා 34 ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2017 IBGE දත්ත වලට අනුව, මුළු ජනගහනය 4,293,050 ක් සහිත පිළිවෙළින් සාඕ පවුලෝ, [[රියෝ ඩි ජැනෙයිරෝ|රියෝ ද ජැනයිරෝ]], බෙලෝ හොරිසොන්ටේ සහ බ්‍රසීලියා යන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ පමණක් පෝටෝ ඇලග්‍රේට වඩා විශාලය. පෝර්ටෝ ඇලග්‍රේ රටේ 4 වන විශාලතම [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය]] ඇති අතර එය ඩොලර් බිලියන 92 ක් ලෙස ගණන් බලා ඇත. ග්‍රේටර් පෝර්ටෝ ඇලග්‍රේ යනු නිෂ්පාදනය, රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍ය, මෝටර් රථ, ආහාර, අධ්‍යාපනය, වානේ නිෂ්පාදනය, අර්ධ සන්නායක සහ සේවා මත පදනම් වූ ආර්ථිකයක් සහිත ප්‍රාන්තය, දකුණු කෝන් සහ මර්කෝසූර් සංවර්ධනය සඳහා උපායමාර්ගික ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දැවැන්ත කාර්මික විභවයක් ඇති අතර බ්‍රසීලයේ විශාලතම සමාගම් කිහිපයකට සහ බොහෝ [[බහුජාතික ‍සංස්ථාව|බහුජාතික සමාගම්වලට]] නිවහන වේ. මෙම කලාපය තාක්ෂණික උද්‍යාන සහ විශ්ව විද්‍යාල කිහිපයකටද නිවහනක් වන අතර, ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය UFRGS අධ්‍යාපන අමාත්‍යාංශය (MEC) විසින් අඛණ්ඩව වසර තුනක් බ්‍රසීලයේ හොඳම විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය ලෙස පිළිගෙන ඇත. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] h85y9sfhg9gmt4gkd3cdx3luetvzzot 0 182282 750545 749840 2025-06-24T05:23:08Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Bahia Salvador location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''සැල්වදෝර්''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|sawvaˈdoʁ|link=yes}} ) යනු බ්‍රසීලියානු මහ නගර සභාවක් සහ [[බහියා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|බහියා]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ [[අගනුවර|අගනුවරකි]] . [[ඊසානදිග කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ ඊසානදිග කලාපයේ]] සෝනා ද මාටා හි පිහිටා ඇති සැල්වදෝරය, එහි ආහාර, සංගීතය සහ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සඳහා රට පුරා සහ ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගැනීමට ලක්ව ඇත. නගරයේ බොහෝ සංස්කෘතික අංශවල අප්‍රිකානු බලපෑම එය අප්‍රිකානු-බ්‍රසීලියානු සංස්කෘතියේ මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් බවට පත් කරයි. යටත් විජිත බ්‍රසීලයේ පළමු අගනුවර ලෙස, මෙම නගරය [[ඇමරිකාවන්|ඇමරිකාවේ]] පැරණිතම එකකි . 1549 දී ටොමේ ද සූසා විසින් එහි අත්තිවාරම දමන ලද්දේ [[පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය]] විසින් බ්‍රසීලයේ සාමාන්‍ය රජය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම හේතුවෙනි. පෘතුගීසි යටත් විජිතකරණය සමඟ අගනුවරක් ලෙස මධ්‍යගත කිරීම, නගර සභාවේ පැතිකඩ හැඩගැස්වීමේදී වැදගත් සාධක වූ අතර ඇතැම් භූගෝලීය ලක්ෂණ ද විය. නගරයේ ඉදිකිරීම් අසමාන භූ විෂමතාවයක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර, මුලින් මට්ටම් දෙකක් ඇති විය - ඉහළ නගරය ( ''{{බස|pt|Cidade Alta}}'' ) සහ පහළ නගරය ( ''{{බස|pt|Cidade Baixa}}'' )— බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුමක, පසුව නිම්න මංතීරු සංකල්පය සමඟ. වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 692,818 සහිතව ප්‍රදේශය අනුව, එහි මතු වූ භූමිය අර්ධද්වීපික වන අතර, වෙරළ තීරය බටහිරින් ඕල් සේන්ට්ස් බොක්කෙන් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය|අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයෙන්]] මායිම් වේ. {{බස|pt|[[Pelourinho]]|italic=no}} නගරයට ආසන්නයේ නිරූපිත සැල්වදෝරයේ ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානය. 17 වන සියවසේ සිට 20 වන සියවස ආරම්භය දක්වා දිවෙන ඓතිහාසික ස්මාරක සහිත යටත් විජිත ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය සඳහා ප්‍රසිද්ධ වන අතර 1985 දී [[යුනෙස්කෝ|යුනෙස්කෝව]] විසින් [[යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක ‍උරුම අඩවි|ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක්]] ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. ලොව විශාලතම සැණකෙළි වලින් එකක වේදිකාව ( ''[[ගිනස් වර්ල්ඩ් රෙකෝඩ්ස්|ගිනස් ලෝක වාර්තාවලට]]'' අනුව ලොව විශාලතම වීදි සාදය), යුනෙස්කෝවේ නිර්මාණශීලී නගර ජාලයට "සංගීත නගරය" ලෙස නගර සභාව ඒකාබද්ධ කිරීම, රටේ අද්විතීය මාතෘකාවක්, සැල්වදෝරයේ සංගීතයට ජාත්‍යන්තර පිළිගැනීමක් එක් කළේය. 2020 වන විට මිලියන 2.4 කට අධික ජනගහනයක් සිටින එය ඊසානදිග වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ මහ නගර සභාව, බ්‍රසීලයේ පස්වන වැඩිම ජනගහනය සහ නවවන විශාලතම ලතින් ඇමරිකානු නගරය වේ. බ්‍රසීලියානු භූගෝල විද්‍යා හා සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ආයතනයට (IBGE) අනුව 2020 දී ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 3,957,123 ක් සිටි "මහා සැල්වදෝරය" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයේ හරය එයයි. මෙය එය ඊසානදිග දෙවන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය, බ්‍රසීලයේ හත්වන අගනගරය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම අගනගර වලින් එකක් බවට පත් කරයි. තවද මෙම නාගරික-ජනගහන මානයන් නිසා, එය බ්‍රසීලියානු නාගරික ජාලය පිළිබඳ IBGE අධ්‍යයනය මගින් කලාපීය අගනගරයක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත. 2014 සහ 2020 වසර සඳහා වූ එහි වාර්තාවල, ගෝලීයකරණය සහ ලෝක නගර පිළිබඳ පර්යේෂණ ජාලය (GaWC) සැල්වදෝරය "ප්‍රමාණවත් බව" කාණ්ඩයේ (කුඩාම) ගෝලීය නගරයක් ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කළේය. කර්නි උපදේශන ආයතනය විසින් කරන ලද ගෝලීය නගර සමීක්ෂණ මගින් 2018 සහ 2020 වාර්ෂික වාර්තාවලට සැල්වදෝරය ද ඇතුළත් කරන ලද අතර 2019 දී එය බැහැර කරන ලදී. රාජ්‍යයේ ආර්ථික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වන සැල්වදෝරය වරාය නගරයක්, පරිපාලන හා සංචාරක මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් ද වේ. එහි අගනගර කලාපය ඊසානදිග නාගරික සාන්ද්‍රණයන් අතර ඉහළම දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇත. 2018 දී, එය ඊසානදිග නගර සභා අතර දෙවන ඉහළම [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය]] (GDP) හිමි කර ගත්තේය. තවද, එය නොවෝනර්, බ්‍රැස්කෙම්, නියෝඑනර්ජි කොඑල්බා සහ සුසානෝ පැපල් ඊ සෙලියුලෝස් වැනි වැදගත් කලාපීය, ජාතික සහ ජාත්‍යන්තර සමාගම්වල මූලස්ථානය වේ. සමාගම් වලට අමතරව, නගරය බහියා ප්‍රාන්ත විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, බහියා ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය, බ්‍රසීලියානු හමුදා අනුපූරක පුහුණු පාසල, බ්‍රසීලියානු සර්ෆින් සම්මේලනය, අපරාධ වැළැක්වීම සහ අපරාධ යුක්තිය පිළිබඳ 12 වන [[එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය|එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ]] සම්මේලනය (2010 දී), තුන්වන ඉබෙරෝ-ඇමරිකානු සමුළුව (1993 දී), 2003 පෑන්-ඇමරිකානු ජූඩෝ ශූරතාවලිය, අප්‍රිකාවේ සහ ඩයස්පෝරාවේ දෙවන බුද්ධිමතුන්ගේ සමුළුව (2006 දී), <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=1 September 2006 |title=Second Conference of Intellectuals from Africa and the Diaspora |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000146986 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> 1989 කෝපා ඇමරිකාව, 2013 FIFA සම්මේලන කුසලානය, 2014 FIFA ලෝක කුසලානය සහ [[2016 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික්|2016 ගිම්හාන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙලේ]] කාන්තා පාපන්දු තරඟාවලියේ E කාණ්ඩය වැනි සංස්කෘතික, දේශපාලනික, [[2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය|අධ්‍යාපනික, ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්]] සහ සංවිධාන රැසකට සත්කාරකත්වය ලබා දී ඇත. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර සහිත ලිපි (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] irlsxwftaqcnsrd3z95vodukekyenef 0 182283 750544 749839 2025-06-24T05:22:58Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Ceará Fortaleza location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''ෆොර්ටලීසා''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|ɔːr|t|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|z|ə}} {{respell|FOR|tə|LAY|zə}}; {{IPA|pt-BR|foʁtaˈlezɐ|lang|Br-Fortaleza.oga}}; {{langnf|pt||Fortress}}) යනු [[ඊසානදිග කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ]] පිහිටි [[කෙයාරා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සියරා]] ප්‍රාන්ත අගනුවරයි. එය බ්‍රසීලයේ 4 වන විශාලතම නගරයයි - 2022 සංගණනයේදී ෆෝටලීසා සැල්වදෝරය අභිබවා ගියේ මිලියන 2.4 කට වඩා තරමක් වැඩි ජනගහනයක් සමඟිනි <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=2023-06-28 |title=As dez maiores cidades do Brasil em população |url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2023/06/28/as-dez-maiores-cidades-do-brasil-em-populacao.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416103229/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2023/06/28/as-dez-maiores-cidades-do-brasil-em-populacao.ghtml |archive-date=16 April 2024 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=G1 |language=pt-br}}</ref> - සහ ඉහළම [[දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය]] ඇති නගර අතර 12 වන ස්ථානයයි. එය මිලියන 4 කට ආසන්න ජනතාවක් වාසය කරන ෆෝටලීසා අගනගරයේ හරය සාදයි. ෆෝටලීසා යනු ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ වැදගත් කාර්මික හා වාණිජ මධ්‍යස්ථානයකි. සංචාරක අමාත්‍යාංශයට අනුව, එය රටේ සිව්වන වැඩිම පිරිසක් පැමිණෙන නගරය සහ සංචාරක ගමනාන්තය වේ. රටේ වැදගත්ම අධිවේගී මාර්ගය වන BR-116, ෆෝටලීසා හි ආරම්භ වේ. මෙම නගර සභාව මර්කෝසූර් පොදු වෙළඳපොළේ කොටසක් වේ. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Fortaleza é a quinta capital mais populosa e lidera a sétima maior região metropolitana - Ceará - O POVO Online |url=http://www.opovo.com.br/app/opovo/ceara/2012/09/01/noticiasjornalceara,2911372/fortaleza-e-a-quinta-capital-mais-populosa-e-lidera-a-setima-maior-regiao-metropolitana.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206165656/http://www.opovo.com.br/app/opovo/ceara/2012/09/01/noticiasjornalceara,2911372/fortaleza-e-a-quinta-capital-mais-populosa-e-lidera-a-setima-maior-regiao-metropolitana.shtml |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="g">{{Cite journal|last=Garmany|first=Jeff|date=2011|title=Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil|journal=Cities|publisher=Elsevier|volume=28|issue=1|pages=45–52|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2010.08.004}}</ref> නගරයේ උතුරට [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය]] පිහිටා ඇත; දකුණට පැකටුබා, යුසෙබියෝ, මරකානා සහ ඉටයිටින්ගා යන මහ නගර සභා ඇත; නැගෙනහිරට අකිරාස් මහ නගර සභාව සහ අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය ඇත; බටහිරින් කොකේයා මහ නගර සභාව ඇත. නගරයේ පදිංචිකරුවන් ''ෆෝටලෙසෙන්සස්'' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. රෙසිෆ් සහ සැල්වදෝරය සමඟ ෆෝටලීසා යනු ඊසානදිග කලාපයේ ප්‍රමුඛ නගර තුනෙන් එකකි. <ref name="g">{{Cite journal|last=Garmany|first=Jeff|date=2011|title=Situating Fortaleza: Urban space and uneven development in northeastern Brazil|journal=Cities|publisher=Elsevier|volume=28|issue=1|pages=45–52|doi=10.1016/j.cities.2010.08.004}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGarmany2011">Garmany, Jeff (2011). </cite></ref> <ref name="Brookings">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=Istrate |first=Emilia |last2=Nadeau |first2=Carey Anne |date=November 30, 2012 |title=Global Metro Monitor: Slowdown, Recovery, and Interdependence 2012 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/30-global-monitor.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827130555/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/30-global-monitor.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-27 |access-date=31 October 2019 |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 බ්‍රසීල පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt-br)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] arfgn1tev642e23n7s3bnkbn7rdpefr 0 182284 750543 749836 2025-06-24T05:22:49Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Parana_RM_Curitiba.svg|thumb| කුරිටිබා මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපයේ පිහිටීම]] '''මහා කුරිටිබා''' ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන '''කුරිටිබා මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''', [[පරනා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පරානා]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ මහ නගර සභා 29 ක් සාපේක්ෂ නගරසභා ක්‍රියාවලියක් තුළ එකට ගෙන එයි. මෙම පදය පරානා [[අගනුවර]] දිගුව අදහස් කරන අතර, එහි මායිම් (හෝ සමීප) නගර සභා සමඟ අඛණ්ඩ නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. බ්‍රසීලියානු භූගෝල විද්‍යාව සහ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ආයතනයට අනුව, 2022 දී ජනගහනය 3,559,366 කි. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=Redator |date=2023-09-28 |title=Censo 2022: crescimento periférico, expansão da metrópole e diversidade na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba |url=https://www.observatoriodasmetropoles.net.br/censo-2022-crescimento-periferico-expansao-da-metropole-e-diversidade-na-regiao-metropolitana-de-curitiba/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Observatório das Metrópoles |language=pt-BR}}</ref> <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Home |url=http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2972}}</ref> <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |last=Cervero |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Cervero |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLs3H_IWr3wC&pg=PA266 |title=The Transit Metropolis: A Global Enquiry |publisher=Island Press |year=1998 |isbn=9781597269315 |page=266}}</ref> නාගරික සැලසුම් කවයන් තුළ, මහා කුරිටිබා ප්‍රදේශය තිරසාර [[නාගරීකරණය]] ඉදිරියට ගෙන යාම සඳහා අවධානයට ලක්ව ඇත. එහි නායකයින් බස් වේගවත් ප්‍රවාහනය (BRT) සහ නගර සංවර්ධනය ඒකාබද්ධ කළ අතර, හොඳින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති රේඛීය අක්ෂ ඔස්සේ වර්ධනයට මඟ පෙන්වීම සඳහා ඉහළ ධාරිතාවයකින් යුත්, උසස් තත්ත්වයේ කැපවූ බස් මාර්ග භාවිතා කළහ. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] mzeazgctf9nh7in1ekd7wsx2ct2gvpa 0 182285 750542 749837 2025-06-24T05:22:28Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Goias RM Goiania.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''ගොයියානියා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Metropolitana de Goiânia}} '''ග්‍රේටර් ගොයියානියා''' ( {{Langx|pt|Grande Goiânia}} ලෙස ජනප්‍රියයි ), යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලියානු]] [[ගොයාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ගොයියාස්]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර වන ගොයියානියාව වටා ඇති නගර එකතුවකි. == ඉතිහාසය == 1999 දෙසැම්බර් 30 වන දින අනුපූරක රාජ්‍ය නීතිය අංක 27 මගින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද අතර එය [[මධ්‍යම-බටහිර කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|මධ්‍යම-බටහිර බ්‍රසීලයේ]] විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය වේ. කුයියාබා අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද්දේ වසර දහයකට පමණ පසුව, 2009 මැයි 28 වන දින බැවින්, එය එම කලාපයේ පළමු අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය විය. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] ahn28n6xh8vp36ml72vvehfd09z4ust 0 182287 750541 749882 2025-06-24T05:22:21Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Ponta_do_Seixas_João_Pessoa.jpg|thumb| පොන්ටා දෝ සෙයික්සාස්, ඇමරිකාවේ නැගෙනහිර දෙසින්]] [[ගොනුව:Rio_Jaguaribe_-_João_Pessoa_-_Paraíba_-_Brasil.jpg|thumb| ජගුවාරිබේ ගඟ]] ජොඕ පෙසෝවා ({{IPA|pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w peˈsoɐ}}) යනු ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ වරාය නගරයකි. එය 833,932 ක ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනයක් සහිත පරායිබා ප්‍රාන්තයේ සහ අගනුවර වන අතර එය පරායිබා ඩෝ නොර්ටේ ගඟේ දකුණු ඉවුරේ පිහිටා ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joao Pessoa: Brazil |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Joao-Pessoa-Brazil |access-date=22 April 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]}}</ref> නව "Estação Ciência, Cultura e Artes" (විද්‍යා, සංස්කෘතිය සහ කලා ස්ථානය), <ref name="ESTAÇÃO CIÊNCIA, CULTURA e ARTES">{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |url=http://www.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br/projetos/estacaocienciaculturaartes/ |title=ESTAÇÃO CIÊNCIA, CULTURA e ARTES |publisher=E.C.C.A. |year=2006 |isbn=85-240-3919-1 |location=joão pessoa, Brazil |language=pt |format=PDF |access-date=January 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224214719/http://www.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br/projetos/estacaocienciaculturaartes/ |archive-date=December 24, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ඇමරිකාවේ ( ''Ponta do Seixas'' ) වඩාත්ම නැගෙනහිර ස්ථානයේ පිහිටා ඇත, අධ්‍යාපනික සහ සංස්කෘතික ආයතනයක් මෙන්ම ජාතික සලකුණකි. 2008 දී විවෘත කරන ලද මෙම සංකීර්ණය, බ්‍රසීලියානු ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පී ඔස්කාර් නීමියර් විසින් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර එය ඔහුගේ අවසාන ව්‍යාපෘති වලින් එකකි. 2017 දී [[යුනෙස්කෝ|යුනෙස්කෝව]] විසින් <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=November 3, 2017 |title=Unesco Creative City title puts João Pessoa on the world tourist route through folk art |url=http://www.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br/titulo-de-cidade-criativa-da-unesco-coloca-joao-pessoa-na-rota-turistica-mundial-atraves-da-arte-popular/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112052115/http://www.joaopessoa.pb.gov.br/titulo-de-cidade-criativa-da-unesco-coloca-joao-pessoa-na-rota-turistica-mundial-atraves-da-arte-popular/ |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2018 |publisher=City Hall of João Pessoa}}</ref> පැරයිබා අගනුවරට නිර්මාණශීලී නගරය යන නාමය හිමි වූ අතර, ජෝඕ පෙසෝවා "බ්‍රසීලියානු [[අත්කම් නිර්මාණ|අත්කම්]] නගරය" ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 බ්‍රසීල පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt-br)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 4785m9tz094n4cu5ac91tlbezu7481s 0 182288 750539 749877 2025-06-24T05:20:46Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Alagoas Maceio location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''මසියෝ''' ({{IPA|pt|masejˈjɔ}} ), කලින් '''මැසියෝ''' ලෙස ඉංග්‍රීසිකරණය කරන ලද අතර, එය [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රාන්තයක් වන [[අලගොආස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඇලගෝස්]] හි අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය වේ. "මසියෝ" යන නාමය වසන්තයක් සඳහා ස්වදේශික යෙදුමකි. බොහෝ මැසියෝ මුහුදට ගලා යයි, නමුත් සමහරක් සිරවී විල් සාදයි (පෘතුගීසි භාෂාවෙන් "ලාගෝවා"). බ්‍රසීලයේ මෙම කොටසෙහි මැසියෝ සහ විල් රාශියක් ඇත; මේ නිසා, නගරය මැසියෝ ලෙසත්, ප්‍රාන්තය ඇලගෝවාස් ලෙසත් නම් කරන ලදී. නව සුම්බි ඩොස් පල්මරෙස් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ මසියෝ බ්‍රසීලියානු නගර රැසකට සම්බන්ධ කරන අතර සමහර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. මෙම නගරය ඇලගෝවාස් ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ නිවහන වේ. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] t4x1mb92xmirgxot8u5qsn8e8r39ixv 0 182289 750538 749878 2025-06-24T05:20:36Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Rio Grande do Norte Natal location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''නටල්''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|naˈtaw|lang}} ), වචනාර්ථයෙන් ''[[නත්තල|නත්තල්]]'' හෝ ''උපන් දිනය'' ("උපත") යනු [[ඊසානදිග කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඊසානදිග බ්‍රසීලයේ]] පිහිටි [[රියෝ ග්‍රන්ඩේ ඩු නෝර්ටේ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|රියෝ ග්‍රෑන්ඩ් ඩෝ නොර්ටේ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරයයි. IBGE හි 2022 ඇස්තමේන්තුවට අනුව, නගරයේ මුළු ජනගහනය 751,300 ක් වූ අතර, එය රටේ 24 වන විශාලතම නගරය බවට පත් කළේය. <ref name=":0">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=2023-06-28 |title=As 200 cidades mais populosas do Brasil, segundo Censo 2022 |url=https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2023/06/28/as-200-cidades-mais-populosas-do-brasil-segundo-censo-2022.ghtml |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Valor Econômico |language=pt-br}}</ref> නටල් යනු ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක ගමනාන්තයක් වන අතර කබොල, කාර්නෝබා ඉටි, උක් නිෂ්පාදන සහ [[Fruit|පලතුරු]], බොහෝ දුරට [[කොමඩු]] සහ [[ගස්ලබු|පැපොල්]] අපනයනය කරන මධ්‍යස්ථානයකි. <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Dados Estatísticos - Comércio Exterior |url=https://www.datamarnews.com/noticias/melon-claims-top-spot-in-brazils-rio-grande-do-norte-export-agenda/}}</ref> නටල් යනු බ්‍රසීලයේ අප්‍රිකාවට සහ යුරෝපයට ආසන්නතම නගරය වන අතර, එහි මහා නටල් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ නගරය බ්‍රසීලියානු ගමනාන්ත රාශියක් සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරන අතර සමහර ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් ද ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. මෙම නගරය [[2014 ෆීෆා ලෝක කුසලාන පාපන්දු තරගාවලිය|2014 FIFA ලෝක කුසලානයේ]] සත්කාරක නගරවලින් එකකි. <ref name="correiodatarde.com.br">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |date=2007-09-25 |title=Aeroporto de São Gonçalo: pistas estão garantidas, mas terminal ainda não |url=http://www.correiodatarde.com.br/editorias/correio_politico-22092 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105230326/http://www.correiodatarde.com.br/editorias/correio_politico-22092 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |access-date=2012-06-25 |publisher=Correiodatarde.com.br}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 බ්‍රසීල පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt-br)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 8k41f4g024t3yat4k8g6yrymffhqtah 0 182290 750537 749880 2025-06-24T05:20:29Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Maranhao Sao Luis location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''සාවෝ ලුවිස්''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|ˌsɐ̃w luˈis|lang}} ; "ශාන්ත ලුවී") යනු බ්‍රසීලියානු [[මරන්හාඕ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|මරන්හාඕ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරයයි. නගරය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ උපඔන්-අසු දූපතේ හෝ ඉල්හා ඩි සාවෝ ලුවිස් හි, බයියා ඩි සාඕ මාකෝස් ( ''සාන්ත මාර්ක් බොක්ක'' ) හි, අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දිගුවක් වන අතර එය පින්ඩරේ, මෙරිම්, ඉටපේකුරු සහ අනෙකුත් ගංගා මෝය සාදයි. එහි ඛණ්ඩාංක 2.53° දකුණට සහ 44.30° බටහිරට වේ. බ්‍රසීලියානු ප්‍රාන්ත තුළ දෙවන විශාලතම සමුද්‍රීය ව්‍යාප්තිය සාඕ ලුයිස් සතුව ඇත. එහි සමුද්‍රීය දිගුව කි.මී. 640 කි. නගරයේ ජනගහනය 1,037,775 ක් පමණ වේ (2022 IBGE සංගණනය). මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශයේ මුළු ජනගහනය 1,536,017 ක් වන අතර එය බ්‍රසීලයේ 15 වන විශාලතම ප්‍රදේශය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත. මුලින් ''Saint-Louis-de-Maragnan'' ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලද සාවෝ ලුවිස්, ප්‍රංශය විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද එකම බ්‍රසීලියානු රාජ්‍ය අගනුවර වේ ( ප්‍රංශය Équinoxiale බලන්න) සහ එය දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති බ්‍රසීලියානු රාජ්‍ය අගනුවර තුනෙන් එකකි (අනෙක් ඒවා විටෝරියා සහ ෆ්ලෝරියානෝපොලිස් වේ). 17 වන සියවසේ සිට පැවත එන නගරයේ ඓතිහාසික මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ මුල් වීදි සැලැස්ම සංරක්ෂණය කර ඇති අතර 1997 දී යුනෙස්කෝ ලෝක උරුම අඩවියක් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Historic Centre of São Luís {{!}} UNESCO World Heritage List |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/821 |access-date=20 March 2021 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> නගරයට ප්‍රධාන මුහුදු වරායන් දෙකක් ඇත: මැඩෙයිරා වරාය සහ ඉටාකි වරාය, (පූර්ව) -ඇමසන් කලාපයෙන් ආරම්භ වන බ්‍රසීලයේ යකඩ ලෝපස් වලින් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් අපනයනය කරනු ලැබේ. නගරයේ ප්‍රධාන කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ ඇලුමාර් සහ වේල් සමඟ ලෝහ විද්‍යාත්මක කර්මාන්තයි. සාඕ ලුයිස් යනු [[Federal University of Maranhão and Estadual University of Maranhão|මරන්හාඕ ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සහ මරන්හාඕ එස්ටැඩුවල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ]] නිවහනයි. සාඕ ලුයිස් යනු සුප්‍රසිද්ධ බ්‍රසීලියානු සම්බා ගායක ඇල්සියෝන්, බ්‍රසීලියානු ලේඛකයින් වන අලුයිසියෝ අසවෙඩෝ, ෆෙරේරා ගුලර් සහ ජොසු මොන්ටෙලෝ, බෙල්ජියම් ස්වභාවික පාපන්දු ක්‍රීඩක ලුයිස් ඔලිවේරා සහ {{බස|pt|[[Música popular brasileira]]}} සංගීතඥ ජෝඕ ඩෝ වැලේසිරාගේ උපන් නගරයයි. (MPB) ගායකයෙක්. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:2018 ජූනි සිට ගැනෙන භින්න වූ භාහිර සබැඳි සහිත ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:භින්න වූ භාහිර සබැඳි සහිත ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] azai2a74hixr7jqre8b258f64r6owt3 0 182291 750536 749873 2025-06-24T05:20:22Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750536 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:SaoPaulo RM BaixadaSantista.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''රෙජියෝ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටානා ඩා බයික්සාඩා සන්තිස්ටා''' යනු මිලියන 1.7 ක ජනගහනයක් සහිත බ්‍රසීලයේ [[සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තයේ]] වෙරළ තීරයේ පිහිටි අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයකි . එහි වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ නගරය සැන්ටොස් ය . <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Baixada Santista metropolitan area profile |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/metro/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/30%20metro%20brazil%20economy/30%20brazil%20profiles%20en/Baixada%20Santista.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601141555/http://www.brookings.edu/about/programs/metro/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2012/11/30%20metro%20brazil%20economy/30%20brazil%20profiles%20en/Baixada%20Santista.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=11 May 2014 |website=Global Cities Initiative |publisher=[[Brookings Institution|Brookings]]}}</ref> පරිපාලන අංශයක් ලෙස ( ''Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista'' ), එය 1996 ජූලි 30 දින නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එය මහ නගර සභා නවයකින් සමන්විත වේ. බයික්සාඩා සන්ටිස්ටා යනු ප්‍රධාන සංචාරක කලාපයකි, විශේෂයෙන් එහි බොහෝ වෙරළ තීරයන් සඳහා. ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ කාර්යබහුලම බහාලුම් වරාය වන සැන්ටොස් වරාය සහ කාර්මික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් වන කියුබාටාවෝ ද එහි අන්තර්ගත වේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 4u6utjyfjrqejcedfyyvecz4krebnpp 0 182292 750535 749871 2025-06-24T05:20:07Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:EspiritoSanto Metro Vitoria.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''මහා විටෝරියා''' ( ''Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória'' ) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] හි පිහිටි අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයකි . එය පහත සඳහන් මහ නගර සභා වලින් සමන්විත වේ: එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 2,331.01 ක ප්‍රදේශයක් ආවරණය කරයි.&nbsp;880,828 ක වැසියන් සහිතයි.<ref name=":0">{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Governo ES - Região Metropolitana |url=https://www.es.gov.br/turismo/regiao-metropolitana |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=www.es.gov.br}}</ref> එය 1995 පෙබරවාරි 21 වන දින <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=LC Nº 0058 |url=http://www3.al.es.gov.br/Arquivo/Documents/legislacao/html/LC%2058.html |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=www3.al.es.gov.br}}</ref> පිහිටුවන ලද අතර, එවකට එය '''විටෝරියා මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''' ( '''RMV''', ''Região Metropolitana de Vitória'' ) ලෙස හැඳින්විණි, පසුව 1999 සහ 2001 දී එය නැවත නම් කරන ලද අතර එය පිළිවෙලින් ගුවාරපාරි සහ ෆන්ඩාඕ මහ නගර සභා ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලදී. මෙම මහ නගර සභා හත එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ හි මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් අඩකට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයකට (49%) සහ ප්‍රාන්තයේ නාගරික ජනගහනයෙන් 57% කට නිවහන වේ. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |last=PRODEST |last2=ES |first2=Portal |title=Censo 2022: quase metade da população capixaba vive na Grande Vitória |url=https://www.es.gov.br/Noticia/censo-2022-quase-metade-da-populacao-capixaba-vive-na-grande-vitoria |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Portal ES |language=pt-BR}}</ref> ඔවුන් ධනයෙන් 58% ක් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන අතර විදුලියෙන් 95% ක් පරිභෝජනය කරයි. "මහා විටෝරියා" යන යෙදුම ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ [[එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|එස්පිරිටෝ සැන්ටෝ]] හි අගනුවර වන විටෝරියා කේන්ද්‍ර කරගත් ප්‍රදේශයට අනුරූප වේ. අද වන විට කාර්මික සංවර්ධනයේ විශාලතම කොටස සිදුවන්නේ සේරා මහ නගර සභාවේ වන අතර එහිදී බොහෝ කර්මාන්ත ඩිපෝ සහ කර්මාන්තශාලා ඉදිකරමින් පවතී. ඔවුන් තම නිෂ්පාදන බෙදා හැරීම සඳහා වරායන් 3, විටෝරියා ගුවන්තොටුපළ සහ සේරා හරහා දකුණට යන රින්ග් පාරට ආසන්නව තිබීමෙන් ප්‍රයෝජන ගනී. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] hckfnhp94t27xwnspjmtflocuiwqm0a 0 182293 750533 749869 2025-06-24T05:19:22Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750533 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:SaoPaulo_RM_Campinas.svg|thumb| කැම්පිනාස්හි මෙට්රොපොලිටන් කලාපයේ පිහිටීම]] '''කැම්පිනාස්හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Metropolitana de Campinas}} ) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සාඕ පවුලෝ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ පරිපාලන අංශයකි. එය 2000 දී නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර, පහත සඳහන් මහ නගර සභා වලින් සමන්විත වේ: <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Governo do Estado de São Paulo, Lei Complementar nº 1.234, de 13 de março de 2014 |url=http://www.legislacao.sp.gov.br/legislacao/dg280202.nsf/69aaa17c14b8cb5483256cfb0050146e/186ecb42b84d2ea883257c9b004fe87c?OpenDocument |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213064445/http://www.legislacao.sp.gov.br/legislacao/dg280202.nsf/69aaa17c14b8cb5483256cfb0050146e/186ecb42b84d2ea883257c9b004fe87c?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=2015-09-29}}</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=22em}}*[[ඇමරිකානා]] *[[ආතර් නොගුයිරා]] *[[කැම්පිනස්]] *[[කොස්මොපොලිස්]] *[[එන්ගන්හෙයිරෝ කොයෙල්හෝ]] *[[හොලම්බ්‍රා]] *[[හෝර්ටෝලාන්ඩියා]] *[[ඉන්දියාටුබා]] *[[ඉටතිබා]] *[[ජගුරියුනා]] *[[මොන්ටේ මෝර්]] *[[මොරුංගබා]] *[[නෝවා ඔඩෙස්සා]] *[[පෝලිනියා]] *[[පේද්‍රේරා]] *[[සැන්ටා බාබරා ඩි'ඔස්ටේ]] *[[සැන්ටෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ ඩි පොසේ]] *[[සුමාරේ]] *[[වැලින්හෝස්]] *[[වින්හෙඩෝ]]{{Div col end}} == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] nm6c6pdb8hcfdwe1n5fxtnqfqrbbr3d 0 182294 750532 749868 2025-06-24T05:19:15Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Amazonas RM Manaus.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''මහා මනාවුස්''' (නිල වශයෙන් Região Metropolitana de Manaus, පෘතුගීසි භාෂාවෙන්) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[ඇමසෝනාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඇමසෝනාස්]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ පිහිටි විශාල අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය අගනුවර වන මනාවුස් ඇතුළු මහ නගර සභා 13 කින් සමන්විත වේ. එහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඩොලර් බිලියන 61 ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය [[උතුරු කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|උතුරු බ්‍රසීලයේ]] ධනවත්ම නගරය වේ. [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 4i4gcqaeh12wr4nak4p4ppvi0ai48dw 0 182295 750531 749866 2025-06-24T05:19:04Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:Brazil Para Belem location map.svg|thumb|සිතියම]] '''බෙලෙම්''' ({{IPA|pt|beˈlẽj|lang}} ; [[බෙත්ලෙහෙම]] සඳහා [[පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව|පෘතුගීසි]] ; මුලදී '''Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará''' ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර, ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාවෙන් '''මහා පාරේ බෙත්ලෙහෙම් ආර්යාව''' ), <ref name=":11">{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |last=Brönstrup Silvestrin |first=Celsi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vB80DwAAQBAJ |title=Capitais brasileiras : dados históricos, demográficos, culturais e midiáticos |last2=Noll |first2=Gisele |last3=Jacks |first3=Nilda |publisher=Appris Editora |year=2016 |isbn=9788547302917 |series=Ciências da comunicação |location=Curitiba |oclc=1003295058 |access-date=30 April 2017}}</ref> බොහෝ විට '''බෙලම් ඔෆ් පැරා''' ලෙස හැඳින්වේ, <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |last=Chavses |first=Celma |url=http://www.labcom.fau.usp.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/4_cincci/028-chaves.pdf |title=The public market in Belem: architecture and urban insertion |publisher=IV International Colloquium on Trade and City – CINCCI |year=2013 |location=Uberlândia (Brasil)}}</ref> [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[උතුරු කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|උතුරේ]] පිහිටි [[පරා ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|පාරා]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය වේ. එය කාර්යබහුල වරායක්, ගුවන්තොටුපළක් සහ බස්/කෝච් නැවතුම්පළක් සහිත ඇමසන් ගඟට පිවිසෙන දොරටුවයි. බෙලෙම් [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය|, අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] සිට කිලෝමීටර් 100ක් ( [[සැතපුම|සැතපුම්]] 62.1) පමණ ඉහළට, පැරා ගඟේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, එය විශාල ඇමසන් ගංගා පද්ධතියේ කොටසක් වන අතර, ඇමසන් ඩෙල්ටාවේ විශාල කොටසෙන් ''ඉල්හා ද මරාජෝ'' ( මරාජෝ දූපත ) විසින් වෙන් කරනු ලැබේ. ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහනය 1,303,403 ක් වන අතර - නැතහොත් එහි අගනගර ප්‍රදේශය සලකා බලන විට 2,491,052 ක් වේ - එය බ්‍රසීලයේ 12 වන වැඩිම ජනගහනයක් සහිත නගරය වන අතර ආර්ථික අදාළත්වය අනුව 16 වන ස්ථානය ද වේ. එය [[උතුරු කලාපය, බ්‍රසීලය|උතුරු කලාපයේ]] දෙවන විශාලතම වන අතර [[ඇමසෝනාස් ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|ඇමසෝනාස්]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ මනාවුස්ට පමණක් දෙවැනි වේ. 1616 දී පෘතුගාල රාජධානිය විසින් ආරම්භ කරන ලද බෙලෙම්, ඇමසන් වනාන්තරයේ පළමු යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතය වූ නමුත් 1775 වන තෙක් බ්‍රසීලයේ කොටසක් බවට පත් නොවීය. නගරයේ නවතම කොටසෙහි නවීන ගොඩනැගිලි සහ [[ගගන චුම්බිතයෝ|අහස ගොඩනැගිලි]] ඇත. යටත් විජිත සමයේ කොටස ගස්වලින් පිරුණු චතුරස්‍ර, [[පල්ලිය (ගොඩනැගිල්ල)|පල්ලි]] සහ සාම්ප්‍රදායික නිල් පැහැති ටයිල්වල චමත්කාරය රඳවා ගනී. යටත් විජිත යුගයේ සිට නගරයට පොහොසත් ඉතිහාසයක් සහ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයක් ඇත. මෑතකදී, එය අහස උසට නැඟුණු ගොඩනැගිලි උත්පාතයක් දුටුවේය. බෙලෙම් නගරය තුළ දක්නට ලැබෙන එම ගස් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාව නිසා එය ''බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන් කලාපයේ අගනගරය'' හෝ ''සිඩේඩ් දාස් මැන්ගුයිරාස්'' ( අඹ ගස් නගරය) ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ. බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් බොහෝ විට නගරය හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ''බෙලෙම්'' ලෙස නොව ''බෙලෙම් ඩෝ පැරා'' ("පැරාහි බෙලෙම්") ලෙසිනි, එය නගරය සඳහා පෙර නමක් වූ ''සැන්ටා මාරියා ඩි බෙලෙම් ඩෝ ග්‍රාඕ පැරා'' ("මහා පැරාහි බෙත්ලෙහෙමේ ශාන්ත මරියා") වෙත යොමු කිරීමක් වන අතර එය බ්‍රසීලයේ බෙලෙම් ලෙස හඳුන්වන අනෙකුත් නගර ගණනාවකින් මෙන්ම පලස්තීනයේ බටහිර ඉවුරේ බෙත්ලෙහෙම් නගරයෙන්ද වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීමට ද යොදා ගනී. එය ලිස්බන්හි සැන්ටා මාරියා ඩි බෙලෙම්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත, එහි කෙටි නම වන බෙලෙම් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ. බෙලෙම් නගරයට සේවය කරනු ලබන්නේ බෙලෙම් ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ වන අතර, එය නගරය බ්‍රසීලයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ, උතුරු ඇමරිකාවේ (එක්සත් ජනපදය) සහ යුරෝපයේ (ලිස්බන්) අනෙකුත් නගර සමඟ සම්බන්ධ කරයි. මෙම නගරය පාරා ෆෙඩරල් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සහ පාරා රාජ්‍ය විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය සඳහා ද නිවහන වේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:භින්න වූ භාහිර සබැඳි සහිත ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 පෘතුගීසි-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (pt)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 5pa0qnmb8u4stu3rvwg0838ol77g6ss 0 182297 750530 749885 2025-06-24T05:18:54Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ගොනුව:SaoPaulo_RM_ValedoParaibaeLitoralNorte.svg|thumb|300x300පික්| වේල් ඩො පරයිබා ඊ ලිටෝරල් නෝර්ටේ හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපයේ සිතියම]] '''වේල් ඩො පරයිබා ඊ ලිටෝරල් නෝර්ටේ හි මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් කලාපය''' ( {{Langx|pt|Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte}} ) යනු [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයේ]] [[සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තය, බ්‍රසීලය|සාඕ පවුලෝ]] ප්‍රාන්තයේ පරිපාලන අංශයකි. එය 2012 දී නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එය එහි නම ලබාගෙන ඇත්තේ පරායිබා නිම්නයෙන් සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ ප්‍රාන්තයේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයෙනි. එහි ආසනය කලාපයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ මහ නගර සභාව වන සාඕ ජෝස් ඩොස් කැම්පෝස් හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය පහත සඳහන් මහ නගර සභා වලින් සමන්විත වේ: <ref>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |title=Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte (RMVPLN) – PDUI-RMVPLN (Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte) |url=https://rmvpln.pdui.sp.gov.br/?page_id=127 |access-date=2024-07-03 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> {{Div col|colwidth=18em}}*[[අපරෙසිඩා]] *[[අරපේ]] *[[එරියස්]] *[[බනානාල්]] *[[කැකාපාවා]] *[[කැචෝයිරා පෝලිස්ටා]] *[[කැම්පෝස් ඩෝ ජෝර්ඩෝ]] *[[කැනස්]] *[[කරගුවාටූබා]] *[[කෘසීරෝ]] *[[කුන්හා]] *[[ගැරටින්ගටා]] *[[ඉගරටා]] *[[ඉල්හබෙලා]] *[[ජකරේ]] *[[ජම්බෙයිරෝ]] *[[ලගොයින්හා]] *[[ලැව්රින්හාස්]] *[[මිගෙලා]] *[[මොන්ටේරෝ ලොබටෝ]] *[[නාටිවිඩේ ද සෙරා]] *[[පරයිබුන]] *[[පිණ්ඩමොන්හංගබා]] *[[පිකට්]] *[[පොටිම්]] *[[ක්වෙලූස්]] *[[රෙඩෙන්සාඕ ඩා සේරා]] *[[රොසයිරා]] *[[සැන්ටා බ්‍රැන්කා]] *[[සැන්ටෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ දෝ පින්හාල්]] *[[සාඕ බෙන්ටෝ දෝ සපුකායි]] *[[සාඕ ජොසේ දෝ බැරෙයිරෝ]] *[[සාඕ ජෝස් ඩොස් කැම්පෝස්]] *[[සාඕ ලුයිස් දෝ පැරයිටින්ගා]] *[[සාඕ සෙබස්තියෝ]] *[[සිල්වේරාස්]] *[[ටවුබේ]] *[[ට්‍රෙමෙම්බේ]] *[[උබටුබා]]{{Div col end}} == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලයේ නගර]] 6njkjzefwuka08fpyghuk2sdtllyur2 0 182299 750529 750244 2025-06-24T05:15:54Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750529 wikitext text/x-wiki === මුල් ඉතිහාසය === [[File:Momia_cultura_chinchorro_año_3000_AC.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Momia_cultura_chinchorro_a%C3%B1o_3000_AC.jpg|වම|thumb|පැරණිතම චින්චොරෝ මමී, ක්‍රි.පූ. 5050 පමණ සිට පැවත එන්නකි.]] ගල් මෙවලම් සාක්ෂිවලින් පෙනී යන්නේ මිනිසුන් වසර 18,500 කට පෙර මොන්ටේ වර්ඩ් නිම්න ප්‍රදේශයට වරින් වර පැමිණි බවයි. වසර 10,000 කට පමණ පෙර, සංක්‍රමණික ආදිවාසී ජනයා වර්තමාන චිලීයේ සාරවත් නිම්න සහ වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල පදිංචි වූහ. ඉතා මුල් කාලීන මානව වාසස්ථානවලින් ජනාවාස වූ ස්ථාන අතර මොන්ටේ වර්ඩ්, කියුවා ඩෙල් මිලෝඩන් සහ පාලි-අයික් ආවාටයේ ලාවා නළය ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |author=Bower, Bruce |date=26 December 2015 |title=People roamed tip of South America 18,500 years ago |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510101040/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/people-roamed-tip-south-america-18500-years-ago |archive-date=10 May 2020 |access-date=26 December 2015 |work=Science News |pages=10}}</ref> ඉන්කාවරු කෙටියෙන් ඔවුන්ගේ අධිරාජ්‍යය දැන් උතුරු චිලී ලෙස ව්‍යාප්ත කළ නමුත්, මාපුචේ (හෝ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයන් විසින් ඔවුන් හැඳින්වූ පරිදි අරවුකානියානුවන්) රාජ්‍ය සංවිධානයක් නොමැතිකම නොතකා ඉන්කා අධිරාජ්‍යය ඔවුන් යටත් කර ගැනීමට ගත් බොහෝ උත්සාහයන්ට සාර්ථකව ප්‍රතිරෝධය දැක්වූහ.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27 |title=Insight Guides: Chile |publisher=Langenscheidt Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-981-234-890-6 |page=27 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221111313/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf8SnJ_ZJbkC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=21 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> ඔවුන් සාපා ඉන්කා ටුපාක් යුපන්කි සහ ඔහුගේ හමුදාවට එරෙහිව සටන් කළහ. මවුලේ සටන ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ලේ වැකි දින තුනක ගැටුමේ ප්‍රතිඵලය වූයේ චිලී ප්‍රදේශ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම මවුලේ ගඟේදී අවසන් වීමයි.<ref name="countrystudies">{{cite web |date=31 March 1994 |title=Development and Breakdown of Democracy, 1830–1973 |url=http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709014719/http://countrystudies.us/chile/85.htm |archive-date=9 July 2011 |access-date=21 April 2009 |work=Country Studies |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> === ස්පාඤ්ඤ යටත් විජිතකරණය === [[File:Captaincy_General_of_Chile,_1775.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captaincy_General_of_Chile,_1775.svg|thumb|චිලී ඉතිහාස ලේඛනයට අනුව 1775 දී චිලී රාජධානිය. ඊළඟ වසරේදී රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි උප රාජකීයත්වය නිර්මාණය කරන ලද අතර මෙන්ඩෝසා සහ සැන් ජුවාන් නගරවල භූමි ප්‍රදේශ චිලියේ සිට නව ආයතනයට මාරු කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Eyzaguirre, Jaime |title=Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile |date=1967 |publisher=Editorial Universitaria}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lagos Carmona |first1=Guillermo |title=Los Títulos Históricos: Historia de Las Fronteras de Chile |date=1985 |publisher=Andrés Bello |quote=(p. 197) We note that the Loa river is at 22 degrees and that Baleato, in 1793, indicated 21.5 degrees for the beginning of the Kingdom of Chile, with the Loa at its mouth in the Pacific. (...) (p. 540) According to the Map of Cano y Olmedilla, the limit of the Kingdom of Chile "(...) through the desert of Atacama (...) From here it turns to the S., S.E., S.E., and S., keeping in general this last course until near the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction. SE. and S., generally keeping this last course until the vicinity of the 29° parallel, from where it takes a S.E. direction, skirting to the east the 'Province of Cuyo' which, of course, appears to be included in the territory of the Kingdom of Chile. In the latitude of 32°30' the line turns to the S.W. until reaching the Quinto river, which, as the legend says 'communicates by channels with the Saladillo in time of floods'. It follows the river down to the meridian 316°, counting to the E. of Tenerife, where it turns a stretch until it reaches the Hueuque-Leuvu river (or Barrancas river) at 371/2° latitude. From here it runs along the river for a stretch to the S.E., and then turns to the E. and falls into the Atlantic Sea in the vicinity of parallel 37° between Cape Lobos and Cape Corrientes", "a little north of the current Mar del Plata". (...) (p. 543) In this document it is seen that those of the province of Cuyo end to the south at the source of the Diamante River, and that from that point to the east, the dividing line goes to the point where the Quinto River crosses the road that goes from Santiago to Buenos Aires.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Amunátegui |first1=Miguel Luis |url=https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/128/submission/proof/36/ |title=Títulos de la República de Chile a la soberanía i dominio de la Estremidad |date=1985 |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112070737/https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/128/submission/proof/36/ |archive-date=12 November 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Morla Vicuña |first1=Carlos |title=Estudio histórico sobre el descubrimiento y conquista de la Patagonia y de la Tierra del Fuego |date=1903 |publisher=F. A. Brockhaus |location=Leipzig}}</ref>]] 1520 දී, ලොව වටා ගමන් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන අතරතුර, ෆර්ඩිනන්ඩ් මැගෙලන් දැන් ඔහුගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇති දකුණු මාර්ගය (මැගෙලන් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය) සොයා ගත් අතර එමඟින් දැන් චිලී ලෙස හඳුන්වන ප්‍රදේශයට පා තැබූ පළමු යුරෝපීයයා බවට පත්විය. චිලී වෙත ළඟා වූ ඊළඟ යුරෝපීයයන් වූයේ 1535 දී පේරු සිට රත්තරන් සොයමින් පැමිණි ඩියාගෝ ද අල්මාග්‍රෝ සහ ඔහුගේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ආක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායමයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කප්පාදු කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සහ දඩයම් කිරීම තුළින් තමන්ට සහාය වූ විවිධ සංස්කෘතීන් හමු විය.<ref name="countrystudies" /> චිලී යටත් කර ගැනීම 1540 දී ඉතා උනන්දුවෙන් ආරම්භ වූ අතර එය 1541 පෙබරවාරි 12 වන දින සන්තියාගෝ නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ පිසාරෝගේ ලුතිනන්වරයෙකු වූ පෙඩ්‍රෝ ද වැල්ඩිවියා විසින් සිදු කරන ලදී. ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජාතිකයින්ට ඔවුන් සොයන පුළුල් රන් හා රිදී සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි වුවද, ඔවුන් චිලී මධ්‍යම නිම්නයේ කෘෂිකාර්මික විභවය හඳුනා ගත් අතර, චිලී ස්පාඤ්ඤ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="countrystudies" /> යටත් කර ගැනීම ක්‍රමයෙන් සිදු වූ අතර යුරෝපීයයන් නැවත නැවතත් පසුබෑමකට ලක් විය. 1553 දී ආරම්භ වූ දැවැන්ත මාපුචේ කැරැල්ලක ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස වැල්ඩිවියා මරණයට පත් වූ අතර යටත් විජිතයේ ප්‍රධාන ජනාවාස බොහොමයක් විනාශ විය. පසුව ඇති වූ ප්‍රධාන කැරලි 1598 සහ 1655 දී සිදු විය. මාපුචේ සහ අනෙකුත් ස්වදේශික කණ්ඩායම් කැරලි ගැසූ සෑම අවස්ථාවකම, ජනපදයේ දකුණු මායිම උතුරු දෙසට තල්ලු කරන ලදී. 1683 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤ කිරීටය විසින් වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීම සිදු කරන ලද්දේ මාපුචේ වහල්භාවයට පත් කිරීම ඔවුන් යටත් කර ගැනීමට බිය ගැන්වීමට වඩා ප්‍රතිරෝධය තීව්‍ර කළ බව පිළිගැනීමෙනි. රාජකීය තහනම් කිරීම් තිබියදීත්, අඛණ්ඩ යටත්විජිතවාදී මැදිහත්වීම් හේතුවෙන් සබඳතා පළුදු විය.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caivano |first=Tommaso |date=1 April 1882 |title=Storia della guerra d'America fra Chilì, il Perù e la Bolivia |url=http://archive.org/details/storiadellaguer00caivgoog |publisher=Ermanno Loescher |language=it |via=Internet Archive |place=Torino}}</ref> උතුරට කාන්තාරයෙන්, දකුණට මාපුචේ විසින්, නැගෙනහිරින් ඇන්ඩීස් කඳුවැටියෙන් සහ බටහිරින් සාගරයෙන් වෙන් කරන ලද චිලී, ස්පාඤ්ඤ ඇමරිකාවේ වඩාත්ම මධ්‍යගත, සමජාතීය භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් බවට පත්විය. එක්තරා ආකාරයක මායිම් බලකොටුවක් ලෙස සේවය කරමින්, මාපුචේ සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ යුරෝපීය සතුරන්, විශේෂයෙන් ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ලන්දේසීන් යන දෙපිරිසගේම ආක්‍රමණ වැළැක්වීමේ මෙහෙවර යටත් විජිතයට පැවරුණි. සර් ෆ්‍රැන්සිස් ඩ්‍රේක් 1578 දී යටත් විජිතයේ ප්‍රධාන වරාය වූ වල්පරයිසෝ වෙත කළ වැටලීමෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළ පරිදි, මාපුචේට අමතරව බුකනියර්වරුන් සහ මුහුදු කොල්ලකරුවන් ද යටත් විජිතයට තර්ජනය කළහ. චිලී රාජ්‍යය ඇමරිකාවේ විශාලතම ස්ථාවර හමුදාවන්ගෙන් එකකට සත්කාරකත්වය සැපයූ අතර, එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ දේපළවලින් වඩාත්ම මිලිටරිකරණය වූ එකක් බවට පත් කළ අතර, පේරු උපරාජයාගේ භාණ්ඩාගාරයට ද මුදල් වැය කළේය.<ref name="hudson">{{cite web |year=1995 |editor-last=Hudson |editor-first=Rex A. |title=Chile: A Country Study |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625213643/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cltoc.html |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=27 February 2005 |work=GPO for the Library of Congress}}</ref> [[File:Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg|වම|thumb|පේද්‍රෝ ලීරා විසින් 1888 දී හුලේන් හිල් හි පේද්‍රෝ ද වැල්ඩිවියා විසින් සන්තියාගෝ පිහිටුවීමේ සිතුවම]] පළමු සාමාන්‍ය සංගණනය 1777 සහ 1778 අතර කාලය තුළ අගස්ටින් ද ජෞරෙගුයිගේ රජය විසින් පවත්වන ලදී; එයින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ ජනගහනය 259,646 කින් සමන්විත වූ බවයි: යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති 73.5% ක්, මෙස්ටිසෝවරුන් 7.9% ක්, ආදිවාසී ජනතාව 8.6% ක් සහ කළු ජාතිකයින් 9.8% ක්. චිලෝ පළාතේ ආණ්ඩුකාර ෆ්‍රැන්සිස්කෝ හර්ටාඩෝ 1784 දී සංගණනයක් සිදු කළ අතර ජනගහනය 26,703 ක් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් 64.4% ක් සුදු ජාතිකයින් සහ 33.5% ක් ස්වදේශිකයන් බවයි. 1812 දී කොන්සෙප්සියොන් රදගුරු පදවිය විසින් මවුලේ ගඟට දකුණින් පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශවල සංගණනයක් සිදු කරන ලද නමුත්, ආදිවාසී ජනගහනය හෝ චිලෝ පළාතේ වැසියන් ඇතුළත් කර නොතිබුණි. ජනගහනය 210,567 ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් 86.1% ක් ස්පාඤ්ඤ හෝ යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වූ අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් 10% ක් ආදිවාසී වූ අතර 3.7% ක් මෙස්ටිසෝ, කළු සහ මුලටෝස් විය.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva Castro |first=Raúl |url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-8952.html |title=Censo de 1813 |date=1953 |publisher=Imprenta Chile |place=Santiago |page=370 |access-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818150256/https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-8952.html |archive-date=18 August 2024 |url-status=live |via=Biblioteca Nacional de Chile}}</ref> බැටන් සහ ලෝර්කා-ජානා විසින් කරන ලද 2021 අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ උතුරු යුරෝපීය සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් සාපේක්ෂව ඉහළ කොටසක් ඇති ප්‍රදේශ සංඛ්‍යාත්මකව වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වූ බවයි, සමස්ත සංක්‍රමණික සංඛ්‍යාව කුඩා වුවද. මෙම බලපෑම බාහිර සාධක සමඟ සම්බන්ධ විය හැකිය: අවට ජනගහනය කුඩා යුරෝපීය නොවන සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායමට සමාන හැසිරීමක් අනුගමනය කළ අතර නව පාසල් නිර්මාණය විය. උත්ප්‍රාසාත්මක ලෙස, සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විසින් කරන ලද අධ්‍යාපනික ආයෝජනයෙන් ධනාත්මක බලපෑම් ඇති වන්නට ඇත, ඒ සමඟම සංඛ්‍යාත්මකභාවය මෙම කලාපවල වැඩි අසමානතාවයෙන් අඩු වී තිබිය හැකිය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, සංක්‍රමණවල ධනාත්මක බලපෑම් පැහැදිලිවම ප්‍රබල විය.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Joerg|last2=Llorca-Jaña|first2=Manuel|date=2021|title=Inequality, Low-Intensity Immigration and Human Capital Formation in the Regions of Chile, 1820–1939|url=https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp8177.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Economics and Human Biology|volume=43|page=101030|doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101030|issn=1570-677X|pmid=34171763|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp8177.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|s2cid=219382958}}</ref> === නිදහස සහ ජාතිය ගොඩනැගීම === [[File:Ejercito_Libertador_cruce_de_Cordillera_de_los_andes.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ejercito_Libertador_cruce_de_Cordillera_de_los_andes.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ඩීස් තරණය කරන අතරතුර ජෙනරාල්වරුන් වන ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින් (වමේ) සහ බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් (දකුණේ)]] 1808 දී, නැපෝලියන් ඔහුගේ සහෝදර ජෝසප් ස්පාඤ්ඤ රජු ලෙස සිංහාසනාරූඪ කිරීමත් සමඟ චිලී ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් නිදහස ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා වූ උත්සාහය වේගවත් විය. බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලද රජුගේ උරුමක්කාරයා වන ෆර්ඩිනන්ඩ් නමින් ජාතික ජුන්ටාවක් 1810 සැප්තැම්බර් 18 වන දින පිහිටුවන ලදී. චිලී රජයේ ජුන්ටාව ස්පාඤ්ඤ රාජාණ්ඩුව තුළ චිලී සඳහා ස්වාධීන රජයක් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කළේය (මෙම දිනය සිහිපත් කිරීම සඳහා, චිලී සෑම වසරකම සැප්තැම්බර් 18 වන දින එහි ජාතික දිනය සමරයි). මෙම සිදුවීම් වලින් පසුව, හොසේ මිගෙල් කැරේරා (වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ දේශප්‍රේමීන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකු) සහ ඔහුගේ සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනා වන ජුවාන් ජෝස් සහ ලුයිස් කැරේරාගේ අණ යටතේ පූර්ණ නිදහස සඳහා වූ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ඉක්මනින්ම පුළුල් අනුගාමිකයින් පිරිසක් ලබා ගත්තේය. රෙකොන්ක්විස්ටා ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කාලය තුළ අත්තනෝමතික පාලනය නැවත පැනවීමට ස්පාඤ්ඤ උත්සාහයන් දිගු අරගලයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, කැරේරාගේ නායකත්වයට අභියෝග කළ බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස්ගේ අභ්‍යන්තර ගැටුම් ද ඊට හේතු විය. 1817 දක්වා කඩින් කඩ යුද්ධ පැවතුනි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කැරේරා සිරගතව සිටියදී, ඕ'හිගින්ස් සහ කැරේරා විරෝධී කණ්ඩායම, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නිදහස් යුද්ධයේ වීරයා වූ ජෝස් ද සැන් මාටින්, ඇන්ඩීස් හරහා චිලී වෙත හමුදාවක් මෙහෙයවූ අතර රාජකීයයන් පරාජය කළේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1818 පෙබරවාරි 12 වන දින චිලී ස්වාධීන ජනරජයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශපාලන කැරැල්ල සුළු සමාජ වෙනසක් ගෙන ආ අතර, 19 වන සියවසේ චිලී සමාජය පවුල් දේශපාලනය සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික පල්ලිය විසින් බෙහෙවින් බලපා ඇති ස්ථරීකෘත යටත් විජිත සමාජ ව්‍යුහයේ සාරය ආරක්ෂා කළේය. අවසානයේ ශක්තිමත් ජනාධිපති ධුරයක් මතු වූ නමුත් ධනවත් ඉඩම් හිමියන් බලවත්ව සිටියහ.<ref name="countrystudies" /> බර්නාඩෝ ඕ'හිගින්ස් වරක් පිලිපීනය ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් මුදාගෙන දූපත් ඇතුළත් කිරීමෙන් චිලී රාජ්‍යය පුළුල් කිරීමට සැලසුම් කළේය. මේ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ඔහු 1821 නොවැම්බර් 12 දිනැති ලිපියකින් ස්කොට්ලන්ත නාවික නිලධාරියෙකු වන ලෝඩ් තෝමස් කොක්රේන් වෙත ගුවායාකිල්, ගැලපගෝස් දූපත් සහ පිලිපීනය යටත් කර ගැනීමේ ඔහුගේ සැලැස්ම ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. සූදානම් කිරීම් තිබුණත්, ඕ'හිගින්ස් පිටුවහල් කළ නිසා සැලැස්ම ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ නැත.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines. 1898-1964 By Paula C. Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101151055/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ|date=1 November 2022}} (INTRODUCTION: Residual Intercolonial Intimacies across the "Hispanic" Pacific)</ref> [[File:Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg|thumb|1879 මැයි 21 වන දින ඉක්වික් සටන. පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයේදී චිලී ලැබූ ජයග්‍රහණය නව භූමි ප්‍රදේශ දක්වා ව්‍යාප්ත වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.]] චිලී සෙමෙන් තම බලපෑම පුළුල් කිරීමට සහ එහි දේශසීමා ස්ථාපිත කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ටැන්ටාකෝ ගිවිසුම මගින්, චිලෝ දූපත් සමූහය 1826 දී සංස්ථාගත කරන ලදී. චානාර්සිලෝ හි රිදී ලෝපස් සොයා ගැනීම සහ පේරු සමඟ පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ සමුද්‍රීය ආධිපත්‍යය පිළිබඳ ගැටුමකට තුඩු දුන් වැල්පරයිසෝ වරායේ වර්ධනය වන වෙළඳාම හේතුවෙන් ආර්ථිකය දියුණු වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඒ සමඟම, දකුණු චිලියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය ශක්තිමත් කිරීමට උත්සාහ කරන ලද අතර, 1848 දී අරවුකානියාවට විනිවිද යාම තීව්‍ර කර ලන්කිහු ජර්මානු සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සමඟ යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත් කරන ලදී. ජෝන් විලියම්ස් විල්සන්ගේ අණ යටතේ ෂූනර් ඇන්කුඩ් විසින් ෆෝට් බුල්ස් ආරම්භ කිරීමත් සමඟ, 1843 දී මැගලන්ස් කලාපය රට විසින් පාලනය කිරීමට පටන් ගත් අතර, එවකට බොලිවියාව සමඟ ආරවුලක් ඇති ඇන්ටොෆගස්ටා කලාපය මිනිසුන්ගෙන් පිරී යාමට පටන් ගත්තේය. 1829–1830 චිලී සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, ජෝකින් ප්‍රීටෝ පරිපාලනය යටතේ කොන්සර්වේටිව්වරුන් ජයග්‍රහණය කළ 1833 චිලී ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව ලියා ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ත්‍රිත්ව අමාත්‍ය ඩියාගෝ පෝටේල්ස්ගේ ඉහළ බලපෑමෙනි. 1850 ගණන්වල චිලීහි තවත් සිවිල් යුද්ධ දෙකක් සිදු විය, එකක් 1851 දී සහ අනෙක 1859 දී. [[File:Territorial_losses_of_the_Republic_of_Chile_de_jure.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Territorial_losses_of_the_Republic_of_Chile_de_jure.svg|thumb|468x468පික්|චිලී ඉතිහාස ලේඛනයට අනුව චිලී ජනරජයේ භෞමික පාඩු (නීතිය අනුව)<ref name="Eyzaguirre">{{cite book |author1=Eyzaguirre, Jaime |title=Breve historia de las fronteras de Chile |date=1967 |publisher=Editorial Universitaria |language=es}}</ref>]]19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, සන්තියාගෝහි රජය අරවුකානියා අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් දකුණේ සිය ස්ථානය තහවුරු කර ගත්තේය. 1881 දී චිලී සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර මායිම් ගිවිසුම මගින් මැගෙලන් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය පිළිබඳ චිලී ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරන ලද අතර, 1842 දී ආරම්භ වූ ආරවුලකින් පසු නැගෙනහිර පැටගෝනියාවේ ඉතිරි කොටසෙහි තම හිමිකම් අත්හැරීමට ද රට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="PatagoniaAustral">{{cite book |author=Mateo Martinic Beros |url=https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-10386.html |title=Presencia de Chile en la Patagonia austral 1843 – 1879 |date=1971 |publisher=Editorial Andrés Bello |language=es |access-date=December 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331010856/https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-10386.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> පේරු සහ බොලිවියාව සමඟ පැවති පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයේ (1879–83) ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, චිලී රාජ්‍යය තම භූමි ප්‍රදේශය උතුරු දෙසට තුනෙන් එකකින් පමණ පුළුල් කළ අතර, බොලිවියාවේ පැසිෆික් කලාපයට ප්‍රවේශය ඉවත් කළ අතර, වටිනා නයිට්‍රේට් නිධි අත්පත් කර ගත් අතර, එය සූරාකෑම ජාතික සමෘද්ධිමත් යුගයකට මඟ පෑදීය. 1870 වන විට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළ ආදායම් ලබන රටවලින් එකක් ලෙස චිලී රාජ්‍යයට එක් විය.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baten |first1=Jörg |author-link=Jörg Baten |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107507180 |page=137}}</ref> 1888 සැප්තැම්බර් 9 වන දින, ටහිටි රදගුරු මොන්සිග්නෝර් ජෝසේ මාරියා වර්ඩියර්ගේ උත්සාහයට ස්තූතිවන්ත වන්නට, ප්‍රාදේශීය රජු සමඟ අන්‍යෝන්‍ය කැමැත්ත ගිවිසුමක් අත්සන් කිරීමෙන් චිලී රාජ්‍යය පාස්කු දූපත අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. වහල් වෙළෙන්දන් විසින් දිවයින නිරන්තරයෙන් ප්‍රහාර එල්ල කරන ලදී. නාවික නිලධාරි පොලිකාර්පෝ ටෝරෝ චිලී රජය නියෝජනය කළ අතර අටමු ටෙකේනා රපානුයි කවුන්සිලයේ ප්‍රධානියා විය. රාපා නුයි වැඩිහිටියන් ඔවුන්ගේ ප්‍රධානීන් ලෙස ඔවුන්ගේ පදවි නාම, ඔවුන්ගේ ඉඩම්වල අයිතිය, ඔවුන්ගේ සංස්කෘතියේ සහ සම්ප්‍රදායන්ගේ වලංගුභාවය සමාන කොන්දේසි මත අත් නොහරිමින් ස්වෛරීභාවය අත්හැරියහ. රාපා නුයිවරු කිසිවක් විකුණා දැමූ අතර චිලී රාජ්‍යයට සමාන කොන්දේසි යටතේ ඒකාබද්ධ කරන ලදී.<ref name="historia">{{Cite web |title=Historia de la Isla de Pascua: Su Incorporación y Su Conflicto Con La Williamson & Balfour. Daños Patrimoniales, Pretensiones Internacionales e Independentismos |url=http://www.soberaniachile.cl/historia_de_la_incorporacion_y_las_controversias_de_la_isla_de_pascua.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321015938/http://www.soberaniachile.cl/historia_de_la_incorporacion_y_las_controversias_de_la_isla_de_pascua.html |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=26 January 2024}}</ref> 1891 චිලී සිවිල් යුද්ධය ජනාධිපතිවරයා සහ කොංග්‍රසය අතර බලය නැවත බෙදා හැරීමක් සිදු කළ අතර, චිලී පාර්ලිමේන්තු විලාසිතාවේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයක් ස්ථාපිත කළේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, සිවිල් යුද්ධය දේශීය කර්මාන්ත සහ බලගතු චිලී බැංකු අවශ්‍යතා සංවර්ධනයට කැමති අය අතර තරඟයක් ද විය, විශේෂයෙන් විදේශීය ආයෝජකයින් සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සබඳතා තිබූ එඩ්වර්ඩ්ස් නිවස. වැඩි කල් නොගොස්, උත්සන්න වන භූ දේශපාලනික තරඟකාරිත්වය සහ පූනා ද අටකාමා ආරවුල මධ්‍යයේ රට ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ ඉතා මිල අධික නාවික අවි තරඟයක නිරත විය. පේරු සහ බොලිවියාවට එරෙහි පැසිෆික් යුද්ධයේ (1879–1883) ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස චිලී රටවල් දෙකෙන්ම සම්පත් බහුල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ඈඳා ගැනීමට සහ කලාපීය බලවතෙකු ලෙස එහි තත්ත්වය තවදුරටත් තහවුරු කර ගැනීමට හේතු විය. පසුව එය ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ නාවික බලවතෙකු ලෙස මතු වූ අතර, 1885 පැනමා අර්බුදයට එක්සත් ජනපද මැදිහත්වීමට විරෝධය දැක්වීමට නැවක් පවා යැවීය. චිලී බටහිර අර්ධගෝලයේ එක්සත් ජනපද ආධිපත්‍යයට තර්ජනය කළ හැකි අතර, 1891 දී බැල්ටිමෝර් අර්බුදය අතරතුර රටවල් දෙක යුද්ධයට ආසන්න විය.<ref name="sater">William Sater, ''Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict'', Athens, GA; University of Georgia Press, {{ISBN|0-8203-1249-5}} p.51</ref> === 20 වන සියවස === [[File:Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chilean_battleship_Almirante_Latorre.jpg|වම|thumb|1921 දී චිලියේ අල්මිරන්ට් ලැටෝරේ ඩ්‍රෙඩ්නෝට්]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී චිලී රාජ්‍යය තම භූමිය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම තහවුරු කර දිගුකාලීන රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සහ භෞමික ආරවුල් විසඳා ගත්තේය. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ එහි වත්මන් දේශසීමා 1902 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බේරුම්කරණය හරහා සහ ඊළඟ වසරේ පූනා ද ඇටකාමා ආරවුල ද්විපාර්ශ්විකව විසඳා ගැනීම හරහා අවසන් කරන ලදී. 1904 දී චිලී සහ බොලිවියාව සාමය සහ මිත්‍රත්වය පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමක් අත්සන් කළ අතර එමඟින් රටවල් දෙකම අතර දේශසීමාව පැහැදිලි විය. චිලී ආර්ථිකය අර්ධ වශයෙන් පාලක කතිපයාධිකාරයේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කරන පද්ධතියක් බවට පිරිහී ගියේය. 1920 ගණන් වන විට, නැගී එන මධ්‍යම සහ කම්කරු පන්ති, ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවාදී ජනාධිපතිවරයෙකු වන ආටුරෝ ඇලෙසැන්ඩ්‍රි තෝරා පත් කර ගැනීමට තරම් බලවත් වූ අතර, ඔහුගේ වැඩසටහන ගතානුගතික සම්මේලනයකින් කලකිරීමට පත් විය. 1920 ගණන්වලදී, ශක්තිමත් මහජන සහයෝගයක් ඇති මාක්ස්වාදී කණ්ඩායම් මතු විය.<ref name="countrystudies" /> 1924 දී ජෙනරාල් ලුයිස් අල්ටමිරානෝ විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් 1932 දක්වා පැවති දේශපාලන අස්ථාවරත්වයේ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් ආරම්භ කළේය. එම කාලය තුළ බලය දැරූ ආණ්ඩු දහයෙන්, දීර්ඝතම කාලය වූයේ 1925 දී තථ්‍ය ඒකාධිපතියෙකු ලෙස කෙටි කාලයක් පාලනය කළ ජෙනරාල් කාලෝස් ඉබානෙස් ඩෙල් කැම්පෝගේ ආණ්ඩු වන අතර පසුව 1927 සහ 1931 අතර කාලය තුළ නැවත පාලනය කළේය. මෙම ඒකාධිපති ආණ්ඩු ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ වෙනත් තැන්වල සගයන්ට වඩා සාපේක්ෂව අඩු රළු සහ දූෂිත විය.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fowler |first=Will |title=Authoritarianism in Latin America since independence |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-313-29843-2 |location=University of Virginia |pages=30–96}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frazier |first=Lessie Jo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163 |title=Salt in the Sand: Memory, Violence, and the Nation-State in Chile, 1890 to the Present |date=17 July 2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4003-4 |pages=163–184 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020445/https://books.google.com/books?id=gQU-GYGeVSEC&pg=PA163#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීව තේරී පත් වූ අනුප්‍රාප්තිකයෙකුට බලය අත්හැරීමෙන්, ඉබානෙස් ඩෙල් කැම්පෝ ඔහුගේ දෘෂ්ටිවාදයේ නොපැහැදිලි සහ වෙනස් වන ස්වභාවය තිබියදීත්, වසර තිහකට වැඩි කාලයක් ශක්‍ය දේශපාලනඥයෙකු ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට තරම් විශාල ජනගහනයක කොටසකගේ ගෞරවය රඳවා ගත්තේය. 1932 දී ව්‍යවස්ථාමය පාලනය ප්‍රතිෂ්ඨාපනය කරන විට, ශක්තිමත් මධ්‍යම පාන්තික පක්ෂයක් වන රැඩිකල් පක්ෂය මතු විය. එය ඉදිරි වසර 20 සඳහා සන්ධාන ආණ්ඩු වල ප්‍රධාන බලවේගය බවට පත්විය. රැඩිකල් පක්ෂ ආධිපත්‍යයේ (1932–52) කාලය තුළ, රාජ්‍යය ආර්ථිකය තුළ එහි භූමිකාව වැඩි කළේය. 1952 දී, ඡන්දදායකයින් ඉබානෙස් ඩෙල් කැම්පෝව තවත් වසර හයක් සඳහා නැවත බලයට පත් කළහ. 1958 දී ජෝර්ජ් ඇලෙසැන්ඩ්‍රි ඉබානෙස් ඩෙල් කැම්පෝගෙන් පසු චිලී ගතානුගතිකවාදය තවත් වාරයක් සඳහා ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීව බලයට ගෙන ආවේය. 1964 දී ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එඩුවාඩෝ ෆ්‍රෙයි මොන්ටල්වාගේ ජනාධිපතිවරණ ඡන්ද විමසීමෙන් ප්‍රධාන ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කාල පරිච්ඡේදයක් ආරම්භ විය. "නිදහසේ විප්ලවය" යන සටන් පාඨය යටතේ, ෆ්‍රෙයි පරිපාලනය කෘෂිකාර්මික සේවකයින්ගේ ග්‍රාමීය වෘත්තීය සමිතිකරණය ඇතුළුව, විශේෂයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නිවාස සහ කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණවල දුරදිග යන සමාජ හා ආර්ථික වැඩසටහන් ආරම්භ කළේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1967 වන විට, ෆ්‍රෙයිට ඔහුගේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රමාණවත් නොවන බවට චෝදනා කළ වාමාංශිකයින්ගෙන් සහ ඒවා අධික ලෙස සැලකූ කොන්සර්වේටිව්වරුන්ගෙන් වැඩිවන විරෝධයට මුහුණ දීමට සිදු විය. ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය අවසානයේ, ෆ්‍රෙයි තම පක්ෂයේ අභිලාෂකාමී ඉලක්ක සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම සාක්ෂාත් කර ගෙන නොතිබුණි.<ref name="countrystudies" />[[File:Salvador_Allende_Gossens-.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_Allende_Gossens-.jpg|thumb|සැල්වදෝර් අයියන්ඩේ]] 1970 මැතිවරණයේදී, චිලී සමාජවාදී පක්ෂයේ (එවකට කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදීන්, රැඩිකල්වාදීන්, සමාජ-ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීන්, විරුද්ධ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීන්, ජනප්‍රිය ඒකීය ක්‍රියාකාරී ව්‍යාපාරය සහ ස්වාධීන ජනප්‍රිය ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ඇතුළත් "ජනප්‍රිය එක්සත්" සන්ධානයේ කොටසක්) සෙනෙට් සභික සැල්වදෝර් ඇලෙන්ඩේ,<ref name="countrystudies" /> ත්‍රි-මාර්ග තරඟයකින් බහුතර ඡන්ද සංඛ්‍යාවකින් අර්ධ බහුතරයක් ලබා ගත් අතර, පසුව ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පක්ෂය සඳහා අපේක්ෂකයින් වන රඩොමිරෝ ටොමික් සහ කොන්සර්වේටිව් පක්ෂය සඳහා ජෝර්ජ් ඇලෙසැන්ඩ්‍රි තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. ඇලෙන්ඩේ නිරපේක්ෂ බහුතරයකින් තේරී පත් නොවූ අතර, ඡන්දවලින් 35% කටත් වඩා අඩු ප්‍රමාණයක් ලබා ගත්තේය. චිලී කොංග්‍රසය ප්‍රමුඛ අපේක්ෂකයින් වන ඇලෙන්ඩේ සහ හිටපු ජනාධිපති ජෝර්ජ් ඇලෙසැන්ඩ්‍රි අතර දෙවන වටයේ ඡන්දයක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුකූලව, 153 සිට 35 දක්වා ඡන්දයකින් ඇලෙන්ඩේ තෝරා ගත්තේය. ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදීන් කම්කරු පක්ෂයක් වන අතර දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් සමඟ පොදු හේතුවක් ඇති කර ගත නොහැකි බව යන පදනම මත ඇලෙන්ඩේට විරුද්ධ වීමට ඇලෙසැන්ඩ්‍රි සමඟ සන්ධානයක් ඇති කර ගැනීම ෆ්‍රේ ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළේය.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mares |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145 |title=The United States and Chile: Coming in from the Cold |author2=Francisco Rojas Aravena |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-93125-0 |page=145 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020509/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y3EWkKZsYcC&pg=PA145 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Trento |first=Joseph J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560 |title=The Secret History of the CIA |publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7867-1500-8 |page=560 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319065032/http://books.google.com/books?id=3uPBM7z_62gC&pg=PA560 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1972 දී ආරම්භ වූ ආර්ථික අවපාතයක්, ඇලෙන්ඩේගේ සමාජවාදී වැඩසටහනට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් ප්‍රාග්ධනය ඉවත් කිරීම, පෞද්ගලික ආයෝජන පහත වැටීම සහ බැංකු තැන්පතු ඉවත් කර ගැනීම මගින් උග්‍ර විය. නිෂ්පාදනය පහත වැටුණු අතර විරැකියාව ඉහළ ගියේය. පාරිභෝගික වියදම් වැඩි කිරීමට සහ ආදායම පහළට බෙදා හැරීම සඳහා ඇලෙන්ඩේ මිල කැටි කිරීම්, වැටුප් වැඩිවීම් සහ බදු ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ඇතුළු පියවර අනුගමනය කළේය.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lois Hecht Oppenheim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52 |title=Politics in Chile: Socialism, Authoritarianism, and Market Democracy |publisher=Westview Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7867-3426-9 |page=52 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020433/https://books.google.com/books?id=99ZLX52z_noC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ඒකාබද්ධ රාජ්‍ය-පෞද්ගලික පොදු වැඩ ව්‍යාපෘති විරැකියාව අඩු කිරීමට උපකාරී විය.<ref name="De Vylder">{{cite book |last=De Vylder |first=Stefan |title=Allende's Chile: The Political Economy of the Rise and Fall of the Unidad Popular |date=5 March 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-10757-0}}</ref> බැංකු අංශයේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ ජනසතු කරන ලදී. තඹ, ගල් අඟුරු, යකඩ, නයිට්‍රේට් සහ වානේ කර්මාන්ත තුළ බොහෝ ව්‍යවසායන් අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ජනසතු කිරීම හෝ රාජ්‍ය මැදිහත්වීමට ලක් කිරීම. ඇලෙන්ඩේ පරිපාලනයේ පළමු වසර තුළ කාර්මික නිෂ්පාදනය තියුනු ලෙස වැඩි වූ අතර විරැකියාව පහත වැටුණි.<ref name="De Vylder" /> ඇලෙන්ඩේගේ වැඩසටහනට කම්කරුවන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතා ප්‍රවර්ධනය කිරීම,<ref name="De Vylder" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Allende wins the elections: first coup attempt |url=http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080107150857/http://grace.evergreen.edu/~arunc/texts/chile/torre/Allende.html |archive-date=7 January 2008 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Grace.evergreen.edu}}</ref> අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය "සමාජවාදී නීත්‍යානුකූලභාවය" සමඟ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම,<ref name="friedman368">{{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367 |title=The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War |date=1 March 2007 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-287-4 |pages=367–368 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020229/https://books.google.com/books?id=0CIXLdxhQMAC&pg=PA367 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> බැංකු ජනසතු කිරීම සහ අනෙක් අය බංකොලොත්භාවයට බල කිරීම,<ref name="friedman368" /> සහ MIR ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන "ජනප්‍රිය මිලීෂියා" ශක්තිමත් කිරීම ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name="friedman368" /> හිටපු ජනාධිපති ෆ්‍රෙයි යටතේ ආරම්භ කරන ලද පොපියුලර් යුනිටි වේදිකාව, ව්‍යවස්ථා සංශෝධනයක් ආකාරයෙන් චිලියේ ප්‍රධාන තඹ පතල් ජනසතු කිරීම සඳහා ද ඉල්ලා සිටියේය. මෙම පියවර කොංග්‍රසය විසින් ඒකමතිකව සම්මත කරන ලදී. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස,<ref>{{cite book |last=Qureshi |first=Lubna Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86 |title=Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7391-2655-4 |pages=86–97 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020042/https://books.google.com/books?id=alISgQdNY4kC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> රිචඩ් නික්සන් පරිපාලනය ඇලෙන්ඩේගේ රජය ඉක්මනින් අස්ථාවර කිරීම සඳහා චිලීයේ රහස් ක්‍රියාකාරීන් සංවිධානය කර ඇතුළත් කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report on CIA Chilean Task Force activities |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211203442/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/ch01-01.htm |archive-date=11 February 2010 |access-date=11 March 2010 |work=Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970–1976 |publisher=The National Security Archive: Electronic Briefing Books (George Washington University)}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් ජනපද මූල්‍ය පීඩනය චිලීට ජාත්‍යන්තර ආර්ථික ණය සීමා කළේය.<ref name="fas.org">{{cite web |title=Covert Action In Chile 1963–1973, Staff Report Of The Select Committee To Study Governmental Operations With Respect To Intelligence Activities |url=https://fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003144646/http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/policy/church-chile.htm |archive-date=3 October 2009 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> ඇලෙන්ඩේගේ රාජ්‍ය වියදම්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මුදල් මුද්‍රණය කිරීම හරහා මූල්‍යකරණය කිරීම සහ වාණිජ බැංකු විසින් ලබා දුන් දුර්වල ණය ශ්‍රේණිගත කිරීම් මගින් ආර්ථික ගැටලු තවත් උග්‍ර විය.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|title=Tightening the Belt|date=7 August 1972|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022175928/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,879153,00.html|archive-date=22 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ඒ සමඟම, විපක්ෂ මාධ්‍ය, දේශපාලනඥයින්, ව්‍යාපාරික සංසද සහ අනෙකුත් සංවිධාන දේශීය දේශපාලන හා ආර්ථික අස්ථාවර කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාරයක් වේගවත් කිරීමට උපකාරී වූ අතර, ඉන් සමහරක් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ සහාය ලැබීය.<ref name="fas.org" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Equipo Nizkor – CIA Activities in Chile – September 18, 2000 |url=http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513083911/http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/chile/doc/hinchey.html |archive-date=13 May 2008 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Derechos.org}}</ref> 1973 මුල් භාගය වන විට, උද්ධමනය පාලනයෙන් තොර විය. 1973 මැයි 26 වන දින, ඇලෙන්ඩේගේ රජයට විරුද්ධ වූ චිලීයේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය, ඇලෙන්ඩේ ජාතියේ නීත්‍යානුකූලභාවය කඩාකප්පල් කිරීම ඒකමතිකව හෙළා දුටුවේය. චිලී ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ නීති විරෝධී වුවද, අධිකරණය ඉක්මනින් බලය අල්ලා ගැනීමට පිනෝචේට සහාය දුන් අතර එය ශක්තිමත් කළේය.<ref name="friedman368" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Transition to Democracy in Latin America: The Role of the judiciary |url=http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence(5).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819213445/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/rightdegree_independence%285%29.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2013 |publisher=Yale University}}</ref> ==== පිනොචේ යුගය (1973–1990) ==== [[File:Golpe_de_Estado_1973.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golpe_de_Estado_1973.jpg|වම|thumb|1973 චිලී කුමන්ත්‍රණය අතරතුර ලා මොනේඩා ජනාධිපති මන්දිරයට බෝම්බ හෙලන ප්‍රහාරක ජෙට් යානා]] 1973 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණයකින් ඇලෙන්ඩේ බලයෙන් පහ කරන ලද අතර, සන්නද්ධ හමුදා ජනාධිපති මන්දිරයට බෝම්බ හෙලීමේදී ඔහු සියදිවි නසා ගත් බව පෙනේ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soto |first=Óscar |title=El último día de Salvador Allende |publisher=Aguilar |year=1999 |isbn=978-956-239-084-2}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahumada |first=Eugeno |title=Chile: La memoria prohibida}}{{page needed|date=July 2013}}</ref> එක්සත් ජනපදය කුමන්ත්‍රණයට සම්බන්ධ වූ ප්‍රමාණය තවමත් විවාදයට භාජනය වී ඇත; ඇලෙන්ඩේ බලයෙන් පහ කිරීමෙන් පසුව, එක්සත් ජනපද රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් හෙන්රි කිසිංගර් එක්සත් ජනපද ජනාධිපති රිචඩ් නික්සන්ට පැවසුවේ එක්සත් ජනපදය කුමන්ත්‍රණයට වක්‍රව "උදව්" කළ බවයි.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=Kissinger and Chile: the Declassified Record |url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917045957/http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB437/ |archive-date=17 September 2013 |access-date=16 September 2013 |publisher=The National Security Archive}}</ref> ඉතිහාසඥ සෙබස්තියන් හර්ටාඩෝ තර්ක කරන්නේ එක්සත් ජනපද රජය කුමන්ත්‍රණය සම්බන්ධීකරණය හා ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ක්‍රියාකාරීව සම්බන්ධ වූ බවට සහාය දැක්වීමට කිසිදු ලේඛනමය සාක්ෂියක් නොමැති බවයි; කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1970 දී ඇලෙන්ඩේ තේරී පත්වීමේදී, කිසිංගර් ප්‍රකාශ කර තිබුණේ "තමන්ගේම ජනතාවගේ වගකීම් විරහිතභාවය නිසා රටක් කොමියුනිස්ට් වීම බලා සිටීමට අපට අවශ්‍ය ඇයි කියා මට නොපෙනේ" යනුවෙනි,<ref name="k745">{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Anthony |date=1975-02-27 |title=The Kissinger Doctrine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/27/archives/the-kissinger-doctrine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912084418/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/27/archives/the-kissinger-doctrine.html |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Hurtado">{{cite web |author1=Juan Paulo Iglesias |date=25 August 2023 |title=Sebastián Hurtado, historiador: "Estados Unidos no tuvo participación directa en el Golpe, pero sí quería que Allende cayera" |url=https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912221446/https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-sabado/noticia/sebastian-hurtado-historiador-estados-unidos-no-tuvo-participacion-directa-en-el-golpe-pero-si-queria-que-allende-cayera/3UXITS4IUNB3RPPB57ILMYDO64/ |archive-date=12 September 2024 |access-date=12 January 2025 |publisher=La Tercera |language=es}}</ref> නික්සන් ප්‍රකාශ කර තිබුණේ ඇලෙන්ඩේ රජය ඒකාබද්ධ නොකළ යුතු බවත් ඔහුගේ රජය අස්ථාවර කිරීමට තීරණාත්මකව ක්‍රියා කළ යුතු බවත්ය.<ref name="Hurtado" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hurtado|first1=Sebastián|date=10 October 2016|title=Chile y Estados Unidos, 1964-1973. Una nueva mirada|journal=Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos|language=es|doi=10.4000/nuevomundo.69698|doi-access=free}}</ref> ජෙනරාල් ඔගස්ටෝ පිනෝචෙට්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් යුත් හමුදා ජුන්ටාවක් රට පාලනය කළේය. ඔහුගේ පාලනය පුළුල් මානව හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනයන්ගෙන් සලකුණු විය. චිලී රාජ්‍යය වාමාංශිකයන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ හිතවතුන් මර්දනය කිරීම සඳහා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ පිටුබලය ලත් මෙහෙයුමක් වන ඔපරේෂන් කොන්ඩෝර් ආරම්භ කර ක්‍රියාකාරීව සහභාගී විය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dinges |first1=John |title=Operation Condor |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chile/operation-condor.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722031734/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chile/operation-condor.htm |archive-date=22 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=latinamericanstudies.org |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> 1973 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී, කැරවාන් ඔෆ් ඩෙත් විසින් අවම වශයෙන් පුද්ගලයින් 72 දෙනෙකු ඝාතනය කරන ලදී.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|title=Flashback: Caravan of Death|date=25 July 2000|work=BBC|access-date=11 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226211503/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/850932.stm|archive-date=26 February 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> රෙටිග් වාර්තාව සහ වැලෙක් කොමිසමට අනුව, පිනොචෙට් පාලන සමයේ වසර 15 ක පාලන සමයේදී අවම වශයෙන් 2,115 ක් ඝාතනය කරන ලද අතර,<ref>{{cite web |author=Ministerio del Interior |date=3 August 1999 |title=Ministerio del Interior, Programa de Derechos Humanos – ddhh_rettig |url=http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223174254/http://www.ddhh.gov.cl/ddhh_rettig.html |archive-date=23 December 2009 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=Ddhh.gov.cl}}</ref> අවම වශයෙන් 27,265 ක්<ref name="sintesis">{{cite web |title=Sintesis Ok |url=http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727031254/http://www.comisionprisionpoliticaytortura.cl/filesapp/Sintesis.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2007 |access-date=17 December 2009}}</ref> වධ හිංසාවලට ලක් කරන ලදී (වයස අවුරුදු 12 ට අඩු ළමුන් 88 ක් ඇතුළුව);<ref name="sintesis" /> බොහෝ දෙනෙකු රඳවා තබා ගැනීම, වධහිංසා පැමිණවීම සහ ජාතික ක්‍රීඩාංගනයේදී මරණ දඬුවම නියම කරන ලදී. 2011 දී, චිලී රාජ්‍යය තවත් වින්දිතයින් 9,800 ක් හඳුනා ගත් අතර, දේශපාලන හේතූන් මත මරා දැමූ, වධහිංසා පමුණුවන ලද හෝ සිරගත කරන ලද මුළු සංඛ්‍යාව 40,018 දක්වා ගෙන ආවේය.<ref>Eva Vergara (18 August 2015). [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html Chile Recognizes 9,800 More Pinochet Victims] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220056/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/18/chile-recognizes-9800-more-pinochet-victims_n_930754.html|date=31 December 2015}}. ''The Associated Press'' via ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved 25 August 2015.</ref> වින්දිතයින් අතර ජාත්‍යන්තරව ප්‍රසිද්ධ කවියෙකු-ගායකයෙකු වන වික්ටර් ජාරා ද විය.[[File:Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial_coloreada.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Augusto_Pinochet_foto_oficial_coloreada.jpg|thumb|ඔගස්ටෝ පිනෝචෙට්]] 1980 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින මතභේදාත්මක ජනමත විචාරණයක් මගින් නව ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් අනුමත කරන ලද අතර, ජෙනරාල් පිනොචෙට් වසර අටක කාලයක් සඳහා ජනරජයේ ජනාධිපති බවට පත්විය. පිනෝචෙට් රටේ පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමෙන් පසු, කැපවූ චිලී විප්ලවවාදීන් සිය ගණනක් නිකරගුවාවේ සැන්ඩිනිස්ටා හමුදාවට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ගරිල්ලා හමුදාවන්ට හෝ කියුබාවේ, නැගෙනහිර යුරෝපයේ සහ උතුරු අප්‍රිකාවේ පුහුණු කඳවුරුවලට සම්බන්ධ වූහ.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Pamela Constable |author-link=Pamela Constable |url=https://archive.org/details/nationofenemiesc00cons |title=A Nation of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet |author2=Arturo Valenzuela |author2-link=Arturo Valenzuela |publisher=W W Norton & Company Incorporated |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-393-30985-0 |page=150}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, 1982 ආර්ථික බිඳවැටීම<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Naomi |author-link=Naomi Klein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85 |title=The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism |date=1 April 2010 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company (2007) |isbn=978-1-4299-1948-7 |page=85 |access-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020106/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA85#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> සහ 1983-88 දී ඇති වූ මහජන සිවිල් ප්‍රතිරෝධය වැනි සිදුවීම්වල ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, රජය ක්‍රමයෙන් එකලස් කිරීමේ, කතා කිරීමේ සහ සංගමයේ වැඩි නිදහසක් ලබා දුන්නේය. වෘත්තීය සමිති සහ දේශපාලන ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඇතුළත් කිරීමට.<ref>{{cite book |last=Huneeus |first=Carlos |author-link=Carlos Huneeus |title=Civil Resistance and Power Politics:The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present |date=3 September 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-161917-5 |editor1=Adam Roberts |pages=197–212 |chapter=Political Mass Mobilization against Authoritarian Rule: Pinochet's Chile, 1983–88 |access-date=14 July 2013 |editor2=Timothy Garton Ash |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129020252/https://books.google.com/books?id=zD_S8Y2WbRsC&pg=PT168#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=29 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> හර්නාන් බුචි මුදල් අමාත්‍යවරයා ලෙස කටයුතු කිරීමත් සමඟ රජය වෙළඳපොළ නැඹුරු ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ දියත් කළේය. චිලී නිදහස් වෙළඳපොල ආර්ථිකයක් කරා ගමන් කළ අතර එමඟින් දේශීය හා විදේශීය පෞද්ගලික ආයෝජනවල වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබුණි, නමුත් තඹ කර්මාන්තය සහ අනෙකුත් වැදගත් ඛනිජ සම්පත් තරඟකාරිත්වයට විවෘත නොවීය. 1988 ඔක්තෝබර් 5 වන දින පැවති ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, පිනෝචෙට්ට ජනාධිපති ධුරයේ දෙවන වසර අටක ධුර කාලයක් (44% ට එරෙහිව 56%) අහිමි විය. 1989 දෙසැම්බර් 14 වන දින චිලී ජාතිකයන් නව ජනාධිපතිවරයෙකු සහ ද්වි මණ්ඩල සම්මේලනයක සාමාජිකයින්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් තෝරා පත් කර ගත්හ. Concertación නමින් හැඳින්වෙන දේශපාලන පක්ෂ 17 ක සන්ධානයක අපේක්ෂකයෙකු වූ ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පැට්‍රිෂියෝ අයිල්වින්, ඡන්දවලින් නිරපේක්ෂ බහුතර (55%) ලබා ගත්තේය.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/world/man-in-the-news-patricio-aylwin-a-moderate-leads-chile.html|title=Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile|last=Christian|first=Shirley|date=16 December 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729012944/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/16/world/man-in-the-news-patricio-aylwin-a-moderate-leads-chile.html|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ජනාධිපති අයිල්වින් 1990 සිට 1994 දක්වා සේවය කළ අතර එය සංක්‍රාන්ති කාලයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. === 21 වන සියවස === [[File:Izamiento_de_la_Gran_Bandera_Nacional_-_Presidentes_de_Chile.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Izamiento_de_la_Gran_Bandera_Nacional_-_Presidentes_de_Chile.jpg|වම|thumb|චිලී රාජ්‍යයේ ද්විශත සංවත්සරය සමරමින්, එහි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදයට සංක්‍රමණය වීමෙන් පසු (1990–2022) චිලී රාජ්‍යයේ පළමු ජනාධිපතිවරුන් පස් දෙනා]] 1993 දෙසැම්බරයේදී, පෙර ජනාධිපති එඩ්වාඩෝ ෆ්‍රෙයි මොන්ටල්වාගේ පුත් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී එඩ්වාඩෝ ෆ්‍රෙයි රුයිස්-ටැග්ල්, බහුතර ඡන්ද සංඛ්‍යාවක් (58%) ලබා ගනිමින් කොන්සර්ටේෂන් සන්ධානය ජයග්‍රහණය කරා මෙහෙයවීය.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Chile elects new leader Late president's son wins big |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia.com |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html |access-date=14 July 2013 |date=12 December 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090105/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8257609.html |archive-date=26 May 2008}}</ref> 2000 දී ෆ්‍රෙයි රුයිස්-ටැග්ල් වෙනුවට සමාජවාදී රිකාඩෝ ලාගෝස් පත් වූ අතර, චිලී සඳහා දක්ෂිණාංශික සන්ධානයේ ජෝකින් ලැවින්ට එරෙහිව පෙර නොවූ විරූ දෙවන වටයේ මැතිවරණයකින් ජනාධිපති ධුරය දිනා ගත්තාය.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/|title=Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election|date=16 January 2000|work=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506162601/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/01/17/chile.elex.01/|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2006 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, චිලී ජාතිකයන් සමාජවාදී පක්ෂයේ ඔවුන්ගේ පළමු කාන්තා ජනාධිපති මිෂෙල් බැචලට් ජෙරියා තෝරා පත් කර ගත් අතර, ජාතික අලුත් කිරීමේ පක්ෂයේ සෙබස්තියන් පිනෙරා පරාජය කරමින්, කොන්සර්ටේෂන් පාලනය තවත් වසර හතරක් දීර්ඝ කළහ.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2006 |title=Chile elects first woman president |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna10819903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109023348/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10819903/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=10 November 2019 |work=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|title=Bachelet Sworn in As Chile's President|last=Reel|first=Monte|date=12 March 2006|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701225835/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/11/AR2006031101381.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2010 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, චිලී ජාතිකයන් වසර 20 කට පසු පළමු දක්ෂිණාංශික ජනාධිපති ලෙස සෙබස්තියන් පිනෙරා තේරී පත් වූ අතර, බැචලෙට්ගෙන් පසු වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා කොන්සර්ටේෂන් හි හිටපු ජනාධිපති එඩ්වාඩෝ ෆ්‍රෙයි රුයිස්-ටැග්ල් පරාජය කළහ. ධුර කාලය සීමා වීම හේතුවෙන්, සෙබස්තියන් පිනේරා 2013 දී නැවත මැතිවරණයට ඉදිරිපත් නොවූ අතර, ඔහුගේ ධුර කාලය 2014 මාර්තු මාසයේදී අවසන් වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මිෂෙල් බැචලට් නැවත ධුරයට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2014 |title=Michelle Bachelet sworn in as Chile's president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26528923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312035407/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26528923 |archive-date=12 March 2014 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> 2017 දෙසැම්බර් ජනාධිපතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කිරීමෙන් පසු සෙබස්තියන් පිනේරා 2018 දී බැචලට්ගෙන් පසු නැවතත් චිලී ජනාධිපති ධුරයට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 December 2017 |title=Chile election: Conservative Piñera elected president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42388019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218103345/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42388019 |archive-date=18 December 2017 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Pinera, a conservative billionaire, is sworn in as president of Chile |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/pinera-conservative-billionaire-sworn-president-chile-183054108.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAC6_pBevRC0GpV00u6W8P1NWhHqxCXKFRdRMnzk5fsa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801211945/https://www.yahoo.com/news/pinera-conservative-billionaire-sworn-president-chile-183054108.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAC6_pBevRC0GpV00u6W8P1NWhHqxCXKFRdRMnzk5fsa |archive-date=1 August 2021 |access-date=12 August 2021 |work=Yahoo! News |agency=Agence France Presse}}</ref> 2010 පෙබරවාරි 27 වන දින, චිලී රාජ්‍යය මෙගාවොට් 8.8 ක භූමිකම්පාවකට ගොදුරු වූ අතර එය එවකට වාර්තා වූ පස්වන විශාලතම භූමිකම්පාවයි. 500 කට වැඩි පිරිසක් මිය ගියහ (ඉන් පසුව ඇති වූ සුනාමියෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක්) සහ මිලියනයකට අධික පිරිසකට නිවාස අහිමි විය. භූමිකම්පාවෙන් පසුව බහුවිධ පසුකම්පන ද ඇති විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=US ready to help Chile: Obama |url=http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427081917/http://www.australia-times.com.au/world/article.php?id=501 |archive-date=27 April 2011 |access-date=3 March 2010 |work=The Australia Times}}</ref> මූලික හානි ඇස්තමේන්තු ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 15-30 අතර වූ අතර එය චිලියේ සැබෑ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 10% සිට 15% දක්වා විය.<ref>[http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b More Quakes Shake Chile's Infrastructure], Adam Figman, ''Contract'', 1 March 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114030306/http://www.contractmagazine.com/contract/content_display/design/news/e3i128fcc3d3e64156a013dfae605b73a5b|date=14 November 2014}}</ref> 2010 දී සිරවී සිටි පතල් කම්කරුවන් 33 දෙනෙකු සාර්ථකව බේරා ගැනීම සඳහා චිලී රාජ්‍යය ගෝලීය පිළිගැනීමක් ලබා ගත්තේය. 2010 අගෝස්තු 5 වන දින, උතුරු චිලියේ කොපියාපෝ අසල ඇටකාමා කාන්තාරයේ සැන් ජෝස් තඹ සහ රන් පතලෙහි ප්‍රවේශ උමඟ කඩා වැටුණු අතර, මීටර් 700 (අඩි 2,300) ක් පොළොවට පහළින් මිනිසුන් 33 දෙනෙකු සිර විය. චිලී රජය විසින් සංවිධානය කරන ලද ගලවා ගැනීමේ උත්සාහයක් දින 17 කට පසුව පතල් කම්කරුවන් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. මාස දෙකකට පසු 2010 ඔක්තෝබර් 13 වන දින පැය 24 කට ආසන්න කාලයක් තුළ සියලුම පිරිමින් 33 දෙනා මතුපිටට ගෙන එන ලද අතර, එම උත්සාහය ලොව පුරා සජීවී රූපවාහිනිය ඔස්සේ විකාශනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="usstatedep">{{cite web |date=16 December 2011 |title=Background Note: Chile |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153101/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1981.htm |archive-date=21 January 2017 |access-date=19 March 2012 |work=[[Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs]], [[United States Department of State]]}}</ref>[[File:Marcha_Mas_Grande_De_Chile_2019_Plaza_Baquedano_Drone.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcha_Mas_Grande_De_Chile_2019_Plaza_Baquedano_Drone.jpg|thumb|සන්තියාගෝ හි ප්ලාසා බැකෙඩානෝ දෙසට 2019–2022 චිලී විරෝධතාවල දර්ශනයක්]] 2019 සිට 2022 දක්වා, සන්තියාගෝ මෙට්‍රෝ හි උමං දුම්රිය ගාස්තු වැඩිවීම, ජීවන වියදම වැඩි වීම, පෞද්ගලීකරණය සහ අසමානතාවයට ප්‍රතිචාර වශයෙන් චිලී රටපුරා විරෝධතා මාලාවකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය.<ref>{{cite web |author=Naomi Larsson |date=26 October 2019 |title=Chile protests: More than one million bring Santiago to a halt |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/chile-protests-million-bring-santiago-halt-191025223542333.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026165551/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/chile-protests-million-bring-santiago-halt-191025223542333.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> නොවැම්බර් 15 වන දින, ජාතික කොංග්‍රසයේ නියෝජනය කරන ලද බොහෝ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ නව ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් නිර්මාණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් 2020 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ජාතික ජනමත විචාරණයක් කැඳවීමේ ගිවිසුමකට අත්සන් තැබූ අතර පසුව COVID-19 වසංගතය හේතුවෙන් ඔක්තෝබර් දක්වා කල් දමන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/month-protests-chile-persist-gov-concessions-191118231609475.html|title=One month on: Protests in Chile persist despite gov't concessions|author=Sandra Cuffe|date=19 November 2019|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317120559/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/month-protests-chile-persist-gov-concessions-191118231609475.html|archive-date=17 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 2020 ඔක්තෝබර් 25 වන දින, චිලී ජාතිකයන් නව ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවකට පක්ෂව සියයට 78.28 ක් ඡන්දය දුන් අතර, සියයට 21.72 ක් වෙනස ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළහ; ඡන්දදායකයින්ගේ ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමේ ප්‍රතිශතය සියයට 51 කි. 2021 මැයි 15 සහ 16 අතර චිලියේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්මුතියේ සාමාජිකයින් සඳහා මැතිවරණයක් පැවැත්විණි;<ref name="postpone">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2021 |title=Presidente Piñera promulga reforma que posterga elecciones al 15 y 16 de mayo |url=https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/04/06/presidente-pinera-promulga-reforma-que-posterga-elecciones-al-15-y-16-de-mayo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505183947/https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/04/06/presidente-pinera-promulga-reforma-que-posterga-elecciones-al-15-y-16-de-mayo/ |archive-date=5 May 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |website=El Mostrador |language=es}}</ref> ප්‍රතිඵලවලින් පෙනී ගියේ 1990 දී පිනෝචෙට්ගේ ආඥාදායකත්වය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු ස්ථාපිත දේශපාලන ක්‍රමයේ සම්පූර්ණ ප්‍රතිසංවිධානයක් දක්නට ලැබුණු අතර, විවිධ ස්වාධීන සහ වාමාංශික අපේක්ෂකයින් සාම්ප්‍රදායික මධ්‍ය-දකුණු සහ මධ්‍ය-වාම පක්ෂවලට සාපේක්ෂව දැඩි ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළහ. 2021 දෙසැම්බර් 19 වන දින, වාමාංශික අපේක්ෂකයෙකු වන 35 හැවිරිදි හිටපු ශිෂ්‍ය විරෝධතා නායක ගේබ්‍රියෙල් බොරික්, චිලියේ ජනාධිපතිවරණය ජයග්‍රහණය කර රටේ ලාබාලතම නායකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59715941|title=Leftist Gabriel Boric to become Chile's youngest ever president|date=20 December 2021|work=BBC News|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220000309/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59715941|archive-date=20 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> 2022 මාර්තු 11 වන දින, ඉවත්ව යන ජනාධිපති සෙබස්තියන් පිනේරාගෙන් පසු බොරික් ජනාධිපති ලෙස දිවුරුම් දුන්නේය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/gabriel-boric-chile-president-new-era|title=Gabriel Boric, 36, sworn in as president to herald new era for Chile|date=11 March 2022|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312233147/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/gabriel-boric-chile-president-new-era|archive-date=12 March 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> බොරික්ගේ කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයේ බහුතරය - 24 න් 14 ක් - කාන්තාවන් වන අතර එය බටහිර අර්ධගෝලයේ පළමු අවස්ථාවයි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/21/chile-gabriel-boric-cabinet-majority-women|title=Chile's president-elect names progressive, majority-women cabinet|date=21 January 2022|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125135734/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/21/chile-gabriel-boric-cabinet-majority-women|archive-date=25 January 2022|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> 2022 සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින, වාමාංශික ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්මුතිය විසින් ඉදිරිපත් කරන ලද ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණයේදී ඡන්දදායකයින් නව ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62792025|title=Chile constitution: Voters overwhelmingly reject radical change|date=5 September 2022|work=BBC News|access-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905063525/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62792025|archive-date=5 September 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023 දෙසැම්බර් 17 වන දින, කොන්සර්වේටිව් ප්‍රමුඛ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා සභාව විසින් ලියන ලද නව ව්‍යවස්ථාමය ජනමත විචාරණයකදී ඡන්දදායකයින් දෙවන නව ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථා යෝජනාව ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කළහ.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite web |last1=Villegas |first1=A. |date=18 December 2023 |title=Chileans reject conservative constitution to replace dictatorship-era text |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chileans-head-polls-again-replace-dictatorship-era-constitution-2023-12-17/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2023 |title=Chilean voters reject conservative constitution, after defeating leftist charter last year |url=https://apnews.com/article/chile-new-constitution-referendum-f7be231ff564856f6a5e1b0c0ac12c57 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218053713/https://apnews.com/article/chile-new-constitution-referendum-f7be231ff564856f6a5e1b0c0ac12c57 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Chile rejects second attempt to renew constitution |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chile-rejects-second-attempt-to-renew-constitution/a-67749225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218193156/https://www.dw.com/en/chile-rejects-second-attempt-to-renew-constitution/a-67749225 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:චිලී]] 8379d0v4hpfdet6z6yjpdd8vvqsgzwx 0 182303 750528 750157 2025-06-24T05:14:53Z Ttheek 66430 Lead missing 750528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lead missing}} ===රංගනය=== * සුරාජ් මාපා * හෂිනි ගෝණගල * [[සනත් ගුණතිලක]] * වසන්ත කුමාරසිරි * [[ඇන්ටන් ජූඩ්]] * දයා අල්විස් * [[සහන් රන්වල]] * [[රෙබෙකා නිර්මලී]] * [[කුමාර තිරිමාදුර]] * [[ලාල් කුලරත්න]] * විශාඛා සිරිවර්ධන * [[මොරීන් චාරුනි]] * [[උපේක්ෂා ස්වර්ණමාලී]] 14z08xrl9c6z20zs3pqhoezvnw9z8e5 0 182324 750474 750208 2025-06-23T15:10:20Z Shwetha 6574 සංස්කරණය 750474 wikitext text/x-wiki '''හෝර්මුස් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}} {{langx|fa|تنگهٔ هُرمُز}} ''Tangeh-ye Hormoz'' {{audio|Tangehye Hormuz.ogg|listen}}, {{langx|ar|مَضيق هُرمُز}} ''Maḍīq Hurmuz'') යනු, [[පර්සියානු බොක්ක]] සහ [[ඕමාන බොක්ක]] අතර පිහිටි [[සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය|සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියකි]]. පර්සියානු බොක්කෙහි සිට විවෘත සාගරයට ඇති එකම මුහුදු මාර්ගය එය විසින් සපයන අතර, ලෝකයේ උපායමාර්ගික ලෙසින් අතිශයින් වැදගත් [[අනුබාධක ස්ථානය|අනුබාධක ස්ථානයන්]] අතරින් එකකි.<ref name=oilpricecom01>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |title=හවු ඉරාන් ප්ලෑන්ස් ටු බයිපාස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මේන් ඔයිල් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=Oilprice.com |author=වික්ටර් කටෝනා |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> මෙහි උතුරු වෙරළෙහි [[ඉරානය]] පිහිටා ඇති අතර, දකුණු වෙරළෙහි [[ඕමානය|ඕමානයෙහි]] [[බාහිර බිම්කඩ| බාහිර බිම්කඩක්]] වන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් පරිපාලන ප්‍රදේශය]] සහ [[එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය]] විසින් හවුලේ අයිතිවාසිකම් කියන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් අර්ධද්වීපය]] පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය {{convert|104|mi|nmi km|order=out}} පමණ දිගු වන අතර, එහි පළල {{cvt|52|nmi|km}} පමණ සිට {{cvt|21|nmi|km}} පමණ දක්වා වෙනස් වෙයි. <ref name=dyke-20081002>{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |page=216 |chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |chapter=ට්‍රාන්සිට් පැසේජ් තෘ ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ස්ට්‍රේට්ස් |author=ජොන් එම්. වැන් ඩයික් |title=ද ෆියුචර් ඔෆ් ඕසන් රෙජීම්-බිල්ඩිං |publisher=හවායි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය |date=2 ඔක්තොම්බර් 2008 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50 |isbn=9789004172678 |access-date=6 ජූලි 2019 |archive-date=7 අගෝස්තු 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eia-20120104/> ලෝකයෙහි [[ස්වාභාවික ද්‍රව වායුව]] සැපයුමෙන් තුනෙන් පංගුවක් සහ සමස්ත ගෝලීය [[තෙල් අපනයනය අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව |තෙල් පරිභෝජනයෙන්]] 25% පමණ ප්‍රවාහනය වන්නේ මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය හරහා වන බැවින්, ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳාම සඳහා එය අතිශයින් වැදගත් උපායමාර්ගික ස්ථානයක් වෙයි. <ref name=eia-20120104>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |title=ද ස්ට්‍රේට් ඔෆ් හෝර්මුස් ඊස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මෝස්ට් ඉම්පෝර්ටන්ට් ඔයිල් ට්‍රාන්සිට් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=4 ජනවාරි 2012 |access-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ආශ්‍රිත== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} bleaj7z99zr14h2kiajfr8jn2ipq1n7 750478 750474 2025-06-23T15:48:32Z Shwetha 6574 සංස්කරණය 750478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{තොරතුරුකොටුව ජලජ ව්‍යුහය | name = හෝර්මුස් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=fa|name1={{nq|تنگه هرمز}} |tag2=ar|name2=مضيق هرمز}} | other_name = | image = Straße von Hormuz.jpg | alt = | caption = චන්ද්‍රිකා රූපය | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[පර්සියානු බොක්ක]]–[[ඕමාන බොක්ක]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}} | type = [[සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[ඉරානය]], [[ඕමානය]], [[එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය]] | agency = | designation = | engineer = | length = | width = | min_width = {{cvt|21|nmi|km}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = [[හෝර්මූස් දිවයින]]<br/>[[කේෂ් දිවයින]] | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = {{Collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{ධජනිරූපකය|ඉරානය}} [[බන්ඩාර් අබ්බාස්]] <br /> {{ධජනිරූපකය|ඕමානය}} [[හසාබ්]] <br /> }} | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom --> | pushpin_map_alt = Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''හෝර්මුස් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}} {{langx|fa|تنگهٔ هُرمُز}} ''Tangeh-ye Hormoz'' {{audio|Tangehye Hormuz.ogg|listen}}, {{langx|ar|مَضيق هُرمُز}} ''Maḍīq Hurmuz'') යනු, [[පර්සියානු බොක්ක]] සහ [[ඕමාන බොක්ක]] අතර පිහිටි [[සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය|සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියකි]]. පර්සියානු බොක්කෙහි සිට විවෘත සාගරයට ඇති එකම මුහුදු මාර්ගය එය විසින් සපයන අතර, ලෝකයේ උපායමාර්ගික ලෙසින් අතිශයින් වැදගත් [[අනුබාධක ස්ථානය|අනුබාධක ස්ථානයන්]] අතරින් එකකි.<ref name=oilpricecom01>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |title=හවු ඉරාන් ප්ලෑන්ස් ටු බයිපාස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මේන් ඔයිල් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=Oilprice.com |author=වික්ටර් කටෝනා |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> මෙහි උතුරු වෙරළෙහි [[ඉරානය]] පිහිටා ඇති අතර, දකුණු වෙරළෙහි [[ඕමානය|ඕමානයෙහි]] [[බාහිර බිම්කඩ| බාහිර බිම්කඩක්]] වන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් පරිපාලන ප්‍රදේශය]] සහ [[එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය]] විසින් හවුලේ අයිතිවාසිකම් කියන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් අර්ධද්වීපය]] පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය {{convert|104|mi|nmi km|order=out}} පමණ දිගු වන අතර, එහි පළල {{cvt|52|nmi|km}} පමණ සිට {{cvt|21|nmi|km}} පමණ දක්වා වෙනස් වෙයි. <ref name=dyke-20081002>{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |page=216 |chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |chapter=ට්‍රාන්සිට් පැසේජ් තෘ ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ස්ට්‍රේට්ස් |author=ජොන් එම්. වැන් ඩයික් |title=ද ෆියුචර් ඔෆ් ඕසන් රෙජීම්-බිල්ඩිං |publisher=හවායි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය |date=2 ඔක්තොම්බර් 2008 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50 |isbn=9789004172678 |access-date=6 ජූලි 2019 |archive-date=7 අගෝස්තු 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eia-20120104/> ලෝකයෙහි [[ස්වාභාවික ද්‍රව වායුව]] සැපයුමෙන් තුනෙන් පංගුවක් සහ සමස්ත ගෝලීය [[තෙල් අපනයනය අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව |තෙල් පරිභෝජනයෙන්]] 25% පමණ ප්‍රවාහනය වන්නේ මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය හරහා වන බැවින්, ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳාම සඳහා එය අතිශයින් වැදගත් උපායමාර්ගික ස්ථානයක් වෙයි. <ref name=eia-20120104>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |title=ද ස්ට්‍රේට් ඔෆ් හෝර්මුස් ඊස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මෝස්ට් ඉම්පෝර්ටන්ට් ඔයිල් ට්‍රාන්සිට් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=4 ජනවාරි 2012 |access-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ආශ්‍රිත== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} 4ix94ggx58tvc50mu8csepl7mynmdhd 750479 750478 2025-06-23T16:04:49Z Shwetha 6574 සංස්කරණය 750479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{තොරතුරුකොටුව ජලජ ව්‍යුහය | name = හෝර්මුස් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=fa|name1={{nq|تنگه هرمز}} |tag2=ar|name2=مضيق هرمز}} | other_name = | image = Straße von Hormuz.jpg | alt = | caption = චන්ද්‍රිකා රූපය | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[පර්සියානු බොක්ක]]–[[ඕමාන බොක්ක]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|26.6|N|56.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:1000000|display=title,inline}} | type = [[සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[ඉරානය]], [[ඕමානය]], [[එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය]] | agency = | designation = | engineer = | length = | width = | min_width = {{cvt|21|nmi|km}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = [[හෝර්මූස් දිවයින]]<br/>[[කේෂ් දිවයින]] | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = {{Collapsible list | list_style = text-align:left; | 1 = {{ධජනිරූපකය|ඉරානය}} [[බන්ඩාර් අබ්බාස්]] <br /> {{ධජනිරූපකය|ඕමානය}} [[හසාබ්]] <br /> }} | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = <!-- left, right, top or bottom --> | pushpin_map_alt = Topographic map of Iran and surrounding areas, including the Strait of Hormuz | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''හෝර්මුස් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ɔr|ˈ|m|uː|z}} {{langx|fa|تنگهٔ هُرمُز}} ''Tangeh-ye Hormoz'' {{audio|Tangehye Hormuz.ogg|listen}}, {{langx|ar|مَضيق هُرمُز}} ''Maḍīq Hurmuz'') යනු, [[පර්සියානු බොක්ක]] සහ [[ඕමාන බොක්ක]] අතර පිහිටි [[සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය|සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියකි]]. පර්සියානු බොක්කෙහි සිට විවෘත සාගරයට ඇති එකම මුහුදු මාර්ගය එය විසින් සපයන අතර, ලෝකයේ උපායමාර්ගික ලෙසින් අතිශයින් වැදගත් [[අනුබාධක ස්ථානය|අනුබාධක ස්ථානයන්]] අතරින් එකකි.<ref name=oilpricecom01>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |title=හවු ඉරාන් ප්ලෑන්ස් ටු බයිපාස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මේන් ඔයිල් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=Oilprice.com |author=වික්ටර් කටෝනා |access-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081557/https://oilprice.com/Geopolitics/International/How-Iran-Plans-To-Bypass-The-Worlds-Main-Oil-Chokepoint.html |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> මෙහි උතුරු වෙරළෙහි [[ඉරානය]] පිහිටා ඇති අතර, දකුණු වෙරළෙහි [[ඕමානය|ඕමානයෙහි]] [[බාහිර බිම්කඩ| බාහිර බිම්කඩක්]] වන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් පරිපාලන ප්‍රදේශය]] සහ [[එක්සත් අරාබි එමීර් රාජ්‍යය]] විසින් හවුලේ අයිතිවාසිකම් කියන [[මූසන්ඩෑම් අර්ධද්වීපය]] පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය {{convert|104|mi|nmi km|order=out}} පමණ දිගු වන අතර, එහි පළල {{cvt|52|nmi|km}} පමණ සිට {{cvt|21|nmi|km}} පමණ දක්වා වෙනස් වෙයි. <ref name=dyke-20081002>{{උපන්‍යාස පොත |page=216 |chapter-url=https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |chapter=ට්‍රාන්සිට් පැසේජ් තෘ ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් ස්ට්‍රේට්ස් |author=ජොන් එම්. වැන් ඩයික් |title=ද ෆියුචර් ඔෆ් ඕසන් රෙජීම්-බිල්ඩිං |publisher=හවායි විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයය |date=2 ඔක්තොම්බර් 2008 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004172678.i-786.50 |isbn=9789004172678 |access-date=6 ජූලි 2019 |archive-date=7 අගෝස්තු 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807123128/https://www.law.hawaii.edu/sites/www.law.hawaii.edu/files/content/Faculty/Straits100308.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=eia-20120104/> ලෝකයෙහි [[ස්වාභාවික ද්‍රව වායුව]] සැපයුමෙන් තුනෙන් පංගුවක් සහ සමස්ත ගෝලීය [[තෙල් අපනයනය අනුව රටවල් ලැයිස්තුව |තෙල් පරිභෝජනයෙන්]] 25% පමණ ප්‍රවාහනය වන්නේ මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය හරහා වන බැවින්, ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳාම සඳහා එය අතිශයින් වැදගත් උපායමාර්ගික ස්ථානයක් වෙයි. <ref name=eia-20120104>{{උපන්‍යාස වෙබ් |url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |title=ද ස්ට්‍රේට් ඔෆ් හෝර්මුස් ඊස් ද වර්ල්ඩ්ස් මෝස්ට් ඉම්පෝර්ටන්ට් ඔයිල් ට්‍රාන්සිට් චෝක්පොයින්ට් |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |date=4 ජනවාරි 2012 |access-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152226/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=4430 |archive-date=11 සැප්තැම්බර් 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ආශ්‍රිත== {{ආශ්‍රලැයිස්තුව}} 37b8d2q18txk93uxszhwrio4ijzohxi 0 182380 750499 750466 2025-06-24T03:52:14Z 220.247.194.26 /* භූගෝලය */ 750499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] The Falkland Islands have a land area of {{cvt|4,700|sqmi}} and a coastline estimated at {{cvt|800|mi}}.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, * {{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} with the major exception being the depressed plains of [[:en:Lafonia|Lafonia]] (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} The Falklands consists of [[:en:Continental_crust|continental crust]] fragments resulting from the break-up of [[:en:Gondwana|Gondwana]] and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130&nbsp;million years ago. The islands are located in the [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]], on the [[:en:Patagonian_Shelf|Patagonian Shelf]], about {{cvt|300|mi|km}} east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} The Falklands' approximate location is latitude {{nowrap|51°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|53°00′ S}} and longitude {{nowrap|57°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|62°00′ W}}.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the [[:en:Falkland_Sound|Falkland Sound]],{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} and its deep coastal indentations form [[:en:Natural_harbour|natural harbours]].<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: [[:en:Mount_Usborne|Mount Usborne]], at {{cvt|705|m|ft|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (''Campo'').{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} The [[:en:Climate_of_the_Falkland_Islands|climate of the islands]] is cold, windy, and humid [[:en:Oceanic_climate|maritime]].{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging {{cvt|610|mm}} in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} The temperature has historically stayed between {{cvt|21.1|and|-11.1|C}} in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from {{cvt|9|C}} in January and February (summer) to {{cvt|-1|C}} in July (winter).{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Strong [[:en:Westerlies|westerly winds]] and cloudy skies are common.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] The Falkland Islands are [[:en:Biogeographically|biogeographically]] part of the [[:en:Antarctic_ecozone|Antarctic zone]],{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} with strong connections to the flora and fauna of [[:en:Patagonia|Patagonia]] in mainland South America.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[:en:Avifauna|avifauna]]. The only [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless [[:en:Falkland_steamer_duck|Falkland steamer duck]] and [[:en:Cobb's_wren|Cobb's wren]].<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]].{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} There is also abundant [[:en:Arthropod|arthropod]] diversity on the islands.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[:en:Vascular_species|vascular species]].{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} More than 400 species of [[:en:Lichen|lichens]] and [[:en:Lichenicolous_fungus|lichen-dwelling fungi]] have been recorded.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[:en:Warrah|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]].{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014.<ref name="CIA" /> Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing.<ref name="CIA" /> The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America.<ref name="britannica.com" /> [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == Demographics == == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> rloruq5sweei33z65hpzbxyi5i9yd99 750500 750499 2025-06-24T03:58:20Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* භූගෝලය */ 750500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] The Falkland Islands have a land area of {{cvt|4,700|sqmi}} and a coastline estimated at {{cvt|800|mi}}.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, * {{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} with the major exception being the depressed plains of [[:en:Lafonia|Lafonia]] (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland).{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} The Falklands consists of [[:en:Continental_crust|continental crust]] fragments resulting from the break-up of [[:en:Gondwana|Gondwana]] and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130&nbsp;million years ago. The islands are located in the [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]], on the [[:en:Patagonian_Shelf|Patagonian Shelf]], about {{cvt|300|mi|km}} east of Patagonia in southern Argentina.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} The Falklands' approximate location is latitude {{nowrap|51°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|53°00′ S}} and longitude {{nowrap|57°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|62°00′ W}}.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the [[:en:Falkland_Sound|Falkland Sound]],{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} and its deep coastal indentations form [[:en:Natural_harbour|natural harbours]].<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: [[:en:Mount_Usborne|Mount Usborne]], at {{cvt|705|m|ft|order=flip}}.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (''Campo'').{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත. [97] මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. [98] දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර, [99] ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය. [100] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත. [101] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ. [102] දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි. [104] නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය), [102] RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත. [103] මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි. [105] The [[:en:Climate_of_the_Falkland_Islands|climate of the islands]] is cold, windy, and humid [[:en:Oceanic_climate|maritime]].{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging {{cvt|610|mm}} in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} The temperature has historically stayed between {{cvt|21.1|and|-11.1|C}} in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from {{cvt|9|C}} in January and February (summer) to {{cvt|-1|C}} in July (winter).{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Strong [[:en:Westerlies|westerly winds]] and cloudy skies are common.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ. [101] දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ. [106] ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.[99] ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.[106] දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.[99] සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.[106] == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] The Falkland Islands are [[:en:Biogeographically|biogeographically]] part of the [[:en:Antarctic_ecozone|Antarctic zone]],{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} with strong connections to the flora and fauna of [[:en:Patagonia|Patagonia]] in mainland South America.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[:en:Avifauna|avifauna]]. The only [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless [[:en:Falkland_steamer_duck|Falkland steamer duck]] and [[:en:Cobb's_wren|Cobb's wren]].<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]].{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} There is also abundant [[:en:Arthropod|arthropod]] diversity on the islands.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[:en:Vascular_species|vascular species]].{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} More than 400 species of [[:en:Lichen|lichens]] and [[:en:Lichenicolous_fungus|lichen-dwelling fungi]] have been recorded.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[:en:Warrah|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,[107] දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.[108] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය. [109][110][111] දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.[112] දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත. [113] ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ. [114] ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත. [115] දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී. [116] The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]].{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change.<ref name="epk" /> දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත. [117] දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.[113] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.[118] දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.[119] හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.[120] මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.[121] වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.[108] == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014.<ref name="CIA" /> Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,[123] නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.[124] 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.[119] 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත[125] සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.[126] දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.[127] Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing.<ref name="CIA" /> The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves".{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී. [128] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය. [129] 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය. [130] 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. [131] සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත. [132] දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ. [119] ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ. [133] ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය. [122] 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි. [134] එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත. [130] The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, *{{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, *{{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America.<ref name="britannica.com" /> [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි. [135] ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි. [136] සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත. [137] සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී. [138] නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි. [132] පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි. [139] COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි. [140] == Demographics == == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> tsrfads48foaz3xxb65tfk5ad6dkt9o 750501 750500 2025-06-24T04:05:19Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* භූගෝලය */ 750501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] The Falkland Islands have a land area of {{cvt|4,700|sqmi}} and a coastline estimated at {{cvt|800|mi}}. The archipelago consists of two main islands, West Falkland and East Falkland, and 776 smaller islands. The islands are predominantly mountainous and hilly, with the major exception being the depressed plains of [[:en:Lafonia|Lafonia]] (a peninsula forming the southern part of East Falkland). The Falklands consists of [[:en:Continental_crust|continental crust]] fragments resulting from the break-up of [[:en:Gondwana|Gondwana]] and the opening of the South Atlantic that began 130&nbsp;million years ago. The islands are located in the [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|South Atlantic Ocean]], on the [[:en:Patagonian_Shelf|Patagonian Shelf]], about {{cvt|300|mi|km}} east of Patagonia in southern Argentina. The Falklands' approximate location is latitude {{nowrap|51°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|53°00′ S}} and longitude {{nowrap|57°40′}}&nbsp;– {{nowrap|62°00′ W}}.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} The archipelago's two main islands are separated by the [[:en:Falkland_Sound|Falkland Sound]],{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} and its deep coastal indentations form [[:en:Natural_harbour|natural harbours]]. East Falkland houses Stanley (the capital and largest settlement), the UK military base at RAF Mount Pleasant, and the archipelago's highest point: [[:en:Mount_Usborne|Mount Usborne]], at {{cvt|705|m|ft|order=flip}}. Outside of these significant settlements is the area colloquially known as "Camp", which is derived from the Spanish term for countryside (''Campo''). ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, * {{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} The [[:en:Climate_of_the_Falkland_Islands|climate of the islands]] is cold, windy, and humid [[:en:Oceanic_climate|maritime]]. Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging {{cvt|610|mm}} in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} The temperature has historically stayed between {{cvt|21.1|and|-11.1|C}} in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from {{cvt|9|C}} in January and February (summer) to {{cvt|-1|C}} in July (winter).{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Strong [[:en:Westerlies|westerly winds]] and cloudy skies are common. Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm. දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] The Falkland Islands are [[:en:Biogeographically|biogeographically]] part of the [[:en:Antarctic_ecozone|Antarctic zone]], with strong connections to the flora and fauna of [[:en:Patagonia|Patagonia]] in mainland South America. Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[:en:Avifauna|avifauna]]. The only [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless [[:en:Falkland_steamer_duck|Falkland steamer duck]] and [[:en:Cobb's_wren|Cobb's wren]]. 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]]. There is also abundant [[:en:Arthropod|arthropod]] diversity on the islands. The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[:en:Vascular_species|vascular species]]. More than 400 species of [[:en:Lichen|lichens]] and [[:en:Lichenicolous_fungus|lichen-dwelling fungi]] have been recorded. The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[:en:Warrah|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]), but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]. The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874 and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17. The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]]. 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]]. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism. All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing. The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]]. Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> i5t4tdll4zmyg3ej3cxdv9yc2hzfxec 750502 750501 2025-06-24T04:05:38Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* භූගෝලය */ 750502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} The [[:en:Climate_of_the_Falkland_Islands|climate of the islands]] is cold, windy, and humid [[:en:Oceanic_climate|maritime]]. Variability of daily weather is typical throughout the archipelago.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Rainfall is common over half of the year, averaging {{cvt|610|mm}} in Stanley, and sporadic light snowfall occurs nearly all year.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} The temperature has historically stayed between {{cvt|21.1|and|-11.1|C}} in Stanley, with mean monthly temperatures varying from {{cvt|9|C}} in January and February (summer) to {{cvt|-1|C}} in July (winter).{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} Strong [[:en:Westerlies|westerly winds]] and cloudy skies are common. Although numerous storms are recorded each month, conditions are normally calm. දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] The Falkland Islands are [[:en:Biogeographically|biogeographically]] part of the [[:en:Antarctic_ecozone|Antarctic zone]], with strong connections to the flora and fauna of [[:en:Patagonia|Patagonia]] in mainland South America. Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[:en:Avifauna|avifauna]]. The only [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless [[:en:Falkland_steamer_duck|Falkland steamer duck]] and [[:en:Cobb's_wren|Cobb's wren]]. 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]]. There is also abundant [[:en:Arthropod|arthropod]] diversity on the islands. The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[:en:Vascular_species|vascular species]]. More than 400 species of [[:en:Lichen|lichens]] and [[:en:Lichenicolous_fungus|lichen-dwelling fungi]] have been recorded. The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[:en:Warrah|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]), but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]. The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874 and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17. The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]]. 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]]. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism. All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing. The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]]. Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> k6dtou2071f0v2y6smberroeoitfxqf 750503 750502 2025-06-24T04:06:06Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* භූගෝලය */ 750503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] The Falkland Islands are [[:en:Biogeographically|biogeographically]] part of the [[:en:Antarctic_ecozone|Antarctic zone]], with strong connections to the flora and fauna of [[:en:Patagonia|Patagonia]] in mainland South America. Land birds make up most of the Falklands' [[:en:Avifauna|avifauna]]. The only [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] bird species on the Falkland Islands are the flightless [[:en:Falkland_steamer_duck|Falkland steamer duck]] and [[:en:Cobb's_wren|Cobb's wren]]. 63 species breed on the islands, including 14 endemic [[:en:Subspecies|subspecies]]. There is also abundant [[:en:Arthropod|arthropod]] diversity on the islands. The Falklands' flora consists of 163 native [[:en:Vascular_species|vascular species]]. More than 400 species of [[:en:Lichen|lichens]] and [[:en:Lichenicolous_fungus|lichen-dwelling fungi]] have been recorded. The islands' only native terrestrial mammal, the [[:en:Warrah|warrah]], was hunted to extinction by European settlers. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]), but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]. The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874 and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17. The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]]. 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]]. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism. All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing. The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]]. Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> gbztwzpvkkm34njb2jvubbo6my53drq 750504 750503 2025-06-24T04:06:22Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Biodiversity */ 750504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of the Falkland Islands}} {{See also|Falkland Islands oil|Transport in the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] {{As of|2023}}, the economy of the Falkland Islands is ranked the {{ordinal|221}} largest out of 229 in the world by GDP ([[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]]), but ranks {{ordinal|10}} worldwide by [[:en:GDP_(PPP)_per_capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]]. The unemployment rate was 1% in 2016, and inflation was calculated at 1.4% in 2014. Based on 2010 data, the islands have a high [[:en:Human_Development_Index|Human Development Index]] of 0.874 and a moderate [[:en:Gini_coefficient|Gini coefficient]] for [[:en:Economic_inequality|income inequality]] of 34.17. The local currency is the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_pound|Falkland Islands pound]], which is [[:en:Fixed_exchange-rate_system|pegged]] to the British [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]]. 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]]. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism. All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing. The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]]. Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> jr8bthykx5ymedr7tky6n8vnwlg45dc 750505 750504 2025-06-24T04:06:40Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Economy */ 750505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Economic development was advanced by [[:en:Shipyard|ship resupplying]] and sheep farming for high-quality wool. The main sheep breeds in the Falkland Islands are [[:en:Polwarth_(sheep)|Polwarth]] and [[:en:Corriedale|Corriedale]]. During the 1980s, although ranch under-investment and the use of [[:en:Synthetic_fibre|synthetic fibres]] damaged the sheep-farming sector, the government secured a major revenue stream by the establishment of an [[:en:Exclusive_economic_zone|exclusive economic zone]] and the sale of fishing licences to "anybody wishing to fish within this zone". Since the end of the Falklands War in 1982, the islands' economic activity increasingly focused on oil field [[:en:Hydrocarbon_exploration|exploration]] and tourism. All large settlements are now connected by road and, since 2008, a ferry links West and East Falkland. The islands' major exports include wool, hides, venison, fish and squid; its main imports include fuel, [[:en:Building_material|building materials]] and clothing. The port settlement of Stanley has regained the islands' economic focus, with an increase in population as workers migrate from Camp. Fear of dependence on fishing licences and threats from [[:en:Overfishing|overfishing]], [[:en:Illegal_fishing|illegal fishing]] and fish [[:en:Market_trend|market price fluctuations]] led to increased interest in oil drilling as an alternative source of revenue. As of 2001, exploration efforts had yet to find "exploitable reserves". By 2023, oil exploration was still proceeding off the shelf of the islands with a deepwater project led by [[:en:Rockhopper_Exploration|Rockhopper Exploration]]. Development projects in education and sports have been funded by the Falklands government, without aid from the United Kingdom. නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> 3w1lexyuamfsmnyebw705dl10lh8x4j 750506 750505 2025-06-24T04:07:04Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Economy */ 750506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == Economy == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, *{{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} The [[:en:Primary_sector_of_the_economy|primary sector of the economy]] accounts for most of the Falkland Islands' gross domestic product, with the fishing industry alone contributing between 50% and 60% of annual GDP; agriculture also contributes significantly to GDP and employs about a tenth of the population. A little over a quarter of the workforce serves the Falkland Islands government, making it the archipelago's largest employer. Tourism, part of the service economy, has been spurred by increased interest in [[:en:Tourism_in_Antarctica|Antarctic exploration]] and the creation of direct air links with the United Kingdom and South America. Tourists, mostly [[:en:Cruise_ship|cruise ship]] passengers, are attracted by the archipelago's wildlife and environment, as well as activities such as fishing and [[:en:Wreck_diving|wreck diving]]; the majority find accommodation in Stanley. The main international airport, located at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] on East Falkland, provides flights to [[:en:RAF_Brize_Norton|RAF Brize Norton]] in the UK and mainland South America. [[:en:Port_Stanley_Airport|Port Stanley Airport]] provides internal flights. Despite [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands|COVID-19 pandemic]] restrictions causing suspensions of flights from [[:en:Santiago|Santiago]] and [[:en:São_Paulo|São Paulo]] and prohibited cruise ship tourism, the economy of the islands remained stable and healthy. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> mrua7obh9sfpdr0xzj9s30ddoozvr7b 750507 750506 2025-06-24T04:07:34Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Economy */ 750507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == Biodiversity == {{Main|Wildlife of the Falkland Islands}} [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} The islands are frequented by [[:en:Marine_mammal|marine mammals]], such as the [[:en:Southern_elephant_seal|southern elephant seal]] and the [[:en:South_American_fur_seal|South American fur seal]], and various types of [[:en:Cetacea|cetaceans]]; offshore islands house the rare [[:en:Striated_caracara|striated caracara]]. There are also five different penguin species and a few of the largest [[:en:Albatross|albatross]] colonies on the planet. Endemic fish around the islands are primarily from the genus ''[[:en:Galaxias|Galaxias]]''. The Falklands are treeless and have a wind-resistant vegetation predominantly composed of a variety of [[:en:Subshrub|dwarf shrubs]]. Virtually the entire land area of the islands is used as pasture for sheep. Introduced species include [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], hares, rabbits, [[:en:South_American_gray_fox|Patagonian foxes]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]], and cats. Several of these species have harmed native flora and fauna, so the government has tried to contain, remove or exterminate foxes, rabbits and rats. Endemic land animals have been the most affected by introduced species, and several bird species have been extirpated from the larger islands. The extent of [[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|human impact]] on the Falklands is unclear, since there is little long-term data on habitat change. දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> jkzsui1ft6s1fc8bt1rpek1yuuj8zh1 750508 750507 2025-06-24T04:08:16Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Biodiversity */ 750508 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == == අධ්‍යාපනය == == සංස්කෘතිය == === ක්‍රීඩාව === == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> j1gpwgp2v8gyh4xk9miyu610j53p7xs 750509 750508 2025-06-24T04:10:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජන විකාශනය */ 750509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and [[:en:French_people|French people]], [[:en:Gibraltarians|Gibraltarians]], Scandinavians, and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands".<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> In 1983, full [[:en:British_citizenship|British citizenship]] was given to Falkland Islanders under the [[:en:British_Nationality_(Falkland_Islands)_Act_1983|British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983]].{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> particularly to the British city of [[:en:Southampton|Southampton]], which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, [[:en:Saint_Helena|Saint Helena]], and Chile.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as [[:en:Falkland_Islander|Falkland Islander]] (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and [[:en:Chileans_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Chilean]] (5.4 per cent).<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> A small number of [[:en:Argentines|Argentines]] also live on the islands.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The Falkland Islands [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|have a low population density]].{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 [[:en:British_Ministry_of_Defence|British Ministry of Defence]] civil servants present in the Falklands.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|Mount Pleasant]] (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents).<ref name="census2012" /> The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age {{nowrap|(20–60)}}. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the {{nowrap|20–60}} age group.<ref name="2006Census" /> In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the [[:en:Baháʼí_Faith|Baháʼí Faith]],<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> [[:en:Buddhism|Buddhism]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> and [[:en:Islam|Islam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> The main Christian denominations are [[:en:Anglicanism|Anglicanism]] and other [[:en:Protestantism|Protestantism]], and [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]].<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == [[:en:Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Education in the Falkland Islands]], which follows [[:en:Education_in_England|England's system]], is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to [[:en:General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education|General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their [[:en:GCE_Advanced_Level|GCE Advanced Level]] or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] Falklands culture is based on the [[:en:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[:en:Hispanic_America|Hispanic South America]].{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[:en:British_English|British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} According to naturalist [[:en:Will_Wagstaff|Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} The islands have one weekly newspaper, ''[[:en:The_Penguin_News|The Penguin News]]'',{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]].<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]].<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> 0g1tt9luc2yhsfowrktioy09rbnidai 750510 750509 2025-06-24T04:15:57Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජන විකාශනය */ 750510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] The Falkland Islands population is homogeneous, mostly descended from Scottish and Welsh immigrants who settled in the territory after 1833. The Falkland-born population are also descended from English and [[:en:French_people|French people]], [[:en:Gibraltarians|Gibraltarians]], Scandinavians, and South Americans. The 2016 census indicated that 43% of residents were born on the archipelago, with foreign-born residents assimilated into local culture. The legal term for the right of residence is "belonging to the islands" In 1983, full [[:en:British_citizenship|British citizenship]] was given to Falkland Islanders under the [[:en:British_Nationality_(Falkland_Islands)_Act_1983|British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983]]. A significant population decline affected the archipelago in the 20th century, with many young islanders moving overseas in search of education, a modern lifestyle, and better job opportunities, particularly to the British city of [[:en:Southampton|Southampton]], which came to be known in the islands as "Stanley North". In recent years, the islands' population decline has reduced, thanks to immigrants from the United Kingdom, [[:en:Saint_Helena|Saint Helena]], and Chile. In the 2012 census, a majority of residents listed their nationality as [[:en:Falkland_Islander|Falkland Islander]] (59 per cent), followed by British (29 per cent), Saint Helenian (9.8 per cent), and [[:en:Chileans_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Chilean]] (5.4 per cent). A small number of [[:en:Argentines|Argentines]] also live on the islands. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> අධ්‍යාපන සංස්කෘතිය The Falkland Islands [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|have a low population density]]. According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents. A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 [[:en:British_Ministry_of_Defence|British Ministry of Defence]] civil servants present in the Falklands. Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|Mount Pleasant]] (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents). The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age {{nowrap|(20–60)}}. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the {{nowrap|20–60}} age group. In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the [[:en:Baháʼí_Faith|Baháʼí Faith]], [[:en:Buddhism|Buddhism]], and [[:en:Islam|Islam]]. The main Christian denominations are [[:en:Anglicanism|Anglicanism]] and other [[:en:Protestantism|Protestantism]], and [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == [[:en:Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Education in the Falkland Islands]], which follows [[:en:Education_in_England|England's system]], is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years. Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to [[:en:General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education|General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their [[:en:GCE_Advanced_Level|GCE Advanced Level]] or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom. එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] Falklands culture is based on the [[:en:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[:en:Hispanic_America|Hispanic South America]]. Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[:en:British_English|British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. According to naturalist [[:en:Will_Wagstaff|Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life". The islands have one weekly newspaper, ''[[:en:The_Penguin_News|The Penguin News]]'', and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life". ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]]. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]]. කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> 7rke6ldnyrprhtsce0m1wnmu4mxpy94 750511 750510 2025-06-24T04:16:18Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජන විකාශනය */ 750511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> අධ්‍යාපන සංස්කෘතිය The Falkland Islands [[:en:List_of_South_American_countries_by_population|have a low population density]]. According to the 2012 census, the average daily population of the Falklands was 2,932, excluding military personnel serving in the archipelago and their dependents. A 2012 report counted 1,300 uniformed personnel and 50 [[:en:British_Ministry_of_Defence|British Ministry of Defence]] civil servants present in the Falklands. Stanley (with 2,121 residents) is the most-populous location on the archipelago, followed by [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|Mount Pleasant]] (369 residents, primarily air-base contractors) and Camp (351 residents). The islands' age distribution is skewed towards working age {{nowrap|(20–60)}}. Males outnumber females (53 to 47 per cent), and this discrepancy is most prominent in the {{nowrap|20–60}} age group. In the 2012 census, most islanders identified themselves as Christian (66 per cent), followed by those with no religious affiliation (32 per cent). The remaining 2 per cent identified as adherents of other religions, including the [[:en:Baháʼí_Faith|Baháʼí Faith]], [[:en:Buddhism|Buddhism]], and [[:en:Islam|Islam]]. The main Christian denominations are [[:en:Anglicanism|Anglicanism]] and other [[:en:Protestantism|Protestantism]], and [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == [[:en:Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Education in the Falkland Islands]], which follows [[:en:Education_in_England|England's system]], is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years. Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to [[:en:General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education|General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their [[:en:GCE_Advanced_Level|GCE Advanced Level]] or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom. එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] Falklands culture is based on the [[:en:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[:en:Hispanic_America|Hispanic South America]]. Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[:en:British_English|British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. According to naturalist [[:en:Will_Wagstaff|Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life". The islands have one weekly newspaper, ''[[:en:The_Penguin_News|The Penguin News]]'', and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life". ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]]. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]]. කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> 2iig4ax9k6eugou4214jelka6cctsxl 750512 750511 2025-06-24T04:16:41Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජන විකාශනය */ 750512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == [[:en:Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands|Education in the Falkland Islands]], which follows [[:en:Education_in_England|England's system]], is free and compulsory for residents aged between 5 and 16 years. Primary education is available at Stanley, RAF Mount Pleasant (for children of service personnel) and a number of rural settlements. Secondary education is only available in Stanley, which offers boarding facilities and 12 subjects to [[:en:General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education|General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (GCSE) level. Students aged 16 or older may study at colleges in England for their [[:en:GCE_Advanced_Level|GCE Advanced Level]] or vocational qualifications. The Falkland Islands government pays for older students to attend institutions of higher education, usually in the United Kingdom. එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] Falklands culture is based on the [[:en:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[:en:Hispanic_America|Hispanic South America]]. Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[:en:British_English|British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. According to naturalist [[:en:Will_Wagstaff|Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life". The islands have one weekly newspaper, ''[[:en:The_Penguin_News|The Penguin News]]'', and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life". ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]]. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]]. කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> n8qp69spzrprzruz8085pvgxo458ao6 750513 750512 2025-06-24T04:17:05Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* අධ්‍යාපනය */ 750513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] Falklands culture is based on the [[:en:Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom|cultural traditions]] of its British settlers but has also been influenced by [[:en:Hispanic_America|Hispanic South America]]. Falklanders still use some terms and place names from the former Gaucho inhabitants. The Falklands' predominant and official language is English, with the foremost dialect being [[:en:British_English|British English]]; nonetheless, some inhabitants also speak Spanish. According to naturalist [[:en:Will_Wagstaff|Will Wagstaff]], "the Falkland Islands are a very social place, and stopping for a chat is a way of life". The islands have one weekly newspaper, ''[[:en:The_Penguin_News|The Penguin News]]'', and television and radio broadcasts generally feature programming from the United Kingdom. Wagstaff describes the local cuisine as "very British in character with much use made of the home-grown vegetables, local lamb, mutton, beef, and fish". Common between meals are "homemade cakes and biscuits with tea or coffee". Social activities are, according to Wagstaff, "typical of that of a small British town with a variety of clubs and organisations covering many aspects of community life". ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]]. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]]. කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> cd44a78ftrrwudczmzhicel9dg7bkgv 750514 750513 2025-06-24T04:17:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සංස්කෘතිය */ 750514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === Despite its small size, the Falkland Islands compete in the [[:en:Commonwealth_Games|Commonwealth Games]] and [[:en:Island_Games|Island Games]]. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands_national_cricket_team|Falkland Islands national cricket team]] is a member of the [[:en:International_Cricket_Council|International Cricket Council]]. කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> lelsfdnu5itbzfy2ishiyz142jsvidu 750515 750514 2025-06-24T04:17:46Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ක්‍රීඩාව */ 750515 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> 2fwlzwws7q1lezrtty3ykc1kcyi3mwx 750516 750515 2025-06-24T04:18:38Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* යොමු කිරීම් */ 750516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|According to researcher Simon Taylor, the exact Gaelic etymology is unclear as the "falk" in the name could have stood for "hidden" (''falach''), "wash" (''failc''), or "heavy rain" (''falc'').{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|Based on his analysis of Falkland Islands discovery claims, historian [[John Dunmore]] concludes that "[a] number of countries could therefore lay some claim to the archipelago under the heading of first discoverers: Spain, Holland, Britain, and even Italy and Portugal&nbsp;– although the last two claimants might be stretching things a little."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 687kheeq6x1j9d54xztfrbncv2hq8ge 750517 750516 2025-06-24T04:45:32Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|පර්යේෂක සයිමන් ටේලර්ට අනුව, නමේ ඇති "ෆෝක්" යන වචනය "සැඟවුණු" (''ෆලාච්''), "වොෂ්" (''අසාර්ථකත්වය'') හෝ "අධික වර්ෂාව" (''ෆැල්ක්'') යන අර්ථයන් විය හැකි බැවින්, නිශ්චිත ගේලික් නිරුක්තිය අපැහැදිලි ය.{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සොයාගැනීම් ප්‍රකාශ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ විශ්ලේෂණය මත පදනම්ව, ඉතිහාසඥ [[ජෝන් ඩන්මෝර්]] නිගමනය කරන්නේ "[එබැවින්] රටවල් ගණනාවකට පළමු සොයාගැනීම්කරුවන් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ දූපත් සමූහයට යම් හිමිකම් පෑමක් කළ හැකිය: ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඕලන්දය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සහ ඉතාලිය සහ පෘතුගාලය පවා - අවසාන හිමිකම් පෑමේ පාර්ශ්වයන් දෙදෙනා දේවල් ටිකක් දිගු කළ හැකි වුවද."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 7c9t1pskctq7q0u0mmc966wcnuva24e 750518 750517 2025-06-24T04:51:18Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = Falkland Islands | settlement_type = [[British Overseas Territory]] | linking_name = the Falkland Islands | image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of the Falkland Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands.svg | seal_size = 65px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands | motto = "[[Desire the Right]]" | song = "[[Song of the Falklands]]" | image_map = Location map of the Falklands&nbsp;– Alternative version 4.svg | map_caption = Location of the Falkland Islands | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | established_title = First settlement | established_date = 1764 | established_title2 = [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|British rule reasserted]] | established_date2 = 1833 ජනවාරි 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=Barry M. |date=1990 |title=The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0095139000031379/type/journal_article |journal=Albion |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=261–287 |doi=10.2307/4049600 |jstor=4049600 |issn=0095-1390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | established_title3 = [[Falklands War]] | established_date3 = 1982 අප්‍රේල් 2 සිට<br />ජූනි 14 දක්වා | established_title4 = [[Constitution of the Falkland Islands|Current constitution]] | established_date4 = 2009 ජනවාරි 1 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩර්]], ෆෝක්ලන්ඩර් | capital = [[ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්|ස්ටැන්ලි]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|41|43|S|57|50|58|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[විමධ්‍යගත]] පාර්ලිමේන්තු [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = ආණ්ඩුකාර | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | leader_title3 = ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරී | leader_name3 = ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් | legislature = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 12,173 | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none --> | area_sq_mi = 4,700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | elevation_max_m = 705 | percent_water = නොසැලකිය හැක | population_estimate = | population_census = 3,662<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/images/2021_Census_-_Preliminary_Data_Tables.xlsx |title=2021 Census Report |year=2022 |publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government |format=XLSX}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 0.30 | population_density_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_density_sq_mi = 0.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = ඩොලර් මිලියන 228.5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |title=State of the Falkland Islands Economy |date=March 2015 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409070208/http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ඩොලර් 96,962 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4 වෙනි | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.874 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2010 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} | HDI_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[FKST]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | calling_code = [[+500]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = FIQQ 1ZZ | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:FK|FK]] | cctld = [[.fk]] |website={{URL|https://www.falklands.gov.fk|falklands.gov.fk}} }}'''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|පර්යේෂක සයිමන් ටේලර්ට අනුව, නමේ ඇති "ෆෝක්" යන වචනය "සැඟවුණු" (''ෆලාච්''), "වොෂ්" (''අසාර්ථකත්වය'') හෝ "අධික වර්ෂාව" (''ෆැල්ක්'') යන අර්ථයන් විය හැකි බැවින්, නිශ්චිත ගේලික් නිරුක්තිය අපැහැදිලි ය.{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සොයාගැනීම් ප්‍රකාශ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ විශ්ලේෂණය මත පදනම්ව, ඉතිහාසඥ [[ජෝන් ඩන්මෝර්]] නිගමනය කරන්නේ "[එබැවින්] රටවල් ගණනාවකට පළමු සොයාගැනීම්කරුවන් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ දූපත් සමූහයට යම් හිමිකම් පෑමක් කළ හැකිය: ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඕලන්දය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සහ ඉතාලිය සහ පෘතුගාලය පවා - අවසාන හිමිකම් පෑමේ පාර්ශ්වයන් දෙදෙනා දේවල් ටිකක් දිගු කළ හැකි වුවද."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} alfyfrnhm3m8me5dck1up5bhwglj87e 750534 750518 2025-06-24T05:20:07Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් | settlement_type = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය]] | linking_name = the Falkland Islands | image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of the Falkland Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands.svg | seal_size = 65px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands | motto = "[[දකුණට ආශා කරන්න]]" | song = "[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත ගීතය]]" | image_map = Location map of the Falklands&nbsp;– Alternative version 4.svg | map_caption = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = [[ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය]] | subdivision_name = {{ධජය| එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title = පළමු ජනාවාසය | established_date = 1764 | established_title2 = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය තහවුරු වීම | established_date2 = 1833 ජනවාරි 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=Barry M. |date=1990 |title=The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0095139000031379/type/journal_article |journal=Albion |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=261–287 |doi=10.2307/4049600 |jstor=4049600 |issn=0095-1390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | established_title3 = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය]] | established_date3 = 1982 අප්‍රේල් 2 සිට<br />ජූනි 14 දක්වා | established_title4 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 2009 ජනවාරි 1 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩර්]], ෆෝක්ලන්ඩර් | capital = [[ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්|ස්ටැන්ලි]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|41|43|S|57|50|58|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[විමධ්‍යගත]] පාර්ලිමේන්තු [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = ආණ්ඩුකාර | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | leader_title3 = ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරී | leader_name3 = ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් | legislature = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 12,173 | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none --> | area_sq_mi = 4,700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | elevation_max_m = 705 | percent_water = නොසැලකිය හැක | population_estimate = | population_census = 3,662<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/images/2021_Census_-_Preliminary_Data_Tables.xlsx |title=2021 Census Report |year=2022 |publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government |format=XLSX}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 0.30 | population_density_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_density_sq_mi = 0.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = ඩොලර් මිලියන 228.5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |title=State of the Falkland Islands Economy |date=March 2015 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409070208/http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ඩොලර් 96,962 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4 වෙනි | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.874 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2010 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} | HDI_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[FKST]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | calling_code = [[+500]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = FIQQ 1ZZ | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:FK|FK]] | cctld = [[.fk]] |website={{URL|https://www.falklands.gov.fk|falklands.gov.fk}} }}'''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|පර්යේෂක සයිමන් ටේලර්ට අනුව, නමේ ඇති "ෆෝක්" යන වචනය "සැඟවුණු" (''ෆලාච්''), "වොෂ්" (''අසාර්ථකත්වය'') හෝ "අධික වර්ෂාව" (''ෆැල්ක්'') යන අර්ථයන් විය හැකි බැවින්, නිශ්චිත ගේලික් නිරුක්තිය අපැහැදිලි ය.{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සොයාගැනීම් ප්‍රකාශ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ විශ්ලේෂණය මත පදනම්ව, ඉතිහාසඥ [[ජෝන් ඩන්මෝර්]] නිගමනය කරන්නේ "[එබැවින්] රටවල් ගණනාවකට පළමු සොයාගැනීම්කරුවන් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ දූපත් සමූහයට යම් හිමිකම් පෑමක් කළ හැකිය: ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඕලන්දය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සහ ඉතාලිය සහ පෘතුගාලය පවා - අවසාන හිමිකම් පෑමේ පාර්ශ්වයන් දෙදෙනා දේවල් ටිකක් දිගු කළ හැකි වුවද."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} tcb2qa2ahm0xwq8g4881jb3ik6fx2d4 750571 750534 2025-06-24T05:38:56Z Ttheek 66430 +[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්]]; +[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දූපත්]] [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් | settlement_type = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය]] | linking_name = the Falkland Islands | image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of the Falkland Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands.svg | seal_size = 65px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands | motto = "[[දකුණට ආශා කරන්න]]" | song = "[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත ගීතය]]" | image_map = Location map of the Falklands&nbsp;– Alternative version 4.svg | map_caption = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = [[ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය]] | subdivision_name = {{ධජය| එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title = පළමු ජනාවාසය | established_date = 1764 | established_title2 = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය තහවුරු වීම | established_date2 = 1833 ජනවාරි 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=Barry M. |date=1990 |title=The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0095139000031379/type/journal_article |journal=Albion |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=261–287 |doi=10.2307/4049600 |jstor=4049600 |issn=0095-1390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | established_title3 = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය]] | established_date3 = 1982 අප්‍රේල් 2 සිට<br />ජූනි 14 දක්වා | established_title4 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 2009 ජනවාරි 1 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩර්]], ෆෝක්ලන්ඩර් | capital = [[ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්|ස්ටැන්ලි]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|41|43|S|57|50|58|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[විමධ්‍යගත]] පාර්ලිමේන්තු [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = ආණ්ඩුකාර | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | leader_title3 = ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරී | leader_name3 = ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් | legislature = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 12,173 | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none --> | area_sq_mi = 4,700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | elevation_max_m = 705 | percent_water = නොසැලකිය හැක | population_estimate = | population_census = 3,662<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/images/2021_Census_-_Preliminary_Data_Tables.xlsx |title=2021 Census Report |year=2022 |publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government |format=XLSX}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 0.30 | population_density_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_density_sq_mi = 0.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = ඩොලර් මිලියන 228.5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |title=State of the Falkland Islands Economy |date=March 2015 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409070208/http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ඩොලර් 96,962 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4 වෙනි | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.874 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2010 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} | HDI_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[FKST]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | calling_code = [[+500]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = FIQQ 1ZZ | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:FK|FK]] | cctld = [[.fk]] |website={{URL|https://www.falklands.gov.fk|falklands.gov.fk}} }}'''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|පර්යේෂක සයිමන් ටේලර්ට අනුව, නමේ ඇති "ෆෝක්" යන වචනය "සැඟවුණු" (''ෆලාච්''), "වොෂ්" (''අසාර්ථකත්වය'') හෝ "අධික වර්ෂාව" (''ෆැල්ක්'') යන අර්ථයන් විය හැකි බැවින්, නිශ්චිත ගේලික් නිරුක්තිය අපැහැදිලි ය.{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සොයාගැනීම් ප්‍රකාශ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ විශ්ලේෂණය මත පදනම්ව, ඉතිහාසඥ [[ජෝන් ඩන්මෝර්]] නිගමනය කරන්නේ "[එබැවින්] රටවල් ගණනාවකට පළමු සොයාගැනීම්කරුවන් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ දූපත් සමූහයට යම් හිමිකම් පෑමක් කළ හැකිය: ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඕලන්දය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සහ ඉතාලිය සහ පෘතුගාලය පවා - අවසාන හිමිකම් පෑමේ පාර්ශ්වයන් දෙදෙනා දේවල් ටිකක් දිගු කළ හැකි වුවද."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දූපත්]] 3c2h06cyw7ohx4bz7cmsb6a1i5pqpsc 750572 750571 2025-06-24T05:39:42Z Ttheek 66430 [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දූපත් රටවල්]] එක් කරන ලදී. [[විකිපීඩියා:HOTCAT|HotCat]] භාවිතයෙන් 750572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් | settlement_type = [[බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය]] | linking_name = the Falkland Islands | image_flag = Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of the Falkland Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands.svg | seal_size = 65px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of the Falkland Islands | motto = "[[දකුණට ආශා කරන්න]]" | song = "[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත ගීතය]]" | image_map = Location map of the Falklands&nbsp;– Alternative version 4.svg | map_caption = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = [[ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය]] | subdivision_name = {{ධජය| එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title = පළමු ජනාවාසය | established_date = 1764 | established_title2 = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය තහවුරු වීම | established_date2 = 1833 ජනවාරි 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gough |first=Barry M. |date=1990 |title=The British Reoccupation and Colonization of the Falkland Islands, or Malvinas, 1832–1843 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0095139000031379/type/journal_article |journal=Albion |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=261–287 |doi=10.2307/4049600 |jstor=4049600 |issn=0095-1390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> | established_title3 = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය]] | established_date3 = 1982 අප්‍රේල් 2 සිට<br />ජූනි 14 දක්වා | established_title4 = වත්මන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව | established_date4 = 2009 ජනවාරි 1 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = [[ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩර්]], ෆෝක්ලන්ඩර් | capital = [[ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්|ස්ටැන්ලි]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|41|43|S|57|50|58|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[විමධ්‍යගත]] පාර්ලිමේන්තු [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = ආණ්ඩුකාර | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | leader_title3 = ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරී | leader_name3 = ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් | legislature = ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 12,173 | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area:none --> | area_sq_mi = 4,700 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | elevation_max_m = 705 | percent_water = නොසැලකිය හැක | population_estimate = | population_census = 3,662<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/policy/images/2021_Census_-_Preliminary_Data_Tables.xlsx |title=2021 Census Report |year=2022 |publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government |format=XLSX}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_census_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_km2 = 0.30 | population_density_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | population_density_sq_mi = 0.72<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = ඩොලර් මිලියන 228.5<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |title=State of the Falkland Islands Economy |date=March 2015 |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409070208/http://www.fiassociation.com/shopimages/pdfs/2015%2003%20State%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands%20Economy%20Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2013 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = ඩොලර් 96,962 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4 වෙනි | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.874 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2010 | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} | HDI_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[FKST]] | utc_offset = – 03:00 | calling_code = [[+500]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = FIQQ 1ZZ | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:FK|FK]] | cctld = [[.fk]] |website={{URL|https://www.falklands.gov.fk|falklands.gov.fk}} }}'''ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|(|l|)|k|l|ə|n|d|,_|ˈ|f|ɒ|l|k|-}};<ref name=":0">{{cite EPD|18}}</ref> {{langx|es|Islas Malvinas|link=no}} {{IPA|es|ˈislas malˈβinas|}}), සාමාන්‍යයෙන් '''ද ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්''' ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබේ, එය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පැටගොන් හි පිහිටි දූපත් සමූහයකි. ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දකුණු පැටගෝනියානු වෙරළට නැගෙනහිරින් සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 500) පමණ වන අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයේ උතුරු කෙළවරේ කේප් ඩුබුසෙට් සිට සැතපුම් 752 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,210) පමණ අක්ෂාංශ 52 ක පමණ අක්ෂාංශයක පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුත් මෙම දූපත් සමූහය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තය සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ප්‍රදේශවලට අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇති අතර, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ඔවුන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක සහ විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකීම භාර ගනී. අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ස්ටැන්ලි ය. 17 වන සියවසේ යුරෝපීය සොයා ගැනීමට පෙර මෙම දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූ බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත සොයා ගැනීම සහ පසුව යුරෝපීයයන් විසින් යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් මතභේද පවතී. විවිධ කාලවලදී, දූපත් වල ප්‍රංශ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාවාස තිබුණි. 1833 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සිය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු කළ නමුත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දූපත් සඳහා සිය හිමිකම් පවත්වාගෙන යයි. 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා හමුදා දූපත් ආක්‍රමණය කළහ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධය අවසානයේ මාස දෙකකට පසු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලදී. 2013 ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද ඡන්ද සියල්ලම පාහේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව විය. භූමියේ ස්වෛරීභාවය තත්ත්වය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය අතර පවතින ආරවුලක කොටසකි. ජනගහනය (2021 දී වැසියන් 3,662) ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ස්වදේශික ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් වන අතර, ඔවුන් බහුතරය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සම්භවයක් ඇති අයයි. අනෙකුත් ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් අතර ප්‍රංශ, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන් සහ ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් ඇතුළත් වේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපතක් වන ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී යන රටවලින් සංක්‍රමණය වීම ජනගහන පරිහානියක් ආපසු හරවා ඇත. ඉංග්‍රීසි නිල සහ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාවයි. 1983 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්ව (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත යටතේ, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසියන් වේ. මෙම දූපත් උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් සාගර සහ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා දේශගුණික කලාපවල මායිමේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකෙහිම අඩි 2,300 (මීටර් 700) දක්වා ළඟා වන කඳු වැටි ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ මගින් කොල්ලකෑම හේතුවෙන් ප්‍රධාන දූපත් වල බොහෝ දෙනෙක් තවදුරටත් බෝ නොවන නමුත්, ඒවා විශාල පක්ෂි ජනගහනයකට නිවහන වේ. උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් අපනයන කෙරෙහි අවධාරණය කරමින්, ප්‍රධාන ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් අතර මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ බැටළු ගොවිතැන ඇතුළත් වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජය විසින් බලපත්‍ර ලබා දී ඇති තෙල් ගවේෂණය, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ සමුද්‍ර ආරවුල් හේතුවෙන් මතභේදාත්මකව පවතී. == නිරුක්තිය == "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම පැමිණෙන්නේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක වෙන් කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සවුන්ඩ් සමුද්‍ර සන්ධියෙනි.{{sfn|Jones|2009|p=73}} 1690 දී දූපත් වලට ගොඩ බැස්ස ඉංග්‍රීසි ගවේෂණයක නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝං විසින් මෙම නාලිකාවට "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්" යන නම යොදන ලදී. ඔහුගේ ගමනට අනුග්‍රහය දැක්වූ නාවික හමුදාවේ භාණ්ඩාගාරික 5 වන විස්කවුන්ට් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ඇන්තනි කැරිට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් ස්ට්‍රෝං මෙම සමුද්‍ර සන්ධිය නම් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Dotan|2010|p=165}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> විස්කවුන්ට් යන පදවි නාමය ස්කොට්ලන්තයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් නගරයෙන් ආරම්භ වේ - නගරයේ නම බොහෝ විට "සංවෘත" (lann){{efn-ua|පර්යේෂක සයිමන් ටේලර්ට අනුව, නමේ ඇති "ෆෝක්" යන වචනය "සැඟවුණු" (''ෆලාච්''), "වොෂ්" (''අසාර්ථකත්වය'') හෝ "අධික වර්ෂාව" (''ෆැල්ක්'') යන අර්ථයන් විය හැකි බැවින්, නිශ්චිත ගේලික් නිරුක්තිය අපැහැදිලි ය.{{sfn|Taylor|Márkus|2005|p=158}}}} යන වචනයට යොමු වන ගේලික් යෙදුමකින් පැමිණ ඇති නමුත් එය ඇන්ග්ලෝ-සැක්සන් යෙදුමක් වන "folkland" (ජන-දක්ෂිණාංශිකයින් විසින් අල්ලාගෙන සිටින භූමිය) වෙතින් විය හැකි බව අඩු පිළිගත හැකිය.{{sfn|Room|2006|p=129}} රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජෝන් බයිරන් 1765 දී රාජකීය ජෝර්ජ් රජු වෙනුවෙන් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" ලෙස ඒවා ප්‍රකාශ කරන තෙක් "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්" යන නම දූපත් සඳහා යොදන ලදී.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Paine|2000|p=45}}, *{{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> "ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස්" යන පදය දූපත් හැඳින්වීමට භාවිතා කරන සම්මත කෙටි යෙදුමකි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහය සඳහා පොදු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නාමය වන ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස්, ප්‍රංශ ඉල්ස් මැලූයින්ස් වෙතින් ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත - 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ ගවේෂක ලුවී-ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බුගන්විල් විසින් දූපත් වලට ලබා දුන් නම එයයි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=121}} දූපත් වල පළමු ජනාවාසය ආරම්භ කළ බුගන්විල්, එම ප්‍රදේශය සෙන්ට්-මාලෝ වරාය (ඔහුගේ නැව් සහ ජනපදිකයන් සඳහා පිටත්වීමේ ස්ථානය) අනුව නම් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Hince|2001|p=121}}, * {{harvnb|Room|2006|p=129}}.</ref> බටහිර ප්‍රංශයේ බ්‍රිටනි ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති වරාය, නගරය ආරම්භ කළ ක්‍රිස්තියානි එවැන්ජලිස්තවරයා වන ශාන්ත මාලෝ (හෝ මැක්ලෝ) නමින් නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Balmaceda|2011|loc=Chapter 36}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලයේ 20 වන සැසියේදී,<ref>{{cite web |date=1967 |title=United Nations General Assembly Twentieth Session |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/745657?ln=en |access-date=24 January 2023 |publisher=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> සිව්වන කමිටුව තීරණය කළේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ හැර අනෙකුත් සියලුම භාෂාවලින්, සියලුම එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ලේඛන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) ලෙස භූමිය නම් කරන බවයි. ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන්, භූමිය ඉස්ලාස් මැල්විනාස් (ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත්) ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Foreign Office|1961|p=80}} සංඛ්‍යාන සැකසුම් අරමුණු සඳහා එක්සත් ජාතීන් විසින් භාවිතා කරන නාමකරණය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් (මැල්විනාස්) වේ.<ref name="std_name">{{cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628144412/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49alpha.htm |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=3 July 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> == ඉතිහාසය == ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයේ දී පැටගෝනියාවේ ෆියුජියන්වරු ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වෙත පැමිණ ඇති නමුත්,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hamley|first1=Kit M.|last2=Gill|first2=Jacquelyn L.|last3=Krasinski|first3=Kathryn E.|last4=Groff|first4=Dulcinea V.|last5=Hall|first5=Brenda L.|last6=Sandweiss|first6=Daniel H.|last7=Southon|first7=John R.|last8=Brickle|first8=Paul|last9=Lowell|first9=Thomas V.|date=29 October 2021|title=Evidence of prehistoric human activity in the Falkland Islands|journal=Science Advances|volume=7|issue=44|pages=eabh3803|bibcode=2021SciA....7.3803H|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3803|issn=2375-2548|pmc=8550247|pmid=34705512}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Hattersley-Smith|date=June 1983|title=Fuegian Indians in the Falkland Islands|journal=[[Polar Record]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=21|issue=135|pages=605–06|bibcode=1983PoRec..21..605H|doi=10.1017/S003224740002204X|issn=0032-2474|s2cid=129083566}}</ref> යුරෝපීයයන් මුලින්ම ඒවා ගවේෂණය කරන විට දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවීය.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} සොයාගැනීම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රකාශ 16 වන සියවස දක්වා දිව යයි, නමුත් මුල් ගවේෂකයන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ වෙනත් දූපත් දුටුවාද යන්න පිළිබඳව එකඟතාවයක් නොමැත.<ref name="M White">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands?|title=Who first owned the Falkland Islands?|last=White|first=Michael|date=2 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=3 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210011353/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/blog/2012/feb/02/who-first-owned-falkland-islands|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Goebel|1971|pp=xiv–xv}}{{efn-ua|ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සොයාගැනීම් ප්‍රකාශ පිළිබඳ ඔහුගේ විශ්ලේෂණය මත පදනම්ව, ඉතිහාසඥ [[ජෝන් ඩන්මෝර්]] නිගමනය කරන්නේ "[එබැවින්] රටවල් ගණනාවකට පළමු සොයාගැනීම්කරුවන් යන මාතෘකාව යටතේ දූපත් සමූහයට යම් හිමිකම් පෑමක් කළ හැකිය: ස්පාඤ්ඤය, ඕලන්දය, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය සහ ඉතාලිය සහ පෘතුගාලය පවා - අවසාන හිමිකම් පෑමේ පාර්ශ්වයන් දෙදෙනා දේවල් ටිකක් දිගු කළ හැකි වුවද."{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|p=93}}}} දූපත් වලට පළමු අවිවාදිත ගොඩබෑම ඉංග්‍රීසි නායක ජෝන් ස්ට්‍රෝංට ආරෝපණය කර ඇති අතර, ඔහු 1690 දී පේරු සහ චිලී වෙරළ තීරයට යන අතරතුර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දය ගවේෂණය කර දූපත් වල ජලය සහ ක්‍රීඩාව සටහන් කළේය.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|p=5}}, *{{harvnb|Headland|1989|p=66}}, *{{harvnb|Heawood|2011|p=182}}.</ref> 1764 දී ප්‍රංශ නායක ලුවී ඇන්ටොයින් ඩි බෝගන්විල් විසින් නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි පෝර්ට් ලුවී පිහිටුවීම සහ 1765 දී කැප්ටන් ජෝන් බයිරන් විසින් සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ පෝර්ට් එග්මොන්ට් අත්තිවාරම දමන තෙක් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ජනාවාස නොවීය; දෙවන ජනාවාසය වසරකට පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය කපිතාන් ජෝන් මැක්බ්‍රයිඩ් විසින් පුළුල් කරනු ලැබේ.{{efn-ua|In 1764, Bougainville claimed the islands in the name of [[Louis XV of France]]. In 1765, British captain John Byron claimed the islands in the name of [[George III of Great Britain]].{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}{{sfn|Dunmore|2005|pp=139–40}}}} ජනාවාස එකිනෙකාගේ පැවැත්ම පිළිබඳව දැන සිටියාද නැද්ද යන්න ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් විවාද කරනු ලැබේ.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Goebel|1971|pp=226, 232, 269}}, * {{harvnb|Gustafson|1988|pp=9–10}}.</ref> 1766 දී, ප්‍රංශය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා තම අයිතිය ස්පාඤ්ඤයට භාර දුන් අතර, එය ඊළඟ වසරේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතය පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Segal|1991|p=240}} 1770 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤය එග්මොන්ට් වරාය හඳුනාගෙන අල්ලා ගත් විට ගැටළු ආරම්භ විය. 1771 දී එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට නැවත ලබා දීමෙන් යුද්ධය යන්තමින් වළක්වා ගන්නා ලදී.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=26}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සහ ස්පාඤ්ඤ ජනාවාස 1774 දක්වා දූපත් සමූහයේ සහජීවනයෙන් පැවතුනි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ නව ආර්ථික හා උපායමාර්ගික සලකා බැලීම් නිසා එය දූපත් වලින් බලකොටුව ඉවත් කර ගැනීමට හේතු වූ අතර, III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජු සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් සඳහා හිමිකම් කියන ඵලකයක් ඉතිරි විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=26–27}} ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා උපරාජය භූමියේ ඇති එකම විධිමත් පැවැත්ම බවට පත්විය. බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් අතහැර දමා තිබූ අතර, පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් දණ්ඩනීය යටත් විජිතයක් බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} යුරෝපයේ නැපෝලියන් යුද්ධ අතරතුර රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආක්‍රමණ මධ්‍යයේ, දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා 1806 දී දූපත් සමූහය ඉවත් කළේය; 1811 දී ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ ඉතිරි යටත් විජිත බලකොටුව ද එය අනුගමනය කළේය, ගවුචෝස් සහ ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් රැඳී සිටි ධීවරයින් හැර.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} ඉන්පසුව, රියෝ ඩි ලා ප්ලාටා හි එක්සත් පළාත් සඳහා සේවය කළ ඇමරිකානු පෞද්ගලික සේවකයෙකු වන කර්නල් ඩේවිඩ් ජෙවෙට්, දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශ සඳහා බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් හි 1816 හිමිකම් පෑම පිළිබඳව නැංගුරම් ලා ඇති නැව්වලට දැනුම් දෙන තෙක් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය අවිවාදිත විය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=27}}, * {{harvnb|Marley|2008|p=714}}.</ref>{{efn-ua|According to Argentine legal analyst Roberto Laver, the United Kingdom disregards Jewett's actions because the government he represented "was not recognised either by Britain or any other foreign power at the time" and "no act of occupation followed the ceremony of claiming possession".{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=73}}}} දූපත් වල ස්ථිර වැසියන් නොසිටි බැවින්, 1823 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජර්මානු සම්භවයක් ඇති වෙළෙන්දෙකු වන ලුයිස් වර්නට්ට ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු කිරීමට සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ වල් ගවයන් සූරාකෑමට අවසර ලබා දුන්නේය.{{efn-ua|Before leaving for the Falklands Vernet stamped his grant at the British Consulate, repeating this when Buenos Aires extended his grant in 1828.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|pp=48–50}} The cordial relationship between the consulate and Vernet led him to express "the wish that, in the event of the British returning to the islands, [[Government of the United Kingdom|HMG]] would take his settlement under their protection".{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=50}}}} වර්නට් 1826 දී පුවර්ටෝ සොලෙඩාඩ් හි නටබුන් අසල පදිංචි වූ අතර, පදිංචිකරුවන් ගෙන ඒමට සහ ස්ථිර ජනපදයක් පිහිටුවීමට ව්‍යාපාරය ප්‍රමාණවත් ලෙස ආරක්ෂිත වන තෙක් දූපත් වල සම්පත් රැස් කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|pp=27–28}}, * {{harvnb|Sicker|2002|p=32}}.</ref> 1829 දී බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් විසින් වර්නට් දූපත් වල හමුදා සහ සිවිල් අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස නම් කරන ලද අතර,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=540–46}} විදේශීය තල්මසුන් සහ සීල් ධීවරයින්ගේ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් නැවැත්වීම සඳහා මුද්‍රා තැබීම නියාමනය කිරීමට ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=27}} මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ සහ දඩයම් කිරීමේ අයිතිවාසිකම් සම්බන්ධ ආරවුලක් 1831 දී ඇමරිකානු යුධ නෞකාවක් වන යූඑස්එස් ලෙක්සිංටන් විසින් වැටලීමකට තුඩු දෙන තෙක් වර්නට්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරය පැවතුනි,{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}{{efn-ua|The log of the ''"Lexington"'' only reports the destruction of arms and a powder store, but Vernet made a claim for compensation from the US Government stating that the entire settlement was destroyed.{{sfn|Pascoe|Pepper|2008|pp=541–44}}}} එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාපති සිලස් ඩන්කන් දිවයිනේ රජය විසුරුවා හැරීම ප්‍රකාශ කළ විට.{{sfn|Peterson|1964|p=106}}[[File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Gennys_Fanshawe,_Mount_William,_Falkland_Islands,_May_1849_(Portion_B).png|alt=Three men in horseback examine a pastoral settlement|වම|thumb|1849 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ත කොරල්පරයක්, එඬේරුන් සහ බැටළුවන්ගේ නිරූපණය (රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අද්මිරාල් එඩ්වඩ් ෆැන්ෂාවේ විසින් අඳින ලද සිතුවම)]] 1832 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී බලකොටුවක් ස්ථාපනය කිරීමෙන් බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ජනාවාසය කෙරෙහි බලපෑම් ලබා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, එය මාසයක් ඇතුළත කැරැල්ලක් ඇති වූ අතර ඊළඟ වසරේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැමිණීමෙන් පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය නැවත තහවුරු විය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|p=50}} ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සම්මේලනය (බුවනෝස් අයර්ස් ආණ්ඩුකාර ජුවාන් මැනුවෙල් ද රෝසාස්ගේ ප්‍රධානත්වයෙන් යුත්) බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ ක්‍රියාමාර්ගවලට විරෝධය පළ කළ අතර,{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=25–26}}{{efn-ua|As discussed by Roberto Laver, not only did Rosas not break relations with Britain because of the "essential" nature of "British economic support", but he offered the Falklands "as a bargaining chip&nbsp;... in exchange for the cancellation of Argentina's million-pound debt with the British bank of [[Baring Brothers]]".{{sfn|Laver|2001|pp=122–23}} In 1850, Rosas' government ratified the [[Arana–Southern Treaty]], which put "an end to the existing differences, and of restoring perfect relations of friendship" between the United Kingdom and Argentina.{{sfn|Hertslet|1851|p=105}}}} සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ රජයන් එතැන් සිට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයට එරෙහිව නිල විරෝධතා ලියාපදිංචි කිරීම දිගටම කරගෙන ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=34–35}}{{efn-ua|Argentina protested in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927 and 1933, and has made annual protests to the United Nations since 1946.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=34}}}} බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා තම මෙහෙයුම අවසන් කිරීමෙන් පසු පිටත්ව ගිය අතර, විධිමත් රජයක් නොමැතිව ප්‍රදේශය හැර ගියේය.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} වර්නට්ගේ නියෝජ්‍ය, ස්කොට්ලන්ත ජාතික මැතිව් බ්‍රිස්බේන්, ව්‍යාපාරය යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීම සඳහා එම වසරේ දූපත් වෙත ආපසු ගිය නමුත්, ඔහුගේ උත්සාහයන් අවසන් වූයේ, පෝර්ට් ලුවී හි නොසන්සුන්තාව මධ්‍යයේ, ගවුචෝ ඇන්ටෝනියෝ රිවේරෝ අතෘප්තිමත් පුද්ගලයින් පිරිසක් බ්‍රිස්බේන් සහ ජනාවාසයේ ජ්‍යෙෂ්ඨ නායකයින් ඝාතනය කිරීමට නායකත්වය දුන් අතර, දිවි ගලවා ගත් අය අසල දූපතක ගුහාවක සැඟවී සිටියහ.{{sfn|Graham-Yooll|2002|pp=51–52}} 1840 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ඔටුන්න හිමි ජනපදයක් බවට පත් වූ අතර, පසුව ස්කොට්ලන්ත පදිංචිකරුවන් නිල දේවගැති ප්‍රජාවක් ස්ථාපිත කළහ.{{sfn|Aldrich|Connell|1998|p=201}} වසර හතරකට පසු, සෑම කෙනෙකුම පාහේ පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් වෙත නැවත පදිංචියට ගිය අතර, එය රජයට වඩා හොඳ ස්ථානයක් ලෙස සැලකේ. වෙළෙන්දා වන සැමුවෙල් ලෆෝන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතකරණය දිරිගැන්වීම සඳහා ව්‍යාපාරයක් ආරම්භ කළේය.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=9, 27}}.</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි, පෝර්ට් ජැක්සන් ඉක්මනින් නැවත නම් කරන ලද පරිදි, 1845 දී නිල වශයෙන් රජයේ ආසනය බවට පත්විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} එහි ඉතිහාසයේ මුල් අවධියේදී, භාණ්ඩ නැව්ගත කිරීමේ පාඩු හේතුවෙන් ස්ටැන්ලිට සෘණාත්මක කීර්තියක් තිබුණි; හදිසි අවස්ථා වලදී පමණක් කේප් හෝන් වටා යන නැව් වරායේ නතර වනු ඇත.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි භූගෝලීය පිහිටීම නැව් අලුත්වැඩියාවන් සහ "සුන්බුන් වෙළඳාම" සඳහා වඩාත් සුදුසු බව ඔප්පු විය, නැව් සුන්බුන් සහ ඒවායේ භාණ්ඩ විකිණීම සහ මිලදී ගැනීමේ ව්‍යාපාරය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–74}} මෙම වෙළඳාම හැරුණු විට, තණබිම්වල සැරිසරන වල් ගවයන්ගේ අඩු වටිනාකමක් ඇති හම් නිසා දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි වාණිජ උනන්දුව අවම විය. 1851 දී ලෆෝන්ගේ අසාර්ථක ව්‍යවසාය මිලදී ගත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම,{{efn-ua|There were continual tensions with the colonial administration over Lafone's failure to establish any permanent settlers, and over the price of beef supplied to the settlement. Moreover, although his concession required Lafone to bring settlers from the UK, most of the settlers he brought were gauchos from Uruguay.{{sfn|Strange|1987|p=84}}}} ලොම් ගොවිතැන සඳහා චෙවියට් බැටළුවන් සාර්ථකව හඳුන්වා දීමෙන් පසුව පමණක් ආර්ථික වර්ධනය ආරම්භ වූ අතර, අනෙකුත් ගොවිපලවල් ද එය අනුගමනය කිරීමට පෙළඹුණි.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History">See: * {{harvnb|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}}, * {{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}}.</ref> ආනයනික ද්‍රව්‍යවල අධික පිරිවැය, ශ්‍රම හිඟය සහ එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඉහළ වැටුප් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ වීම නිසා නැව් අලුත්වැඩියා වෙළඳාම තරඟකාරී නොවීය. 1870 න් පසු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ගල් අඟුරු සඳහා ඇති අඩු පිරිවැය හේතුවෙන් රුවල් නැව් වාෂ්ප නැව් මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීම වේගවත් වූ බැවින් එය පහත වැටුණි; 1914 වන විට පැනමා ඇළ විවෘත කිරීමත් සමඟ වෙළඳාම ඵලදායී ලෙස අවසන් විය.{{sfn|Strange|1987|pp=72–73}} 1881 දී, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයෙන් මූල්‍යමය වශයෙන් ස්වාධීන විය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} සියවසකට වැඩි කාලයක්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගම දූපත් සමූහයේ වෙළඳාම සහ රැකියා ආධිපත්‍යය දැරීය; ඊට අමතරව, එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ලොම් වෙළඳාමෙන් බොහෝ ප්‍රතිලාභ ලැබූ ස්ටැන්ලි හි බොහෝ නිවාස එහි හිමිකාරීත්වය දැරීය.<ref name="Bernhardson 2011 loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History" /> [[File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cfbattlepainting_(Retouched).jpg|alt=Two battling ships, with one sinking|දකුණ|thumb|1914 ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටන අතරතුර නාවික ගැටුම (විලියම් ලයනල් වයිලිගේ සිතුවම)]] 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී, උපඇන්ටාක්ටික් දූපත් සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ කොටසකට බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ භෞමික හිමිකම් පෑමේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වැදගත් කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1908 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මෙම ප්‍රදේශ පාලනය කළ අතර 1985 දී ඒවා විසුරුවා හරින තෙක් ඒවා රඳවා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Day|2013|p=129–30}} දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ පාලනයට සහාය වන හමුදා කඳවුරක් ලෙස ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ලෝක යුද්ධ දෙකෙහිම සුළු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කළේය. 1914 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සටනේදී, රාජකීය නාවික බලඇණියක් අධිරාජ්‍ය ජර්මානු බලඇණියක් පරාජය කළේය. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී, 1939 දෙසැම්බරයේ පැවති ගංගා තහඩු සටනෙන් පසුව, සටනේදී හානියට පත් HMS එක්සෙටර් අලුත්වැඩියා කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ත වෙත තැම්බුණි.{{sfn|Carafano|2005|p=367}} 1942 දී, ඉන්දියාවට යන ගමනේදී බලඇණියක් ජපානය විසින් දූපත් සමූහය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමේ බිය මධ්‍යයේ ෆෝක්ලන්තයට බලකොටුවක් ලෙස නැවත යොදවන ලදී.{{sfn|Haddelsey|Carroll|2014|loc=Prologue}} යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ පසු, ලොම් මිල පහත වැටීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර නැවත පණ ගැන්වූ ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ දේශපාලන අවිනිශ්චිතතාවය ෆෝක්ලන්ත ආර්ථිකයට බලපෑවේය.{{sfn|Bernhardson|2011|loc=Stanley and Vicinity: History}} සියවසේ දෙවන භාගයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර කැටි ගැසෙන ආතතීන් වැඩි වූ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ජනාධිපති ජුවාන් පෙරොන් දූපත් සමූහය කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කළේය.{{sfn|Zepeda|2005|p=102}} 1960 ගණන්වලදී ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල තීව්‍ර වූයේ, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ සංවිධානය යටත් විජිතකරණය පිළිබඳ යෝජනාවක් සම්මත කිරීමෙන් ටික කලකට පසුවය, එය ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තම ස්ථාවරයට හිතකර ලෙස අර්ථකථනය කළේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1965 දී, එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මහා මණ්ඩලය 2065 යෝජනාව සම්මත කළ අතර, ආරවුල සාමකාමීව විසඳා ගැනීම සඳහා ද්විපාර්ශ්වික සාකච්ඡා පවත්වන ලෙස රාජ්‍යයන් දෙකටම ඉල්ලා සිටියේය.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=125}} 1966 සිට 1968 දක්වා, එක්සත් රාජධානිය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මාරු කිරීම පිළිබඳව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සමඟ රහසිගතව සාකච්ඡා කළ අතර, එහි තීන්දුව දූපත්වාසීන් විසින් පිළිගනු ඇතැයි උපකල්පනය කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|p=24}} 1971 දී දූපත් සමූහය සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය අතර වෙළඳ සබඳතා පිළිබඳ ගිවිසුමකට එළඹුණු අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1972 දී ස්ටැන්ලි හි තාවකාලික ගුවන් තොටුපළක් ඉදි කළේය.{{sfn|Reginald|Elliot|1983|p=9}} කෙසේ වෙතත්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ඔවුන්ගේ ශක්තිමත් ලොබිය විසින් ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලද පරිදි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් විරෝධය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව අතර ආතතීන් 1977 දක්වා ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා ඵලදායී ලෙස සීමා කළේය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=24–27}} අයවැය කප්පාදු යුගයක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් නඩත්තු කිරීමේ වියදම ගැන සැලකිලිමත් වූ එක්සත් රාජධානිය, මුල් තැචර් රජය තුළ නැවතත් ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට ස්වෛරීභාවය පැවරීම ගැන සලකා බැලීය.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|title=UK held secret talks to cede sovereignty: ''Minister met junta envoy in Switzerland, official war history reveals''|last1=Norton-Taylor|first1=Richard|date=28 June 2005|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140919011057/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/28/falklands.past|archive-date=19 September 2014|last2=Evans|first2=Rob|url-status=live}}</ref> 1981 වන විට සැලකිය යුතු ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා නැවත අවසන් වූ අතර, කාලයත් සමඟ ආරවුල උත්සන්න විය.{{sfn|Thomas|1991|pp=28–31}} 1982 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ අනෙකුත් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ප්‍රදේශ ආක්‍රමණය කළ විටය. ජුනි මාසයේදී එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ගවේෂණ හමුදාවක් එම ප්‍රදේශ නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා තෙක් ඒවා කෙටියෙන් අල්ලා ගත්හ.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Reginald|Elliot|1983|pp=5, 10–12, 67}}, *{{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> යුද්ධයෙන් පසු එක්සත් රාජධානිය සිය හමුදා පැවැත්ම පුළුල් කරමින්, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ගොඩනඟා එහි බලකොටුවේ ප්‍රමාණය වැඩි කළේය.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|pp=130–35}} යුද්ධය හේතුවෙන් වාහන විරෝධී සහ පුද්ගල විරෝධී පතල් ඇතුළු විවිධ වර්ගයේ පතල් 20,000 කට ආසන්න ප්‍රමාණයක් අඩංගු බිම් බෝම්බ 117 ක් පමණ ඉතිරි විය. බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන්නන්ගේ විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය යාම හේතුවෙන්, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මූලික උත්සාහයන් 1983 දී නතර විය.<ref name="BBC_Mines" />{{efn-ua|The minefields were fenced off and marked; there remain unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices.<ref name="BBC_Mines"/> Detection and clearance of mines in the Falklands has proven difficult as some were air-delivered and not in marked fields; approximately 80% lie in sand or peat, where the position of mines can shift, making removal procedures difficult.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruan |first1=Juan Carlos |last2=Macheme |first2=Jill E. |date=August 2001 |title=Landmines in the Sand: The Falkland Islands |url=http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |journal=The Journal of ERW and Mine Action |publisher=James Madison University |volume=5 |issue=2 |issn=1533-6905 |access-date=29 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164355/http://www.jmu.edu/cisr/journal/5.2/focus/falklands.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}} බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ වූ අතර 2020 ඔක්තෝම්බර් මාසයේදී අවසන් කරන ලදී.<ref name="PenguinNews">{{cite magazine|date=23 October 2020|title=Falklands community invited to 'Reclaim the Beach' to celebrate completion of demining – Penguin News|url=https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027070620/https://penguin-news.com/headlines/community/2020/falklands-community-invited-to-reclaim-the-beach-to-celebrate-completion-of-demining/|archive-date=27 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|magazine=Penguin News}}</ref> ෂැකල්ටන් සාමිවරයාගේ නිර්දේශ මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත බැටළුවන් මත පදනම් වූ ඒක වගාවකින් සංචාරක ආර්ථිකයක් දක්වා විවිධාංගීකරණය වූ අතර ෆෝක්ලන්ත සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීමත් සමඟ ධීවර කටයුතු සිදු විය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}{{efn-ua|In 1976, Lord Shackleton produced a report into the economic future of the islands; but his recommendations were not implemented because Britain sought to avoid confronting Argentina over sovereignty.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} Lord Shackleton was once again tasked, in 1982, to produce a report into the economic development of the islands. His new report criticised the large farming companies, and recommended transferring ownership of farms from absentee landlords to local landowners. Shackleton also suggested diversifying the economy into fishing, oil exploration, and tourism; moreover, he recommended the establishment of a road network, and conservation measures to preserve the islands' natural resources.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}}}} මාර්ග ජාලය ද වඩාත් පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් ඉදිකිරීම දිගු දුර ගුවන් ගමන් සඳහා ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.{{sfn|Cawkell|2001|p=147}} 2010 ගණන්වල තෙල් ගවේෂණය ද ආරම්භ වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත ද්‍රෝණියේ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි තැන්පතු පිළිබඳ ඇඟවීම් සහිතව.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|title=Desire Petroleum optimistic over Falklands oil prospects|author=Fletcher, Nick|date=23 November 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608201007/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/nov/23/desire-petroleum-optimistic-falklands-oil-prospects|archive-date=8 June 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ඔටාවා ගිවිසුම යටතේ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ බැඳීම්වලට අනුකූලව, බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කිරීමේ කටයුතු 2009 දී නැවත ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර, සැපර් හිල් කොරල් 2012 දී බිම්බෝම්බ ඉවත් කරන ලද අතර, වසර 30 කට පසු පළමු වරට වැදගත් ඓතිහාසික සන්ධිස්ථානයකට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සැලසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|title=Falklands' Land Mine Clearance Set to Enter a New Expanded Phase in Early 2012|author=Grant Munro|date=8 December 2011|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=29 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162622/http://en.mercopress.com/2011/12/08/falklands-land-mine-clearance-set-to-enter-a-new-expanded-phase-in-early-2012|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 1990 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සබඳතා නැවත ස්ථාපිත කළ නමුත්, අනාගත ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡාවල කොන්දේසි සම්බන්ධයෙන් දෙදෙනාම එකඟ වී නොමැත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}, * {{harvnb|Zepeda|2005|pp=102–03}}.</ref> == රජය == [[File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Government_House,_Falkland_Islands.jpg|alt=Large, rambling house with greenhouse and white fence|දකුණ|thumb|ස්ටැන්ලි හි රජයේ මන්දිරය ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයාගේ නිල නිවසයි.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යනු ස්වයං පාලන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි.{{sfn|Cahill|2010|loc="Falkland Islands"}} 2009 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව යටතේ, දූපත් වලට සම්පූර්ණ අභ්‍යන්තර ස්වයං පාලනයක් ඇත; එක්සත් රාජධානිය විදේශ කටයුතු සඳහා වගකිව යුතු අතර, "එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අවශ්‍යතා ආරක්ෂා කිරීමට සහ භූමියේ සමස්ත යහ පාලනය සහතික කිරීමට" බලය රඳවා ගනී.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands|date=1 January 2009|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192759/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රාජාණ්ඩුව රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වන අතර, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ගේ උපදෙස් මත දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා පත් කරන ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් විධායක අධිකාරිය රජතුමා වෙනුවෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name="constitutiontext">{{cite web |date=5 November 2008 |title=The Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709031954/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2846/pdfs/uksi_20082846_en.pdf |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=9 July 2013 |publisher=The Queen in Council}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියා යන දෙදෙනාම රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස සේවය කරති.{{sfn|Buckman|2012|p=394}} ආණ්ඩුකාර ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් 2022 ජූලි මාසයේදී<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/23/as-of-saturday-falklands-have-the-first-woman-governor-ms-alison-blake-cmg|title=As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG|date=23 July 2022|work=MercoPress}}</ref> පත් කරන ලද අතර ප්‍රධාන විධායක ඇන්ඩ්‍රියා ක්ලවුසන් 2025 අප්‍රේල් 1 වන දින එම තනතුර භාර ගන්නා ලදී. ආචාර්ය ක්ලවුසන් රජයේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරිනිය වූ පළමු කාන්තාව සහ පළමු ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා වේ. 2024 සිට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සඳහා වගකිව යුතු එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අමාත්‍ය ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි, දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ ප්‍රතිපත්තිය පරිපාලනය කරයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister of State (Europe, North America and Overseas Territories) |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--178 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ දූපත් විධායක සභාවේ උපදෙස් මත වන අතර, එය ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් (ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා සභාපති ලෙස) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ඒක මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයක් වන ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාව, ප්‍රධාන විධායකයා, මුදල් අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයා සහ විශ්වීය ඡන්ද බලයෙන් වසර හතරක කාලයක් සඳහා තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින් අට දෙනෙකුගෙන් (ස්ටැන්ලිගෙන් පස් දෙනෙකු සහ කඳවුරෙන් තිදෙනෙකු) සමන්විත වේ.<ref name="constitutiontext" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල සියලුම දේශපාලනඥයන් ස්වාධීන ය; දූපත් වල කිසිදු දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් නොපවතී.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Government"}} 2013 මහ මැතිවරණයෙන් පසු, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවේ සාමාජිකයින්ට වැටුපක් ලැබී ඇති අතර පූර්ණ කාලීනව වැඩ කිරීමට සහ කලින් පැවති සියලුම රැකියා හෝ ව්‍යාපාරික අවශ්‍යතා අත්හැරීමට අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|title=Falklands lawmakers: "The full time problem"|date=28 October 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=1 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029213124/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/10/28/falklands-lawmakers-the-full-time-problem|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් 2020 දක්වා යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විදේශීය රටවල සහ ප්‍රදේශවල කොටසක් විය.<ref>{{cite web |author=EuropeAid |date=4 June 2014 |title=EU relations with Overseas Countries and Territories |url=http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701021720/http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/octs_and_greenland/index_en.htm |archive-date=1 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කාර්යාලය විසින් අධීක්ෂණය කරනු ලබන දූපත් අධිකරණ පද්ධතිය බොහෝ දුරට ඉංග්‍රීසි නීතිය මත පදනම් වේ,{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} සහ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් භූමිය මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතියේ මූලධර්මවලට බැඳී ඇත.<ref name="Constitution" /> පදිංචිකරුවන්ට යුරෝපීය මානව හිමිකම් අධිකරණයට සහ ප්‍රිවි කවුන්සිලයට අභියාචනා කිරීමේ අයිතිය ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=A New Approach to the British Overseas Territories |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191402/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217278/british-overseas-territories.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |location=London |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite legislation UK|type=si|year=2006|number=3205|si=The Falkland Islands (Appeals to Privy Council) (Amendment) Order 2009}}</ref> නීතිය ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම රාජකීය ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් පොලිසියේ (RFIP) වගකීමකි.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|pp=157–158}} === ආරක්ෂක === දූපත් වල ආරක්ෂාව එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සපයනු ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Transportation"}} දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා බලකොටුවක් ස්ථානගත කර ඇති අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය සමාගම් ප්‍රමාණයේ සැහැල්ලු පාබල ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආරක්ෂක බලකායට අතිරේක ප්ලැටූනයකට අරමුදල් සපයයි.<ref name="timesfidf">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7052002.ece|title=Falklands Defence Force better equipped than ever, says commanding officer|author=Martin Fletcher|date=6 March 2010|newspaper=The Times|access-date=18 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114151/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/|archive-date=11 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ මුහුදු නීතිය පිළිබඳ සම්මුතිය මත පදනම්ව, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් එහි වෙරළබඩ මූලික ස්ථානවල සිට නාවික සැතපුම් 200 (කිලෝමීටර 370 ) දක්වා විහිදෙන සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් (EEZ) ඉල්ලා සිටී; මෙම කලාපය ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ EEZ සමඟ අතිච්ඡාදනය වේ.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Boundaries Research Unit |title=Argentina and UK claims to maritime jurisdiction in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans |url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070949/https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/resources/south_atlantic/ |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Durham University}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල === එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ ආර්ජන්ටිනාව යන දෙකම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය තහවුරු කරයි. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1833 සිට දූපත් වල අඛණ්ඩ පරිපාලනය සහ දූපත් වැසියන්ගේ "එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ප්‍රඥප්තියේ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි ස්වයං නිර්ණය කිරීමේ අයිතිය" මත සිය ස්ථාවරය පදනම් කරයි.{{sfn|Lansford|2012|p=1528}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|title=Falkland Islands sovereignty talks out of the question, says Gordon Brown|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|date=27 March 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123070837/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/28/falkland-islands-sovereignty-argentina|archive-date=23 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=Supporting the Falkland Islanders' right to self-determination |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325033113/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/supporting-the-falkland-islanders-right-to-self-determination |archive-date=25 March 2014 |access-date=29 May 2014 |work=Policy |publisher=United Kingdom Foreign & Commonwealth Office and Ministry of Defence}}</ref> 1816 දී නිදහස ලබා ගත් විට, ස්පාඤ්ඤයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් අත්පත් කරගත් බව ආර්ජන්ටිනාව කියා සිටී.<ref name="RIS">{{cite web |author=Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores |title=La Cuestión de las Islas Malvinas |url=http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704155811/http://cancilleria.gov.ar/es/la-cuestion-de-las-islas-malvinas |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=10 October 2013 |publisher=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (República Argentina) |language=es}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite journal|author=Michael Reisman|date=January 1983|title=The Struggle for The Falklands|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|url-status=live|journal=Yale Law Journal|publisher=Faculty Scholarship Series|volume=93|issue=287|page=306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304122731/http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals%2Fylr93&div=24&collection=journals&set_as_cursor=41&men_tab=srchresults|archive-date=4 March 2020|access-date=23 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=18 June 2004 |title=Decolonization Committee Says Argentina, United Kingdom Should Renew Efforts on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Question |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117031530/https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/gacol3105.doc.htm |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=Press Release |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> 1833 සිදුවීම විශේෂයෙන් මතභේදාත්මක ය; ආර්ජන්ටිනාව එය "බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයේ අත්පත් කර ගැනීම" පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂියක් ලෙස සලකන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානිය එය තම හිමිකම් පෑම නැවත තහවුරු කිරීමක් ලෙස නොසලකා හරියි.{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|pp=26–27}}{{efn-ua|Argentina considers that, in 1833, the UK established an "illegal occupation" of the Falklands after expelling Argentine authorities and settlers from the islands with a threat of "greater force" and, afterwards, barring Argentines from resettling the islands.<ref name="RIS" /><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/> The Falkland Islands' government considers that only Argentina's military personnel was expelled in 1833, but its civilian settlers were "invited to stay" and did so except for 2 and their wives.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |title=Relationship with Argentina |publisher=Falkland Island Government |work=Self-Governance |access-date=5 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007220520/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> International affairs scholar Lowell Gustafson considers that "[t]he use of force by the British on the Falkland Islands in 1833 was less dramatic than later Argentine rhetoric has suggested".{{sfn|Gustafson|1988|p=26}}}} 2009 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය අගමැති ගෝර්ඩන් බ්‍රවුන්, ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපතිනි ක්‍රිස්ටිනා ෆර්නැන්ඩස් ද කර්ච්නර් සමඟ සාකච්ඡාවක් පැවැත්වූ අතර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳව තවදුරටත් සාකච්ඡා නොපවත්වන බව පැවසීය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|title=No talks on Falklands, says Brown|date=28 March 2009|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711153406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7969463.stm|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> 2013 මාර්තු මාසයේදී, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි දේශපාලන තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ ජනමත විචාරණයක් පැවැත්වීය: ප්‍රකාශිත ඡන්දවලින් 99.8% ක් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය භූමියක් ලෙස රැඳී සිටීමට පක්ෂව සිටියහ.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|title=Falklands referendum: Islanders vote on British status|date=10 March 2013|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002070421/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21731760|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|title=Falkland Islanders vote overwhelmingly to keep British rule|last1=Brindicci|first1=Marcos|date=12 March 2013|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040044/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-falklands-referendum-idUSBRE92B02T20130312|archive-date=5 March 2016|publisher=Reuters|last2=Bustamante|first2=Juan|url-status=live}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන් සාකච්ඡා වල හවුල්කරුවෙකු ලෙස පිළි නොගනී.<ref name="RIS" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|title=Timerman rejects meeting Falklands representatives; only interested in 'bilateral round' with Hague|date=31 January 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092439/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/01/31/timerman-rejects-meeting-falklands-representatives-only-interested-in-bilateral-round-with-hague|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|title=Falkland Islands hold referendum on disputed status|author=Laura Smith-Spark|date=11 March 2013|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712021145/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/10/world/americas/falklands-referendum/|archive-date=12 July 2018|publisher=CNN|url-status=live}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2024 මැයි මාසයේදී, අලුතින් තේරී පත් වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ජනාධිපති ජේවියර් මිලෙයි, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පාලනය සඳහා පොදු පිළිගැනීමක් සහ ඉවසීමක් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවට දූපත් පාලනය ලබා ගැනීමට දශක ගණනාවක් ගත විය හැකි බව සඳහන් කළේය. දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "අපි අපගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය අත් නොහරිමු" යනුවෙන් ප්‍රකාශ කළද, ඔවුන් "සාමයේ රාමුව තුළ" ආරවුල විසඳීමට කැමති බවත්, ඔවුන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් "එක්සත් රාජධානිය සමඟ ගැටුමක් සොයන්නේ නැති" බවත් මයිලි පැවසීය.<ref name="decades_2024_05_06_bbc">Wells, Ione; South America correspondent: [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce43zv3qln9o "Falklands dispute may last decades – Argentina president,"] 6 May 2024, ''[[BBC News]]'', retrieved 7 May 2024</ref> == භූගෝලය == [[File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg|alt=Topographic image|thumb|ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් සිතියම]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග සැතපුම් 4,700 (කිලෝමීටර් 12,000) ක් වන අතර වෙරළ තීරය සැතපුම් 800 (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) ක් ලෙස ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත.<ref>See: *{{harvnb|Guo|2007|p=112}}, *{{harvnb|Sainato|2010|p=157}}.</ref> මෙම දූපත් සමූහය ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ, බටහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සහ කුඩා දූපත් 776 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Sainato|2010|p=157}} දූපත් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කඳුකර සහ කඳුකර වන අතර,{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ප්‍රධාන ව්‍යතිරේකය වන්නේ ලෆෝනියාවේ අවපාත තැනිතලා (නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ දකුණු කොටස සාදන අර්ධද්වීපයකි) ය.{{sfn|Trewby|2002|p=79}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් වසර මිලියන 130 කට පෙර ආරම්භ වූ ගොන්ඩ්වානා බිඳවැටීම සහ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය විවෘත කිරීම හේතුවෙන් ඇති වූ මහාද්වීපික කබොල කොටස් වලින් සමන්විත වේ. දූපත් දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ, පැටගෝනියානු රාක්කයේ, දකුණු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පැටගෝනියාවට සැතපුම් 300 (කිලෝමීටර් 480) ක් පමණ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි ආසන්න පිහිටීම අක්ෂාංශ 51°40′ – 53°00′ දකුණු සහ දේශාංශ 57°40′ – 62°00′ W වේ.{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} දූපත් සමූහයේ ප්‍රධාන දූපත් දෙක ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් ශබ්දයෙන් වෙන් කර ඇති අතර, එහි ගැඹුරු වෙරළබඩ අවපාත ස්වාභාවික වරායන් සාදයි.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Blouet|Blouet|2009|p=100}}, * {{harvnb|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}}</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි ස්ටැන්ලි (අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම ජනාවාසය),{{sfn|Guo|2007|p=112}} RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි එක්සත් රාජධානියේ හමුදා කඳවුර සහ දූපත් සමූහයේ උසම ස්ථානය වන උස්බෝන් කන්ද පිහිටා ඇත.{{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=318}} මෙම සැලකිය යුතු ජනාවාස වලින් පිටත "කෑම්ප්" ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන ප්‍රදේශය වාචිකව හැඳින්වෙන අතර එය ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාවෙන් ගම්බද (කැම්පෝ) යන වචනයෙන් උපුටා ගන්නා ලද්දකි.{{sfn|Hince|2001|loc="Camp"}} දූපත් වල දේශගුණය සීතල, සුළං සහිත සහ තෙතමනය සහිත සමුද්‍රීය වේ.{{sfn|Klügel|2009|p=66}} දූපත් සමූහය පුරා දෛනික කාලගුණයේ විචල්‍යතාවය සාමාන්‍ය වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි වර්ෂාපතනය වසරෙන් අඩක් පුරා සාමාන්‍ය වන අතර, සාමාන්‍යය මිලිමීටර් 610 (අඟල් 24) වන අතර, වරින් වර සැහැල්ලු හිම පතනය වසර පුරා පාහේ සිදු වේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} ස්ටැන්ලි හි උෂ්ණත්වය ඓතිහාසිකව 21.1 සහ −11.1 °C (70.0 සහ 12.0 °F) අතර පවතින අතර, සාමාන්‍ය මාසික උෂ්ණත්වය ජනවාරි සහ පෙබරවාරි (ගිම්හානය) හි 9 °C (48 °F) සිට ජූලි (ශීත) හි −1 °C (30 °F) දක්වා වෙනස් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} දැඩි බටහිර සුළං සහ වළාකුළු පිරි අහස බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Central Intelligence Agency|2011|loc="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)&nbsp;– Geography"}} සෑම මසකම කුණාටු ගණනාවක් වාර්තා වුවද, තත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සන්සුන් වේ.{{sfn|Gibran|1998|p=16}} == ජෛව විවිධත්වය == [[File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Necksaundersisland2.jpg|alt=Large group of short, squat penguins on barren shore|වම|thumb|සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ දකුණු රොක්හොපර් පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදයක්]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ජෛව භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපයේ කොටසක් වන අතර,{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|pp=84–86}} දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පැටගෝනියාවේ ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සමඟ ශක්තිමත් සම්බන්ධතා ඇත.<ref name="epk">{{cite web |author1=Helen Otley |author2=Grant Munro |author3=Andrea Clausen |author4=Becky Ingham |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=Environmental Planning Department Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් හි බොහෝ පක්ෂීන් ගොඩබිම් පක්ෂීන්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ඇති එකම ආවේණික පක්ෂි විශේෂය වන්නේ පියාසර නොකරන ෆෝක්ලන්ත වාෂ්ප තාරා සහ කොබ්ගේ රෙන් ය.<ref name="Cobb">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Gary |date=15 July 2020 |title=Exploring The Falkland Islands |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/news/exploring-the-falkland-islands/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=All About Birds}}</ref><ref name="Report">{{cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Falkland Islands State of the Environment Report 2008 |url=http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195504/http://www.epd.gov.fk/wp-content/uploads/Falkland%20Islands%20State%20of%20the%20Environment%20Report%202008_final_sm.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |publisher=gov.fk}}</ref><ref name="Steamer">{{cite web |date=2023 |title=Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/country/falkland-islands-malvinas |access-date=22 May 2023 |website=BirdLife International}}</ref> දූපත් වල විශේෂ 63 ක් බෝ වන අතර, ආවේණික උප විශේෂ 14 ක් ද ඇතුළුව.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=131}} දූපත් වල බහුල ආත්‍රපෝඩා විවිධත්වයක් ද ඇත.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ස්වදේශික සනාල විශේෂ 163 කින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=129}} ලයිකන සහ ලයිකන වාසය කරන දිලීර විශේෂ 400 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇත.<ref name="Fryday et al. 2019">{{cite journal|last1=Fryday|first1=lan M.|last2=Orange|first2=Alan|last3=Ahti|first3=Teuvo|last4=Øvstedal|first4=Dag O.|last5=Crabtree|first5=Dafydd E.|year=2019|title=An annotated checklist of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi reported from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/310227/2019_Glalia_8_1_Fryday_et_al_Checklist_lichens_Falkland_Islands.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Glalia|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–100}}</ref> දූපත් වල එකම ස්වදේශික භූමිෂ්ඨ ක්ෂීරපායියා වන වෝරා, යුරෝපීය පදිංචිකරුවන් විසින් වඳ වී යාම දක්වා දඩයම් කරන ලදී.{{sfn|Hince|2001|p=370}} දකුණු අලි මුද්‍රාව සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානු ලොම් මුද්‍රාව සහ විවිධ වර්ගයේ සීටේෂියන් වැනි සාගර ක්ෂීරපායින් මෙම දූපත් වල නිතර දක්නට ලැබේ; අක්වෙරළ දූපත් වල දුර්ලභ ඉරි සහිත කැරකරා වාසය කරයි. විවිධ පෙන්ගුයින් විශේෂ පහක් සහ ග්‍රහලෝකයේ විශාලතම ඇල්බට්‍රොස් ජනපද කිහිපයක් ද ඇත.<ref name="Science and Diplomacy.">{{cite journal|last=Chura|first=Lindsay R.|date=30 June 2015|title=Pan-American Scientific Delegation Visit to the Falkland Islands|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|url-status=live|journal=Science and Diplomacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707031719/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/letter-field/2015/pan-american-scientific-delegation-visit-falkland-islands|archive-date=7 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|quote=The ocean’s fecundity also draws globally important seabird populations to the archipelago; the Falkland Islands host some of the world’s largest albatross colonies and five penguin species.}}</ref> දූපත් වටා ආවේණික මාළු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගැලැක්සියස් කුලයට අයත් වේ.{{sfn|Clark|Dingwall|1985|p=132}} ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් ගස් රහිත වන අතර සුළඟට ඔරොත්තු දෙන වෘක්ෂලතාදිය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විවිධ වාමන පඳුරු වලින් සමන්විත වේ.{{sfn|Jónsdóttir|2007|p=85}} දූපත් වල මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයම පාහේ බැටළුවන් සඳහා තණබිම් ලෙස භාවිතා කරයි.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109093604/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=10 July 2013 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂ අතරට රින්ඩර්, හාවුන්, හාවුන්, පැටගෝනියානු හිවලුන්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ බළලුන් ඇතුළත් වේ.{{sfn|Bell|2007|p=544}} මෙම විශේෂ කිහිපයක් දේශීය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂවලට හානි කර ඇති බැවින්, රජය හිවලුන්, හාවුන් සහ මීයන් පාලනය කිරීමට, ඉවත් කිරීමට හෝ විනාශ කිරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත. හඳුන්වා දුන් විශේෂවලින් වැඩිපුරම බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත්තේ ආවේණික ගොඩබිම් සතුන් වන අතර, විශාල දූපත් වලින් පක්ෂි විශේෂ කිහිපයක් වඳ වී ගොස් ඇත.{{sfn|Bell|2007|pp=542–545}} වාසස්ථාන වෙනස් වීම පිළිබඳ දිගුකාලීන දත්ත නොමැති බැවින්, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ්ස් මත මානව බලපෑමේ ප්‍රමාණය පැහැදිලි නැත.<ref name="epk" /> == ආර්ථිකය == [[File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photo_Port_Stanley_edit.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph of small seaside city|දකුණ|thumb|දැන් නිල වශයෙන් නගරයක් වන ස්ටැන්ලි, ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආර්ථිකයේ මූල්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයයි.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}}]] 2023 වන විට, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය GDP (PPP) අනුව ලෝකයේ 229 න් 221 වන විශාලතම ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කර ඇත,<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP (purchasing power parity) |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-purchasing-power-parity/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> නමුත් ඒක පුද්ගල GDP (PPP) අනුව ලොව පුරා 10 වන ස්ථානයේ සිටී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Real GDP per capita |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/real-gdp-per-capita/country-comparison/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> 2016 දී විරැකියා අනුපාතය 1% ක් වූ අතර 2014 දී උද්ධමනය 1.4% ක් ලෙස ගණනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="CIA" /> 2010 දත්ත මත පදනම්ව, දූපත් වල 0.874 ක ඉහළ මානව සංවර්ධන දර්ශකයක් ඇත{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=47}} සහ 34.17 ක ආදායම් අසමානතාවය සඳහා මධ්‍යස්ථ ගිනි සංගුණකයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Avakov|2013|p=54}} දේශීය මුදල් ඒකකය වන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුමයි, එය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් වලට සම්බන්ධ කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|title=Regions and territories: Falkland Islands|date=12 June 2012|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909094557/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/4087743.stm|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> නැව් නැවත සැපයුම් සහ උසස් තත්ත්වයේ ලොම් සඳහා බැටළු ගොවිතැන මගින් ආර්ථික සංවර්ධනය දියුණු කරන ලදී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Calvert|2004|p=134}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2001|p=170}}.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන බැටළු අභිජනන වර්ග වන්නේ පොල්වර්ත් සහ කොරිඩේල් ය.<ref>{{cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215211254/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/commercial-sectors/agriculture/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=13 February 2016 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වලදී, ගොවිපලවල අඩු ආයෝජනය සහ කෘතිම තන්තු භාවිතය බැටළු ගොවිතැන් අංශයට හානි කළද, රජය සුවිශේෂී ආර්ථික කලාපයක් ස්ථාපිත කිරීම සහ "මෙම කලාපය තුළ මසුන් ඇල්ලීමට කැමති ඕනෑම කෙනෙකුට" ධීවර බලපත්‍ර විකිණීම මගින් ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලබා ගත්තේය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} 1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය අවසන් වූ දා සිට, දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් වැඩි වැඩියෙන් තෙල් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ගවේෂණය සහ සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය කෙරෙහි අවධානය යොමු කළේය. {{sfn|Hemmerle|2005|p=319}} සියලුම විශාල ජනාවාස දැන් මාර්ගයෙන් සම්බන්ධ වී ඇති අතර, 2008 සිට, බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සම්බන්ධ කරන තොටුපළක් ඇත.<ref name="britannica.com">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Falkland Islands |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Falkland-Islands |accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref> දූපත් වල ප්‍රධාන අපනයන අතර ලොම්, හම්, මුව මස්, මාළු සහ දැල්ලන් ඇතුළත් වේ; එහි ප්‍රධාන ආනයන අතර ඉන්ධන, ගොඩනැගිලි ද්‍රව්‍ය සහ ඇඳුම් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name="CIA" /> ස්ටැන්ලි වරාය ජනාවාසය දූපත් වල ආර්ථික අවධානය නැවත ලබා ගෙන ඇති අතර, කම්කරුවන් කඳවුරෙන් සංක්‍රමණය වන විට ජනගහනයේ වැඩිවීමක් දක්නට ලැබේ.{{sfn|Royle|2001|pp=170–171}} ධීවර බලපත්‍ර මත යැපීමට ඇති බිය සහ අධික ලෙස මසුන් ඇල්ලීම, නීති විරෝධී මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ මාළු වෙළඳපොළ මිල උච්චාවචනයන්ගෙන් එල්ල වන තර්ජන හේතුවෙන් විකල්ප ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ලෙස තෙල් කැණීම කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩි විය. 2001 වන විට, ගවේෂණ උත්සාහයන් තවමත් "සූරාකෑමට ලක්විය හැකි සංචිත" සොයා ගැනීමට නොහැකි විය.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=171}} 2023 වන විට, රොක්හොපර් ගවේෂණය විසින් මෙහෙයවන ලද ගැඹුරු ජල ව්‍යාපෘතියක් සමඟින් තෙල් ගවේෂණය තවමත් දූපත් රාක්කයෙන් පිටතට සිදුවෙමින් පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Katherine |date=27 March 2023 |title=Rockhopper, Navitas Look to Reboot Falklands Project |url=https://www.energyintel.com/00000187-245b-dd7d-a597-377b8e9d0000 |website=Energy Intelligence |accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ආධාර නොමැතිව, ෆෝක්ලන්ත රජය විසින් අධ්‍යාපනය සහ ක්‍රීඩා ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සංවර්ධන ව්‍යාපෘති සඳහා අරමුදල් සපයා ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2001|p=170}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ආර්ථිකයේ ප්‍රාථමික අංශය විසින් දරනු ලබන අතර, ධීවර කර්මාන්තය පමණක් වාර්ෂික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 50% ත් 60% ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් දායක වේ; කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය ද දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයට සැලකිය යුතු දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන අතර ජනගහනයෙන් දහයෙන් එකක් පමණ සේවයේ යොදවයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Economy |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065020/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-sufficiency/the-economy/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ශ්‍රම බලකායෙන් හතරෙන් එකකට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයට සේවය කරන අතර එය දූපත් සමූහයේ විශාලතම සේවා යෝජකයා බවට පත් කරයි.<ref name="FI Guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> සේවා ආර්ථිකයේ කොටසක් වන සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය කෙරෙහි ඇති උනන්දුව වැඩිවීම සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාව සමඟ සෘජු ගුවන් සම්බන්ධතා නිර්මාණය කිරීම මගින් දිරිමත් කර ඇත.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Bertram|Muir|Stonehouse|2007|p=144}}, * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}.</ref> සංචාරකයින්, බොහෝ දුරට කෲස් නැව් මගීන්, දූපත් සමූහයේ වනජීවීන් සහ පරිසරය මෙන්ම මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සුන්බුන් කිමිදීම වැනි ක්‍රියාකාරකම් මගින් ආකර්ෂණය වේ; බහුතරයක් ස්ටැන්ලි හි නවාතැන් සොයා ගනී.<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Prideaux|2008|p=171}}, * {{harvnb|Royle|2006|p=183}}.</ref> නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් හි පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රධාන ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ RAF බ්‍රයිස් නෝර්ටන් වෙත ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref name="britannica.com" /> පෝර්ට් ස්ටැන්ලි ගුවන්තොටුපළ අභ්‍යන්තර ගුවන් ගමන් සපයයි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Internal Flights (FIGAS) |url=http://www.falklandislands.com/contents/view/116/get-here/get-around/internal-flights-figas |access-date=23 July 2010 |work=Getting Around the Falkland Islands |publisher=Falkland Islands Tourist Board}}</ref> COVID-19 වසංගත සීමාවන් නිසා සන්තියාගෝ සහ සාඕ පවුලෝ සිට ගුවන් ගමන් අත්හිටුවීම සහ කෲස් නැව් සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තහනම් කිරීම හේතුවෙන්, දූපත් වල ආර්ථිකය ස්ථාවර හා සෞඛ්‍ය සම්පන්නව පැවතුනි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alconada Mon |first=Hugo |date=28 March 2022 |title=Las Islas Malvinas, hoy: más diversas y cosmopolitas, miran a Londres y apuntan a la autodeterminación como país |trans-title=Falkland Islands, today: more diverse and cosmopolite, they look to London and aim to self-determination |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328135504/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/las-islas-malvinas-hoy-mas-diversas-y-cosmopolitas-miran-a-londres-y-apuntan-a-la-autodeterminacion-nid28032022/ |archive-date=28 March 2022 |publisher=La Nación |language=Spanish |accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> == ජන විකාශනය == [[File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands–Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAL-2016-Stanley,_Falkland_Islands%E2%80%93Christ_Church_Cathedral.jpg|alt=Photograph of a building|වම|thumb|ක්‍රයිස්ට් චර්ච් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර, ඇන්ග්ලිකන් කොමියුනියන් හි ප්‍රාදේශීය පල්ලිය. බොහෝ ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි ලෙස හඳුනා ගනී.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජනගහනය සමජාතීය වන අතර, බොහෝ දුරට 1833 න් පසු එම ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූ ස්කොට්ලන්ත සහ වේල්ස් සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වේ.{{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ උපන් ජනගහනය ඉංග්‍රීසි සහ ප්‍රංශ ජනතාව, ජිබ්‍රෝල්ටේරියන්, ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානුවන් සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකානුවන්ගෙන් ද පැවත එන්නන් වේ. 2016 සංගණනයෙන් පෙන්නුම් කළේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් 43% ක් දූපත් සමූහයේ උපත ලැබූ බවත්, විදේශීය උපන් පදිංචිකරුවන් දේශීය සංස්කෘතියට අනුගත වූ බවත්ය. පදිංචිය සඳහා නීතිමය යෙදුම "දූපත් වලට අයත්" යන්නයි.<ref name="2006Census">{{cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics, 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref><ref name="Census 2016">{{cite web |last1=Falkland Islands Government |title=Falkland Islands Census 2016 |url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328192533/http://www.fig.gov.fk/archives/jdownloads/People/Census%20Information%20Early%20Settlers/Falkland%20Islands%20Census%202016%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2018 |access-date=6 May 2018 |website=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> 1983 දී, බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ජාතිකත්වය (ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්) පනත 1983 යටතේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියන්ට පූර්ණ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා දෙන ලදී. {{sfn|Laver|2001|p=9}} 20 වන සියවසේදී ජනගහනයේ සැලකිය යුතු අඩුවීමක් දූපත් සමූහයට බලපෑවේය. බොහෝ තරුණ දූපත් වැසියන් අධ්‍යාපනය, නවීන ජීවන රටාවක් සහ වඩා හොඳ රැකියා අවස්ථා සොයමින් විදේශගත විය,<ref>See: * {{harvnb|Gibran|1998|p=18}}, * {{harvnb|Laver|2001|p=173}}.</ref> විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයක් වන සවුත්හැම්ප්ටන් වෙත, එය දූපත් වල "ස්ටැන්ලි නෝර්ත්" ලෙස ප්‍රසිද්ධ විය.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary Falklands still home to optimists as invasion anniversary nears] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305030343/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/mar/19/falklands-optimistic-invasion-anniversary|date=5 March 2017}}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', Andy Beckett, 19 March 2012</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය, ශාන්ත හෙලේනා සහ චිලී රටවලින් පැමිණි සංක්‍රමණිකයන් හේතුවෙන් දූපත් වල ජනගහනයේ පහත වැටීම අඩු වී ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} 2012 සංගණනයේදී, පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් බහුතරයක් ඔවුන්ගේ ජාතිකත්වය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වැසියා (සියයට 59), පසුව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය (සියයට 29), ශාන්ත හෙලේනියානු (සියයට 9.8) සහ චිලී (සියයට 5.4) ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත.<ref name="census2012">{{cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Falkland Islands Census 2012: Headline results |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184434/http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Headline-Results-from-Census-2012.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 |access-date=19 December 2012 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ සුළු පිරිසක් ද දූපත් වල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name="mercopress">{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|title=Falklands Referendum: Voters from many countries around the world voted Yes|date=28 June 2013|newspaper=MercoPress|access-date=22 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017102912/http://en.mercopress.com/2013/06/28/falklands-referendum-voters-from-many-countries-around-the-world-voted-yes|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල අඩු ජන ඝනත්වයක් ඇත.{{sfn|Royle|2006|p=181}} 2012 සංගණනයට අනුව, දූපත් සමූහයේ සේවය කරන හමුදා නිලධාරීන් සහ ඔවුන්ගේ යැපෙන්නන් හැර, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික ජනගහනය 2,932 කි.{{efn-ua|At the time of the 2012 census, 91 Falklands residents were overseas.<ref name=census2012/>}} 2012 වාර්තාවකින් ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ නිල ඇඳුම් ඇඳගත් පුද්ගලයින් 1,300 ක් සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශයේ සිවිල් සේවකයින් 50 ක් සිටින බව ගණන් බලා ඇත.<ref name="FI Guardian2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|title=The Falkland Islands: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know in Data and Charts|date=3 January 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=12 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/03/falkland-islands-data-charts|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ස්ටැන්ලි (පදිංචිකරුවන් 2,121 ක් සිටින) දූපත් සමූහයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ ස්ථානය වන අතර, පසුව මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 369 ක්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ගුවන්-පාදක කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්) සහ කෑම්ප් (පදිංචිකරුවන් 351) වේ.<ref name="census2012" /> දූපත් වල වයස් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩ කරන වයස (20–60) දෙසට නැඹුරු වේ. පිරිමින් කාන්තාවන්ට වඩා වැඩිය (සියයට 53 සිට 47 දක්වා), සහ මෙම විෂමතාවය 20–60 වයස් කාණ්ඩයේ වඩාත් කැපී පෙනේ.<ref name="2006Census" /> 2012 සංගණනයේදී, බොහෝ දූපත් වැසියන් තමන් ක්‍රිස්තියානි (සියයට 66) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත් අතර, පසුව ආගමික අනුබද්ධයක් නොමැති අය (සියයට 32) ලෙස හඳුනා ගත්හ. ඉතිරි සියයට 2 බහායි ඇදහිල්ල,<ref name="Adherents2001">{{cite web |date=September 2001 |title=The Largest Baha'i (sic) Communities (mid-2000) |url=http://adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011020123109/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_bahai.html |archive-date=20 October 2001 |access-date=11 October 2020 |website=Adherents.com}}</ref> බුද්ධාගම,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falkland Islands Census Statistics 2006 |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182057/http://www.falklands.gov.fk//documents/Census%20Report%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2010}}</ref> සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් ආගම්වල අනුගාමිකයින් ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|title=The world in muslim populations, every country listed|date=8 October 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=2 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207193255/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2009/oct/08/muslim-population-islam-religion|archive-date=7 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="census2012" /> ප්‍රධාන ක්‍රිස්තියානි නිකායන් වන්නේ ඇංග්ලිකන්වාදය සහ අනෙකුත් රෙපරමාදු ආගම සහ රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි.<ref>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes] by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, ABC-CLIO, p. 1093.</ref> == අධ්‍යාපනය == එංගලන්තයේ ක්‍රමය අනුගමනය කරන ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල අධ්‍යාපනය අවුරුදු 5 ත් 16 ත් අතර පදිංචිකරුවන්ට නොමිලේ සහ අනිවාර්ය වේ.<ref name="EDU">{{cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026174550/https://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people/daily-life/education/ |archive-date=26 October 2018 |access-date=29 May 2014 |publisher=Falkland Islands Government}}</ref> ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ස්ටැන්ලි, RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් (සේවා නිලධාරීන්ගේ දරුවන් සඳහා) සහ ග්‍රාමීය ජනාවාස ගණනාවකින් ලබා ගත හැකිය. ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපනය ලබා ගත හැක්කේ ස්ටැන්ලි හි පමණක් වන අතර එය නේවාසික පහසුකම් සහ ද්විතීයික අධ්‍යාපන සාමාන්‍ය සහතිකය (GCSE) මට්ටම දක්වා විෂයයන් 12 ක් ලබා දෙයි. වයස අවුරුදු 16 හෝ ඊට වැඩි සිසුන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ අ.පො.ස. උසස් පෙළ හෝ වෘත්තීය සුදුසුකම් සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ විද්‍යාලවල ඉගෙන ගත හැකිය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ උසස් අධ්‍යාපන ආයතනවලට සහභාගී වීම සඳහා වැඩිහිටි සිසුන්ට ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් රජය ගෙවයි.<ref name="EDU" /> == සංස්කෘතිය == [[File:Hope-Place.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hope-Place.jpg|alt=Two men in front of a fireplace about to exchange a drink|දකුණ|thumb|නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ හෝප් පෙදෙසේ සහකරුවෙකු සිටින මෙම මිනිසුන් දෙදෙනා වැනි දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ගවුචෝවරු දේශීය උපභාෂාවට බලපෑම් කළහ.]] ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් සංස්කෘතිය එහි බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ සංස්කෘතික සම්ප්‍රදායන් මත පදනම් වූ නමුත් හිස්පැනික් දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ බලපෑමට ලක්ව ඇත.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ෆෝක්ලන්ත වැසියන් තවමත් පැරණි ගවුචෝ වැසියන්ගෙන් සමහර යෙදුම් සහ ස්ථාන නම් භාවිතා කරයි.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} ෆෝක්ලන්තයේ ප්‍රමුඛ සහ නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර ප්‍රමුඛතම උපභාෂාව බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඉංග්‍රීසි වේ; කෙසේ වෙතත්, සමහර වැසියන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව ද කතා කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} ස්වභාව විද්‍යාඥ විල් වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, "ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ඉතා සමාජීය ස්ථානයක් වන අතර කතාබහක් සඳහා නතර වීම ජීවන රටාවකි".{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=21}} දූපත් වල සතිපතා පුවත්පතක් වන ද පෙන්ගුයින් නිවුස්,{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=66}} ඇති අතර රූපවාහිනී සහ ගුවන් විදුලි විකාශන සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එක්සත් රාජධානියේ වැඩසටහන් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි.{{sfn|Minahan|2013|p=139}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ් දේශීය ආහාර විස්තර කරන්නේ "ගෙදර වගා කරන ලද එළවළු, දේශීය බැටළු මස්, එළුමස්, හරක් මස් සහ මාළු වලින් බොහෝ දේ භාවිතා කරන ඉතා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය චරිතයක්" ලෙසයි. ආහාර වේල් අතර පොදු වන්නේ "තේ හෝ කෝපි සමඟ ගෙදර හැදූ කේක් සහ බිස්කට්" ය.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|pp=63–64}} වැග්ස්ටාෆ්ට අනුව, සමාජ ක්‍රියාකාරකම් "ප්‍රජා ජීවිතයේ බොහෝ අංශ ආවරණය වන පරිදි විවිධ සමාජ ශාලා සහ සංවිධාන සහිත කුඩා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නගරයකට සමාන" වේ.{{sfn|Wagstaff|2001|p=65}} === ක්‍රීඩාව === කුඩා ප්‍රමාණයෙන් යුක්ත වුවද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය ක්‍රීඩා සහ දූපත් ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා තරඟ කරයි.<ref name="insidethegames.biz 2021 g927">{{cite web |date=7 October 2021 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1106645/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයෙකි.<ref name="ICC 2024">{{cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Falkland Islands |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/members/associate/falkland-islands |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> == සටහන් == <references group="upper-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ දූපත්]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:දූපත් රටවල්]] st185tw66ud2jef8c9svkiip5jnqgdv 0 182381 750472 2025-06-23T14:50:20Z 2402:4000:2120:19FB:1458:5270:E12C:AA49 OVER 750472 wikitext text/x-wiki I don 't know...................... ld0ia5ok3eprn9dxclluoribr2epkgn 750473 750472 2025-06-23T14:51:27Z Quinlan83 51945 Requesting deletion 750473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}I don 't know...................... cx2rzsprn1w92xqku24idzp52gtettp 1 182382 750482 2025-06-23T16:36:29Z 175.157.108.238 /* සිරි කුරුස නිකායේ ධර්මෝපදේශන මොනවාද? */ නව ඡේදය 750482 wikitext text/x-wiki == සිරි කුරුස නිකායේ ධර්මෝපදේශන මොනවාද? == සිරි කුරුස නිකායේ ධර්මෝපදේශන [[විශේෂ:දායකත්ව/175.157.108.238|175.157.108.238]] 16:36, 23 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී) aps4v1myi5a6eh4afdo3q1fr5yrbzbi 10 182383 750521 2025-06-24T05:00:01Z BuddhikaW88 37808 '<includeonly>{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} |Imperial |English |UK|US|U.S. |US Customary|U.S. Customary |Standard = impus |{{#switch:{{{2}}} |[[United Kingdom]]|United Kingdom |[[United States]]|United States |[[United States of America]]|United States of America |[[United States|United States of America]] |[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[United States]] = impus |...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750521 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{1}}}}} |Imperial |English |UK|US|U.S. |US Customary|U.S. Customary |Standard = impus |{{#switch:{{{2}}} |[[United Kingdom]]|United Kingdom |[[United States]]|United States |[[United States of America]]|United States of America |[[United States|United States of America]] |[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[United States]] = impus |{{#ifeq:{{{3}}}_{{lc:{{{1}}}}}|area_dunam|dunam|metric}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> evx8nc4knujcmnzq9b2536bh7z3e8jc 14 182384 750540 2025-06-24T05:21:23Z Ttheek 66430 '[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]]' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] tc9bp5kqpoltvh07p94znw4ist6r2pa 14 182385 750556 2025-06-24T05:27:35Z Ttheek 66430 '[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]]' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] tc9bp5kqpoltvh07p94znw4ist6r2pa 0 182386 750563 2025-06-24T05:31:53Z Ttheek 66430 Ttheek විසින් [[රෙඩ් ග්ලෝබෝ]] සිට [[ටී.වී. ග්ලෝබෝ]] වෙත පිටුව ගෙන යන ලදී: Misspelled title 750563 wikitext text/x-wiki #යළියොමුව [[ටී.වී. ග්ලෝබෝ]] ntceptpip8lq23wkw4e0vuc3x8e84cn 14 182387 750568 2025-06-24T05:33:07Z Ttheek 66430 '[[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]]' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:බ්‍රසීලය]] tc9bp5kqpoltvh07p94znw4ist6r2pa 14 182388 750573 2025-06-24T05:40:43Z Ttheek 66430 '{{catmore}}' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{catmore}} co14t6zd6tzm4ugm6s5twxn4ikv2ukr 0 182389 750575 2025-06-24T05:43:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286358852|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]" 750575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' ( '''SGSSI''' ) යනු දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය|අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි . එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව {{Convert|165|km}} දිග සහ {{Convert|35|km}} පළලින් යුක්ත වන අතර එය එම භූමියේ ඇති විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් {{Convert|700|km}} පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින්. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය {{Convert|3903|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} කි. . [[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත්]] {{Convert|1300|km}} පමණ වේ. එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරට. ඩ්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ෆ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ෆ්ඩ්ග් ෆ්ඩ්ග් ඩ්ෆ්ග් ඩ්ෆ් ග්ෆ්ඩ් ග්ඩ්ෆ්ග් ෆ්ඩ්ග් ෆ්ඩ්ග් [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] m8h18aiqkt8xbnfwppdseakvj8jt9a8 750579 750575 2025-06-24T05:46:51Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''' ('''SGSSI''') is a [[:en:British_Overseas_Territories|British Overseas Territory]] in the southern [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of [[:en:South_Georgia|South Georgia]] and a chain of smaller islands known as the [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]]. South Georgia is {{convert|165|km}} long and {{convert|35|km}} wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about {{convert|700|km}} southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is {{Convert|3903|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> The [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]] are about {{convert|1300|km}} west from its nearest point. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer. The United Kingdom claimed [[:en:Sovereignty|sovereignty]] over South Georgia in 1775 and the South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" was formed in 1985;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> previously, it had been governed as part of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. [[:en:Argentina|Argentina]] claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938. Argentina maintained a naval station, [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]], on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]] in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it was closed by the [[:en:Royal_Navy|Royal Navy]]. The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]], during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina [[:en:South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|continues to claim sovereignty]] over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the [[:en:Tierra_del_Fuego,_Antártida_e_Islas_del_Atlántico_Sur_Province|Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province]]. == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] mkr477wabjwsj0f9jsn6j5mj88aeazz 750581 750579 2025-06-24T05:49:31Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands''' ('''SGSSI''') is a [[:en:British_Overseas_Territories|British Overseas Territory]] in the southern [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]. It is a remote and inhospitable collection of islands, consisting of [[:en:South_Georgia|South Georgia]] and a chain of smaller islands known as the [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]]. South Georgia is {{convert|165|km}} long and {{convert|35|km}} wide and is by far the largest island in the territory. The South Sandwich Islands lie about {{convert|700|km}} southeast of South Georgia. The territory's total land area is {{Convert|3903|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. The [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]] are about {{convert|1300|km}} west from its nearest point. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, and a very small non-permanent population resides on South Georgia. There are no scheduled passenger flights or ferries to or from the territory, although visits by cruise liners to South Georgia are increasingly popular, with several thousand visitors each summer. The United Kingdom claimed [[:en:Sovereignty|sovereignty]] over South Georgia in 1775 and the South Sandwich Islands in 1908. The territory of "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" was formed in 1985; previously, it had been governed as part of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. [[:en:Argentina|Argentina]] claimed South Georgia in 1927 and claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938. Argentina maintained a naval station, [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]], on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]] in the South Sandwich Islands from 1976 until 1982 when it was closed by the [[:en:Royal_Navy|Royal Navy]]. The Argentine claim over South Georgia contributed to the 1982 [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]], during which Argentine forces briefly occupied the island. Argentina [[:en:South_Georgia_and_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|continues to claim sovereignty]] over South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as part of the [[:en:Tierra_del_Fuego,_Antártida_e_Islas_del_Atlántico_Sur_Province|Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province]]. '''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] t9bsoggp0xjdp0im973djdnnuiuv09q 750582 750581 2025-06-24T05:50:01Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750582 wikitext text/x-wiki '''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] al5eueyxn9m5sebqpi53j01ggrhktjv 750583 750582 2025-06-24T05:53:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] j2yo688pp4dc9s16qr48yd1h628nxd6 750584 750583 2025-06-24T05:56:12Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = South Georgia and {{nowrap|the South Sandwich Islands}} | settlement_type = [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]] | linking_name = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = Coat of arms | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"Let the lion protect his own land" | anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = Location of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in the southern [[Atlantic Ocean]] | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}} | established_title2 = [[Falkland Islands Dependencies|Separation from Falkland Islands]] | established_date2 = 3 October 1985 | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | demonym = {{hlist|South Georgian|South Sandwich Islander}} | capital = [[King Edward Point]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = largest settlement | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[Direct rule|Directly administered]] [[Dependent territory|dependency]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] | leader_title2 = [[Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|Commissioner]] | leader_name2 = [[Alison Blake]] | national_representation = [[Government of the United Kingdom]] | national_representation_type1 = [[Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories|Minister]] | national_representation1 = [[Stephen Doughty]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = not ranked | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[Pound sterling]]<br />[[Falkland Islands pound]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands|+500]] | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] iotvos0qty35vnrpao4fhukfvcvsxw9 750587 750584 2025-06-24T06:02:27Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 3ia9pmpwn6m87mr62k4lzagobzd0itk 750588 750587 2025-06-24T06:02:51Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඉතිහාසය */ 750588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == History == {{main|History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} === South Georgia === ==== 17th to 19th centuries ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|Richard William Seale's map of 1744, showing Roche Island and noting its discovery in 1675]] The island of South Georgia was first sighted and visited in April 1675 by [[:en:Anthony_de_la_Roché|Anthony de la Roché]], a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman, who spent a fortnight in one of the island's bays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The island appeared as ''Roche Island'' on early maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> The commercial Spanish ship ''León'', operating out of [[:en:Saint-Malo|Saint-Malo]], sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] [[:en:Second_voyage_of_James_Cook|circumnavigated the island]] in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the [[:en:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain|Kingdom of Great Britain]], naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King [[:en:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom|George III of the United Kingdom]]. British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]]. In 1882–1883 a [[:en:German_Empire|German]] expedition for the first [[:en:International_Polar_Year|International Polar Year]] set up its base at [[:en:Royal_Bay|Royal Bay]] on the southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the [[:en:Transit_of_Venus|transit of Venus]] and recorded waves produced by the [[:en:1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa|1883 eruption of Krakatoa]]. [[:en:Seal_hunting|Seal hunting]] at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as {{ship||Earl Spencer|1799 ship|2}}, in late 1801.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20th and 21st centuries ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Anglican Church]] at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]], formerly the Norwegian Lutheran Church]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: {{div col}} # [[Prince Olav Harbour]] # [[Leith Harbour]] # [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] # [[Husvik]] # [[Grytviken]] # [[Godthul]] # [[Ocean Harbour]] {{div end}} The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref> [[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|South Georgia, photographed by [[:en:Frank_Hurley|Frank Hurley]] during the [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]]]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|South Georgia passport entry stamp, issued at the Post Office in Grytviken 1984]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|Historical and modern settlements of South Georgia Island]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|Map of the South Sandwich Islands.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 7kuk91d6595ub1wqnc3jg3yrp4weyho 750589 750588 2025-06-24T06:03:53Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඉතිහාසය */ 750589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == History == {{main|History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} === South Georgia === ==== 17th to 19th centuries ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]] The island of South Georgia was first sighted and visited in April 1675 by [[:en:Anthony_de_la_Roché|Anthony de la Roché]], a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman, who spent a fortnight in one of the island's bays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The island appeared as ''Roche Island'' on early maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> The commercial Spanish ship ''León'', operating out of [[:en:Saint-Malo|Saint-Malo]], sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] [[:en:Second_voyage_of_James_Cook|circumnavigated the island]] in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the [[:en:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain|Kingdom of Great Britain]], naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King [[:en:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom|George III of the United Kingdom]]. British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]]. In 1882–1883 a [[:en:German_Empire|German]] expedition for the first [[:en:International_Polar_Year|International Polar Year]] set up its base at [[:en:Royal_Bay|Royal Bay]] on the southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the [[:en:Transit_of_Venus|transit of Venus]] and recorded waves produced by the [[:en:1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa|1883 eruption of Krakatoa]]. [[:en:Seal_hunting|Seal hunting]] at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as {{ship||Earl Spencer|1799 ship|2}}, in late 1801.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20th and 21st centuries ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: {{div col}} # [[Prince Olav Harbour]] # [[Leith Harbour]] # [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] # [[Husvik]] # [[Grytviken]] # [[Godthul]] # [[Ocean Harbour]] {{div end}} The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref> [[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] j96sit4egbrgz23iqvnxg2w4tkyedux 750590 750589 2025-06-24T06:04:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 17th to 19th centuries */ 750590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == History == {{main|History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} === South Georgia === ==== 17th to 19th centuries ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]] The island of South Georgia was first sighted and visited in April 1675 by [[:en:Anthony_de_la_Roché|Anthony de la Roché]], a London merchant and (despite his French name) an Englishman, who spent a fortnight in one of the island's bays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The island appeared as ''Roche Island'' on early maps.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> The commercial Spanish ship ''León'', operating out of [[:en:Saint-Malo|Saint-Malo]], sighted it on 28 June or 29 June 1756.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] [[:en:Second_voyage_of_James_Cook|circumnavigated the island]] in 1775 and made the first landing. He claimed the territory for the [[:en:Kingdom_of_Great_Britain|Kingdom of Great Britain]], naming it the "Isle of Georgia" in honour of King [[:en:George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom|George III of the United Kingdom]]. British arrangements for the government of South Georgia were established under 1843 British [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]]. In 1882–1883 a [[:en:German_Empire|German]] expedition for the first [[:en:International_Polar_Year|International Polar Year]] set up its base at [[:en:Royal_Bay|Royal Bay]] on the southeast side of the island. The scientists of this group observed the [[:en:Transit_of_Venus|transit of Venus]] and recorded waves produced by the [[:en:1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa|1883 eruption of Krakatoa]]. [[:en:Seal_hunting|Seal hunting]] at South Georgia began in 1786 and continued throughout the 19th century. The waters proved treacherous and a number of vessels were wrecked there, such as {{ship||Earl Spencer|1799 ship|2}}, in late 1801.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය. [4] මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය. [5] ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය. [6] ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.[7] ==== 20th and 21st centuries ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: {{div col}} # [[Prince Olav Harbour]] # [[Leith Harbour]] # [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] # [[Husvik]] # [[Grytviken]] # [[Godthul]] # [[Ocean Harbour]] {{div end}} The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref> [[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] rr4z53b66r402yh14150v5cfytt39ut 750591 750590 2025-06-24T06:05:19Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === == History == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20th and 21st centuries ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: {{div col}} # [[Prince Olav Harbour]] # [[Leith Harbour]] # [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] # [[Husvik]] # [[Grytviken]] # [[Godthul]] # [[Ocean Harbour]] {{div end}} The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref> [[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] q8ces5kgl1s6fmf4cmk1h68w74t8tq2 750592 750591 2025-06-24T06:05:50Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: {{div col}} # [[Prince Olav Harbour]] # [[Leith Harbour]] # [[Stromness (South Georgia)|Stromness]] # [[Husvik]] # [[Grytviken]] # [[Godthul]] # [[Ocean Harbour]] {{div end}} The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref> [[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 8jtc26ok17825ed6hr03k3avllseb46 750593 750592 2025-06-24T06:08:36Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] South Georgia became a base for [[:en:Whaling|whaling]] beginning in the 20th century. A Norwegian, [[:en:Carl_Anton_Larsen|Carl Anton Larsen]], established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] in 1904. It operated through his [[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Argentine Fishing Company]], which settled in Grytviken The station operated until 1965. [[:en:Whaling_station|Whaling stations]] operated under leases granted by the Governor of the [[:en:Falkland_Islands|Falkland Islands]]. The seven stations, all on the north coast with its sheltered harbours, were, from the west to east: The whaling stations' [[:en:Trywork|tryworks]] were unpleasant and dangerous places to work. One was called "a [[:en:Charnel_house|charnel house]] boiling wholesale in Vaseline" by an early 20th-century visitor. [[:en:Tim_Flannery|Tim Flannery]] wrote that its "putrid vapors [resembled] the pong of bad fish, manure, and a tanning works mixed together", and noted one bizarre peril: "A rotting whale could fill with gas to bursting, ejecting a fetus the size of a motor vehicle with sufficient force to kill a man." දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] qhtuhocpc8byi3l7403hvyo1360eqz6 750594 750593 2025-06-24T06:09:13Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] nhm1npa09prjg7bqiwodax6k1y5oy7c 750595 750594 2025-06-24T06:10:38Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.[10][11] 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී.[තහවුරු කර නොමැත] 1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලදී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ හා නූතන ජනාවාස [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.[12] මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.[13] දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 3d1hafv2wxjo3zbl6a823xb61cxsqlo 750596 750595 2025-06-24T06:11:10Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]] With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the [[:en:South_Georgia_Museum|South Georgia Museum]] and [[:en:Norwegian_Anglican_Church,_Grytviken|Norwegian Lutheran Church at Grytviken]], only their decaying remains survive. From 1905, the Argentine Meteorological Office cooperated in maintaining a meteorological observatory at Grytviken under the British lease requirements of the whaling station until these changed in 1949. In 1908, the United Kingdom issued further [[:en:Letters_patent|letters patent]] that established constitutional arrangements for its possessions in the South Atlantic. The letters covered South Georgia, the [[:en:South_Orkneys|South Orkneys]], the [[:en:South_Shetlands|South Shetlands]], the South Sandwich Islands, and [[:en:Graham_Land|Graham Land]]. The claim was extended in 1917 to include a sector of Antarctica reaching to the [[:en:South_Pole|South Pole]]. In 1909, an administrative centre and residence were established at King Edward Point on South Georgia, near the whaling station of Grytviken. A permanent local British administration and resident magistrate exercised effective [[:en:Possession_(law)|possession]], enforcement of [[:en:United_Kingdom_law|British law]], and regulation of all economic, scientific, and other activities in the territory, which was then governed as the [[:en:Falkland_Islands_Dependencies|Falkland Islands Dependencies]]. In about 1912, what is according to some accounts the largest whale ever caught, a [[:en:Blue_whale|blue whale]] of {{convert|110|ft}}, was landed at Grytviken. In April 1916, [[:en:Ernest_Shackleton|Ernest Shackleton]]'s [[:en:Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition|Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition]] became stranded on [[:en:Elephant_Island|Elephant Island]], some {{convert|800|mi}} southwest of South Georgia. Shackleton and five companions set out in a small boat to summon help, and on 10 May, after an epic voyage, they landed at [[:en:King_Haakon_Bay|King Haakon Bay]] on South Georgia's south coast. While three stayed at the coast, Shackleton and the two others, [[:en:Tom_Crean_(explorer)|Tom Crean]] and [[:en:Frank_Worsley|Frank Worsley]], went on to cover {{convert|22|mi}} over the spine of the mountainous island to reach help at [[:en:Stromness,_South_Georgia|Stromness]] whaling station. The remaining 22 members of the expedition, who had stayed on Elephant Island, were subsequently rescued. In January 1922, during a [[:en:Shackleton–Rowett_Expedition|later expedition]], Shackleton died on board ship while moored in King Edward Cove, South Georgia. He is buried at Grytviken. The ashes of another noted Antarctic explorer, [[:en:Frank_Wild|Frank Wild]], who had been Shackleton's second-in-command on the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, were interred next to Shackleton in 2011.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. 1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලදී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ හා නූතන ජනාවාස [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.[12] මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.[13] දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 8glmh9ceiqaa90nfh7q9osrpr0hkdd0 750597 750596 2025-06-24T06:11:26Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. 1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලදී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ හා නූතන ජනාවාස [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] Argentina claimed South Georgia in 1927.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> The basis of this claim and of a later claim in 1938 to the South Sandwich Islands has been questioned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> During the [[:en:World_War_II|Second World War]], the Royal Navy deployed an armed merchant vessel to patrol South Georgian and Antarctic waters against German raiders, along with two four-inch shore guns (still present) protecting Cumberland Bay and Stromness Bay, which were operated by volunteers from among the Norwegian whalers. The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949–1950 by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]], which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. The [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]] was precipitated on 19 March 1982 when a group of Argentinians (most of them [[:en:Argentine_Marines|Argentine Marines]] in [[:en:Mufti_(dress)|''mufti'']]), posing as scrap-metal merchants, occupied the abandoned whaling station at [[:en:Leith_Harbour|Leith Harbour]] on South Georgia. On 3 April, Argentine troops [[:en:Battle_of_Grytviken|attacked and occupied Grytviken]]. Among the commanding officers of the Argentine garrison was [[:en:Alfredo_Astiz|Alfredo Astiz]], a captain in the [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine Navy]] who was convicted years later of crimes against humanity committed during the [[:en:Dirty_War|Dirty War]] in Argentina. The island was recaptured by British forces on 25 April, in [[:en:Operation_Paraquet|Operation Paraquet]]. In 1985, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands Dependency and became a separate territory. The [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] base, which had become a small military garrison after the Falklands War, returned to civilian use in 2001 and is now operated by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]]. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.[12] මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.[13] දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] kb0vgr1r3v9vn58wglvxl5padz86uw3 750598 750597 2025-06-24T06:12:00Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා */ 750598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] Captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]] discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]].<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> The northern three islands were discovered by Bellingshausen in 1819. The islands were tentatively named "Sandwich Land" by Cook, although he also commented that they might be a group of islands rather than a single body of land. The name was chosen in honour of [[:en:John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich|John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich]], who was First Lord of the Admiralty. The word "South" was later added to distinguish them from the "Sandwich Islands", now known as the [[:en:Hawaiian_Islands|Hawaiian Islands]]. [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]], at the south end of the island chain, is the southernmost land on Earth outside the area covered by the [[:en:Antarctic_Treaty|Antarctic Treaty]]. Argentina claimed the South Sandwich Islands in 1938, and challenged British sovereignty in the Islands on several occasions. From 25 January 1955 to mid-1956, Argentina maintained the summer station, "Teniente Esquivel" ([[:es:Refugio Teniente Esquivel|es]]) at [[:en:Ferguson_Bay|Ferguson Bay]] on the southeastern coast of [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]]. Argentina maintained a naval base ([[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]]) from 1976 to 1982, in the lee (southern east coast) of the same island. Although the British discovered the presence of the Argentine base in 1976,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> protested and tried to resolve the issue by diplomatic means, no effort was made to remove them by force until after the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]]. The base was removed on 20 June 1982. == Languages == == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] io6hozlsdak6r287lgiuks6fy2pjbi2 750599 750598 2025-06-24T06:13:08Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් */ 750599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 1grq172zhysp3p8v869e5mj734j87ms 750600 750599 2025-06-24T06:13:36Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* භාෂා */ 750600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == Languages == The sole official language of the territory is English, which is widely spoken amongst residents currently and used for nearly all administrative functions in the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Although English is used in the majority of government functions, the islands' motto ''Leo Terram Propriam Protegat'' is in Latin and is translated as "May the Lion protect his own land".<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> The adoption of new placenames was governed by the ''Place-names Ordinance of 1956'' and ''Place-names Regulation of 1957'' until 11 September 2020, when a representative was appointed to the regional Antarctic Place-names Committee and a new list of three criteria was created for deciding new names within the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> During British captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]]'s navigation of the islands, he set a standard for the adoption of new names in the territory based on four categories: expedition sponsors, the names of officers and crew, notable contemporary events, and descriptive names referring to the physical nature of the place or geographic formation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> This standard was mostly followed by later visitors in the region, including by explorers from different countries, such as Russian explorer [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]], who selected six new names within the territory in his 1819-1821 Antarctic expedition.<ref name=":02" /> Locations currently bearing names selected by Cook include [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], [[:en:Possession_Bay|Possession Bay]], and [[:en:Bay_of_Isles|Bay of Isles]], amongst others.<ref name=":02" /> Additional English names given many years after in recognition of past visits by [[:en:Whaling_in_the_United_States|American whalers]] in the territory include [[:en:Morrell_Point|Morrell Point]], [[:en:Wasp_Point|Wasp Point]], [[:en:Pacific_Point|Pacific Point]], and [[:en:Comer_Crag|Comer Crag]].<ref name=":02" /> Prominent Russian-language names chosen by Bellingshausen include the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]], [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski Island]], and [[:en:Visokoi_Island|Visokoi Island]] (''высокий'' meaning "high").<ref name=":02" /> There is also a [[:en:Scots_language|Lowland Scots]] language presence within the topography of the territory, with some locations being named after notable Scottish individuals, such as [[:en:Geikie_Glacier|Geikie Glacier]]<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> and [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]],<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> [[:en:Scottish_placenames_in_other_countries#South_Georgia|amongst others]].<ref name=":02" /> A number of placenames were influenced by the historical presence of [[:en:Whaling_in_Norway|Norwegian whalers]],<ref name=":02" /> including [[:en:Hestesletten|Hestesletten]] ("horse's plain"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> [[:en:Skrap_Skerries|Skrap Skerries]] ("skrapskjaer" or "skrapskjar"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] ("Pot Bay"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> and [[:en:Elsehul|Elsehul]] ("Else's hole"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> as well as a few whaling stations such as [[:en:Godthul|Godthul]] ("good hollow").<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> The first person to be born in South Georgia (and south of the [[:en:Antarctic_Convergence|Antarctic Convergence]]), [[:en:Solveig_Gunbjørg_Jacobsen|Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen]], was also Norwegian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=October 2023}} The small cove [[:en:Maiviken|Maiviken]], located in the [[:en:Thatcher_Peninsula|Thatcher peninsula]], was originally given the Swedish name ''Majviken'' meaning "[[:en:May_Day|May]] Bay" but was later altered into its current Norwegian spelling.<ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> In addition, numerous German placenames were also adopted in recognition of the ''German International Polar Year Expedition'' of 1882-1883 and an earlier American whaling voyage in 1877-1878 carrying Austrian painter [[:en:Heinrich_Klutschak|Heinrich Klutschak]], with [[:en:Klutschak_Point|Klutschak Point]] and [[:en:Schrader_Glacier|Schrader Glacier]] commemorating the two trips.<ref name=":02" /> There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company ''[[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Compañía Argentina de Pesca]]'' operating in the territory for approximately 60 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to [[:en:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|ongoing sovereignty dispute]] over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952, a number of locations have been given Spanish names, including [[:en:Carbon_Point|Punta Carbón]] and [[:en:Punta_Hueca|Punta Hueca]].<ref name=":02" /> An [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine naval station]] called [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]] was clandestinely built on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]], [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]], on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by [[:en:Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic|Argentine forces]] following their defeat in the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} == Geography == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|Map of the islands]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]]]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === {{main|South Sandwich Islands}} [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|Closeup map of the South Sandwich Islands]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|NASA satellite photograph of Montagu Island]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] bh301fwnme72hsanjfecx27dbjmmgxt 750601 750600 2025-06-24T06:14:30Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Languages */ 750601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == Languages == The sole official language of the territory is English, which is widely spoken amongst residents currently and used for nearly all administrative functions in the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> Although English is used in the majority of government functions, the islands' motto ''Leo Terram Propriam Protegat'' is in Latin and is translated as "May the Lion protect his own land".<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> The adoption of new placenames was governed by the ''Place-names Ordinance of 1956'' and ''Place-names Regulation of 1957'' until 11 September 2020, when a representative was appointed to the regional Antarctic Place-names Committee and a new list of three criteria was created for deciding new names within the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> During British captain [[:en:James_Cook|James Cook]]'s navigation of the islands, he set a standard for the adoption of new names in the territory based on four categories: expedition sponsors, the names of officers and crew, notable contemporary events, and descriptive names referring to the physical nature of the place or geographic formation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> This standard was mostly followed by later visitors in the region, including by explorers from different countries, such as Russian explorer [[:en:Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen|Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]], who selected six new names within the territory in his 1819-1821 Antarctic expedition.<ref name=":02" /> Locations currently bearing names selected by Cook include [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], [[:en:Possession_Bay|Possession Bay]], and [[:en:Bay_of_Isles|Bay of Isles]], amongst others.<ref name=":02" /> Additional English names given many years after in recognition of past visits by [[:en:Whaling_in_the_United_States|American whalers]] in the territory include [[:en:Morrell_Point|Morrell Point]], [[:en:Wasp_Point|Wasp Point]], [[:en:Pacific_Point|Pacific Point]], and [[:en:Comer_Crag|Comer Crag]].<ref name=":02" /> Prominent Russian-language names chosen by Bellingshausen include the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]], [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski Island]], and [[:en:Visokoi_Island|Visokoi Island]] (''высокий'' meaning "high").<ref name=":02" /> There is also a [[:en:Scots_language|Lowland Scots]] language presence within the topography of the territory, with some locations being named after notable Scottish individuals, such as [[:en:Geikie_Glacier|Geikie Glacier]]<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> and [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]],<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> [[:en:Scottish_placenames_in_other_countries#South_Georgia|amongst others]].<ref name=":02" /> A number of placenames were influenced by the historical presence of [[:en:Whaling_in_Norway|Norwegian whalers]],<ref name=":02" /> including [[:en:Hestesletten|Hestesletten]] ("horse's plain"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> [[:en:Skrap_Skerries|Skrap Skerries]] ("skrapskjaer" or "skrapskjar"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] ("Pot Bay"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> and [[:en:Elsehul|Elsehul]] ("Else's hole"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> as well as a few whaling stations such as [[:en:Godthul|Godthul]] ("good hollow").<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> The first person to be born in South Georgia (and south of the [[:en:Antarctic_Convergence|Antarctic Convergence]]), [[:en:Solveig_Gunbjørg_Jacobsen|Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen]], was also Norwegian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=October 2023}} The small cove [[:en:Maiviken|Maiviken]], located in the [[:en:Thatcher_Peninsula|Thatcher peninsula]], was originally given the Swedish name ''Majviken'' meaning "[[:en:May_Day|May]] Bay" but was later altered into its current Norwegian spelling.<ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> In addition, numerous German placenames were also adopted in recognition of the ''German International Polar Year Expedition'' of 1882-1883 and an earlier American whaling voyage in 1877-1878 carrying Austrian painter [[:en:Heinrich_Klutschak|Heinrich Klutschak]], with [[:en:Klutschak_Point|Klutschak Point]] and [[:en:Schrader_Glacier|Schrader Glacier]] commemorating the two trips.<ref name=":02" /> There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company ''[[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Compañía Argentina de Pesca]]'' operating in the territory for approximately 60 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to [[:en:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|ongoing sovereignty dispute]] over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952, a number of locations have been given Spanish names, including [[:en:Carbon_Point|Punta Carbón]] and [[:en:Punta_Hueca|Punta Hueca]].<ref name=":02" /> An [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine naval station]] called [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]] was clandestinely built on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]], [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]], on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by [[:en:Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic|Argentine forces]] following their defeat in the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} == Geography == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] ignmbyiksdwda29kvrr3cnpbucyvdjz 750602 750601 2025-06-24T06:18:03Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Languages */ 750602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == Languages == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> Locations currently bearing names selected by Cook include [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], [[:en:Possession_Bay|Possession Bay]], and [[:en:Bay_of_Isles|Bay of Isles]], amongst others.<ref name=":02" /> Additional English names given many years after in recognition of past visits by [[:en:Whaling_in_the_United_States|American whalers]] in the territory include [[:en:Morrell_Point|Morrell Point]], [[:en:Wasp_Point|Wasp Point]], [[:en:Pacific_Point|Pacific Point]], and [[:en:Comer_Crag|Comer Crag]].<ref name=":02" /> Prominent Russian-language names chosen by Bellingshausen include the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]], [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski Island]], and [[:en:Visokoi_Island|Visokoi Island]] (''высокий'' meaning "high").<ref name=":02" /> There is also a [[:en:Scots_language|Lowland Scots]] language presence within the topography of the territory, with some locations being named after notable Scottish individuals, such as [[:en:Geikie_Glacier|Geikie Glacier]] and [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]], [[:en:Scottish_placenames_in_other_countries#South_Georgia|amongst others]].<ref name=":02" /> A number of placenames were influenced by the historical presence of [[:en:Whaling_in_Norway|Norwegian whalers]],<ref name=":02" /> including [[:en:Hestesletten|Hestesletten]] ("horse's plain"), [[:en:Skrap_Skerries|Skrap Skerries]] ("skrapskjaer" or "skrapskjar"), [[:en:Grytviken|Grytviken]] ("Pot Bay"), and [[:en:Elsehul|Elsehul]] ("Else's hole"), as well as a few whaling stations such as [[:en:Godthul|Godthul]] ("good hollow"). The first person to be born in South Georgia (and south of the [[:en:Antarctic_Convergence|Antarctic Convergence]]), [[:en:Solveig_Gunbjørg_Jacobsen|Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen]], was also Norwegian.{{Full citation needed|date=October 2023}} The small cove [[:en:Maiviken|Maiviken]], located in the [[:en:Thatcher_Peninsula|Thatcher peninsula]], was originally given the Swedish name ''Majviken'' meaning "[[:en:May_Day|May]] Bay" but was later altered into its current Norwegian spelling. In addition, numerous German placenames were also adopted in recognition of the ''German International Polar Year Expedition'' of 1882-1883 and an earlier American whaling voyage in 1877-1878 carrying Austrian painter [[:en:Heinrich_Klutschak|Heinrich Klutschak]], with [[:en:Klutschak_Point|Klutschak Point]] and [[:en:Schrader_Glacier|Schrader Glacier]] commemorating the two trips. කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company ''[[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Compañía Argentina de Pesca]]'' operating in the territory for approximately 60 years. However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to [[:en:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|ongoing sovereignty dispute]] over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952, a number of locations have been given Spanish names, including [[:en:Carbon_Point|Punta Carbón]] and [[:en:Punta_Hueca|Punta Hueca]]. An [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine naval station]] called [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]] was clandestinely built on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]], [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]], on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by [[:en:Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic|Argentine forces]] following their defeat in the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == Geography == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] g4rtpv53sp2d1iqtnc4yyhz1oloy88w 750603 750602 2025-06-24T06:18:17Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Languages */ 750603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == Languages == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> There has been a Spanish language presence in the territory for a significant amount of time, with the whaling company ''[[:en:Compañía_Argentina_de_Pesca|Compañía Argentina de Pesca]]'' operating in the territory for approximately 60 years. However, there are relatively few Spanish names within the territory currently, in part due to [[:en:South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute|ongoing sovereignty dispute]] over the islands by Argentina, although since the beginning of Argentine Antarctic Expeditions in 1952, a number of locations have been given Spanish names, including [[:en:Carbon_Point|Punta Carbón]] and [[:en:Punta_Hueca|Punta Hueca]]. An [[:en:Argentine_Navy|Argentine naval station]] called [[:en:Corbeta_Uruguay|Corbeta Uruguay]] was clandestinely built on [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule Island]], [[:en:South_Sandwich_Islands|South Sandwich Islands]], on 7 November 1976 before its abandonment by [[:en:Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic|Argentine forces]] following their defeat in the [[:en:Falklands_War|Falklands War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == Geography == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 4e82dfxe020medwj1jch61q3d13mtpf 750604 750603 2025-06-24T06:18:33Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Languages */ 750604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == == Languages == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == Geography == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 69uxzzhdddgun3aas3po5uvfdshfb6s 750605 750604 2025-06-24T06:19:26Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Languages */ 750605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: {{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] aekspy2cims538b8wu2e4snq5dz1nys 750606 750605 2025-06-24T06:21:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහය තුළ ඇති දූපත් ග්‍රිට්විකන් === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 1,390 කිලෝමීටර (860 සැතපුම්; 750 නැමීබියාව) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.[30] මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] dzu2vhhzx6awa4h6ipswfp1ijsfy3aa 750607 750606 2025-06-24T06:22:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === == දේශගුණය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are a collection of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean. Most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous. At higher elevations, the islands are permanently covered with ice and snow. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහය තුළ ඇති දූපත් ග්‍රිට්විකන් === South Georgia Group === The South Georgia Group lies about {{convert|1390|km|mi nmi}} east-southeast of the Falkland Islands, at 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W. It comprises [[:en:South_Georgia_(island)|South Georgia Island]] itself, by far the largest island in the territory, and the islands that immediately surround it and some remote and isolated islets to the west and east-southeast. It has a total land area of {{convert|3756|km²}}, including satellite islands, but excluding the South Sandwich Islands which form a separate island group. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 1,390 කිලෝමීටර (860 සැතපුම්; 750 නැමීබියාව) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.[30] මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 2gnhinwmtq7gi645ucw2e41cset1sw3 750608 750607 2025-06-24T06:23:21Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම */ 750608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === ==== Islands within the South Georgia Group ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] South Georgia Island lies at {{coord|54|15|S|36|45|W|scale:2500000|display=inline,title}} and has an area of {{convert|3528|km²}}. It is mountainous and largely barren. Eleven peaks rise to over {{convert|2000|m}} high, their slopes furrowed with deep gorges filled with glaciers; the largest is [[:en:Fortuna_Glacier|Fortuna Glacier]]. The highest peak is [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]] in the [[:en:Allardyce_Range|Allardyce Range]] at {{convert|2934|m}}. Geologically, the island consists of [[:en:Gneiss|gneiss]] and [[:en:Argillaceous_schist|argillaceous schists]] with occasional tuffs and other sedimentary layers from which fossils have been recovered.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The island is a fragment of some greater land-mass now vanished and was probably a former extension of the [[:en:Andes|Andean system]]. Smaller islands and islets off the coast of South Georgia Island include: දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.[30] මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === South Sandwich Islands === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] gjr5jobf39wnnetokf8zrji6t2c6ekx 750609 750608 2025-06-24T06:24:18Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Islands within the South Georgia Group */ 750609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[Annenkov Island]] * [[Bird Island (South Georgia)|Bird Island]] * [[Cooper Island (South Georgia)|Cooper Island]] {{col-break}} * [[Grass Island (South Georgia)|Grass Island]] * [[Jomfruene]] * [[Pickersgill Islands]] {{col-break}} * [[Trinity Island (Willis Islands)|Trinity Island]] * [[Welcome Islands]] * [[Willis Islands (South Georgia)|Willis Islands]] {{col-end}} These remote rocks are also considered part of the South Georgia Group: * [[:en:Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)|Shag Rocks]], {{convert|185|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Black_Rock_(South_Georgia)|Black Rock]], {{convert|169|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} west-northwest of South Georgia Island * [[:en:Clerke_Rocks|Clerke Rocks]], {{convert|56|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of South Georgia Island === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] hanh9vyr3tgiq1j62lzejxbpwjvryqs 750610 750609 2025-06-24T06:27:31Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් */ 750610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === === අන්ත කරුණු === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === Extreme points === * Northernmost point – [[:en:Cape_North_(South_Georgia)|Cape North]] * Southernmost point – on [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook Island]] * Westernmost point – on [[:en:Main_Island,_Willis_Islands|Main Island]] (of the [[:en:Willis_Islands|Willis Islands]]) * Easternmost point – on [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu Island]] * Highest point – [[:en:Mount_Paget|Mount Paget]]: 2,934 m * Lowest point – Atlantic Ocean: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 9hs1orz0xip3nef962reup351j8lf2t 750611 750610 2025-06-24T06:29:50Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* අන්ත කරුණු */ 750611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == Climate == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 16k9p999uemwh8zf9a304btrewrk64e 750612 750611 2025-06-24T06:30:44Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* Climate */ 750612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] The South Sandwich Islands comprise 11 mostly [[:en:Volcano|volcanic]] islands (excluding tiny satellite islands and offshore rocks), with some active volcanoes. They form an [[:en:Island_arc|island arc]] running north–south in the region 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W, between about {{convert|350|and|500|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of South Georgia. The archipelago comprises [[:en:Candlemas_Island|Candlemas]], [[:en:Vindication_Island|Vindication]], [[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]], [[:en:Bellingshausen_Island|Bellingshausen]], [[:en:Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Cook]] and [[:en:Thule_Island|Thule]] discovered by Cook, and Thule. The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[:en:Traversay_Islands|Traversay Islands]] and [[:en:Candlemas_Islands|Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[:en:Southern_Thule|Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[:en:Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands|Saunders]], [[:en:Montagu_Island|Montagu]], and [[:en:Bristol_Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands' highest point is [[:en:Mount_Belinda|Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[:en:Mount_Michael|Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[:en:Lava_lake|lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though a permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982. Automatic [[:en:Weather_station|weather stations]] are on Thule Island and [[:en:Zavodovski_Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[:en:Protector_Shoal|Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 547py4r1pxy821xu4o1bn8821yrtkkm 750613 750612 2025-06-24T06:31:49Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් */ 750613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] guyjm8t764twywfyap0emcsaj9mqtas 750614 750613 2025-06-24T06:32:54Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|NASA satellite image of South Georgia Island covered with snow]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|The South Sandwich Islands connect with air currents to make [[:en:Wave_cloud|wave patterns]] in clouds.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|Royal Bay and South Georgia Island (south-up image)]] The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh, making a [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] ([[:en:Tundra|ET]]) in [[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen climate classification]]. Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around {{convert|0|°C}} in winter (August) and {{convert|8|°C|1}} in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about {{convert|−5|°C|0}} and rarely dip below {{convert|−10|°C|0}}. Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around {{convert|8|kn|mph km/h}} is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local [[:en:Topography|topography]], however, also contributes significantly to the low [[:en:Insolation|insolation]]. A study published during the early 1960s<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point{{spaced ndash}}or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the [[:en:Foehn_wind|Föhn effect]]; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is {{convert|28.8|C|abbr=on}}.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere {{convert|14.5|C|abbr=on}}. As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is {{convert|-19.4|C|abbr=on}}, but Bird Island just {{convert|-11.4|C|abbr=on}}. The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the [[:en:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current|Antarctic Circumpolar Current]]. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and [[:en:Iceberg|icebergs]] are common.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> Sea temperatures drop to {{convert|0|C|abbr=on}} in late August and rise to around {{convert|4|C|1|abbr=on}} only in early April. The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being farther south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of May to late November (even longer at their southern end).<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> Recorded temperature extremes at South Thule Island have ranged from {{convert|−29.8|to|17.7|°C|1}}.{{Clear}}{{Weather box | location = Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 }}{{Weather box | location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 }} == Government == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == Economy == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] ecj9bw1xr1dipvvy75vouhxivkimmua 750615 750614 2025-06-24T06:38:49Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|NASA satellite image of South Georgia Island covered with snow]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|The South Sandwich Islands connect with air currents to make [[:en:Wave_cloud|wave patterns]] in clouds.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|Royal Bay and South Georgia Island (south-up image)]] The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh, making a [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] ([[:en:Tundra|ET]]) in [[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen climate classification]]. Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around {{convert|0|°C}} in winter (August) and {{convert|8|°C|1}} in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about {{convert|−5|°C|0}} and rarely dip below {{convert|−10|°C|0}}. Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around {{convert|8|kn|mph km/h}} is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local [[:en:Topography|topography]], however, also contributes significantly to the low [[:en:Insolation|insolation]]. A study published during the early 1960s indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point{{spaced ndash}}or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the [[:en:Foehn_wind|Föhn effect]]; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is {{convert|28.8|C|abbr=on}}. Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere {{convert|14.5|C|abbr=on}}. As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is {{convert|-19.4|C|abbr=on}}, but Bird Island just {{convert|-11.4|C|abbr=on}}. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. The seas surrounding South Georgia are cold throughout the year due to the proximity of the [[:en:Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current|Antarctic Circumpolar Current]]. They usually remain free of pack ice in winter, though thin ice may form in sheltered bays, and [[:en:Iceberg|icebergs]] are common. Sea temperatures drop to {{convert|0|C|abbr=on}} in late August and rise to around {{convert|4|C|1|abbr=on}} only in early April. The South Sandwich Islands are much colder than South Georgia, being farther south and more exposed to cold outbreaks from the Antarctic continent. They are also surrounded by sea ice from the middle of May to late November (even longer at their southern end). Recorded temperature extremes at South Thule Island have ranged from {{convert|−29.8|to|17.7|°C|1}}. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 }}{{Weather box | location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 }} == Government == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == Economy == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] qqdis39rxavsyjhxm55daqjm648w013 750617 750615 2025-06-24T06:39:29Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] The climate is classified as polar, and the weather is highly variable and harsh, making a [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] ([[:en:Tundra|ET]]) in [[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen climate classification]]. Typical daily maximum temperatures in South Georgia at sea level are around {{convert|0|°C}} in winter (August) and {{convert|8|°C|1}} in summer (January). Winter minimum temperatures are typically about {{convert|−5|°C|0}} and rarely dip below {{convert|−10|°C|0}}. Annual precipitation in South Georgia is about {{convert|1500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}, much of which falls as sleet or snow, which is possible the entire year. Inland, the snow line in summer is at an altitude of about {{convert|300|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Westerly winds blow throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm—indeed, in 1963, 25% of winds were in the calm category at King Edward Point, and the mean wind speed of around {{convert|8|kn|mph km/h}} is around half that of the Falkland Islands. This gives the eastern side of South Georgia (leeward side) a more pleasant climate than the exposed western side. The prevailing weather conditions generally make the islands difficult to approach by ship, though the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays which provide good anchorage. දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local [[:en:Topography|topography]], however, also contributes significantly to the low [[:en:Insolation|insolation]]. A study published during the early 1960s indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point{{spaced ndash}}or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the [[:en:Foehn_wind|Föhn effect]]; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is {{convert|28.8|C|abbr=on}}. Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere {{convert|14.5|C|abbr=on}}. As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is {{convert|-19.4|C|abbr=on}}, but Bird Island just {{convert|-11.4|C|abbr=on}}. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 }}{{Weather box | location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 }} == Government == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == Economy == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 3z25nsbmo87y39joxhd799mgd71rbki 750619 750617 2025-06-24T06:41:22Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. Sunshine, as with many South Atlantic Islands, is low, at a maximum of just 21.5%. This amounts to around 1,000 hours of sunshine annually. The local [[:en:Topography|topography]], however, also contributes significantly to the low [[:en:Insolation|insolation]]. A study published during the early 1960s indicated that sunshine recording instruments remained significantly obscured throughout the year and entirely obscured during June. It was estimated that the theoretical sunshine exposure minus obstructions would be around 14% at Bird Island and 35% at King Edward Point{{spaced ndash}}or, in hourly terms, ranging from around 650 hours in the west to 1,500 hours in the east. This illustrates the effect the Allardyce Range has in breaking up cloud cover. Mountain winds rise over the western slopes of the mountains of South Georgia and down the eastern side and become much warmer and drier due to the [[:en:Foehn_wind|Föhn effect]]; this produces the most pleasant conditions when temperatures can occasionally rise to over {{convert|20|C|0|abbr=on}} on summer days. The highest temperature recorded at the King Edward Point meteorological station (often generically and less accurately called Grytviken) on the sheltered eastern side of South Georgia is {{convert|28.8|C|abbr=on}}. Conversely, the highest recorded temperature at Bird Island on the windward western side is a mere {{convert|14.5|C|abbr=on}}. As one might expect, the sheltered eastern side can also record lower winter temperatures—the absolute minimum temperature for King Edward Point is {{convert|-19.4|C|abbr=on}}, but Bird Island just {{convert|-11.4|C|abbr=on}}. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 }}{{Weather box | location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 }} == Government == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == Economy == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] b95d559i87a4yby05xdc1l8ywxud40r 750621 750619 2025-06-24T06:47:04Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = Bird Island, South Georgia, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 }}{{Weather box | location = Grytviken/King Edward Point, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 }} == Government == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == Economy == == රජය == == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] s4hipwbf5hsgt78jlnehjktztvm225u 750622 750621 2025-06-24T06:50:14Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|[[:en:King_Charles_III|King Charles III]] is the head of state of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. As no permanent inhabitants live on the islands, no [[:en:Legislative_council|legislative council]] nor elections are needed. The UK [[:en:Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office|Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] (FCDO) manages the foreign relations of the territory. Since 1982, the territory celebrates [[:en:Liberation_Day|Liberation Day]] on 25 April. The constitution of the territory (adopted 3 October 1985), the manner in which its government is directed and the availability of judicial review were discussed in a series of litigations between 2001 and 2005 (see, in particular, ''Regina v. Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Appellant) ex parte Quark Fishing Limited'' [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref>). Although its government is directed by the FCDO, it was held that, since it was acting as an agent of [[:en:The_Crown#Divisibility_of_the_Crown|the Crown]] in right of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands rather than in right of the UK, its decisions under that direction could not be challenged as if they were in law decisions of a UK government department;{{clarify|date=April 2014}} thus the European Convention on Human Rights did not apply. == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] gi41netfgnrz6nqu9t7jztldwjhzc7b 750623 750622 2025-06-24T06:55:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* රජය */ 750623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] Executive power is vested in the [[:en:Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom|monarch of the United Kingdom]] and is exercised by the [[:en:Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands|Commissioner]], a post held by the [[:en:Governor_of_the_Falkland_Islands|Governor of the Falkland Islands]]. The current Commissioner is [[:en:Alison_Blake|Alison Blake]], who took the post on 1 July 2022. The executive, based in Stanley, Falkland Islands, is made up of a Chief Executive, three Directors, two managers, and a Business Support Officer. The Financial Secretary and Attorney General of the territory are appointed ''ex officio'' similar appointments in the Falkland Islands' government. On the island itself, Government Officers manage vessel visits, fishing and tourism, and represent the government 'on the ground'. A summer Deputy Postmaster runs the Post Office at Grytviken during the tourism season. විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 9agwk6miyo9nnk8wevbmy86bka36ud8 750624 750623 2025-06-24T06:55:31Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* රජය */ 750624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] ox7beqd6wddxi78mjkugjoepafyzdi5 750625 750624 2025-06-24T06:56:22Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආර්ථිකය */ 750625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == Commercial [[:en:Seal_hunting|sealing]] occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> Economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3&nbsp;million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === Fishing === Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[:en:Patagonian_toothfish|Patagonian toothfish]], [[:en:Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[:en:Krill|krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[:en:Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources|Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. In 2001 the South Georgia government was cited by the [[:en:Marine_Stewardship_Council|Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, certifying that South Georgia met the MSC's environmental standards. The certificate places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref> [[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|MV Pharos SG at Grytviken in 2024]] Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV ''Pharos SG'' in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> [[:en:Dissostichus|Toothfish]] are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, [[:en:Toothfish_Day|Toothfish Day]] is celebrated on 4 September as a [[:en:Bank_holiday|bank holiday]] in the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === Tourism === {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2015}} [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. === Postage stamps === {{main|Postage stamps and postal history of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2010}}<!--Deleted image removed: [[File:Stamp South Georgia 1963 4d.jpg|right|thumb|This postage stamp depicting a [[fin whale]] was issued in 1963.]]--> A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. === Currency === {{Main|British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic}} The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. === Internet domain registration === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === === තැපැල් මුද්දර === === මුදල් === === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 9zx4oq20p9ecz26ghy55pkfp13ikkmu 750627 750625 2025-06-24T07:01:01Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආර්ථිකය */ 750627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == Commercial [[:en:Seal_hunting|sealing]] occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> Economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3&nbsp;million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[:en:Patagonian_toothfish|Patagonian toothfish]], [[:en:Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[:en:Krill|krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[:en:Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources|Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. In 2001 the South Georgia government was cited by the [[:en:Marine_Stewardship_Council|Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, certifying that South Georgia met the MSC's environmental standards. The certificate places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref> [[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV ''Pharos SG'' in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> [[:en:Dissostichus|Toothfish]] are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, [[:en:Toothfish_Day|Toothfish Day]] is celebrated on 4 September as a [[:en:Bank_holiday|bank holiday]] in the territory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 10bob28t68mr3gwvmwof18mob8x2hxd 750631 750627 2025-06-24T07:03:12Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආර්ථිකය */ 750631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == Commercial [[:en:Seal_hunting|sealing]] occurred on the islands between 1817 and 1909. During that period 20 visits are recorded by sealing vessels. Economic activity in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is limited. The territory has revenues of £6.3&nbsp;million, 80% of which is derived from fishing licences (2020 figures). Other sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps and coins, tourism, and customs and harbour dues. 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය තැපැල් මුද්දර මුදල් === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[:en:Patagonian_toothfish|Patagonian toothfish]], [[:en:Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[:en:Krill|krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[:en:Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources|Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. In 2001 the South Georgia government was cited by the [[:en:Marine_Stewardship_Council|Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, certifying that South Georgia met the MSC's environmental standards. The certificate places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV ''Pharos SG'' in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028. [[:en:Dissostichus|Toothfish]] are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, [[:en:Toothfish_Day|Toothfish Day]] is celebrated on 4 September as a [[:en:Bank_holiday|bank holiday]] in the territory. ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 5idtwdo3fdurxcvyocb1d9xeuoytsh1 750632 750631 2025-06-24T07:03:32Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආර්ථිකය */ 750632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === Fishing takes place around South Georgia and in adjacent waters in some months of the year, with fishing licences sold by the territory for [[:en:Patagonian_toothfish|Patagonian toothfish]], [[:en:Nototheniidae|cod icefish]] and [[:en:Krill|krill]]. Fishing licences bring in millions of pounds a year, most of which is spent on fishery protection and research. All fisheries are regulated and managed in accordance with the [[:en:Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources|Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources]] (CCAMLR) system. In 2001 the South Georgia government was cited by the [[:en:Marine_Stewardship_Council|Marine Stewardship Council]] for its sustainable Patagonian toothfish fishery, certifying that South Georgia met the MSC's environmental standards. The certificate places limits on the timing and quantity of Patagonian toothfish that may be caught. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV ''Pharos SG'' in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028. [[:en:Dissostichus|Toothfish]] are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, [[:en:Toothfish_Day|Toothfish Day]] is celebrated on 4 September as a [[:en:Bank_holiday|bank holiday]] in the territory. ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 1d43a2aocnxm7cxlincayokrmnc1a8l 750633 750632 2025-06-24T07:03:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* මසුන් ඇල්ලීම */ 750633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] Fisheries and environmental protection is the responsibility of the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) which contracts with Workboat Services Limited (WBS), a Falkland Islands company, to operate the vessel MV ''Pharos SG'' in the South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands Maritime Zone. The current contract for that service runs until 2028. [[:en:Dissostichus|Toothfish]] are vital to the islands' economy; as a result, [[:en:Toothfish_Day|Toothfish Day]] is celebrated on 4 September as a [[:en:Bank_holiday|bank holiday]] in the territory. ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] j29r7x2oqprl0mfggjoym2azqq47a6z 750634 750633 2025-06-24T07:04:06Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* මසුන් ඇල්ලීම */ 750634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === [[:en:Tourism|Tourism]] has become a larger source of income in recent years, with many cruise ships and sailing yachts visiting the area (the only way to visit South Georgia is by sea; there are no airstrips on the Islands). The territory gains income from landing charges and the sale of souvenirs. [[:en:Cruise_ship|Cruise ships]] often combine a Grytviken visit with a trip to the [[:en:Antarctic_Peninsula|Antarctic Peninsula]]. Charter yacht visits usually begin in the Falkland Islands, last between four and six weeks, and enable guests to visit remote harbours of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Sailing vessels are now required to anchor out and can no longer tie up to the old whaling piers on shore. One exception to this is the recently upgraded/repaired yacht berth at Grytviken. All other jetties at former whaling stations lie inside a {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} exclusion zone; berthing, or putting ropes ashore, at these is forbidden. Yachts visiting South Georgia are normally expected to report to the government officers at King Edward Point before moving round the island. මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] c8awu7vynu84vr5jb8nqj85m7shxhhs 750635 750634 2025-06-24T07:04:29Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය */ 750635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === A large source of income from abroad also comes from the issue of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands postage stamps which are produced in the UK. A reasonable issue policy (few sets of stamps are issued each year) along with attractive subject matter (especially whales) makes them popular with [[:en:Topical_stamp_collecting|topical stamp collectors]]. There are only four genuine [[:en:First_day_cover|first day cover]] sets from 16 March 1982 in existence. They were stamped at the South Georgia Post Office; all those in circulation were stamped elsewhere and sent out, but the only genuine ones were kept at the Post Office on South Georgia. These four sets were removed during the Falklands War by a member of staff of the British Antarctic Survey in the few moments the Argentinians allowed them to gather their belongings. Everything else was burnt, but these four sets were saved and brought to the UK by Robert Headland, BAS. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] rppypuvfdl4macgiprec712qbt0i9y7 750636 750635 2025-06-24T07:04:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* තැපැල් මුද්දර */ 750636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === The [[:en:Pound_sterling|pound sterling]] is the official currency of the islands, and the same notes and coins are used as in the United Kingdom. පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. අන්තර්ජාල වසර ලියපදිංචිය === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === The [[:en:Internet|Internet]] [[:en:Country_code|country code]] [[:en:Top-level_domain|top-level domain]] ([[:en:CcTLD|ccTLD]]) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands is [[:en:.gs|.gs]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 12x1e6zabbg1b9jma29yjx6olpim2el 750637 750636 2025-06-24T07:05:17Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* මුදල් */ 750637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == Ecology == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === Plants === {{Main|Flora of South Georgia}} ==== Native plants ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== Introduced plants ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === Birds === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === Mammals === {{Wikispecies|Category:South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna|South Georgia Island nonmarine fauna}} [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Marine ecosystem === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == Military == == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== === පක්ෂීන් === === ක්ෂීරපායින් === === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] qw0ynvcd8p9tahowhryj9c21rof8vdr 750638 750637 2025-06-24T07:07:28Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසර විද්‍යාව */ 750638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|[[:en:Southern_giant_petrel|Southern giant petrel]] on South Georgia Island]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|A colony of up to 60,000 [[:en:King_penguin|king penguins]] (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') on [[:en:Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia|Salisbury Plain]]]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|King penguins at [[:en:St_Andrews_Bay,_South_Georgia|St Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] Island, 1996]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Wandering_albatross|Wandering albatross]] at South Georgia Island]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|[[:en:Antarctic_Pearlwort|Antarctic Pearlwort]] at St. Andrews Bay, South Georgia]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|South Georgia glacier and penguin colony]] |} == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 1jzwoq9s0j054f9svmoxlenng3ugrkd 750639 750638 2025-06-24T07:08:40Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසර විද්‍යාව */ 750639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 3r4y0b1lr1idw7t1u080eh0d01vondt 750640 750639 2025-06-24T07:10:40Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ස්වදේශීය ශාක */ 750640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත. [48] දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.[49] විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.[48] හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක පක්ෂීන් ක්ෂීරපායින් ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.[50] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.[51] මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය. [51] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත. [52] Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්[53] සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.[54] === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,[55] දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී. [56] 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත. [57][58][59] ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි. [60] 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.[61] 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.[62] 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.[63] තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.[64] 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.[65] 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.[66] 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.[67] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.[68] විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි. [69] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි. [70] 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ. [71][72][73] {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] nnyhcy3rx4n3c3zmyesdql16qv7in81 750641 750640 2025-06-24T07:11:02Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* හමුදා */ 750641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== The parts of the islands that are not permanently covered in snow or ice are part of the [[:en:Scotia_Sea|Scotia Sea]] Islands [[:en:Tundra|tundra]] [[:en:Ecoregion|ecoregion]]. In total there are 26 known species of [[:en:Vascular_plant|vascular plant]] native to South Georgia; six species of [[:en:Poaceae|grass]], four [[:en:Juncaceae|rushes]], a single [[:en:Cyperaceae|sedge]], six [[:en:Fern|ferns]], one [[:en:Lycopodiopsida|clubmoss]] and nine small [[:en:Forb|forbs]]. There are also about 125 species of [[:en:Moss|moss]], 85 of [[:en:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]] and 150 [[:en:Lichen|lichens]], as well as about 50 species of macrofungi.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> There are no trees or shrubs on the islands.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> The largest plant is the tussock grass ''[[:en:Poa_flabellata|Poa flabellata]]''. This grows mostly on raised beaches and steep slopes near the shore and may reach {{convert|2|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Other grasses include the tufted fescue (''[[:en:Festuca_contracta|Festuca contracta]]''), the Alpine cat's-tail (''[[:en:Phleum_alpinum|Phleum alpinum]]'') and Antarctic hair-grass (''[[:en:Deschampsia_antarctica|Deschampsia antarctica]]''), and one of the most common flowering plants is the greater burnet (''[[:en:Acaena_magellanica|Acaena magellanica]]'').<ref name="Headland" /> හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත. [48] දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.[49] විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.[48] හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක පක්ෂීන් ක්ෂීරපායින් ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.[50] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.[51] මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය. [51] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත. [52] Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්[53] සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.[54] === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,[55] දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී. [56] 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත. [57][58][59] ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි. [60] 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.[61] 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.[62] 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.[63] තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.[64] 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.[65] 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.[66] 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.[67] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.[68] විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි. [69] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි. [70] 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ. [71][72][73] {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == == Military == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']] {{main|Military of the Falkland Islands}} After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>{{clear}} == See also == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 47m8xbv32n519o45sh0k7v63y7m0gtg 750642 750641 2025-06-24T07:11:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ස්වදේශීය ශාක */ 750642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.[50] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.[51] මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය. [51] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත. [52] Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors.<ref name=":0" /> The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්[53] සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.[54] === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,[55] දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී. [56] 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත. [57][58][59] ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි. [60] 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.[61] 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.[62] 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.[63] තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.[64] 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.[65] 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.[66] 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.[67] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.[68] විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි. [69] සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි. [70] 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ. [71][72][73] {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == == Military == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']] {{main|Military of the Falkland Islands}} After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref>{{clear}} == See also == == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] jnxk2l69enad8v2u2p4lm2ipod1t6oe 750643 750642 2025-06-24T07:14:56Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක */ 750643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive. There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020. It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors. The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved. === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century, have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms. In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date. The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors." In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind. Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015. In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence. Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years. In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased. [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island. The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer. දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === The seas around South Georgia have a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]]. In a recent study (2009–2011), South Georgia has been discovered to contain one of the highest levels of biodiversity among all the [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]] on Earth. In respect to species, marine inhabitants endemic to this ecosystem outnumber and (in respect to biodiversity) surpass well-known regions such as the [[:en:Galápagos|Galápagos]] or [[:en:Ecuador|Ecuador]]. The marine ecosystem is thought to be vulnerable because its low temperatures mean that it can repair itself only very slowly. On 23 February 2012, to protect marine biodiversity, the territory's government created the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area{{spaced ndash}}comprising {{Convert|1.07|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 61gnbjbfbgehkpttg7f5t27pyon6fim 750644 750643 2025-06-24T07:15:32Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය */ 750644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive. There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020. It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors. The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved. === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === [[:en:Pinniped|Seals]] frequent the islands, and [[:en:Whale|whales]] may be seen in the surrounding waters. There are no native land mammals, though [[:en:Reindeer|reindeer]], [[:en:Brown_rat|brown rats]] and [[:en:House_mouse|mice]] were introduced to South Georgia through human activities. Rats, brought to the island as stowaways on sealing and whaling ships in the late 18th century, have caused much damage to native wildlife, destroying tens of millions of ground-nesting birds' eggs and chicks. While previously the island's glaciers formed a natural barrier to the spread of rats, these glaciers are now slowly melting as the climate warms. In 2011, scientists instituted a four-year programme to entirely eradicate the rats and mice, in what would be by far the largest rodent eradication attempt in the world to date. The project was led by zoologist Anthony Martin of [[:en:University_of_Dundee|The University of Dundee]] who stated, "This is a man-induced problem and it's about time that man put right earlier errors." In July 2013, the success of the main phase of the extermination of the rats, which took place in May that year, was announced. 180 tonnes of rat poison, [[:en:Brodifacoum|brodifacoum]], were dropped over 70% of the island, in what was the world's largest ever operation of this kind. Another 95 tonnes of rat poison was planned to be dropped by three helicopters in January 2015. In June 2015 the eradication programme concluded, apparently successfully, with the island believed "very likely" to be rat free. In 2017–18, an intensive six-month search by the South Georgia Heritage Trust, using sniffer dogs and baited traps, found no evidence of rodent presence. Monitoring will continue for a further two or three years. In 2018, the number of South Georgia pipits had clearly increased. [[:en:Reindeer_in_South_Georgia|Reindeer were introduced to South Georgia]] in 1911 by Norwegian whalers for meat and for sport hunting. In February 2011, the authorities announced that due to the reindeer's detrimental effect on native species and the threat of their spreading to presently pristine areas, a complete cull would take place, leading to the eradication of reindeer from the island. The eradication began in 2013 with 3,500 reindeer killed. Nearly all the rest were killed in early 2014, with the last (about 50) cleared in the 2014–15 southern summer. දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] hoaldm3mmy2o8nr61dztoofo4hc6lir 750645 750644 2025-06-24T07:15:49Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ක්ෂීරපායින් */ 750645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive. There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020. It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors. The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved. === පක්ෂීන් === South Georgia supports many sea birds, including [[:en:Albatross|albatross]], a large colony of [[:en:King_penguins|king penguins]], Macaroni penguins and [[:en:Penguin|penguins]] of various other species, along with [[:en:Petrel|petrels]], [[:en:Prion_(bird)|prions]], [[:en:Shag_(bird)|shags]], [[:en:Skua|skuas]], [[:en:Gull|gulls]] and [[:en:Tern|terns]]. Birds unique to the archipelago are the [[:en:South_Georgia_shag|South Georgia shag]], [[:en:South_Georgia_pipit|South Georgia pipit]], and the [[:en:South_Georgia_pintail|South Georgia pintail]]. Both South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands have been identified as [[:en:Important_Bird_Area|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[:en:BirdLife_International|BirdLife International]]. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] d4w19myacnsng19f4bqigkuy00krrrl 750646 750645 2025-06-24T07:16:09Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පක්ෂීන් */ 750646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive. There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020. It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> Current pest plant management efforts began in the early 2000s and are primarily targeted toward the species with easier expectations of eradication in the near-term (such as bittercress and procumbent pearlwort), with remaining species to be targeted in future seasons. These programmes involved the collaboration of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Government, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, UK Darwin Initiative and private contractors. The introduced plant species of South Georgia arrived primarily alongside human economic activities in the island and were mostly accidental, (before visitors had an understanding of their consequences). Annual meadow grass (Poa annua) is believed to have arrived approximately 1800 with the first sealers, and is now widespread across the island, particularly old sealing and whaling sites. Dandelions are believed to have been introduced alongside whaling operations, via the practice of including a handful of soil from the deceased whaler's home country. Bittercress was first spotted in 2002 and is thought to have arrived alongside building supplies at King Edward Cove. Introductions have since slowed in recent decades with the introduction of thorough biosecurity protocols. Non-native species management will require several years of regular, dedicated follow-up treatments to ensure that all germinating seed currently in the soil is controlled prior to maturity before success will be achieved. === පක්ෂීන් === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] htx3o1wwgp9rmt9xgw8ct7msvj1o4m2 750647 750646 2025-06-24T07:16:27Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක */ 750647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== A number of introduced species have become naturalised; many of these were introduced by whalers in cattle fodder, and some are considered invasive. There have been 76 introduced plant species recorded in South Georgia. 35 of these are considered eradicated, with 41 still considered present on the island. 33 of these species are planned for eradication by 2020. It is considered important to control the spread of these exotic species as they readily enter this vulnerable, pristine ecosystem and outcompete populations of native flora for resources (e.g. light, nutrients) and negatively affect small, fragile habitats for the South Georgia fauna. හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] pdv600z5d47vql2r7jyqiohnoc45vdd 750648 750647 2025-06-24T07:16:58Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක */ 750648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]After the Falklands War in 1982, a full-time British military presence was maintained at [[:en:King_Edward_Point|King Edward Point]] on South Georgia. This was scaled down during the 1990s until the last detachment left South Georgia in March 2001, after a new station had been built and occupied by the [[:en:British_Antarctic_Survey|British Antarctic Survey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> The main British military facility in the region is at [[:en:RAF_Mount_Pleasant|RAF Mount Pleasant]] and the adjacent [[:en:Mare_Harbour|Mare Harbour]] naval base on [[:en:East_Falkland|East Falkland]], and three [[:en:Remote_Radar_Head|Remote Radar Heads]] on the Falklands: [[:en:RRH_Mount_Kent|RRH Mount Kent]], [[:en:RRH_Byron_Heights|RRH Byron Heights]] and [[:en:RRH_Mount_Alice|RRH Mount Alice]]. A handful of British naval vessels patrol the region, visiting South Georgia a few times each year and sometimes deploying small infantry patrols. Flights by RAF [[:en:Airbus_A400M|Airbus A400M]] and [[:en:Airbus_A330_MRTT|Airbus A330 MRTT]] (named Atlas and Voyager by the RAF respectively) aircraft also occasionally patrol the territory. A Royal Navy warship carries out the [[:en:Standing_Royal_Navy_deployments|Atlantic Patrol Tasking South]] mission in the surrounding area. {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}, the Royal Navy ice-patrol ship, operated in the South Georgia area during part of most southern summer seasons until her near loss due to flooding in 2008. She carried out hydrological and mapping work as well as assisting with scientific fieldwork for the British Antarctic Survey, film and photographic units, and youth expedition group [[:en:BSES_Expeditions|BSES Expeditions]]. While the final decision on the fate of ''Endurance'' was pending, the Royal Navy chartered a Norwegian icebreaker, renamed {{HMS|Protector|A173|6}}, to act as replacement for three years.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> In September 2013 the British [[:en:Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] purchased the ship outright.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> It was announced on 7 October 2013 that ''Endurance'' would be sold for scrap.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] 9vrqo0fwmdibkuuliuxwu8n68iwkyan 750649 750648 2025-06-24T07:18:05Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* හමුදා */ 750649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dependency | name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | settlement_type = බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය | linking_name = දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් | image_flag = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | flag_size = 130px | flag_link = Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | image_seal = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg | seal_size = 50px | seal_type = ලාංඡනය | seal_link = Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | motto = {{native name|la|Leo terram propriam protegat|italics=off}}<br>"සිංහයාට තමන්ගේ දේශය ආරක්ෂා කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දෙන්න" | anthem = "[[දෙවියන් වහන්සේ රජු බේරා ගනීවා]]"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | song_type = | song = | image_map = South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in United Kingdom.svg | map_caption = දකුණු [[අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල පිහිටීම | mapsize = 255px | subdivision_type = ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යය | subdivision_name = {{ධජය|එක්සත් රාජධානිය}} | established_title2 = ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වලින් වෙන්වීම | established_date2 = 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 | official_languages = [[ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂාව|ඉංග්‍රීසි]] | demonym = දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වැසියා | capital = [[කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|17|00|S|36|30|00|W|type:city}} | largest_settlement = capital | largest_settlement_type = විශාලතම ජනාවාසය | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | government_type = [[ව්‍යවස්ථාමය රාජාණ්ඩුවක් යටතේ]] [[සෘජු පරිපාලනය]] [[යැපෙන ප්‍රදේශය]] | leader_title1 = රාජාණ්ඩුව | leader_name1 = [[III වන චාල්ස්]] | leader_title2 = කොමසාරිස් | leader_name2 = [[ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක්]] | national_representation = [[එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජය]] | national_representation_type1 = අමාත්‍ය | national_representation1 = [[ස්ටීවන් ඩෝටි]] | area_km2 = 3,903 | area_rank = ශ්‍රේණිගත කර නැත | area_sq_mi = 1,507 | elevation_max_m = | percent_water = | population_estimate = 22 | population_census = 20 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 240 වෙනි | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = | GDP_nominal_year = | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම්]]<br />[[ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් පවුම]] (£) | currency_code = FKP | timezone = [[-02:00|GST]] | utc_offset = −02:00 | date_format = දිදි/මාමා/වවවව | drives_on = වම | calling_code = +500 | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom#British Overseas Territories|UK postcode]] | postal_code = SIQQ 1xx | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GS|GS]] | cctld = [[.gs]] |website={{URL|https://www.gov.gs/}}}}'''දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්''' (SGSSI) යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයකි. එය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන කුඩා දූපත් දාමයකින් සමන්විත දුරස්ථ හා ආගන්තුක සත්කාරයට නුසුදුසු දූපත් එකතුවකි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කිලෝමීටර 165 (සැතපුම් 103) දිග සහ කිලෝමීටර 35 (සැතපුම් 22) පළල වන අතර එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 700 (සැතපුම් 430) පමණ පිහිටා ඇත. භූමියේ මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර් 3,903 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,507) කි.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/docs/factbook/print/sx.html South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands], CIA ''World Factbook'', 2002.</ref> ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් එහි ආසන්නතම ස්ථානයේ සිට බටහිරින් කිලෝමීටර 1,300 (සැතපුම් 810) පමණ දුරින් පිහිටා ඇත. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවන අතර ඉතා කුඩා ස්ථිර නොවන ජනගහනයක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාසය කරයි.<ref name="population">{{cite web |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands – Current Status |url=http://www.gov.gs/information/about-sgssi/ |access-date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (GSGSSI) |quote=There are no permanent residents in the Territory but the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operates two bases on South Georgia. The base at King Edward Point (KEP) is operated under contract to GSGSSI and the FCO and is staffed by eight BAS personnel, plus two GSGSSI officers and their spouses. Bird Island has a year round complement of four BAS personnel who undertake long-term monitoring of seabirds and marine mammals. The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, though an originally undetected, and subsequently allowed, manned Argentinean research station was located on Thule from 1976 to 1982.}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට කෲස් ලයිනර් සංචාර වැඩි වැඩියෙන් ජනප්‍රිය වුවද, භූමියට හෝ ඉන් පිටතට නියමිත මගී ගුවන් ගමන් හෝ තොටුපළවල් නොමැත, සෑම ගිම්හානයකම දහස් ගණනක් අමුත්තන් පැමිණේ. එක්සත් රාජධානිය 1775 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ 1908 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ස්වෛරීභාවය ප්‍රකාශ කළේය. "දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" යන භූමිය 1985 දී පිහිටුවන ලදී;<ref>{{cite web |title=The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1985/449/contents/made}}</ref> මීට පෙර, එය ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපුම්වල කොටසක් ලෙස පාලනය කර තිබුණි. 1927 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කියූ අතර 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කීවේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව විසින් වසා දමන තෙක් ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තූලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නම් නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හිමිකම් පෑම 1982 ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයට දායක වූ අතර, එම කාලය තුළ ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා කෙටියෙන් දිවයින අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ටියෙරා ඩෙල් ෆියුගෝ, ඇන්ටාර්ටිඩා ඊ ඉස්ලාස් ඩෙල් ඇට්ලන්ටිකෝ සුර් පළාතේ කොටසක් ලෙස දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් කෙරෙහි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව දිගටම ස්වෛරීභාවය ඉල්ලා සිටී. == ඉතිහාසය == === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව === ==== 17 සිට 19 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Seale-1744.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seale-1744.png|thumb|1675 දී රොචේ දූපත සහ එහි සොයාගැනීම පෙන්නුම් කරන රිචඩ් විලියම් සීල්ගේ 1744 සිතියම.]]දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත ප්‍රථම වරට දැක බලා සංචාරය කළේ 1675 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී ලන්ඩන් වෙළෙන්දෙකු සහ (ඔහුගේ ප්‍රංශ නම නොතකා) ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකු වූ ඇන්තනි ඩි ලා රොචේ විසිනි. ඔහු දිවයිනේ බොක්කක දෙසතියක් ගත කළේය.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Paul |title=The Living Edens – South Georgia Island – Ice and Isolation |url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/southgeorgia/unique.html |access-date=23 August 2017 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> මුල් සිතියම්වල මෙම දූපත රොචේ දූපත ලෙස දිස් විය.<ref>{{cite web |title=French Map of South Atlantic, 1705 |url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/falkland/falklands1705map.htm |access-date=14 November 2019 |website=The British Empire}}</ref> ශාන්ත-මාලෝ සිට ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ වාණිජ ස්පාඤ්ඤ නෞකාවක් වන ලියොන් 1756 ජුනි 28 හෝ ජුනි 29 දින එය දුටුවේය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido">{{cite web |title=Iberoamerica – Bienvenido -- |url=http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629203328/http://www.cema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-104.htm |archive-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> ජේම්ස් කුක් 1775 දී දිවයින වටා ගමන් කර පළමු ගොඩබෑම සිදු කළේය. ඔහු මහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය රාජධානිය සඳහා භූමියට හිමිකම් කියමින් එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ III වන ජෝර්ජ් රජුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් "ජෝර්ජියා දූපත" ලෙස නම් කළේය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය සඳහා බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විධිවිධාන 1843 බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රය යටතේ ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. 1882–1883 ​​දී පළමු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වර්ෂය සඳහා ජර්මානු ගවේෂණයක් දිවයිනේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් රාජකීය බොක්කෙහි එහි කඳවුර පිහිටුවා ගත්තේය. මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ විද්‍යාඥයින් සිකුරු සංක්‍රාන්තිය නිරීක්ෂණය කළ අතර 1883 දී ක්‍රකටෝවා පුපුරා යාමෙන් ඇති වූ තරංග වාර්තා කළහ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සීල් දඩයම 1786 දී ආරම්භ වූ අතර 19 වන සියවස පුරාම පැවතුනි. ජලය ද්‍රෝහී බව ඔප්පු වූ අතර 1801 අගභාගයේදී අර්ල් ස්පෙන්සර් වැනි යාත්‍රා ගණනාවක් එහි විනාශ විය.<ref>Wheeler (2004), pp.26–27.</ref> ==== 20 සහ 21 වන සියවස් දක්වා ==== [[File:Grytviken_church.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grytviken_church.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි නෝර්වීජියානු ඇන්ග්ලිකන් පල්ලිය, කලින් නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය.]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව 20 වන සියවසේ සිට තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීම සඳහා කඳවුරක් බවට පත්විය. නෝර්වීජියානු ජාතික කාල් ඇන්ටන් ලාර්සන්, 1904 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පළමු ගොඩබිම් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය සහ පළමු ස්ථිර වාසස්ථානය ස්ථාපිත කළේය. එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වූයේ ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි පදිංචි වූ ඔහුගේ ආර්ජන්ටිනා ධීවර සමාගම හරහාය.<ref name="Iberoamerica – Bienvenido" /><ref>''La Infanteria de Marina en el conflicto del Atlántico Sur'', Jorge Alberto Erecaborde. The original quote in Spanish is: "La Compañia Argentina de Pesca SA, al amparo de las leyes argentinas y bajo su bandera, se instala en Grytviken".</ref> මෙම ස්ථානය 1965 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් ලබා දුන් බදු යටතේ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. ආරක්ෂිත වරායන් සහිත උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ඇති ස්ථාන හත බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට විය: {{div col}} # [[ප්‍රින්ස් ඔලාව් හාබර්]] # [[ලයිත් හාබර්]] # [[ස්ට්‍රොම්නස්]] # [[හුස්වික්]] # [[ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] # [[ගොඩ්තුල්]] # [[ඕෂන් හාබර්]]{{div end}} තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන වල වැඩ කටයුතු අප්‍රසන්න හා භයානක ස්ථාන විය. 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ අමුත්තෙක් විසින් එකක් "වැස්ලින් වල තොග වශයෙන් තාපාංක කරන චානල් නිවසක්" ලෙස හැඳින්වීය. ටිම් ෆ්ලැනරි ලිව්වේ එහි "කුණු වූ වාෂ්ප නරක මාළු, පොහොර සහ සම් පදම් කිරීමේ වැඩ එකට මිශ්‍ර වූ පොං [සමාන]" බවයි, සහ එක් අමුතු අනතුරක් සඳහන් කළේය: "කුණු වන තල්මසෙකුට පුපුරා යන තෙක් වායුවකින් පුරවා, මිනිසෙකු මරා දැමීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් බලයක් සහිත මෝටර් රථයක ප්‍රමාණයේ කලලයක් පිට කළ හැකිය."<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/feb/09/minds-whales/?pagination=false "On the Minds of the Whales"] by Tim Flannery, NYRB, 9 February 2012</ref>[[File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PanoramaOfSouthGeorgia.jpg|thumb|ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය අතරතුර ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් හර්ලි විසින් ඡායාරූප ගත කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව.]]තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟ, ස්ථාන අත්හැර දමන ලදී. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කෞතුකාගාරය සහ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි නෝර්වීජියානු ලුතරන් පල්ලිය වැනි සංරක්ෂිත ගොඩනැගිලි කිහිපයක් හැරුණු විට, ඒවායේ දිරාපත් වන නටබුන් පමණක් ඉතිරිව පවතී. 1905 සිට, ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ කාලගුණ විද්‍යා කාර්යාලය 1949 දී වෙනස් වන තෙක් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය බදු අවශ්‍යතා යටතේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි කාලගුණ විද්‍යා නිරීක්ෂණාගාරයක් පවත්වාගෙන යාමට සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළේය. 1908 දී, එක්සත් රාජධානිය දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ එහි දේපළ සඳහා ව්‍යවස්ථාමය විධිවිධාන ස්ථාපිත කරන ලද තවත් ලිපි පේටන්ට් බලපත්‍රයක් නිකුත් කළේය. ලිපි මගින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, දකුණු ඕක්නි, දකුණු ෂෙට්ලන්ඩ්, දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සහ ග්‍රැහැම් ලෑන්ඩ් ආවරණය විය. දකුණු ධ්‍රැවය දක්වා ළඟා වන ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාවේ අංශයක් ඇතුළත් කිරීම සඳහා හිමිකම් පෑම 1917 දී දීර්ඝ කරන ලදී. 1909 දී, ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අසල දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පරිපාලන මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් සහ වාසස්ථානයක් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී. ස්ථිර ප්‍රාදේශීය බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය පරිපාලනයක් සහ නේවාසික මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු විසින් එම භූමියේ සියලු ආර්ථික, විද්‍යාත්මක සහ අනෙකුත් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් ඵලදායී ලෙස අත්පත් කර ගැනීම, ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සහ නියාමනය සිදු කරන ලද අතර, එය එවකට ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් යැපීම් ලෙස පාලනය විය. 1912 දී පමණ, සමහර වාර්තාවලට අනුව, මෙතෙක් අල්ලා ගන්නා ලද විශාලතම තල්මසා වන අඩි 110 (මීටර් 34) උස නිල් තල්මසෙකු ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ගොඩ බැස්සේය.<ref>[http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231 The Island of South Georgia], The Whaling Museum, Sandefjord, Norway {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516101800/http://www.hvalfangstmuseet.no/default.aspx?Cat=73&Id=231|date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm Whaling], South Georgia Heritage Trust {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212150931/http://www.sght.org/whaling.htm|date=12 December 2009}}</ref> 1916 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී, අර්නස්ට් ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස්-ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට නිරිත දෙසින් සැතපුම් 800 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 1,300) පමණ දුරින් එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ අතරමං විය. ෂැකල්ටන් සහ සහචරයින් පස් දෙනෙකු උදව් ඉල්ලා සිටීමට කුඩා බෝට්ටුවකින් පිටත් වූ අතර, මැයි 10 වන දින, වීර චාරිකාවකින් පසු, ඔවුන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ දකුණු වෙරළ තීරයේ කිං හාකොන් බොක්කෙහි ගොඩ බැස්සා. තිදෙනෙකු වෙරළ තීරයේ රැඳී සිටියදී, ෂැකල්ටන් සහ අනෙක් දෙදෙනා වන ටොම් ක්‍රීන් සහ ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වෝර්ස්ලි, ස්ට්‍රෝම්නස් තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානයේ උපකාර ලබා ගැනීම සඳහා කඳුකර දූපතේ කොඳු ඇට පෙළට ඉහළින් සැතපුම් 22 ක් (කිලෝමීටර් 35) ආවරණය කිරීමට ගියහ. එලිෆන්ට් දූපතේ රැඳී සිටි ගවේෂණයේ ඉතිරි සාමාජිකයින් 22 දෙනා පසුව බේරා ගන්නා ලදී. 1922 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, පසුකාලීන ගවේෂණයකදී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි නැංගුරම් ලා සිටියදී ෂැකල්ටන් නැවේදී මිය ගියේය. ඔහුව තැන්පත් කර ඇත්තේ ග්‍රිට්විකන්හි ය. ඉම්පීරියල් ට්‍රාන්ස් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේ ෂැකල්ටන්ගේ දෙවන අණ දෙන නිලධාරියා වූ තවත් ප්‍රසිද්ධ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂකයෙකු වන ෆ්‍රෑන්ක් වයිල්ඩ්ගේ අළු 2011 දී ෂැකල්ටන් අසල තැන්පත් කරන ලදී. [[File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Birchflow_SG.jpg|thumb|1984 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේදී නිකුත් කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා විදේශ ගමන් බලපත්‍ර ප්‍රවේශ මුද්දරය.]] [[File:SG-Settlements.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SG-Settlements.png|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඓතිහාසික හා නූතන ජනාවාස]] ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1927 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හිමිකම් කීවේය.<ref>Headland, R. K. ''The Island of South Georgia'', Cambridge University Press, 1984. p. 238.</ref> මෙම ප්‍රකාශයේ පදනම සහ පසුව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වෙත හිමිකම් පෑමේ පදනම ප්‍රශ්න කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mercopress.com/2011/08/26/argentine-claims-on-the-south-atlantic-remote-islands|title=Argentine Claims on the South Atlantic Remote Islands Friday, August 26th 2011 - 04:13 UTC|date=26 August 2011|work=MetroPress.|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක සංග්‍රාමයේදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව ජර්මානු ප්‍රහාරකයන්ට එරෙහිව දකුණු ජෝර්ජියානු සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මුහුදේ මුර සංචාරයක් සඳහා සන්නද්ධ වෙළඳ යාත්‍රාවක් යෙදවූ අතර, කම්බර්ලන්ඩ් බොක්ක සහ ස්ට්‍රොම්නස් බොක්ක ආරක්ෂා කරන අඟල් හතරේ වෙරළ තුවක්කු දෙකක් (තවමත් පවතී), ඒවා නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් අතර ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් විසින් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලදී. 1949-1950 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය මගින් කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි කඳවුර පර්යේෂණ පහසුකමක් ලෙස පුළුල් කරන ලද අතර, එය 1962 දක්වා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් සමීක්ෂණය ලෙස හැඳින්විණි. 1982 මාර්තු 19 වන දින ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධය ආරම්භ වූයේ, සීරීම්-ලෝහ වෙළඳුන් ලෙස පෙනී සිටි ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ පිරිසක් (ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් මෆ්ටි හි ආර්ජන්ටිනා මැරීන් භටයින්) දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ලයිත් වරායේ අතහැර දැමූ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමත් සමඟ ය. අප්‍රේල් 3 වන දින ආර්ජන්ටිනා හමුදා ග්‍රිට්විකන්ට පහර දී අත්පත් කර ගත්හ. ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ ආරක්ෂක බළකායේ අණදෙන නිලධාරීන් අතර ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ අපිරිසිදු යුද්ධයේදී සිදු කරන ලද මනුෂ්‍යත්වයට එරෙහි අපරාධ සම්බන්ධයෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු වරදකරු වූ ආර්ජන්ටිනා නාවික හමුදාවේ කපිතාන්වරයෙකු වූ ඇල්ෆ්‍රෙඩෝ ඇස්ටිස් ද විය. අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා විසින් ඔපරේෂන් පැරකට් මෙහෙයුමේදී දූපත නැවත අත්පත් කර ගන්නා ලදී. 1985 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් යැපුම් ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස පරිපාලනය කිරීම නවතා වෙනම භූමියක් බවට පත් විය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසු කුඩා හමුදා බලකොටුවක් බවට පත් වූ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කඳවුර 2001 දී නැවත සිවිල් භාවිතයට පැමිණි අතර දැන් එය ක්‍රියාත්මක වන්නේ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසිනි. === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_sandwich_islands.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සිතියම.]] 1775 දී කපිතාන් ජේම්ස් කුක් විසින් සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමූහයේ දකුණු දූපත් අට සොයා ගන්නා ලදී, නමුත් ඔහු දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඇති තුන එකට එකතු කළ අතර, වෙනම දූපත් ලෙස ඒවායේ තත්ත්වය 1820 වන තෙක් ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලිබ් වොන් බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.<ref>Mills, William James. ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA157 p. 157], 2003.</ref> උතුරු දූපත් තුන 1819 දී බෙලින්ෂවුසන් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලදී. කුක් විසින් දූපත් තාවකාලිකව "සැන්ඩ්විච් ලෑන්ඩ්" ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නමුත්, ඒවා තනි භූමි ප්‍රමාණයක් නොව දූපත් සමූහයක් විය හැකි බව ඔහු අදහස් දැක්වීය. අද්මිරාල්ටියේ පළමු අධිපතියා වූ සැන්ඩ්විච් හි 4 වන අර්ල් ජෝන් මොන්ටාගුට ගෞරවයක් වශයෙන් මෙම නම තෝරා ගන්නා ලදී. "සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත්" වලින් ඒවා වෙන්කර හඳුනා ගැනීම සඳහා "දකුණ" යන වචනය පසුව එකතු කරන ලදී, එය දැන් හවායි දූපත් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. දූපත් දාමයේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ දකුණු තූලේ යනු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගිවිසුමෙන් ආවරණය වන ප්‍රදේශයෙන් පිටත පෘථිවියේ දකුණු දිගම භූමියයි. ආර්ජන්ටිනාව 1938 දී දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලට හිමිකම් කී අතර, අවස්ථා කිහිපයකදී දූපත් වල බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ස්වෛරීභාවයට අභියෝග කළේය. 1955 ජනවාරි 25 සිට 1956 මැද භාගය දක්වා, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව තුලේ දූපතේ ගිනිකොනදිග වෙරළ තීරයේ ෆර්ගියුසන් බොක්කෙහි "ටෙනියන්ටේ එස්කිවෙල්" (එස්) ගිම්හාන ස්ථානය පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා එම දූපතේම ලී (දකුණු නැගෙනහිර වෙරළ තීරයේ) හි ආර්ජන්ටිනාව නාවික කඳවුරක් (කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ) පවත්වාගෙන ගියේය. 1976 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍යයන් ආර්ජන්ටිනා කඳවුර පවතින බව සොයා ගත්තද,<ref name="Freedman2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence Freedman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8jFi62ZcrcC&pg=PT120 |title=The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-5206-1 |page=76}}</ref> විරෝධතා දැක්වූ අතර රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික ක්‍රම මගින් ගැටලුව විසඳීමට උත්සාහ කළද, ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව තෙක් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ඔවුන් ඉවත් කිරීමට කිසිදු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත. 1982 ජුනි 20 වන දින කඳවුර ඉවත් කරන ලදී. == භාෂා == භූමියේ එකම නිල භාෂාව ඉංග්‍රීසි වන අතර එය දැනට පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර බහුලව කතා කරන අතර භූමියේ සියලුම පරිපාලන කටයුතු සඳහා භාවිතා වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/associated-territories/south-georgia-and-the-south-sandwich-islands/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> රජයේ කාර්යයන් බහුතරයක් සඳහා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාවිතා වුවද, දූපත් වල ආදර්ශ පාඨය ලියෝ ටෙරාම් ප්‍රොප්‍රියම් ප්‍රොටෙගට් ලතින් භාෂාවෙන් වන අතර එය "සිංහයා තම භූමිය ආරක්ෂා කර ගනීවා" ලෙස පරිවර්තනය කර ඇත.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands|date=2023-10-19|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands/|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|language=en|access-date=2023-10-30}}</ref> 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 11 වන දින කලාපීය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ස්ථාන නාම කමිටුවට නියෝජිතයෙකු පත් කරන ලද අතර භූමිය තුළ නව නම් තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා නිර්ණායක තුනකින් යුත් නව ලැයිස්තුවක් නිර්මාණය කරන තෙක් 1956 ස්ථාන නාම ආඥා පනත සහ 1957 ස්ථාන නාම නියාමනය මගින් නව ස්ථාන නාම සම්මත කිරීම පාලනය විය.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Policy - Place Names |url=https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030184241/https://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/GSGSSI/Policies/Place%20Name%20Policy%200220.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නායක ජේම්ස් කුක් දූපත් වල සංචාලනය කරන අතරතුර, ඔහු කාණ්ඩ හතරක් මත පදනම්ව භූමියේ නව නම් සම්මත කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රමිතියක් නියම කළේය: ගවේෂණ අනුග්‍රාහකයින්, නිලධාරීන්ගේ සහ කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයේ නම්, කැපී පෙනෙන සමකාලීන සිදුවීම් සහ ස්ථානයේ භෞතික ස්වභාවය හෝ භූගෝලීය සැකැස්ම සඳහන් කරන විස්තරාත්මක නම්.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Hattersley-Smith |first=G. |date=1980 |title=The History of Place-Names in the Falkland Island Dependencies (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) |url=https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509184/12/The%20history%20of%20place-names%20in%20the%20Falkland%20Island%20Dependencies%20-%20BAS%20Scientific%20Report%20101.pdf |website=UKRI NERC Open Research Archive}}</ref> මෙම ප්‍රමිතිය බොහෝ දුරට කලාපයේ පසුකාලීන අමුත්තන් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලද අතර, විවිධ රටවලින් පැමිණි ගවේෂකයින් විසින් අනුගමනය කරන ලදී, උදාහරණයක් ලෙස රුසියානු ගවේෂක ෆේබියන් ගොට්ලීබ් වොන් බෙලිංෂවුසන්, ඔහුගේ 1819-1821 ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණයේදී භූමිය තුළ නව නම් හයක් තෝරා ගත්තේය.<ref name=":02" /> කුක් විසින් දැනට තෝරාගෙන ඇති නම් දරන ස්ථාන අතර ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, පොසෙෂන් බොක්ක සහ අයිල්ස් බොක්ක ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් මෙම භූමියේ කළ අතීත සංචාර පිළිගැනීමෙන් වසර ගණනාවකට පසු ලබා දී ඇති අමතර ඉංග්‍රීසි නම් අතර මොරල් පොයින්ට්, බඹර පොයින්ට්, පැසිෆික් පොයින්ට් සහ කොමර් ක්‍රැග් ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> බෙලිංෂවුසන් විසින් තෝරා ගන්නා ලද ප්‍රමුඛ රුසියානු භාෂා නම් අතර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත්, සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපත සහ විසෝකෝයි දූපත ("ඉහළ" යන අර්ථය ඇති высокий) ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":02" /> භූමියේ භූ විෂමතාව තුළ පහත්බිම් ස්කොට්ලන්ත භාෂා පැවැත්මක් ද ඇති අතර, සමහර ස්ථාන ගයිකි ග්ලැසියරය<ref name="gnis">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5554|name=Geikie Glacier|accessdate=2012-04-19}}</ref> සහ ඇලර්ඩයිස් පරාසය<ref name="gnis2">{{gnis|id=281|type=antarid}}</ref> වැනි කැපී පෙනෙන ස්කොට්ලන්ත පුද්ගලයින්ගේ නමින් නම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන්ගේ ඓතිහාසික පැවැත්මෙන් ස්ථාන නාම ගණනාවකට බලපෑම් ඇති විය,<ref name=":02" /> හෙස්ටෙස්ලෙටන් ("අශ්වයාගේ තැනිතලාව"),<ref name="gnis-HES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=6741|name=Hestesletten|accessdate=2019-05-18}}</ref> ස්ක්‍රැප් ස්කෙරීස් ("ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජේර්" හෝ "ස්ක්‍රැප්ස්ක්ජාර්"),<ref name="gnis-ES">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=4271|name=East Skerry|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> ග්‍රිට්විකන් ("පොට් බොක්ක"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andersson, Johan Gunnar :: Arkeolog |url=https://collections.smvk.se/carlotta-om/web/object/195094 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=collections.smvk.se |language=en}}</ref> සහ එල්සෙහුල් ("එල්සෙගේ කුහරය"),<ref name="gnis-CP">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=12068|name=Cape Pride|accessdate=2018-08-04|links=off}}</ref> මෙන්ම ගොඩ්තුල් ("හොඳ කුහරය") වැනි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ස්ථාන කිහිපයක් ද ඇතුළුව.<ref name="gnis-GOD">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=5787|name=Godthul|accessdate=2019-05-13|links=off}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ (සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අභිසාරී ප්‍රදේශයට දකුණින්) උපත ලැබූ පළමු පුද්ගලයා ද නෝර්වේජියානු ජාතිකයෙකි.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krigsseilerregisteret.no |title=Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen |url=https://krigsseilerregisteret.no/no/sjofolk/696989 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=krigsseilerregisteret.no |language=no}}</ref><ref name="gnis-MAI">{{cite gnis|type=antarid|id=9312|name=Maiviken|access-date=2019-05-18|links=off}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, 1882-1883 ජර්මානු ජාත්‍යන්තර ධ්‍රැවීය වසර ගවේෂණය සහ 1877-1878 දී ඔස්ට්‍රියානු චිත්‍ර ශිල්පී හෙන්රිච් ක්ලට්ෂැක් සමඟ ඇමරිකානු තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ ගමනක් පිළිගැනීම සඳහා බොහෝ ජර්මානු ස්ථාන නාම ද සම්මත කරන ලදී. ක්ලට්ෂැක් පොයින්ට් සහ ෂ්රැඩර් ග්ලැසියරය මෙම සංචාර දෙක සිහිපත් කරමින් මෙම භූමියේ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව පැවතුනි.<ref name=":02" /> තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ සමාගමක් වන කොම්පනියා ආර්ජන්ටිනාව ඩි පෙස්කා ආසන්න වශයෙන් වසර 60 ක් තිස්සේ මෙම භූමියේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වන බැවින්, භූමිය තුළ ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂා පැවැත්ම සැලකිය යුතු කාලයක් තිස්සේ පැවතුනි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compania Argentina de Pesca collection - Archives Hub |url=http://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb15-companiaargentinadepesca |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> කෙසේ වෙතත්, ආර්ජන්ටිනාව විසින් දූපත් සම්බන්ධයෙන් පවතින ස්වෛරීභාවය පිළිබඳ ආරවුල හේතුවෙන්, 1952 දී ආර්ජන්ටිනා ඇන්ටාක්ටික් ගවේෂණ ආරම්භ වූ දා සිට, ස්ථාන ගණනාවකට පුන්ටා කාර්බන් සහ පුන්ටා හුවේකා ඇතුළු ස්පාඤ්ඤ නම් ලබා දී ඇත.<ref name=":02" /> ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේ පරාජයෙන් පසු ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ හමුදා විසින් එය අත්හැර දැමීමට පෙර 1976 නොවැම්බර් 7 වන දින දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල තුලේ දූපතේ කෝර්බෙටා උරුගුවේ නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ නාවික මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් රහසිගතව ඉදිකරන ලදී. == භූගෝලය == [[File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg|thumb|දූපත් සිතියම]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් යනු දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ දූපත් එකතුවකි. මුහුදෙන් බෑවුම් සහිතව නැඟී සිටින බොහෝ දූපත් රළු සහ කඳුකර වේ. ඉහළ උන්නතාංශවලදී, දූපත් ස්ථිරවම අයිස් සහ හිමෙන් වැසී ඇත. === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වලට නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 1,390 (සැතපුම් 860; නාවික සැතපුම් 750) පමණ පිහිටා ඇති අතර, 54°–55°S, 36°–38°W හි පිහිටා ඇත. එය භූමියේ විශාලතම දූපත වන දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත සහ එය වහාම වට කර ඇති දූපත් සහ බටහිර සහ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි දුරස්ථ සහ හුදකලා දූපත් කිහිපයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. එහි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 3,756 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,450) වන අතර, චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් ඇතුළුව, නමුත් වෙනම දූපත් සමූහයක් සාදන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් හැර. ==== දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා කණ්ඩායම තුළ ඇති දූපත් ==== [[File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1989_Grytvikken_hg.jpg|thumb|ග්‍රිට්විකන්]] දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත 54°15′S 36°45′W හි පිහිටා ඇති අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3,528 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 1,362) ක භූමි ප්‍රමාණයකින් යුක්ත වේ. එය කඳුකර වන අතර බොහෝ දුරට නිසරු ය. කඳු මුදුන් එකොළහක් මීටර් 2,000 (අඩි 6,600) ට වඩා උසට නැඟී ඇති අතර, ඒවායේ බෑවුම් ග්ලැසියරවලින් පිරුණු ගැඹුරු දුර්ග වලින් වැසී ඇත; විශාලතම කඳු මුදුන ෆෝචූනා ග්ලැසියරයයි. උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටියේ පැජට් කන්දයි, එහි උස මීටර් 2,934 (අඩි 9,626) කි. භූ විද්‍යාත්මකව, දූපත ග්නීස් සහ ආර්ගිලේසියස් ස්කිස්ට් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර, ඉඳහිට ටෆ් සහ අනෙකුත් අවසාදිත ස්ථර වලින් පොසිල සොයා ගෙන ඇත.<ref name="trendall">{{cite report|last=Trendall|first=A.|author-link=Alec Trendall|date=1953|title=The geology of South Georgia|url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/511130|publisher=Falkland Islands Dependencies Scientific Bureau|volume=I|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> මෙම දූපත දැන් අතුරුදහන් වී ඇති විශාල භූමි ස්කන්ධයක කොටසක් වන අතර එය බොහෝ විට ඇන්ඩියන් පද්ධතියේ පැරණි දිගුවක් විය හැකිය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් පිහිටි කුඩා දූපත් සහ දූපත් වලට ඇතුළත් වන්නේ:{{col-begin|width=66%}} {{col-break}} * [[ඇනෙන්කොව් දූපත]] * [[කුරුළු දූපත]] * [[කූපර් දූපත]] {{col-break}} * [[ග්‍රාස් දූපත]] * [[ජොම්ෆ්‍රූයින්]] * [[පිකර්ස්ගිල් දූපත්]] {{col-break}} * [[ත්‍රිත්ව දූපත]] * [[වෙල්කම් දූපත්]] * [[විලිස් දූපත්]] {{col-end}} මෙම දුරස්ථ පාෂාණ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සමූහයේ කොටසක් ලෙසද සැලකේ: * ෂැග් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 185 (සැතපුම් 115; නාසැ 100) * බ්ලැක් රොක්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ බටහිර-වයඹ දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 169 (සැතපුම් 105; නාසැ 91) * ක්ලර්ක් රොක්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නැගෙනහිර-ගිනිකොන දෙසින් කිලෝමීටර 56 (සැතපුම් 35; නාසැ 30) === දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් === [[File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sandwich_Islands_Map.svg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල සමීප සිතියමක්]] [[File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montagu_Island_Satellite_Photograph.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් බොහෝ දුරට ගිනිකඳු දූපත් 11 කින් (කුඩා චන්ද්‍රිකා දූපත් සහ වෙරළබඩ පාෂාණ හැර) සමන්විත වන අතර සමහර ක්‍රියාකාරී ගිනි කඳු ඇත. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් 56°18'–59°27'S, 26°23'–28°08'W කලාපයේ උතුරු-දකුණට දිවෙන දූපත් චාපයක් සාදයි. මෙම දූපත් සමූහයට කුක් විසින් සොයා ගන්නා ලද කැන්ඩල්මාස්, වින්ඩිකේෂන්, සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු, බ්‍රිස්ටල්, බෙලිංෂවුසන්, කුක් සහ තූල් සහ තූල් ඇතුළත් වේ. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල උතුරු කෙළවර ට්‍රැවර්සේ දූපත් සහ කැන්ඩල්මාස් දූපත් කණ්ඩායම් වලින් සමන්විත වන අතර දකුණු කෙළවර දකුණු තූල් වේ. විශාලතම දූපත් තුන - සෝන්ඩර්ස්, මොන්ටාගු සහ බ්‍රිස්ටල් - දෙක අතර පිහිටා ඇත. දූපත් වල උසම ස්ථානය මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ බෙලින්ඩා කන්ද (මීටර් 1,370 හෝ අඩි 4,495) වේ. සෝන්ඩර්ස් දූපතේ සිව්වන උසම කඳු මුදුන වන මයිකල් කන්ද (මීටර් 990 හෝ අඩි 3,248) හි අඛණ්ඩ ලාවා විලක් ඇති අතර එය ලෝකයේ ගිනි කඳු අටක පමණක් සිදුවන බව දන්නා කරුණකි.<ref name="Nytimes2019-07-12">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html|title=A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice|author=Robin George Andrews|date=2019-07-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-07-17|quote=The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake|date=3 July 2019|access-date=3 July 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් ජනාවාස නොවූවත්, ස්ථිර කාර්ය මණ්ඩල ආර්ජන්ටිනා පර්යේෂණ ස්ථානයක් 1976 සිට 1982 දක්වා තුලේ දූපතේ පිහිටා තිබුණි. ස්වයංක්‍රීය කාලගුණ මධ්‍යස්ථාන තුලේ දූපතේ සහ සැවොඩොව්ස්කි හි ඇත. සැවොඩොව්ස්කි දූපතේ වයඹ දෙසින් සබ්මැරීන් ගිනි කන්දක් වන ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ෂෝල් ඇත. === අන්ත කරුණු === * උතුරු කෙළවර - කේප් උතුර * දකුණු කෙළවර - කුක් දූපතේ * බටහිර කෙළවර - ප්‍රධාන දූපතේ (විලිස් දූපත් වල) * නැගෙනහිර කෙළවර - මොන්ටාගු දූපතේ * උසම ස්ථානය - පැජට් කන්ද: මීටර් 2,934 * පහළම කෙළවර - අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය: 0 == දේශගුණය == [[File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthGeorgiaIsland-EO.JPG|thumb|හිමෙන් වැසී ඇති දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ නාසා චන්ද්‍රිකා ඡායාරූපයක්]] [[File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wave_Clouds_from_South_Sandwich_Islands.jpg|thumb|දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වලාකුළු වල තරංග රටා නිර්මාණය කිරීම සඳහා වායු ධාරා සමඟ සම්බන්ධ වේ.]] [[File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Bay_and_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|රෝයල් බොක්ක සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපත (දකුණු-ඉහළ රූපය)]] දේශගුණය ධ්‍රැවීය ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇති අතර, කාලගුණය ඉතා විචල්‍ය සහ කටුක බැවින්, කොපන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණයේ ටුන්ඩ්‍රා (ET) බවට පත් වේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සාමාන්‍ය දෛනික උපරිම උෂ්ණත්වය ශීත ඍතුවේ (අගෝස්තු) 0 °C (32 °F) සහ ගිම්හානයේදී (ජනවාරි) 8 °C (46.4 °F) පමණ වේ. ශීත ඍතුවේ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් −5 °C (23 °F) පමණ වන අතර කලාතුරකින් −10 °C (14 °F) ට වඩා පහත වැටේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1,500 mm (59.1 in) පමණ වන අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් හිම හෝ හිම ලෙස වැටෙන අතර එය මුළු අවුරුද්ද පුරාම පැවතිය හැකිය. රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ, ගිම්හානයේදී හිම රේඛාව මීටර් 300 (අඩි 984) පමණ උන්නතාංශයක පවතී. අවුරුද්ද පුරාම බටහිර දෙසින් හමන සුළං, සන්සුන් කාල පරිච්ඡේද සමඟ එක්ව හමයි - ඇත්ත වශයෙන්ම, 1963 දී, කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි සුළං වලින් 25% ක් සන්සුන් කාණ්ඩයට අයත් වූ අතර, සාමාන්‍ය සුළං වේගය ගැට 8 ක් (පැයට සැතපුම් 9.2; පැයට කිලෝමීටර 15) ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල මෙන් අඩක් පමණ වේ. මෙය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තට (ලීවර්ඩ් පැත්ත) නිරාවරණය වූ බටහිර පැත්තට වඩා ප්‍රසන්න දේශගුණයක් ලබා දෙයි. පවතින කාලගුණික තත්ත්වයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දූපත් වලට නැව් මගින් ළඟා වීමට අපහසු කරයි, නමුත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ හොඳ නැංගුරම් පොළක් සපයන විශාල බොක්ක කිහිපයක් ඇත. බොහෝ දකුණු අත්ලාන්තික් දූපත් මෙන් හිරු එළිය අඩුයි, උපරිම වශයෙන් 21.5% ක් පමණි. මෙය වාර්ෂිකව හිරු එළිය පැය 1,000 ක් පමණ වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, දේශීය භූ විෂමතාවය ද අඩු හිරු එළිය සඳහා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස දායක වේ. 1960 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේදී<ref>{{cite web |title=British Antarctic Survey |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907122010/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin15_08.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද අධ්‍යයනයකින් පෙන්නුම් කළේ හිරු එළිය පටිගත කිරීමේ උපකරණ වසර පුරා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත් ජුනි මාසයේදී සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අපැහැදිලිව පැවති බවත්ය. බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි න්‍යායාත්මක හිරු එළියට නිරාවරණය වීම බාධාවන් අඩු කිරීමෙන් 14% ක් පමණ වන අතර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි 35% ක් පමණ වනු ඇතැයි ගණන් බලා ඇත - නැතහොත්, පැයකට අනුව, බටහිරින් පැය 650 සිට නැගෙනහිරින් පැය 1,500 දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී. ඇලර්ඩයිස් කඳුවැටිය වලාකුළු ආවරණය බිඳ දැමීමේදී ඇති කරන බලපෑම මෙයින් පෙන්නුම් කෙරේ. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කඳුකරයේ බටහිර බෑවුම් හරහා සහ නැගෙනහිර පැත්තෙන් කඳු සුළං නැඟී එන අතර ෆෝන් ආචරණය හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ උණුසුම් හා වියලි වේ; ගිම්හාන දිනවල උෂ්ණත්වය ඉඳහිට 20 °C (68 °F) ට වඩා ඉහළ යා හැකි විට මෙය වඩාත් ප්‍රසන්න තත්වයන් ඇති කරයි. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් කාලගුණ විද්‍යා මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ (බොහෝ විට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සහ අඩු නිරවද්‍යතාවයකින් ග්‍රිට්විකෙන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ) වාර්තා වන ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 28.8 °C (83.8 °F) වේ.<ref>''[https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_69d70281-b736-4f51-8864-88f88597fb27/ Remarkable Temperatures in the Argentine and South Georgia]''. Meteorological Magazine. 57 (6): 138. June 1922.</ref> අනෙක් අතට, සුළං දෙසට බටහිර පැත්තේ බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් හි වාර්තා වූ ඉහළම උෂ්ණත්වය 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) පමණි. අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකි පරිදි, ආරක්ෂිත නැගෙනහිර පැත්තේ ශීත ඍතුවේ අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක් ද වාර්තා විය හැකිය - කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් සඳහා නිරපේක්ෂ අවම උෂ්ණත්වය −19.4 °C (−2.9 °F), නමුත් බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ් −11.4 °C (11.5 °F) පමණි. ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සර්කම්පෝලර් ධාරාවේ සමීපත්වය හේතුවෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව වටා ඇති මුහුද වසර පුරා සීතලයි. ශීත ඍතුවේ දී ඒවා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අයිස් පැක් වලින් තොරව පවතී, නමුත් ආරක්ෂිත බොක්කවල තුනී අයිස් සෑදිය හැකි අතර අයිස් කුට්ටි බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Georgia official website – environment – ocean |url=http://www.sgisland.org/pages/environ/o_start.htm}}</ref> අගෝස්තු අග දී මුහුදු උෂ්ණත්වය 0 °C (32 °F) දක්වා පහත වැටෙන අතර අප්‍රේල් මුලදී පමණක් 4 °C (39.2 °F) දක්වා ඉහළ යයි. දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට වඩා බොහෝ සීතලයි, එය දකුණට වඩා දුරින් පිහිටා ඇති අතර ඇන්ටාක්ටික් මහාද්වීපයෙන් සීතල පැතිරීම් වලට නිරාවරණය වේ. ඒවා මැයි මැද සිට නොවැම්බර් අග දක්වා (ඒවායේ දකුණු කෙළවරේ ඊටත් වඩා දිගු) මුහුදු අයිස්වලින් වටවී ඇත.<ref>General Survey of Climatology V12, 2001, Edited by Landsberg, Elsevier publishing</ref> දකුණු තුලේ දූපතේ වාර්තාගත උෂ්ණත්ව අන්තයන් −29.8 සිට 17.7 °C (−21.6 සිට 63.9 °F) දක්වා පරාසයක පවතී.{{Weather box | location = බර්ඩ් අයිලන්ඩ්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1961–1990 | collapsed = | single line = Y | metric first = Y | Jan record high C = 11.2 | Feb record high C = 10.7 | Mar record high C = 10.5 | Apr record high C = 10.2 | May record high C = 6.9 | Jun record high C = 6.0 | Jul record high C = 5.9 | Aug record high C = 4.8 | Sep record high C = 7.5 | Oct record high C = 10.4 | Nov record high C = 9.1 | Dec record high C = 9.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 5.5 | Feb high C = 5.6 | Mar high C = 4.4 | Apr high C = 1.9 | May high C = −0.5 | Jun high C = −1.8 | Jul high C = −2.4 | Aug high C = −1.9 | Sep high C = −0.2 | Oct high C = 1.6 | Nov high C = 3.4 | Dec high C = 4.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 3.1 | Feb mean C = 3.5 | Mar mean C = 2.5 | Apr mean C = 0.4 | May mean C = -2.1 | Jun mean C = -3.2 | Jul mean C = -3.9 | Aug mean C = -3.3 | Sep mean C = -1.8 | Oct mean C = -0.2 | Nov mean C = 1.0 | Dec mean C = 2.0 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 0.7 | Feb low C = 1.4 | Mar low C = 0.6 | Apr low C = −1.0 | May low C = −3.8 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −5.4 | Aug low C = −4.8 | Sep low C = −3.4 | Oct low C = −1.9 | Nov low C = −1.5 | Dec low C = −0.6 | year low C = | Jan record low C = -2 | Feb record low C = -1.7 | Mar record low C = -3.2 | Apr record low C = -4.6 | May record low C = -7.3 | Jun record low C = -8.5 | Jul record low C = -11.4 | Aug record low C = -10.6 | Sep record low C = -8.5 | Oct record low C = -6.6 | Nov record low C = -4.3 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | year record low C = | Jan precipitation mm = 84 | Feb precipitation mm = 80 | Mar precipitation mm = 95 | Apr precipitation mm = 123 | May precipitation mm = 108 | Jun precipitation mm = 108 | Jul precipitation mm = 120 | Aug precipitation mm = 114 | Sep precipitation mm = 107 | Oct precipitation mm = 98 | Nov precipitation mm = 88 | Dec precipitation mm = 77 | year precipitation mm = 1204 | source 1 = Climatic Research Unit, UEA<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/~timm/cty/obs/data/obs.South_Georgia.htm |title=Climate Normals |publisher=Climatic Research Unit, UEA |access-date=10 July 2011 |date=July 2011}}</ref> | source 2 = Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-1493.php|title=Weather extremes for Bird Island|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> | date = July 2011 | source = }}{{Weather box | location = ග්‍රිට්විකන්/කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව, 1901–1950 (සන්ෂයින් 1931–1960) | collapsed = | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 24.5 | Feb record high C = 26.5 | Mar record high C = 28.8 | Apr record high C = 19.1 | May record high C = 17.5 | Jun record high C = 14.0 | Jul record high C = 13.6 | Aug record high C = 13.2 | Sep record high C = 17.0 | Oct record high C = 20.0 | Nov record high C = 22.5 | Dec record high C = 21.5 | year record high C = 28.8 | Jan high C = 8.4 | Feb high C = 9.1 | Mar high C = 8.4 | Apr high C = 5.6 | May high C = 2.9 | Jun high C = 0.9 | Jul high C = 1.2 | Aug high C = 1.5 | Sep high C = 3.5 | Oct high C = 5.4 | Nov high C = 6.5 | Dec high C = 7.5 | year high C = 5.1 | Jan mean C = 4.6 | Feb mean C = 5.1 | Mar mean C = 4.4 | Apr mean C = 2.3 | May mean C = 0.0 | Jun mean C = -1.6 | Jul mean C = -1.5 | Aug mean C = -1.8 | Sep mean C = -0.1 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = 2.7 | Dec mean C = 3.7 | year mean C = 1.6 | Jan low C = 1.4 | Feb low C = 1.7 | Mar low C = 1.0 | Apr low C = −0.8 | May low C = −3.1 | Jun low C = −4.6 | Jul low C = −4.7 | Aug low C = −4.9 | Sep low C = −3.3 | Oct low C = −1.8 | Nov low C = −0.5 | Dec low C = 0.4 | year low C = -1.6 | Jan record low C = −4.1 | Feb record low C = −3.7 | Mar record low C = −6.3 | Apr record low C = −9.8 | May record low C = −11.4 | Jun record low C = −14.6 | Jul record low C = −15.2 | Aug record low C = −19.2 | Sep record low C = −18.4 | Oct record low C = −11.0 | Nov record low C = −6.4 | Dec record low C = −5.4 | year record low C = −19.2 | Jan precipitation mm = 92 | Feb precipitation mm = 114 | Mar precipitation mm = 136 | Apr precipitation mm = 139 | May precipitation mm = 137 | Jun precipitation mm = 135 | Jul precipitation mm = 149 | Aug precipitation mm = 149 | Sep precipitation mm = 92 | Oct precipitation mm = 80 | Nov precipitation mm = 93 | Dec precipitation mm = 88 | year precipitation mm = 1394 | unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | Jan precipitation days = 12 | Feb precipitation days = 13 | Mar precipitation days = 14 | Apr precipitation days = 14 | May precipitation days = 12 | Jun precipitation days = 15 | Jul precipitation days = 15 | Aug precipitation days = 14 | Sep precipitation days = 11 | Oct precipitation days = 12 | Nov precipitation days = 11 | Dec precipitation days = 11 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 72 | Feb humidity = 69 | Mar humidity = 69 | Apr humidity = 70 | May humidity = 74 | Jun humidity = 75 | Jul humidity = 74 | Aug humidity = 73 | Sep humidity = 72 | Oct humidity = 70 | Nov humidity = 69 | Dec humidity = 71 | year humidity = | Jan sun = 152 | Feb sun = 160 | Mar sun = 127 | Apr sun = 66 | May sun = 34 | Jun sun = 12 | Jul sun = 22 | Aug sun = 74 | Sep sun = 123 | Oct sun = 171 | Nov sun = 174 | Dec sun = 167 | year sun = | source 1 = Globalbioclimatics/Salvador Rivas-Martínez<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |title=Temp/Rain 1901–1950 |publisher=Globalbioclimatics |access-date=10 December 2018 |date=Apr 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113052/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/pdf/ar-georg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | source 2 = DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute (sun, humidity, and precipitation days 1931–1960)<ref name=DMI>{{cite web | last1 = Cappelen | first1 = John | last2 = Jensen | first2 = Jens | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130427173827/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | archive-date = 27 April 2013 | url = http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf | work = Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) | title = South Georgia–Grytviken | page = 242 | publisher = Danish Meteorological Institute | language = da | access-date = 10 December 2018}}</ref> | date = Apr 2012 | source = }} == රජය == [[File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg|alt=|thumb|III වන චාල්ස් රජු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල රාජ්‍ය නායකයා වේ.]] විධායක බලය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජතුමාට පැවරී ඇති අතර එය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් දරනු ලබන තනතුරක් වන කොමසාරිස්වරයා විසිනි. වත්මන් කොමසාරිස්වරයා වන්නේ 2022 ජූලි 1 වන දින එම තනතුරට පත් වූ ඇලිසන් බ්ලේක් ය. ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් වල ස්ටැන්ලි හි පිහිටි විධායකය, ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිලධාරියෙකු, අධ්‍යක්ෂවරුන් තිදෙනෙකු, කළමනාකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ව්‍යාපාර සහාය නිලධාරියෙකුගෙන් සමන්විත වේ. භූමියේ මූල්‍ය ලේකම් සහ නීතිපතිවරයා ෆෝක්ලන්ත දූපත් රජයේ නිල බලයෙන් සමාන පත්වීම් ලෙස පත් කරනු ලැබේ. දිවයිනේම, රජයේ නිලධාරීන් යාත්‍රා සංචාර, මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සහ සංචාරක කටයුතු කළමනාකරණය කරන අතර 'භූමියේ' රජය නියෝජනය කරයි. සංචාරක සමයේදී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හි ගිම්හාන නියෝජ්‍ය තැපැල් ස්ථානාධිපතිවරයෙකු තැපැල් කාර්යාලය පවත්වාගෙන යයි. දූපත් වල ස්ථිර පදිංචිකරුවන් ජීවත් නොවන බැවින්, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවක් හෝ මැතිවරණයක් අවශ්‍ය නොවේ. එක්සත් රාජධානියේ විදේශ, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය සහ සංවර්ධන කාර්යාලය (FCDO) භූමියේ විදේශ සබඳතා කළමනාකරණය කරයි. 1982 සිට, භූමිය අප්‍රේල් 25 වන දින විමුක්ති දිනය සමරයි. 2001 සහ 2005 අතර නඩු මාලාවකදී (විශේෂයෙන්, රෙජිනා එදිරිව විදේශ සහ පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය කටයුතු සඳහා රාජ්‍ය ලේකම් (අභියාචනාකරු) එක්ස් පාර්ට් ක්වාර්ක් ෆිෂිං ලිමිටඩ් [2005] UKHL 57<ref>{{cite web |title=Quark Fishing Ltd, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2005&#93; UKHL 57 (13 October 2005) |url=http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/2005/57.html}}</ref> බලන්න) ප්‍රදේශයේ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව (අනුගමනය කරන ලද්දේ 1985 ඔක්තෝබර් 3 වන දින), එහි රජය මෙහෙයවන ආකාරය සහ අධිකරණ සමාලෝචනය ලබා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව සාකච්ඡා කරන ලදී. එහි රජය FCDO විසින් මෙහෙයවනු ලැබුවද, එය එක්සත් රාජධානියේ අයිතියට වඩා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල අයිතියේ ඔටුන්න හිමි නියෝජිතයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන බැවින්, එම මඟ පෙන්වීම යටතේ එහි තීරණ එක්සත් රාජධානියේ රජයේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක නීතිමය තීරණ මෙන් අභියෝග කළ නොහැකි බව තීරණය විය; එබැවින් මානව හිමිකම් පිළිබඳ යුරෝපීය සම්මුතිය අදාළ නොවීය. == ආර්ථිකය == 1817 සහ 1909 අතර දූපත් වල වාණිජ මුද්‍රා තැබීම සිදු විය. එම කාලය තුළ මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ යාත්‍රා මගින් සංචාර 20 ක් වාර්තා වේ.<ref>R.K. Headland (ed.) ''Historical Antarctic sealing industry'', Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, 2018, p.169 {{ISBN|978-0-901021-26-7}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සීමිතය. මෙම භූමියට පවුම් මිලියන 6.3 ක ආදායමක් ඇති අතර, ඉන් 80% ක් ධීවර බලපත්‍ර වලින් ලබා ගනී (2020 සංඛ්‍යා).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Secretariat website |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820180141/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/140416/140430/south_georgia_and_the_south_sandwich_islands/ |archive-date=20 August 2006}}</ref> අනෙකුත් ආදායම් මාර්ග වන්නේ තැපැල් මුද්දර සහ කාසි විකිණීම, සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය සහ රේගු සහ වරාය ගාස්තු ය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2010/05/12/healthy-surplus-in-south-georgia-finances-spurred-by-fishing-tourism-and-stamps|title=Healthy Surplus in South Georgia Finances, Spurred by Fishing, Tourism and Stamps|date=12 May 2010|work=MercoPress|access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> === මසුන් ඇල්ලීම === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට සහ යාබද ජලයේ වසරේ සමහර මාසවල මසුන් ඇල්ලීම සිදු වන අතර, පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු, කෝඩ් අයිස් මාළු සහ ක්‍රිල් සඳහා භූමිය විසින් මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර විකුණනු ලැබේ. මසුන් ඇල්ලීමේ බලපත්‍ර වසරකට පවුම් මිලියන ගණනක් උපයන අතර, ඉන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ධීවර ආරක්ෂාව සහ පර්යේෂණ සඳහා වැය වේ. සියලුම ධීවර කටයුතු ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමුද්‍ර ජීවී සම්පත් සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ සම්මුතිය (CCAMLR) පද්ධතියට අනුකූලව නියාමනය කර කළමනාකරණය කරනු ලැබේ. 2001 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජය එහි තිරසාර පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු ධීවර කර්මාන්තය සඳහා සමුද්‍ර භාරකාරත්ව කවුන්සිලය විසින් උපුටා දක්වන ලද අතර, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා MSC හි පාරිසරික ප්‍රමිතීන් සපුරා ඇති බව සහතික කරයි. අල්ලා ගත හැකි පැටගෝනියානු දන්ත මාළු කාලය සහ ප්‍රමාණය පිළිබඳ සහතිකය සීමාවන් පනවා ඇත.<ref name="Whole Foods">{{citation|author=[[Whole Foods Market]]|title=Welcome Back Chilean Sea Bass!|year=2006|publisher=Whole Foods Market}}</ref>[[File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2024_Pharos_SG_-_IMO_9041265_-_by_2eight_-_7DS8468.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|2024 දී ග්‍රිට්විකන් හිදී MV Pharos SG]] ධීවර හා පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව යනු දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා රජයේ සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර කලාපයේ MV Pharos SG නෞකාව ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීම සඳහා ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් සමාගමක් වන Workboat Services Limited (WBS) සමඟ ගිවිසුම්ගත වන දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් (GSGSSI) හි වගකීමකි. එම සේවාව සඳහා වත්මන් කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව 2028 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 December 2023 |title=South Georgia ensures environmental protection for its maritime zone until 2028 |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2023/12/19/south-georgia-ensures-environmental-protection-for-its-maritime-zone-until-2028 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Merco Press}}</ref> දන්ත මාළු දූපත් ආර්ථිකයට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ; එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, දන්ත මාළු දිනය සැප්තැම්බර් 4 වන දින භූමියේ බැංකු නිවාඩු දිනයක් ලෙස සමරනු ලැබේ.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Toothfish Day celebration in South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2015/09/04/toothfish-day-celebration-in-south-georgia-and-south-sandwich-islands |website=MercoPress |language=en}}</ref> === සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය === මෑත වසරවලදී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් බවට පත්ව ඇති අතර, බොහෝ කෲස් නැව් සහ රුවල් යාත්‍රා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයට පැමිණේ (දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව නැරඹීමට ඇති එකම මාර්ගය මුහුදෙන් ය; දූපත් වල ගුවන් පථ නොමැත). භූමිය ගොඩබෑමේ ගාස්තු සහ සිහිවටන විකිණීමෙන් ආදායමක් ලබා ගනී. කෲස් නැව් බොහෝ විට ග්‍රිට්විකන් සංචාරයක් ඇන්ටාක්ටික් අර්ධද්වීපයට යන ගමනක් සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ කරයි. වරලත් යාත්‍රා චාරිකා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් දූපත් වල ආරම්භ වන අතර සති හතරක් සහ හයක් අතර පවතින අතර අමුත්තන්ට දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් වල දුරස්ථ වරායන් නැරඹීමට හැකියාව ලබා දෙයි. රුවල් යාත්‍රා දැන් නැංගුරම් ලෑමට අවශ්‍ය වන අතර වෙරළේ පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන තොටුපළවල් සමඟ තවදුරටත් සම්බන්ධ විය නොහැක. මෙයට එක් ව්‍යතිරේකයක් වන්නේ මෑතකදී වැඩිදියුණු කරන ලද/අලුත්වැඩියා කරන ලද ග්‍රිට්විකන් යාත්‍රා නැංගුරමයි. පැරණි තල්මසුන් දඩයම් ස්ථානවල අනෙකුත් සියලුම ජැටි මීටර් 200 (අඩි 656) බැහැර කිරීමේ කලාපයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත; මේවායේ නැංගුරම් ලෑම හෝ වෙරළට ලණු දැමීම තහනම්ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන යාත්‍රා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දිවයින වටා යාමට පෙර කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි රජයේ නිලධාරීන්ට වාර්තා කරනු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කෙරේ. === තැපැල් මුද්දර === එක්සත් රාජධානියේ නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් තැපැල් මුද්දර නිකුත් කිරීමෙන් විදේශයන්ගෙන් විශාල ආදායම් මාර්ගයක් ද ලැබේ. සාධාරණ නිකුතු ප්‍රතිපත්තියක් (සෑම වසරකම මුද්දර කට්ටල කිහිපයක් නිකුත් කරනු ලැබේ) සහ ආකර්ශනීය විෂය කරුණු (විශේෂයෙන් තල්මසුන්) සමඟ ඒවා කාලීන මුද්දර එකතු කරන්නන් අතර ජනප්‍රිය කරයි. 1982 මාර්තු 16 සිට අව්‍යාජ පළමු දින ආවරණ කට්ටල හතරක් පමණක් පවතී. ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ මුද්‍රා තබා ඇත; සංසරණයේ ඇති සියලුම ඒවා වෙනත් තැනක මුද්‍රා තබා යවන ලද නමුත් අව්‍යාජ ඒවා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ තැපැල් කාර්යාලයේ තබා ඇත. ෆෝක්ලන්ත යුද්ධයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණයේ කාර්ය මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයෙකු විසින් මෙම කට්ටල හතර ඉවත් කරන ලද්දේ ආර්ජන්ටිනාවේ වැසියන් ඔවුන්ගේ බඩු බාහිරාදිය එකතු කර ගැනීමට ඉඩ දුන් සුළු මොහොතකින් ය. අනෙක් සියල්ල පුළුස්සා දමන ලදී, නමුත් මෙම කට්ටල හතර රොබට් හෙඩ්ලන්ඩ්, BAS විසින් සුරකින ලද අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියට ගෙන එන ලදී. === මුදල් === පවුම් ස්ටර්ලින් පවුම් යනු දූපත් වල නිල මුදල් ඒකකය වන අතර එක්සත් රාජධානියේ මෙන් එම නෝට්ටු සහ කාසි භාවිතා වේ. === අන්තර්ජාල වසම් ලියාපදිංචිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සඳහා අන්තර්ජාල රටේ කේත ඉහළ මට්ටමේ වසම (ccTLD) .gs වේ. == පරිසර විද්‍යාව == {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Giant_petrel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_petrel.jpg|thumb|220x220පික්|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ දකුණු යෝධ පෙට්‍රල්]] |[[File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Penguins_at_Salisbury_Plain_(5719368307).jpg|thumb|200x200පික්|සැලිස්බරි තැන්නෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින් (ඇප්ටෙනොඩයිට්ස් පැටගොනිකස්) 60,000ක් දක්වා වූ ජනපදයක්.]] |[[File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_penguins_on_South_Georgia_Island.jpg|thumb|1996 දී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි කිං පෙන්ගුයින්.]] | |} === ශාක === ==== ස්වදේශීය ශාක ==== හිමෙන් හෝ අයිස්වලින් ස්ථිරව වැසී නොමැති දූපත් කොටස් ස්කොටියා මුහුදු දූපත් ටුන්ඩ්‍රා පරිසර කලාපයේ කොටසකි. සමස්තයක් වශයෙන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට ආවේණික සනාල ශාක විශේෂ 26 ක් ඇත; තණකොළ විශේෂ හයක්, රෂ් හතරක්, තනි සෙජ් එකක්, පර්ණාංග හයක්, ක්ලබ්මොස් එකක් සහ කුඩා ෆෝබ් නවයක්. පාසි විශේෂ 125 ක් පමණ, අක්මා වෝර්ට් 85 ක් සහ ලයිකන 150 ක් මෙන්ම මැක්‍රොෆන්ජි විශේෂ 50 ක් පමණ ද ඇත.<ref name="Headland">{{cite book |author=Headland, Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA195 |title=The Island of South Georgia |publisher=CUP Archive |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42474-5 |pages=195–197}}</ref> දූපත් වල ගස් හෝ පඳුරු නොමැත.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Native flora – South Georgia Heritage Trust |url=http://www.sght.org/native-flora}}</ref> විශාලතම ශාකය වන්නේ ටස්සොක් තණකොළ වන පෝවා ෆ්ලැබෙලාටා ය. මෙය බොහෝ දුරට වෙරළට ආසන්නව උස් වෙරළ තීරයන් සහ බෑවුම් සහිත බෑවුම්වල වැඩෙන අතර මීටර් 2 (අඩි 7) දක්වා ළඟා විය හැකිය. අනෙකුත් තණකොළ අතරට ටෆ්ටඩ් ෆෙස්කියු (ෆෙස්ටූකා කොන්ත්‍රාක්ටා), ඇල්පයින් බළලුන්ගේ වලිගය (ෆ්ලියම් ඇල්පිනම්) සහ ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කෙස්-තෘණ (ඩෙස්චැම්ප්සියා ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව) ඇතුළත් වන අතර වඩාත් සුලභ සපුෂ්ප ශාකවලින් එකක් වන්නේ මහා බර්නෙට් (ඇකේනා මැගෙලනිකා) ය.<ref name="Headland" /> ==== හදුන්වා දෙන ලද ශාක ==== හඳුන්වා විශේෂ ගණනාවක් ස්වභාවිකකරණය වී ඇත; මේවායින් බොහොමයක් ගව ආහාර සඳහා තල්මසුන් විසින් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලද අතර සමහර ඒවා ආක්‍රමණශීලී ලෙස සැලකේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2014 |title=South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/bol/southgeorgia |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford}}</ref> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ 76 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇත. මේවායින් 35 ක් මුලිනුපුටා දැමූ ඒවා ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, 41 ක් තවමත් දිවයිනේ පවතින බව සැලකේ. මෙම විශේෂ 33 ක් 2020 වන විට මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සැලසුම් කර ඇත.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Upson |first1=Rebecca |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007331209 |title=Field guide to the introduced flora of South Georgia |last2=Myer |first2=Bradley |last3=Floyd |first3=Kelvin |last4=Lee |first4=Jennifer |last5=Clubbe |first5=Colin |date=15 March 2018 |publisher=Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |isbn=978-1-84246-652-0 |publication-place=Richmond, Surrey, UK |oclc=1007331209}}</ref> මෙම විදේශීය විශේෂ මෙම අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි, පෞරාණික පරිසර පද්ධතියට පහසුවෙන් ඇතුළු වී සම්පත් (උදා: ආලෝකය, පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ) සඳහා දේශීය ශාක ජනගහනය අභිබවා යන අතර දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ සඳහා කුඩා, බිඳෙන සුළු වාසස්ථානවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් ඒවායේ ව්‍යාප්තිය පාලනය කිරීම වැදගත් යැයි සැලකේ. වත්මන් පළිබෝධ ශාක කළමනාකරණ උත්සාහයන් 2000 දශකයේ මුල් භාගයේදී ආරම්භ වූ අතර මූලික වශයෙන් ඉලක්ක කර ඇත්තේ කෙටි කාලීනව (බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් සහ ප්‍රොකියුම්බන්ට් පර්ල්වෝර්ට් වැනි) මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ පහසු අපේක්ෂාවන් සහිත විශේෂ කෙරෙහි වන අතර ඉතිරි විශේෂ අනාගත කාලවලදී ඉලක්ක කර ගත යුතුය. මෙම වැඩසටහන් සඳහා දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් රජය, රාජකීය උද්භිද උද්‍යාන කියෙව්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ ඩාවින් මුලපිරීම සහ පෞද්ගලික කොන්ත්‍රාත්කරුවන්ගේ සහයෝගීතාවය ඇතුළත් විය.<ref name=":0" /> දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ හඳුන්වා දුන් ශාක විශේෂ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිවයිනේ මානව ආර්ථික ක්‍රියාකාරකම් සමඟ පැමිණි අතර බොහෝ දුරට අහම්බෙන් සිදු විය, (ආගන්තුකයන්ට ඒවායේ ප්‍රතිවිපාක පිළිබඳ අවබෝධයක් නොතිබීමට පෙර). වාර්ෂික තණබිම් තණකොළ (පෝවා අන්නුවා) 1800 දී පමණ පළමු සීලර් සමඟ පැමිණි බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙන අතර දැන් දිවයින පුරා, විශේෂයෙන් පැරණි සීල් සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කරන ස්ථානවල ව්‍යාප්ත වී ඇත. තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ මෙහෙයුම් සමඟ යාපහුව බලකොටුව හඳුන්වා දී ඇති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ, මියගිය තල්මසුන්ගේ මව් රටෙන් පස අතලොස්සක් ඇතුළත් කිරීමේ පුරුද්ද හරහා. බිටර්ක්‍රෙස් ප්‍රථම වරට දක්නට ලැබුණේ 2002 දී වන අතර එය කිං එඩ්වඩ් කෝව් හි ගොඩනැගිලි සැපයුම් සමඟ පැමිණ ඇති බව සැලකේ. මෑත දශක කිහිපය තුළ පරිපූර්ණ ජෛව ආරක්ෂණ ප්‍රොටෝකෝල හඳුන්වාදීමත් සමඟ හඳුන්වාදීම් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. සාර්ථක වීමට පෙර පසෙහි දැනට ප්‍රරෝහණය වන සියලුම බීජ පරිණත වීමට පෙර පාලනය කර ඇති බව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා ස්වදේශික නොවන විශේෂ කළමනාකරණයට වසර ගණනාවක් නිතිපතා, කැපවූ පසු විපරම් ප්‍රතිකාර අවශ්‍ය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Robert |title=South Georgia |publisher=The Commissioner, Government of South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands |year=2016}}</ref> === පක්ෂීන් === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව ඇල්බට්‍රොස්, කිං පෙන්ගුයින් විශාල ජනපදයක්, මැකරෝනි පෙන්ගුයින්<ref>Attenborough, D. 1998. ''The Life of Birds''. BBC Books. {{ISBN|0563-38792-0}}</ref> සහ විවිධ විශේෂවල පෙන්ගුයින්, පෙට්‍රල්, ප්‍රියොන්, ෂැග්, ස්කුවාස්, ගුල් සහ ටර්න් ඇතුළු බොහෝ මුහුදු පක්ෂීන්ට සහාය වේ. දූපත් සමූහයට ආවේණික පක්ෂීන් වන්නේ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ෂැග්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් සහ දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පින්ටේල් ය. දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් දෙකම BirdLife International විසින් වැදගත් කුරුළු ප්‍රදේශ (IBA) ලෙස හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/south-georgia/ibas |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> === ක්ෂීරපායින් === දූපත් වල නිතර මුද්‍රා දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, අවට ජලයේ තල්මසුන් දැකිය හැකිය. ස්වදේශීය ක්ෂීරපායින් නොමැත, නමුත් මිනිස් ක්‍රියාකාරකම් හරහා රින්ඩර්, දුඹුරු මීයන් සහ මීයන් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 18 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී මුද්‍රා තැබීමේ සහ තල්මසුන් දඩයම් කිරීමේ නැව්වල සැඟවී සිටින ලෙස දිවයිනට ගෙන එන ලද මීයන්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Eradication of Rodents |url=http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/%28e%29Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803043220/http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(e)Eradication_Of_Rodents?useskin=env |archive-date=3 August 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands}}</ref> දේශීය වනජීවීන්ට විශාල හානියක් සිදු කර ඇති අතර, භූමියේ කූඩු කරන පක්ෂීන්ගේ බිත්තර සහ පැටවුන් මිලියන ගණනක් විනාශ කර ඇත. මීට පෙර දිවයිනේ ග්ලැසියර මීයන් පැතිරීමට ස්වාභාවික බාධකයක් නිර්මාණය කළද, දේශගුණය උණුසුම් වන විට මෙම ග්ලැසියර දැන් සෙමින් දියවෙමින් පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change – Overview |url=http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708074958/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//bas_research/science/climate/overview.php |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=8 July 2013 |publisher=British Antarctic Survey}}</ref> 2011 දී, විද්‍යාඥයින් මීයන් සහ මීයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම සඳහා සිව් අවුරුදු වැඩසටහනක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර, එය මේ දක්වා ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මීයන් තුරන් කිරීමේ උත්සාහය වනු ඇත.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|title=South Georgia to poison millions of rats|last=Hastings|first=Chris|date=7 March 2010|work=Times Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022148/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article7052509.ece|archive-date=10 May 2011|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|title=Ecologists turn exterminators in the great rat hunt|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=8 March 2010|work=[[The Independent]]|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/ecologists-turn-exterminators-in-the-great-rat-hunt-1917801.html|archive-date=24 May 2022|location=London|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13282806|title='Success' in South Georgia rat eradication|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|date=4 May 2011|work=BBC}}</ref> ඩන්ඩි විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සත්ව විද්‍යාඥ ඇන්තනි මාටින් විසින් මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතිය මෙහෙයවන ලද අතර ඔහු ප්‍රකාශ කළේ, "මෙය මිනිසා විසින් ඇති කරන ලද ගැටළුවක් වන අතර මිනිසා කලින් වැරදි නිවැරදි කිරීමට කාලයයි" යනුවෙනි.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23143430|title=South Georgia rat removal hits milestone|last=Hogenboom|first=Melissa|date=4 July 2013|work=BBC News|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> 2013 ජූලි මාසයේදී, එම වසරේ මැයි මාසයේදී සිදු වූ මීයන් සමූලඝාතනය කිරීමේ ප්‍රධාන අදියරේ සාර්ථකත්වය නිවේදනය කරන ලදී. මී විෂ ටොන් 180 ක්, බ්‍රෝඩිෆකූම්, දිවයිනෙන් 70% කට වඩා හෙළන ලද අතර, එය මේ ආකාරයේ ලොව විශාලතම මෙහෙයුම විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cookson |first=Clive |date=3 July 2013 |title=Rats removed from South Georgia in biggest mass poisoning |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2Y3xemB5L |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211244/https://www.ft.com/content/215555ea-e3ea-11e2-b35b-00144feabdc0#axzz2Y3xemB5L |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=4 July 2013 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> 2015 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී හෙලිකොප්ටර් තුනක් මගින් තවත් මී විෂ ටොන් 95 ක් හෙළීමට සැලසුම් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{citation|last=Sarsfield|first=Kate|title=Habitat Restoration Project gears up for final phase of airborne rodent eradication programme|date=3 December 2014|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/habitat-restoration-project-gears-up-for-final-phase-of-airborne-rodent-eradication-406709/|work=[[Flightglobal]]|publisher=Reed Business Information|access-date=4 December 2014}}</ref> 2015 ජුනි මාසයේදී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමේ වැඩසටහන, පෙනෙන විදිහට සාර්ථකව අවසන් වූ අතර, දිවයින මීයන්ගෙන් තොර වීමට "බොහෝ දුරට ඉඩ ඇති" බව විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. 2017–18 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා උරුම භාරය විසින් ස්නයිෆර් බල්ලන් සහ ඇමක් සහිත උගුල් භාවිතා කරමින් මාස හයක දැඩි සෝදිසි කිරීමකදී, මීයන් සිටින බවට කිසිදු සාක්ෂියක් හමු නොවීය.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-44046472 "Rats driven from South Georgia's wildlife paradise"], ''BBC Website'', 9 May 2018</ref> තවත් වසර දෙකක් හෝ තුනක් නිරීක්ෂණය දිගටම පවතිනු ඇත.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/rare-birds-return-to-remote-south-georgia-island-after-successful-rat-eradication-programme-10345864.html "Rare birds return to remote South Georgia island after successful rat eradication programme"], ''The Independent'', 25 June 2015</ref> 2018 දී, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා පිපිට් ගණන පැහැදිලිවම වැඩි වී තිබුණි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Marris |first=Emma |date=11 May 2018 |title=Birdlife Recovering on Rat-Free Island |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/animals/2018/05/birdlife-recovering-rat-free-island |access-date=6 July 2020 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> 1911 දී නෝර්වීජියානු තල්මසුන් විසින් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට රින්ඩර් හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. 2011 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී බලධාරීන් නිවේදනය කළේ, රින්ඩර් විසින් දේශීය විශේෂවලට අහිතකර ලෙස බලපාන බැවින් සහ වර්තමානයේ නිර්මල ප්‍රදේශවලට ඔවුන් ව්‍යාප්ත වීමේ තර්ජනය හේතුවෙන්, සම්පූර්ණ දඩයමක් සිදුවන බවත්, එමඟින් දිවයිනෙන් රින්ඩර් මුවන් මුලිනුපුටා දැමීමට සිදුවන බවත්ය.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf ''Management of introduced reindeer on South Georgia''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516123304/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/Management%20of%20introduced%20reindeer%20on%20South%20Georgia.pdf|date=16 May 2011}}, Office of the Commissioner, 19 February 2011.</ref> 2013 දී මුලිනුපුටා දැමීම ආරම්භ වූ අතර, රින්ඩර් 3,500 ක් මරා දමන ලදී. ඉතිරි සියල්ලන්ම පාහේ 2014 මුල් භාගයේදී මරා දමන ලද අතර, අවසාන (50 ක් පමණ) 2014–15 දකුණු ගිම්හානයේදී ඉවත් කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-reindeer-idUSBRE92H0SA20130318|title=Hunters slay 3,500 reindeer on island near Antarctica|last=Doyle|first=Alister|date=18 March 2013|work=Reuters}}</ref> === සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය === දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව අවට මුහුදේ ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෑත කාලීන අධ්‍යයනයකින් (2009–2011), දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව පෘථිවියේ සියලුම පරිසර පද්ධති අතර ජෛව විවිධත්වයේ ඉහළම මට්ටම්වලින් එකක් අඩංගු බව සොයාගෙන ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2011 |title=Which has more biodiversity, the Galápagos or the sub-Antarctic island South Georgia? Surprise, surprise |url=http://www.georgewright.org/node/4109 |access-date=19 May 2014 |publisher=George Wright Society}}</ref> විශේෂ සම්බන්ධයෙන් ගත් කල, මෙම පරිසර පද්ධතියට ආවේණික සාගර ජීවීන් සංඛ්‍යාවෙන් වැඩි වන අතර (ජෛව විවිධත්වය සම්බන්ධයෙන්) ගැලපගෝස් හෝ ඉක්වදෝරය වැනි ප්‍රසිද්ධ කලාප අභිබවා යයි.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merco Press |date=27 May 2011 |title=South Georgia marine biodiversity richer than the Galápagos Islands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2011/05/27/south-georgia-marine-biodiversity-richer-than-the-galapagos-islands}}</ref> සාගර පරිසර පද්ධතිය අවදානමට ලක්විය හැකි යැයි සැලකේ, මන්ද එහි අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයන් නිසා එය ඉතා සෙමින් පමණක් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් කළ හැකි බැවිනි.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=The Antarctic island that's richer in biodiversity than the Galapagos |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/the-antarctic-island-thats-richer-in-biodiversity-than-the-galapagos-2289706.html |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> 2012 පෙබරවාරි 23 වන දින, සමුද්‍ර ජෛව විවිධත්වය ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා, භූමියේ රජය දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාව සහ දකුණු සැන්ඩ්විච් දූපත් සමුද්‍ර ආරක්ෂිත ප්‍රදේශය නිර්මාණය කළේය - එය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර මිලියන 1.07 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 410,000) කින් සමන්විත වේ.<ref>[http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf Marine Protected Areas Order 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506022242/http://www.sgisland.gs/download/legislation/SGGSI%20Gazette%20No%201%20dated%2029%20February%202012.pdf|date=6 May 2012}}, ''South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazette'', 29 February 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SGSSI Marine Protection Area (Management Plan). |url=http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111949/http://www.gov.gs/docsarchive/Environment/Marine%20Protected%20Area/MPA%20Management%20Plan%20v2.0.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2016 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2 Good Planet: Denmark.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612074739/http://www.goodplanet.info/eng/Zones/Etat-du-monde/Pays2/Danemark2|date=12 June 2011}} Largest protected area in the world.</ref> {| style="margin:1em auto;" |- style="vertical-align:top;" |[[File:Wonder_albat.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_albat.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා දූපතේ ඉබාගාතේ යන ඇල්බට්‍රොස් පක්ෂියා]] |[[File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antarctic_Pearlwort.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ ශාන්ත ඇන්ඩෲස් බොක්කෙහි ඇන්ටාක්ටික් පර්ල්වෝර්ට්]] |[[File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Georgia_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|දකුණ|thumb|දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ග්ලැසියරය සහ පෙන්ගුයින් ජනපදය]] |} == හමුදා == [[File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Navy_Antarctic_Patrol_Ship_HMS_Protector_MOD_45153156.jpg|thumb|HMS ''Protector'']]1982 දී ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් යුද්ධයෙන් පසු, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවේ කිං එඩ්වඩ් පොයින්ට් හි පූර්ණ කාලීන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන යන ලදී. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය විසින් නව ස්ථානයක් ඉදිකර අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු, අවසාන භට කණ්ඩායම 2001 මාර්තු මාසයේදී දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවෙන් පිටව යන තෙක් 1990 ගණන්වලදී මෙය අඩු කරන ලදී.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King Edward Point Research Station |url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/polar-operations/sites-and-facilities/facility/king-edward-point/}}</ref> කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය හමුදා පහසුකම වන්නේ RAF මවුන්ට් ප්ලෙසන්ට් සහ නැගෙනහිර ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි යාබද මාරේ වරාය නාවික කඳවුර සහ ෆෝක්ලන්ඩ් හි දුරස්ථ රේඩාර් ප්‍රධානීන් තුනක්: RRH මවුන්ට් කෙන්ට්, RRH බයිරන් හයිට්ස් සහ RRH මවුන්ට් ඇලිස් ය. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික යාත්‍රා අතලොස්සක් කලාපයේ මුර සංචාරයේ යෙදෙන අතර, සෑම වසරකම කිහිප වතාවක් දකුණු ජෝර්ජියාවට පැමිණෙන අතර සමහර විට කුඩා පාබල මුර සංචාර යොදවයි. RAF එයාර්බස් A400M සහ එයාර්බස් A330 MRTT (RAF විසින් පිළිවෙලින් ඇට්ලස් සහ වොයේජර් ලෙස නම් කරන ලද) ගුවන් යානා මගින් ගුවන් ගමන් ද ඉඳහිට භූමියේ මුර සංචාරයේ යෙදේ. රාජකීය නාවික හමුදා යුද නෞකාවක් අවට ප්‍රදේශයේ අත්ලාන්තික් මුර සංචාර දකුණු මෙහෙයුම සිදු කරයි. රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාවේ අයිස්-මුර සංචාර නෞකාව වන HMS එන්ඩියුරන්ස්, දකුණු ජෝර්ජියා ප්‍රදේශයේ බොහෝ දකුණු ගිම්හාන කාලවලදී ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ අතර 2008 දී ඇති වූ ගංවතුර හේතුවෙන් එය අහිමි වීමට ආසන්න විය. ඇය ජල විද්‍යාත්මක හා සිතියම්කරණ කටයුතු මෙන්ම බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ඇන්ටාක්ටික් සමීක්ෂණය, චිත්‍රපට සහ ඡායාරූප ඒකක සහ තරුණ ගවේෂණ කණ්ඩායම BSES ගවේෂණ සඳහා විද්‍යාත්මක ක්ෂේත්‍ර කටයුතු සඳහා සහාය විය. එන්ඩියුරන්ස් හි ඉරණම පිළිබඳ අවසන් තීරණය බලාපොරොත්තුවෙන් සිටියදී, රාජකීය නාවික හමුදාව වසර තුනක් සඳහා ආදේශකයක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කිරීම සඳහා HMS ප්‍රොටෙක්ටර් ලෙස නම් කරන ලද නෝර්වීජියානු අයිස් කඩන නෞකාවක් කුලියට ගත්තේය.<ref>Powell, Michael. [http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp HMS ''Protector'' will be ''Endurance'' replacement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115064016/http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/newshome/HMS-Protector-will-be-Endurance.6685123.jp|date=15 January 2011}}, ''The News''. Portsmouth, 11 January 2011.</ref> 2013 සැප්තැම්බර් මාසයේදී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ආරක්ෂක අමාත්‍යාංශය නෞකාව සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම මිලදී ගත්තේය.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/27601/uk-purchases-arctic-patrol-vessel-hms-protector|title=UK purchases Arctic patrol vessel HMS ''Protector''|date=26 September 2013|work=IHS Jane's 360|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> 2013 ඔක්තෝබර් 7 වන දින එන්ඩියුරන්ස් සීරීම් සඳහා විකුණන බව නිවේදනය කරන ලදී.<ref name="BBC_scrapped">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-24436594|title=HMS ''Endurance'': Former ice patrol ship to be scrapped|date=7 October 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> {{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල් සහ බලප්‍රදේශ]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඇන්ටාක්ටික් කලාපය]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ඩැනිශ්-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (da)]] igblo66v3dsltk7hdif9m6886a6xjzr 1 182390 750585 2025-06-24T05:57:14Z Ttheek 66430 /* ප්‍රාන්තයේ නම */ නව ඡේදය 750585 wikitext text/x-wiki == ප්‍රාන්තයේ නම == ආ'''කැ'''න්සාස් ද? ආ'''ක'''න්සාස් ද? <span style="background:#0d0f24;font-family:monospace;font-weight:600;padding:2px;box-shadow:#9b12f0 2px -2px">[[User:Ttheek|<span style="color:#faed00">★</span> <span style="color:#ff21f8">Ttheek</span>]] [[User talk:Ttheek|⏵]]</span> 05:57, 24 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී) ceg27zw2apzrx6dx0ldn667j0tk8c5r 750620 750585 2025-06-24T06:46:28Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ප්‍රාන්තයේ නම */ Reply 750620 wikitext text/x-wiki == ප්‍රාන්තයේ නම == ආ'''කැ'''න්සාස් ද? ආ'''ක'''න්සාස් ද? <span style="background:#0d0f24;font-family:monospace;font-weight:600;padding:2px;box-shadow:#9b12f0 2px -2px">[[User:Ttheek|<span style="color:#faed00">★</span> <span style="color:#ff21f8">Ttheek</span>]] [[User talk:Ttheek|⏵]]</span> 05:57, 24 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී) :ගූගල් එකේ '''aa'''·kuhn·saw විදියට තමයි පෙන්නන්නෙ. අවසාන s සයිලන්ට් වෙනවා. හරි නම '''ආකන්සෝ.''' පරිවර්තනයේ දී මගේ අතින් උන වැරද්දක්. ස්තුතියි සොයා බැලීම සම්බන්ධව. [[User:BuddhikaW88|BuddhikaW88]] ([[User talk:BuddhikaW88|talk]]) 06:46, 24 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී) 4y9bmxoibohkhgzrpr1bvhiw83zbh8a 0 182391 750650 2025-06-24T07:19:57Z BuddhikaW88 37808 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1296052156|French Guiana]]" 750650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නොහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්''' {{විස්තරාත්මක සටහන්|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . බටහිරින් [[සුරිනාමය|සුරිනාම්]] සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයෙන්]] මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය {{Convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} ආවරණය කරයි. සහ [[භූමිප්‍රමාණය අනුව රටවල් හා පරායත්ත භූමිප්‍රදේශ නාමාවලිය|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] {{Convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}} . 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. ස අස්c අ අස්c අස් cඅස්c අස් cස අස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cඅස් cඅස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cස [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] pupvqedg39dt2cdoqw5rnozo9oh79rx 750651 750650 2025-06-24T07:21:17Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නොහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්''' {{විස්තරාත්මක සටහන්|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . බටහිරින් [[සුරිනාමය|සුරිනාම්]] සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයෙන්]] මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය {{Convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} ආවරණය කරයි. සහ [[භූමිප්‍රමාණය අනුව රටවල් හා පරායත්ත භූමිප්‍රදේශ නාමාවලිය|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] {{Convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}} . 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. ස අස්c අ අස්c අස් cඅස්c අස් cස අස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cඅස් cඅස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cස [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references /> obbxczw920w4wma9op2kd5q720zf5x1 750652 750651 2025-06-24T07:21:53Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සටහන් */ 750652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නොහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්''' {{විස්තරාත්මක සටහන්|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . බටහිරින් [[සුරිනාමය|සුරිනාම්]] සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයෙන්]] මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය {{Convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} ආවරණය කරයි. සහ [[භූමිප්‍රමාණය අනුව රටවල් හා පරායත්ත භූමිප්‍රදේශ නාමාවලිය|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] {{Convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}} . 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. ස අස්c අ අස්c අස් cඅස්c අස් cස අස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cඅස් cඅස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cස [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} a9kzjumjov54d9j66y4tvd1tbdl5999 750653 750652 2025-06-24T07:23:05Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750653 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නොහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්''' {{විස්තරාත්මක සටහන්|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු [[දකුණු ඇමෙරිකාව|දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ]] උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි . බටහිරින් [[සුරිනාමය|සුරිනාම්]] සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් [[බ්‍රසීලය|බ්‍රසීලයෙන්]] මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය {{Convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} ආවරණය කරයි. සහ [[භූමිප්‍රමාණය අනුව රටවල් හා පරායත්ත භූමිප්‍රදේශ නාමාවලිය|භූමි ප්‍රමාණය]] {{Convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}} . 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. ස අස්c අ අස්c අස් cඅස්c අස් cස අස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cඅස් cඅස්c ස cඅස්c අස් cස '''French Guiana''', or '''Guyane'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} in French, is an [[:en:Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France|overseas department and region of France]] located on the northern coast of [[:en:South_America|South America]] in [[:en:The_Guianas|the Guianas]] and the [[:en:West_Indies|West Indies]]. Bordered by [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] to the west and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]] to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of {{convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} and a [[:en:Land_area|land area]] of {{convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}}. As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]],{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. [[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] According to the ''[[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies ([[:en:The_Guianas|The Guianas]]) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now [[:en:Guayana_Region|Guayana Region]] in Venezuela), [[:en:British_Guiana|British Guiana]] (now [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]]), [[:en:Surinam_(Dutch_colony)|Dutch Guiana]] (now [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), French Guiana, and [[:en:Brazilian_Guiana|Portuguese Guiana]] (now [[:en:Amapá|Amapá]] in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the [[:en:Guiana_Shield|Guiana Shield]]. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} affmv0c5s1wf73yopsxc7nmpl9dod07 750654 750653 2025-06-24T07:23:41Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''French Guiana''', or '''Guyane'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} in French, is an [[:en:Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France|overseas department and region of France]] located on the northern coast of [[:en:South_America|South America]] in [[:en:The_Guianas|the Guianas]] and the [[:en:West_Indies|West Indies]]. Bordered by [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] to the west and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]] to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of {{convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} and a [[:en:Land_area|land area]] of {{convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}}. As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people.[[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]],{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. [[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] According to the ''[[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies ([[:en:The_Guianas|The Guianas]]) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now [[:en:Guayana_Region|Guayana Region]] in Venezuela), [[:en:British_Guiana|British Guiana]] (now [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]]), [[:en:Surinam_(Dutch_colony)|Dutch Guiana]] (now [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), French Guiana, and [[:en:Brazilian_Guiana|Portuguese Guiana]] (now [[:en:Amapá|Amapá]] in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the [[:en:Guiana_Shield|Guiana Shield]]. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} lajtqlrvrdjtqn6kj6nnpqii21609t4 750655 750654 2025-06-24T07:24:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750655 wikitext text/x-wiki '''French Guiana''', or '''Guyane'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} in French, is an [[:en:Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France|overseas department and region of France]] located on the northern coast of [[:en:South_America|South America]] in [[:en:The_Guianas|the Guianas]] and the [[:en:West_Indies|West Indies]]. Bordered by [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] to the west and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]] to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of {{convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} and a [[:en:Land_area|land area]] of {{convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}}. As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් ගයාන්[b] යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]],{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර, එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය [2] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.[c] මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,[d] විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] According to the ''[[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters".<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies ([[:en:The_Guianas|The Guianas]]) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now [[:en:Guayana_Region|Guayana Region]] in Venezuela), [[:en:British_Guiana|British Guiana]] (now [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]]), [[:en:Surinam_(Dutch_colony)|Dutch Guiana]] (now [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), French Guiana, and [[:en:Brazilian_Guiana|Portuguese Guiana]] (now [[:en:Amapá|Amapá]] in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the [[:en:Guiana_Shield|Guiana Shield]]. ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.[3] ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} shm33w0l3m1mtpya4v6x0gn3nhxb73h 750656 750655 2025-06-24T07:26:24Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''French Guiana''', or '''Guyane''' in French, is an [[:en:Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France|overseas department and region of France]] located on the northern coast of [[:en:South_America|South America]] in [[:en:The_Guianas|the Guianas]] and the [[:en:West_Indies|West Indies]]. Bordered by [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] to the west and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]] to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of {{convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} and a [[:en:Land_area|land area]] of {{convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}}. As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people. '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests, much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity. This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]], replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] According to the ''[[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the name "Guyana" is an indigenous term meaning "land of many waters". The addition of the adjective "French" in most languages other than French is rooted in colonial times, when five such colonies ([[:en:The_Guianas|The Guianas]]) had been named along the coast, subject to differing powers: namely (from west to east) Spanish Guiana (now [[:en:Guayana_Region|Guayana Region]] in Venezuela), [[:en:British_Guiana|British Guiana]] (now [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]]), [[:en:Surinam_(Dutch_colony)|Dutch Guiana]] (now [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), French Guiana, and [[:en:Brazilian_Guiana|Portuguese Guiana]] (now [[:en:Amapá|Amapá]] in Brazil). French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as "the Guianas" and constitute one large landmass known as the [[:en:Guiana_Shield|Guiana Shield]]. ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 329d8tthneizprcy6o76mhc9x98nhgz 750657 750656 2025-06-24T07:26:40Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* නම */ 750657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''French Guiana''', or '''Guyane''' in French, is an [[:en:Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France|overseas department and region of France]] located on the northern coast of [[:en:South_America|South America]] in [[:en:The_Guianas|the Guianas]] and the [[:en:West_Indies|West Indies]]. Bordered by [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] to the west and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]] to the east and south, French Guiana covers a total area of {{convert|84000|km2|abbr=on}} and a [[:en:Land_area|land area]] of {{convert|83534|km2|abbr=on}}. As of January 2025, it is home to 292,354 people. '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests, much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity. This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]], replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} etngh36dihexmnerzszl9kxaepfo7l1 750658 750657 2025-06-24T07:27:31Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750658 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] French Guiana is the second-largest [[:en:Regions_of_France|region in France]], being approximately one-seventh the size of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|European France]], and the largest [[:en:Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union|outermost region]] within the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]]. It has a very low population density, with only {{convert|3.6|PD/sqkm|abbr=out}}. About half of its residents live in its capital, [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]. Approximately 98.9% of French Guiana is covered by forests, much of it [[:en:Old-growth_forest|primeval]] [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|rainforest]]. [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], the largest [[:en:National_park|national park]] in the European Union covers 41% of French Guiana's territory. Since December 2015, both the region and department have been ruled by a single assembly within the framework of a [[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]], the French Guiana Territorial Collectivity. This assembly, the [[:en:French_Guiana_Assembly|French Guiana Assembly]], replaced the former [[:en:Regional_Council_of_French_Guiana|regional]] and [[:en:General_Council_of_French_Guiana|departmental council]], which were dissolved. The French Guiana Assembly is in charge of regional and departmental government. Its president is [[:en:Gabriel_Serville|Gabriel Serville]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 7klg9c8vzuch9qt2yaectv2ycuy6s2a 750659 750658 2025-06-24T07:27:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] [[:en:Fully_integrated_in_the_French_Republic|Fully integrated in the French Republic]] since 1946, French Guiana is a part of the European Union, and its official currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. A large part of French Guiana's economy depends on jobs and businesses associated with the presence of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], now the [[:en:European_Space_Agency|European Space Agency]]'s primary launch site near the equator. As elsewhere in France, the official language is standard French, but each ethnic community has its own language, of which [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]], a French-based [[:en:Creole_language|creole language]], is the most widely spoken. French Guiana is the only territory on the continental mainland of the [[:en:Americas|Americas]] that is still under the sovereignty of a [[:en:Europe|European]] state. The [[:en:Brazil–France_border|border between French Guiana and Brazil]] is the longest land border that France shares with another country, as well as one of only two [[:en:Borders_of_France|borders]] which France shares with non-European states, the other being the [[:en:Borders_of_Suriname#Eastern_border|border with Suriname]] in the west. 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} jkiuvid8709g4p4uwekjfp6zc4pej0j 750660 750659 2025-06-24T07:28:16Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750660 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} o32rpv5yudnlrm1jyurvedjfr7abikw 750661 750660 2025-06-24T07:32:13Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඉතිහාසය */ 750661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === == භූගෝලය == === දේශගුණය === === පරිසරය === === කෘෂිකර්මය === == ආර්ථිකය == == ජන විකාශනය == === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === === සංක්‍රමණ === === ආගම === === සාරවත් බව === == භාෂා == == සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා == == දේශපාලනය == === පරිපාලන අංශ === == ප්‍රවාහනය == === මාර්ග පද්ධතිය === === දුම්රිය පද්ධතිය === === වරාය === === ගුවන්තොටුපළ === === පොදු ප්‍රවාහනය === == හමුදා, පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා == === ප්‍රංශ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා === === ජෙන්ඩර්මරි සහ ජාතික පොලිසිය === == සංස්කෘතිය == === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය === === උත්සව === === ආහාර පිසීම === === සාහිත්‍යය === == ක්‍රීඩාව == === පාපන්දු === === ගයනා සංචාරය === [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} bal2vxegn8ephhdwcxeyyth0o9ufmuz 750662 750661 2025-06-24T08:23:06Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඉතිහාසය */ 750662 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය||inline=yes}} === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === === පරිසරය === === කෘෂිකර්මය === == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === === සංක්‍රමණ === === ආගම === === සාරවත් බව === == භාෂා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භාෂා||inline=yes}} == සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා||inline=yes}} == දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === පරිපාලන අංශ === == ප්‍රවාහනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රවාහනය||inline=yes}} === මාර්ග පද්ධතිය === === දුම්රිය පද්ධතිය === === වරාය === === ගුවන්තොටුපළ === === පොදු ප්‍රවාහනය === == පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා||inline=yes}} === ප්‍රංශ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා === === ජෙන්ඩර්මරි සහ ජාතික පොලිසිය === == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය === === උත්සව === === ආහාර පිසීම === === සාහිත්‍යය === == ක්‍රීඩාව == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ක්‍රීඩාව||inline=yes}} === පාපන්දු === === ගයනා සංචාරය === [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 7t5b3qv55yfypip3s0uii5pn08ss3kv 750665 750662 2025-06-24T08:27:16Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඉතිහාසය */ 750665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන්|inline=yes}} === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම|inline=yes}} === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන්|inline=yes}} === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල්|inline=yes}} ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය|inline=yes}} === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === === පරිසරය === === කෘෂිකර්මය === == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === === සංක්‍රමණ === === ආගම === === සාරවත් බව === == භාෂා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භාෂා||inline=yes}} == සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා||inline=yes}} == දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === පරිපාලන අංශ === == ප්‍රවාහනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රවාහනය||inline=yes}} === මාර්ග පද්ධතිය === === දුම්රිය පද්ධතිය === === වරාය === === ගුවන්තොටුපළ === === පොදු ප්‍රවාහනය === == පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා||inline=yes}} === ප්‍රංශ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා === === ජෙන්ඩර්මරි සහ ජාතික පොලිසිය === == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය === === උත්සව === === ආහාර පිසීම === === සාහිත්‍යය === == ක්‍රීඩාව == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ක්‍රීඩාව||inline=yes}} === පාපන්දු === === ගයනා සංචාරය === [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} 5qft7idm38e9ihglqd4sjd1hsyooz24 750709 750665 2025-06-24T10:47:30Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජන විකාශනය */ 750709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව''', නැතහොත් ප්‍රංශ භාෂාවෙන් '''ගයාන්'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|ɑː|n|ə}} or {{IPAc-en|ɡ|i|ˈ|æ|n|ə}}; {{langx|fr|link=no|Guyane}}, {{IPA|fr|ɡɥijan||LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Guyane.wav}}; {{langx|gcr|label=[[French Guianese Creole]]|Lagwiyann}} {{IPA|gcr|la.ɡwi.jãn|}}}} යනු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ උතුරු වෙරළ තීරයේ ගයනාස් සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත් වල පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් සහ කලාපයකි. බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් සහ දකුණින් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් මායිම් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුළු භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 84,000 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,000) ක් සහ භූමි ප්‍රමාණය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 83,534 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 32,253) ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2025 ජනවාරි වන විට, එහි පුද්ගලයින් 292,354 ක් වාසය කරයි. [[File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cayenne_(46853854301).jpg|thumb|කයෙන්, කොටුව සෙපෙරෝ කන්දේ දර්ශනය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ප්‍රංශයේ දෙවන විශාලතම කලාපය වන අතර එය යුරෝපීය ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රමාණයෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් හතෙන් එකක් වන අතර යුරෝපීය සංගමය තුළ විශාලතම පිටත කලාපය වේ. එහි ජනගහන ඝනත්වය ඉතා අඩු වන අතර වර්ග කිලෝමීටරයකට වැසියන් 3.6 ක් (වර්ග සැතපුම් 9.3) පමණි. එහි පදිංචිකරුවන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ ජීවත් වන්නේ එහි අගනුවර වන කේයින් හි ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙන් ආසන්න වශයෙන් 98.9% ක් වනාන්තරවලින් වැසී ඇති අතර,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAOSTAT – Land Use |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511194947/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/EL |archive-date=11 May 2017 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref> එයින් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක් ප්‍රාථමික වැසි වනාන්තර වේ. යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ විශාලතම ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානය වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය<ref>{{cite web |title=Parc amazonien de Guyane, le plus vaste Parc national de France et de l'Union européenne |url=https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014505/https://parc-amazonien.wmaker.tv/Parc-amazonien-de-Guyane-le-plus-vaste-Parc-national-de-France-et-de-l-Union-europeenne_v38.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=3 February 2019 |publisher=[[Guiana Amazonian Park]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 41% ක් ආවරණය කරයි. 2015 දෙසැම්බර් මාසයේ සිට, කලාපය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යන දෙකම පාලනය කරනු ලබන්නේ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා භෞමික සාමූහිකය යන තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකයේ රාමුව තුළ තනි සභාවක් විසිනි.{{efn|{{langx|fr|Collectivité territoriale de Guyane|links=no}}}} මෙම සභාව, ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව,{{efn|{{langx|fr|Assemblée de Guyane|links=no}}}} විසුරුවා හරින ලද පැරණි කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු කවුන්සිලය ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කළේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනා සභාව කලාපීය සහ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු රජය භාරව සිටී. එහි සභාපති ගේබ්‍රියෙල් සර්විල් ය.[[File:Panorama_depuis_l'île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_depuis_l'%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|සැල්වේෂන් අයිලන්ඩ්ස්, කුරෝ වෙතින් දර්ශනයක්]] 1946 සිට ප්‍රංශ ජනරජය තුළ සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඒකාබද්ධ වී ඇති ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ කොටසක් වන අතර එහි නිල මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථිකයෙන් විශාල කොටසක් රඳා පවතින්නේ සමකයට ආසන්නව යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ ඒජන්සියේ ප්‍රාථමික දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය වන ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ පැවැත්ම හා සම්බන්ධ රැකියා සහ ව්‍යාපාර මත ය. ප්‍රංශයේ වෙනත් තැන්වල මෙන්, නිල භාෂාව සම්මත ප්‍රංශ වේ, නමුත් සෑම ජනවාර්ගික ප්‍රජාවකටම තමන්ගේම භාෂාවක් ඇත, එයින් ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ප්‍රංශ ගයාවියානු ක්‍රියෝල් වඩාත් පුළුල් ලෙස කතා කෙරේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යනු ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපික ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ යුරෝපීය රාජ්‍යයක ස්වෛරීභාවය යටතේ පවතින එකම භූමි ප්‍රදේශයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ බ්‍රසීලය අතර මායිම ප්‍රංශය වෙනත් රටක් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දිගම භූමි මායිම වන අතර, ප්‍රංශය යුරෝපීය නොවන රාජ්‍යයන් සමඟ බෙදා ගන්නා දේශසීමා දෙකෙන් එකක් පමණක් වන අතර අනෙක බටහිරින් සුරිනාම් සමඟ මායිමයි. == නම == [[File:Guyanas.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyanas.svg|thumb|ගයනා කලාපයේ ප්‍රමාණය පෙන්වන උතුරු දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ සිතියමක්]] ඔක්ස්ෆර්ඩ් ඉංග්‍රීසි ශබ්දකෝෂයට අනුව, "ගයානා" යන නම "බොහෝ ජලය ඇති දේශය" යන අරුත ඇති දේශීය යෙදුමකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guyana |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707214123/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Guyana |archive-date=7 July 2015 |access-date=9 May 2015 |publisher=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ හැර අනෙකුත් බොහෝ භාෂාවල "ප්‍රංශ" යන විශේෂණ පදය එකතු කිරීම යටත් විජිත යුගයේ මුල් බැස ගත් අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ එවැනි ජනපද පහක් (ගයිනා) නම් කර තිබූ අතර ඒවා විවිධ බලතලවලට යටත් විය: එනම් (බටහිර සිට නැගෙනහිරට) ස්පාඤ්ඤ ගයනාව (දැන් වෙනිසියුලාවේ ගුවානා කලාපය), බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ගයනාව (දැන් ගයනාව), ලන්දේසි ගයනාව (දැන් සුරිනාම්), ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ පෘතුගීසි ගයනාව (දැන් බ්‍රසීලයේ අමාපා). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ උතුරට සහ බටහිරට ඇති විශාල රටවල් දෙක වන ගයනාව සහ සුරිනාම් තවමත් බොහෝ විට සාමූහිකව "ගයිනා" ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලබන අතර ගයනා පලිහ ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන එක් විශාල භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් සාදයි. == ඉතිහාසය == === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන්|inline=yes}} === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම|inline=yes}} === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන්|inline=yes}} === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල්|inline=yes}} ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය|inline=yes}} === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසය|පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ|inline=yes}} == භූගෝලය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය||inline=yes}} === දේශගුණය === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය|දේශගුණය|inline=yes}} === පරිසරය === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය|පරිසරය|inline=yes}} === කෘෂිකර්මය === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලය|කෘෂිකර්මය|inline=yes}} == ආර්ථිකය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය||inline=yes}} == ජන විකාශනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය||inline=yes}} === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|inline=yes}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස|inline=yes}} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්|inline=yes}} === සංක්‍රමණ === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|සංක්‍රමණ|inline=yes}} === ආගම === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|ආගම|inline=yes}} === සාරවත් බව === {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජන විකාශනය|සාරවත් බව|inline=yes}} == භාෂා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භාෂා||inline=yes}} == සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා||inline=yes}} == දේශපාලනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දේශපාලනය||inline=yes}} === පරිපාලන අංශ === == ප්‍රවාහනය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රවාහනය||inline=yes}} === මාර්ග පද්ධතිය === === දුම්රිය පද්ධතිය === === වරාය === === ගුවන්තොටුපළ === === පොදු ප්‍රවාහනය === == පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පොලිස් සහ ආරක්ෂක හමුදා||inline=yes}} === ප්‍රංශ සන්නද්ධ හමුදා === === ජෙන්ඩර්මරි සහ ජාතික පොලිසිය === == සංස්කෘතිය == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංස්කෘතිය||inline=yes}} === ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය === === උත්සව === === ආහාර පිසීම === === සාහිත්‍යය === == ක්‍රීඩාව == {{Excerpt|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ක්‍රීඩාව||inline=yes}} === පාපන්දු === === ගයනා සංචාරය === [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Former French colonies]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:CS1 ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා මූලාශ්‍ර (fr)]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Articles including recorded pronunciations]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Pages with ප්‍රංශ IPA]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:තහවුරු නොකළ ප්‍රකාශ අඩංගු ලිපි සියල්ල]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ඉංග්‍රීසි-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] [[ප්‍රවර්ගය:ප්‍රංශ-භාෂා පෙළ ඇතුළත් ලිපි]] == සටහන් == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == <references />{{දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන් සහ පරායත්ත භූමි ප්‍රදේශ ලැයිස්තුව}} r0oi495zk6h9ugl23q7h49k0qckdk63 0 182392 750663 2025-06-24T08:25:08Z BuddhikaW88 37808 '=== Indigenous inhabitants and early French attempts at colonization === French Guiana was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_people|indigenous people]]: [[:en:Kalina_people|Kalina]], [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]] (part of the [[:en:Arawak|Arawak]] grouping), [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]], [[:en:Palikur|Palikur]], [[:en:Teko,_tribe|Teko]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. The French attempted to create a colony...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750663 wikitext text/x-wiki === Indigenous inhabitants and early French attempts at colonization === French Guiana was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_people|indigenous people]]: [[:en:Kalina_people|Kalina]], [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]] (part of the [[:en:Arawak|Arawak]] grouping), [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]], [[:en:Palikur|Palikur]], [[:en:Teko,_tribe|Teko]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. Prior to [[:en:European_colonization_of_the_Americas|European colonization]], the territory was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America|Native Americans]], most speaking the [[:en:Arawak_language|Arawak language]], of the [[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawakan language]] family. The people identified as [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]]. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. === Slavery and abolition === Guiana was developed as a [[:en:Atlantic_slave_trade|slave society]], where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the [[:en:French_Revolution|French Revolution]], when the [[:en:National_Convention|National Convention]] voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in [[:en:French_colonial_empire|France's overseas colonies]] in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a [[:en:Haitian_Revolution|slave rebellion]] in the colony of [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and French Guiana, while the colonies of [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]], [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[:en:Réunion|Réunion]], [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] and [[:en:French_India|French India]] resisted the imposition of these laws.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === Early colonial failures === Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the [[:en:University_of_Stirling|University of Stirling]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> wrote of French Guiana's origins: {{Blockquote|The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, utterly failed, as settlers were subject to high mortality given the numerous tropical diseases and harsh climate: all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers died. After France [[Louisiana Purchase|ceded Louisiana]] to the United States in 1804, it developed Guiana as a [[penal colony]], establishing a network of camps and penitentiaries along the coast where prisoners from metropolitan France were sentenced to [[Unfree labour|forced labour]].{{not verified in body|date=June 2020}} During operations as a [[penal colony]] beginning in the mid-19th century, the French government transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to [[Devil's Island]]. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ''[[:en:Île_du_Diable|Île du Diable]]'' (Devil's Island) was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> A Portuguese-British naval squadron [[:en:Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)|took French Guiana]] for the [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese Empire]] in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the [[:en:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === Shifting sovereignty and border disputes === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== World War II ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === Post World Wars === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]].<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == df6lo36q6p7x4y8mtrhe09c24tb0tnb 750664 750663 2025-06-24T08:26:20Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750664 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === French Guiana was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_people|indigenous people]]: [[:en:Kalina_people|Kalina]], [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]] (part of the [[:en:Arawak|Arawak]] grouping), [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]], [[:en:Palikur|Palikur]], [[:en:Teko,_tribe|Teko]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. Prior to [[:en:European_colonization_of_the_Americas|European colonization]], the territory was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America|Native Americans]], most speaking the [[:en:Arawak_language|Arawak language]], of the [[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawakan language]] family. The people identified as [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]]. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === Guiana was developed as a [[:en:Atlantic_slave_trade|slave society]], where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the [[:en:French_Revolution|French Revolution]], when the [[:en:National_Convention|National Convention]] voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in [[:en:French_colonial_empire|France's overseas colonies]] in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a [[:en:Haitian_Revolution|slave rebellion]] in the colony of [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and French Guiana, while the colonies of [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]], [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[:en:Réunion|Réunion]], [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] and [[:en:French_India|French India]] resisted the imposition of these laws.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === Bill Marshall, Professor of Comparative Cultural Studies at the [[:en:University_of_Stirling|University of Stirling]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> wrote of French Guiana's origins: {{Blockquote|The first French effort to colonize Guiana, in 1763, utterly failed, as settlers were subject to high mortality given the numerous tropical diseases and harsh climate: all but 2,000 of the initial 12,000 settlers died. After France [[Louisiana Purchase|ceded Louisiana]] to the United States in 1804, it developed Guiana as a [[penal colony]], establishing a network of camps and penitentiaries along the coast where prisoners from metropolitan France were sentenced to [[Unfree labour|forced labour]].{{not verified in body|date=June 2020}} During operations as a [[penal colony]] beginning in the mid-19th century, the French government transported approximately 56,000 prisoners to [[Devil's Island]]. Fewer than 10% survived their sentence.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ''[[:en:Île_du_Diable|Île du Diable]]'' (Devil's Island) was the site of a small prison facility, part of a larger penal system by the same name, which consisted of prisons on three islands and three larger prisons on the mainland. This was operated from 1852 to 1953. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> A Portuguese-British naval squadron [[:en:Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)|took French Guiana]] for the [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese Empire]] in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the [[:en:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]].<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == l1mpfgtbubnrnhpbe01lc0xm4ukukxu 750666 750664 2025-06-24T08:32:14Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් */ 750666 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === French Guiana was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_people|indigenous people]]: [[:en:Kalina_people|Kalina]], [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]] (part of the [[:en:Arawak|Arawak]] grouping), [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]], [[:en:Palikur|Palikur]], [[:en:Teko,_tribe|Teko]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. The French attempted to create a colony there in the 16th century in conjunction with its settlement of some Caribbean islands, such as [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. Prior to [[:en:European_colonization_of_the_Americas|European colonization]], the territory was originally inhabited by [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America|Native Americans]], most speaking the [[:en:Arawak_language|Arawak language]], of the [[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawakan language]] family. The people identified as [[:en:Lokono|Lokono]]. The first French establishment is recorded in 1503, but France did not establish a durable presence until colonists founded Cayenne in 1643. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === Guiana was developed as a [[:en:Atlantic_slave_trade|slave society]], where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the [[:en:French_Revolution|French Revolution]], when the [[:en:National_Convention|National Convention]] voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in [[:en:French_colonial_empire|France's overseas colonies]] in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a [[:en:Haitian_Revolution|slave rebellion]] in the colony of [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and French Guiana, while the colonies of [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]], [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[:en:Réunion|Réunion]], [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] and [[:en:French_India|French India]] resisted the imposition of these laws.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.[1] === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour. A Portuguese-British naval squadron [[:en:Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)|took French Guiana]] for the [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese Empire]] in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the [[:en:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting. ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government. The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධය [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == alnmzsd4pmua4c613mbov64a9kus43h 750667 750666 2025-06-24T08:32:36Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750667 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === Guiana was developed as a [[:en:Atlantic_slave_trade|slave society]], where planters imported Africans as enslaved labourers on large sugar and other plantations. The system of slavery in French Guiana continued until the [[:en:French_Revolution|French Revolution]], when the [[:en:National_Convention|National Convention]] voted to abolish the French slave trade and slavery in [[:en:French_colonial_empire|France's overseas colonies]] in February 1794, months after enslaved Haitians had started a [[:en:Haitian_Revolution|slave rebellion]] in the colony of [[:en:Saint-Domingue|Saint-Domingue]]. However, the 1794 decree was only implemented in Saint-Domingue, [[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and French Guiana, while the colonies of [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]], [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[:en:Réunion|Réunion]], [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] and [[:en:French_India|French India]] resisted the imposition of these laws.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.[1] === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour. A Portuguese-British naval squadron [[:en:Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)|took French Guiana]] for the [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese Empire]] in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the [[:en:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting. ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government. The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධය [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == k086fhfak3yfjusu3t8106rz2y82l3d 750668 750667 2025-06-24T08:32:53Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම */ 750668 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] In addition, in the late nineteenth century, France began requiring forced residencies by prisoners who survived their hard labour. A Portuguese-British naval squadron [[:en:Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)|took French Guiana]] for the [[:en:Portuguese_Empire|Portuguese Empire]] in 1809. It was returned to France with the signing of the [[:en:Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1814. Though Portugal returned the region to France, it kept a military presence until 1817. After French Guiana was established as a penal colony, officials sometimes used convicts to catch butterflies. The sentences of the convicts were often long, and the prospect of employment very weak, so the convicts caught butterflies to sell in the international market, both for scientific purposes as well as general collecting. ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government. The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධය [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == itua9k1h771tcyfprng5ojncsu6bzjp 750669 750668 2025-06-24T08:33:19Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් */ 750669 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === A border dispute with Brazil arose in the late 19th century over a vast area of jungle, resulting in the short-lived, pro-French, independent state of [[:en:Republic_of_Independent_Guyana|Counani]] in the disputed territory. There was some fighting among settlers. The dispute was resolved largely in favour of Brazil by the [[:en:Arbitration|arbitration]] of the Swiss government. The territory of [[:en:Inini|Inini]] consisted of most of the interior of French Guiana when it was created in 1930. In 1936, [[:en:Félix_Éboué|Félix Éboué]] from Cayenne became the first black man to serve as governor in a French colony බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධය [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == 1pj4ly2eg7qzpge24xspj8bovk24tcx 750670 750669 2025-06-24T08:33:43Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් */ 750670 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== During [[:en:World_War_II|World War II]] and the fall of France to German forces, French Guiana became part of [[:en:Vichy_France|Vichy France]]. Guiana officially rallied to [[:en:Free_France|Free France]] on 16 March 1943. It abandoned its colony status and once again became a French [[:en:Overseas_department_and_region|department]] on 19 March 1946. දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == brl2p9wto6tnvagcicvutkarr8gwl0y 750671 750670 2025-06-24T08:33:53Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය */ 750671 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === Following the French withdrawal from Vietnam in the 1950s and subsequent war between the Viet Cong and the United States, France helped resettle several hundred [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] refugees from Laos to French Guiana during the 1970s and 80s, who were fleeing displacement after the [[:en:History_of_Laos_since_1945#Communist_Laos_(1975%E2%80%931991)|communist takeover of Laos]] by [[:en:Pathet_Lao|Pathet Lao]] in 1975 In the late 1980s, more than 10,000 [[:en:Suriname|Surinamese]] refugees, mostly [[:en:Maroons|Maroons]], arrived in French Guiana, fleeing the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Civil War]]. 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == 2puxd4jbtwg9peeaxiiwyn8nsl1str0 750672 750671 2025-06-24T08:34:11Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ */ 750672 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> More recently, French Guiana has received large numbers of Brazilian and Haitian [[:en:Economic_migrant|economic migrants]].<ref name="immigration" /> Illegal and ecologically destructive [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]] by Brazilian {{Lang|pt|[[Gold mining|garimpeiros]]}} is a chronic issue in the remote interior rain forest of French Guiana.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> The region still faces such problems as illegal immigration, poorer infrastructure than mainland France, higher costs of living, higher levels of crime and more common social unrest.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> In 1964, French president [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] decided to construct a space-travel base in French Guiana. It was intended to replace the Sahara base in [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] and stimulate economic growth in French Guiana. The department was considered suitable for the purpose because it is near the [[:en:Equator|equator]] and has extensive access to the ocean as a buffer zone. The [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]], located a short distance along the coast from [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], has grown considerably since the initial launches of the [[:en:Véronique_(rocket)|Véronique]] rockets. It is now part of the European space industry and has had commercial success with such launches as the [[:en:Ariane_4|Ariane 4]], [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] and [[:en:Ariane_flight_VA256|Ariane flight VA256]] which launched the [[:en:James_Webb_Space_Telescope|James Webb Space Telescope]] into space. The Guianese General Council officially adopted a [[:en:Departments_of_France|departmental]] flag in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> In a [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_status_referendum|referendum]] that same year, almost 70% French Guiana voters voted against becoming an autonomous [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|overseas collectivity]].<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> In a second [[:en:2010_French_Guianan_government_referendum|referendum]], transition to a "[[:en:Single_territorial_collectivity|single territorial collectivity]]" under Article 73 of the Constitution was approved. Discussions continue concerning greater autonomy called "sui generis", similar to that Corsica, within France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]].<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == ft4e4ck47u3gkd1sqznegkv6gxc12b2 750673 750672 2025-06-24T08:36:32Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ */ 750673 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> මෑතකදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට බ්‍රසීලියානු සහ හයිටි ආර්ථික සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් පැමිණ තිබේ.<ref name="immigration" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දුරස්ථ අභ්‍යන්තර වැසි වනාන්තරයේ බ්‍රසීලියානු ගැරිම්පයිරෝස් විසින් නීති විරෝධී සහ පාරිසරික වශයෙන් විනාශකාරී රන් කැණීම් නිදන්ගත ගැටළුවකි.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> නීති විරෝධී සංක්‍රමණ, ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමියට වඩා දුර්වල යටිතල පහසුකම්, ජීවන වියදම් ඉහළ යාම, අපරාධ මට්ටම් ඉහළ යාම සහ වඩාත් පොදු සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව වැනි ගැටළු වලට කලාපය තවමත් මුහුණ දෙයි.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> 1964 දී, ප්‍රංශ ජනාධිපති චාල්ස් ඩි ගෝල් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි අභ්‍යවකාශ සංචාරක කඳවුරක් ඉදිකිරීමට තීරණය කළේය. එය ඇල්ජීරියාවේ සහරා කඳවුර ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථික වර්ධනය උත්තේජනය කිරීමට අදහස් කරන ලදී. සමකයට ආසන්නව පිහිටා ඇති අතර බෆර් කලාපයක් ලෙස සාගරයට පුළුල් ප්‍රවේශයක් ඇති බැවින් මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මෙම අරමුණ සඳහා සුදුසු යැයි සැලකේ. කුරෝ සිට වෙරළ තීරයේ කෙටි දුරකින් පිහිටා ඇති ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය, වෙරෝනික් රොකට් දියත් කිරීමේ සිට සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වර්ධනය වී ඇත. එය දැන් යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ කර්මාන්තයේ කොටසක් වන අතර ජේම්ස් වෙබ් අභ්‍යවකාශ දුරේක්ෂය අභ්‍යවකාශයට දියත් කළ Ariane 4, Ariane 5 සහ Ariane ගුවන් යානය VA256 වැනි දියත් කිරීම් සමඟ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සාර්ථක වී ඇත. 2010 දී ගයනියානු මහා මණ්ඩලය නිල වශයෙන් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු ධජයක් සම්මත කළේය.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> එම වසරේම පැවති ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඡන්දදායකයින්ගෙන් 70% ක් පමණ ස්වාධීන විදේශීය සාමූහිකයක් බවට පත්වීමට එරෙහිව ඡන්දය දුන්හ.<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> දෙවන ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 73 වන වගන්තිය යටතේ "තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකත්වයක්" වෙත මාරුවීම අනුමත කරන ලදී. ප්‍රංශය තුළ, එම කෝර්සිකාවට සමාන "සුයි ජෙනරිස්" ලෙස හඳුන්වන වැඩි ස්වයං පාලනයක් පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා දිගටම පවතී.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> On 20 March 2017, French Guianese workers began [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|going on strike and demonstrating for more resources and infrastructure]]. 28 March 2017 was the day of the largest demonstration ever held in French Guiana. Riots broke out in 2023 following the death of [[:en:Nahel_Merzouk_riots|Nahel M]] in a Paris suburb which resulted in the death of a government worker from mosquito control office who was on his balcony. President Macron visited the region in 2024 to commemorate French special forces major Arnaud Blanc who died during an operation against illegal gold mining in Maripasoula Macron also announced funding for joint efforts with Brazil to protect the Amazon and recognized Brazilian Indigenous leader [[:en:Raoni_Metuktire|Raoni Metuktire]] with the [[:en:Legion_of_Honour|Legion of Honor]] medal for efforts at conserving the rainforest. Macron also visited the Guiana Space Centre and met with mayors, parliamentarians and the president of Guyana before continuing to Brazil to discuss joint efforts to reduce illegal mining A new European [[:en:Ariane_6|Ariane 6]] rocket was successfully launched from Kourou in 2025 allowing Europe independent access to space In 2025 the [[:en:Ministry_of_Justice_(France)|French Ministry of Justice]] announced plans to build a prison in [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]. 2017 මාර්තු 20 වන දින, ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු කම්කරුවන් වැඩ වර්ජනයක නිරත වී වැඩි සම්පත් සහ යටිතල පහසුකම් සඳහා නිරූපණය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ.<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2017 මාර්තු 28 වන දින ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පැවති විශාලතම විරෝධතාවයේ දිනය විය.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023 දී පැරිස් තදාසන්න ප්‍රදේශයක නහෙල් එම් මිය යාමෙන් පසු කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඔහුගේ බැල්කනියේ සිටි මදුරු මර්දන කාර්යාලයේ රජයේ සේවකයෙකු මිය ගියේය.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> ජනාධිපති මැක්‍රොන් 2024 දී මාරිපසෝලා හි නීති විරෝධී රන් කැණීම්වලට එරෙහි මෙහෙයුමකදී මියගිය ප්‍රංශ විශේෂ බලකායේ මේජර් ආර්නෝඩ් බ්ලැන්ක් අනුස්මරණය කිරීම සඳහා එම ප්‍රදේශයට ගියේය.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> මැක්‍රොන් ඇමසන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ උත්සාහයන් සඳහා අරමුදල් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර වැසි වනාන්තර සංරක්ෂණය කිරීමේ උත්සාහයන් සඳහා බ්‍රසීලියානු ස්වදේශික නායිකා රාඕනි මෙටුක්ටියර්ට ලෙජියන් ඔෆ් ඔනර් පදක්කම පිරිනමන ලදී.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> මැක්‍රොන් ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ගොස් නගරාධිපතිවරුන්, පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් සහ ගයානා ජනාධිපතිවරයා හමුවී නීති විරෝධී කැණීම් අඩු කිරීම සඳහා ඒකාබද්ධ උත්සාහයන් සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා බ්‍රසීලයට ගියේය.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> 2025 දී කුරෝ සිට නව යුරෝපීය ඒරියන් 6 රොකට්ටුවක් සාර්ථකව දියත් කරන ලද අතර යුරෝපයට ස්වාධීන අභ්‍යවකාශයට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> 2025 දී ප්‍රංශ අධිකරණ අමාත්‍යාංශය ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි බන්ධනාගාරයක් ඉදිකිරීමේ සැලසුම් නිවේදනය කළේය.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == k84y76ihnwupdcuomu3pllto99gevbs 750674 750673 2025-06-24T08:37:07Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ */ 750674 wikitext text/x-wiki === ආදිවාසීන් සහ යටත් විජිතකරණය සඳහා මුල් ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහයන් === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ ආදිවාසී ජනතාව විසිනි: කලීනා, ලොකොනෝ (අරාවක් කණ්ඩායමේ කොටසක්), ගලිබි, පලිකුර්, ටෙකෝ, වයම්පි සහ වයනා. 16 වන සියවසේදී ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ සෙන්ට්-ඩොමින්ගු වැනි සමහර කැරිබියානු දූපත් ජනාවාස කිරීමත් සමඟ එහි ජනපදයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට උත්සාහ කළහ. යුරෝපීය යටත් විජිතකරණයට පෙර, මෙම භූමිය මුලින් ජනාවාස වූයේ අරවාකන් භාෂා පවුලට අයත්, අරවාක් භාෂාව කතා කරන ස්වදේශික ඇමරිකානුවන් විසිනි. ලොකොනෝ ලෙස හඳුනාගත් ජනතාව. පළමු ප්‍රංශ ස්ථාපිතය 1503 දී වාර්තා වේ, නමුත් යටත් විජිතවාදීන් 1643 දී කේයින් ආරම්භ කරන තෙක් ප්‍රංශය කල් පවතින පැවැත්මක් ස්ථාපිත කළේ නැත. === වහල්භාවය සහ අහෝසි කිරීම === ගයනාව වහල් සමාජයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද අතර, වැවිලිකරුවන් විශාල සීනි සහ අනෙකුත් වතු වල වහල් කම්කරුවන් ලෙස අප්‍රිකානුවන් ආනයනය කළහ. ප්‍රංශ විප්ලවය තෙක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වහල් ක්‍රමය පැවතුනි, 1794 පෙබරවාරි මාසයේදී ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය යටත් විජිතවල ප්‍රංශ වහල් වෙළඳාම සහ වහල්භාවය අහෝසි කිරීමට ජාතික සම්මුතිය ඡන්දය දුන් විට, වහල්භාවයට පත් හයිටි ජාතිකයන් ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු ජනපදයේ වහල් කැරැල්ලක් ආරම්භ කර මාස කිහිපයකට පසුව. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 1794 නියෝගය ක්‍රියාත්මක කරන ලද්දේ ශාන්ත-ඩොමින්ගු, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනා යන රටවල පමණක් වන අතර, සෙනෙගල්, මොරිෂස්, රියුනියන්, මාටිනික් සහ ප්‍රංශ ඉන්දියාවේ යටත් විජිත මෙම නීති පැනවීමට විරුද්ධ විය.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peabody |first=Sue |title=French Emancipation |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102143128/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199730414/obo-9780199730414-0253.xml |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=27 October 2019 |work=Oxford Bibliographies}}</ref> === මුල් යටත් විජිත අසාර්ථකත්වයන් === ස්ටර්ලින් විශ්ව විද්‍යාලයේ සංසන්දනාත්මක සංස්කෘතික අධ්‍යයන මහාචාර්ය බිල් මාෂල්,<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling Research Database, Prof Bill Marshall |url=http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407031758/http://rms.stir.ac.uk/converis-stirling/person/11683 |archive-date=7 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=University of Stirling}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මූලාරම්භය ගැන මෙසේ ලිවීය: {{Blockquote|1763 දී ගයනා යටත් විජිතකරණය කිරීමට ගත් පළමු ප්‍රංශ උත්සාහය මුළුමනින්ම අසාර්ථක විය, මන්ද බොහෝ නිවර්තන රෝග සහ කටුක දේශගුණය හේතුවෙන් පදිංචිකරුවන් ඉහළ මරණ අනුපාතයකට ලක් වූ බැවිනි: මුල් පදිංචිකරුවන් 12,000 න් 2,000 ක් හැර අන් සියල්ලන්ම මිය ගියහ. 1804 දී ප්‍රංශය ලුසියානා එක්සත් ජනපදයට පවරා දීමෙන් පසු, එය ගයනාව දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස සංවර්ධනය කළ අතර, වෙරළ තීරයේ කඳවුරු සහ බන්ධනාගාර ජාලයක් ස්ථාපිත කළ අතර එහිදී ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයෙන් පැමිණි සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් ශ්‍රමය නියම කරන ලදී. 19 වන සියවසේ මැද භාගයේ ආරම්භ වූ දණ්ඩන ජනපදයක් ලෙස මෙහෙයුම් අතරතුර, ප්‍රංශ රජය ආසන්න වශයෙන් සිරකරුවන් 56,000 ක් ඩෙවිල්ස් දූපතට ප්‍රවාහනය කළේය. ඔවුන්ගේ දඬුවමෙන් බේරුණේ 10% කටත් වඩා අඩු පිරිසකි.<ref name="Marshall">{{cite book|last=Marshall|first=Bill|title=France and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=1-85109-411-3|pages=372–373|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfq5Tp0nq98C}}</ref>}} ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල් (යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත) යනු කුඩා බන්ධනාගාර පහසුකමක් තිබූ ස්ථානයක් වූ අතර, එම නමින්ම විශාල දණ්ඩන පද්ධතියක කොටසක් වූ අතර, එය දූපත් තුනක බන්ධනාගාර සහ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ විශාල බන්ධනාගාර තුනකින් සමන්විත විය. මෙය 1852 සිට 1953 දක්වා ක්‍රියාත්මක විය. [[File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_João_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marquês_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domenico_Failutti_-_Retrato_de_Jo%C3%A3o_Severiano_M._da_Costa_(Marqu%C3%AAs_de_Queluz),_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_(cropped).jpg|වම|thumb|1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි ආක්‍රමණයෙන් පසුව, 1817 දක්වා එහි එකම ආණ්ඩුකාරවරයා ලෙස ජොඕ සෙවෙරියානෝ මැසීල් ද කොස්තා සේවය කළේය.]] ඊට අමතරව, දහනව වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී, ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ශ්‍රමයෙන් දිවි ගලවා ගත් සිරකරුවන්ට බලහත්කාරයෙන් පදිංචි වීමට අවශ්‍ය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්තේය.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History "French Guiana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180028/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/219071/French-Guiana/2490/History|date=11 May 2011}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> පෘතුගීසි-බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය නාවික බලඇණියක් 1809 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය සඳහා අත්පත් කර ගත්තේය. 1814 දී පැරිස් ගිවිසුම අත්සන් කිරීමත් සමඟ එය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දෙන ලදී. පෘතුගාලය කලාපය ප්‍රංශයට ආපසු ලබා දුන්නද, එය 1817 දක්වා හමුදා පැවැත්මක් පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දණ්ඩන යටත් විජිතයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු, නිලධාරීන් සමහර විට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගැනීම සඳහා වැරදිකරුවන් භාවිතා කළහ. වැරදිකරුවන්ගේ දඬුවම් බොහෝ විට දිගු වූ අතර, රැකියා අපේක්ෂාව ඉතා දුර්වල වූ බැවින්, වැරදිකරුවන් ජාත්‍යන්තර වෙළඳපොලේ විකිණීමට සමනලුන් අල්ලා ගත්හ, විද්‍යාත්මක අරමුණු සඳහා මෙන්ම සාමාන්‍ය එකතු කිරීම සඳහා ද.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Clare |title=Convicts, Collecting and Knowledge Production in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://staffblogs.le.ac.uk/carchipelago/2015/07/27/convicts-collecting-and-knowledge-production-in-the-nineteenth-century/ |website=staffblogs.le.ac.uk}}</ref> === ස්වෛරීභාවය මාරු කිරීම සහ දේශසීමා ආරවුල් === බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ දේශසීමා ආරවුලක් 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේදී විශාල කැලෑ ප්‍රදේශයක් මත ඇති වූ අතර, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස මතභේදයට තුඩු දී ඇති ප්‍රදේශයේ කෙටි කාලීන, ප්‍රංශ ගැති, ස්වාධීන කූනානි රාජ්‍යයක් ඇති විය. පදිංචිකරුවන් අතර යම් ගැටුම් ඇති විය. ස්විට්සර්ලන්ත රජයේ බේරුම්කරණය මගින් බොහෝ දුරට බ්‍රසීලයට පක්ෂව මෙම ආරවුල විසඳන ලදී.<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlos A. Parodi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9srWYtTqySkC&pg=PA15 |title=The Politics of South American Boundaries |publisher=[[Praeger Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-275-97194-5}}</ref> ඉනිනි ප්‍රදේශය 1930 දී නිර්මාණය කරන විට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ අභ්‍යන්තරයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් සමන්විත විය.<ref name="decree1930">{{cite web |date=6 June 1930 |title=Création de territoire en Guyane françaises |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709180650/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96600265/f4 |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=Journal officiel de la Guyane française via Bibliothèque Nationale de France |language=fr}}</ref> 1936 දී, කයියෙන්හි ෆීලික්ස් එබුවේ ප්‍රංශ යටත් විජිතයක ආණ්ඩුකාරයා ලෙස සේවය කළ පළමු කළු ජාතිකයා බවට පත්විය.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|title=Meet Felix Eboué, First Black Man Appointed Governor In Ihe French Colonies|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417174300/https://howafrica.com/meet-felix-eboue-first-black-man-appointed-governor-in-ihe-french-colonies/|archive-date=17 April 2021|website=How Africa|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|title=La Guyane retrouve la mémoire en changeant le nom de l'aéroport|access-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083741/https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2012/01/21/la-guyane-retrouve-la-memoire-en-changeant-le-nom-de-l-aeroport_1632863_823448.html|archive-date=16 April 2021|language=fr|website=Le Monde|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_in_Frans_Guyana,_NG-2008-37-38.jpg|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, 1930 පමණ]] ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය ==== දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධයේදී සහ ප්‍රංශය ජර්මානු හමුදාවන්ට යටත් වීමත් සමඟ, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විචි ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් බවට පත්විය. 1943 මාර්තු 16 වන දින ගයනාව නිල වශයෙන් නිදහස් ප්‍රංශයට පෙළ ගැසුණි.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Thabouillot|first=Gérard|year=2011|title=Être chef de poste en Inini (1930–1969)|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|url-status=live|series=Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire|language=fr|page=48|issn=2275-4954|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102650/https://www.persee.fr/doc/outre_1631-0438_2011_num_98_370_4532|archive-date=18 February 2023|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Persée}}</ref> එය එහි යටත් විජිත තත්ත්වය අතහැර දමා 1946 මාර්තු 19 වන දින නැවත වරක් ප්‍රංශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවක් බවට පත්විය.<ref name="decree1946">{{cite web |date=19 March 1946 |title=Loi n° 46-451 du 19 mars 1946 tendant au classement comme départements français de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, de la Réunion et de la Guyane française |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606130906/https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=90C2AF15B7AFCE0B54864E7C5B5834EF.tpdjo06v_1?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000868445&dateTexte=20110903 |archive-date=6 June 2020 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=Government of the French Republic |language=fr}}</ref> === පශ්චාත් ලෝක යුද්ධ === 1950 ගණන්වල වියට්නාමයෙන් ප්‍රංශ ඉවත් වීමෙන් පසුව සහ වියට් කොංග්‍රසය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය අතර යුද්ධයෙන් පසුව, 1975 දී පැතෙට් ලාඕ විසින් කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය ලාඕසය අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් පසු අවතැන් වීමෙන් පලා යන 1970 සහ 80 ගණන්වල ලාඕසයේ සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට හ්මොං සරණාගතයින් සිය ගණනක් නැවත පදිංචි කිරීමට ප්‍රංශය උදව් කළේය.<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Revisited – From Laos to French Guiana: The story of the Hmong people |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608131233/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/revisited/20201106-from-laos-to-french-guiana-the-story-of-the-hmong-people |archive-date=8 June 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> 1980 ගණන්වල අගභාගයේදී, සුරිනාම් සිවිල් යුද්ධයෙන් පලා යන සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින් 10,000 කට වැඩි පිරිසක්, බොහෝ දුරට මැරූන් ජාතිකයන්, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට පැමිණියහ.<ref name="immigration" /> මෑතකදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට බ්‍රසීලියානු සහ හයිටි ආර්ථික සංක්‍රමණිකයන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් පැමිණ තිබේ.<ref name="immigration" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දුරස්ථ අභ්‍යන්තර වැසි වනාන්තරයේ බ්‍රසීලියානු ගැරිම්පයිරෝස් විසින් නීති විරෝධී සහ පාරිසරික වශයෙන් විනාශකාරී රන් කැණීම් නිදන්ගත ගැටළුවකි.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2007 |title=Illegal, polluting and dangerous: the gold rush in French Guiana |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/dec/17/pollution.mining |access-date=2 February 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The fight against illegal gold mining in French Guiana |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20170829-focus-france-french-guiana-illegal-gold-mining-brazil-rainforest-organised-crime |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref> නීති විරෝධී සංක්‍රමණ, ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමියට වඩා දුර්වල යටිතල පහසුකම්, ජීවන වියදම් ඉහළ යාම, අපරාධ මට්ටම් ඉහළ යාම සහ වඩාත් පොදු සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව වැනි ගැටළු වලට කලාපය තවමත් මුහුණ දෙයි.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Why one part of South America is facing a total shutdown |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408013749/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39557670 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |access-date=14 September 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> 1964 දී, ප්‍රංශ ජනාධිපති චාල්ස් ඩි ගෝල් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි අභ්‍යවකාශ සංචාරක කඳවුරක් ඉදිකිරීමට තීරණය කළේය. එය ඇල්ජීරියාවේ සහරා කඳවුර ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය කිරීමට සහ ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ආර්ථික වර්ධනය උත්තේජනය කිරීමට අදහස් කරන ලදී. සමකයට ආසන්නව පිහිටා ඇති අතර බෆර් කලාපයක් ලෙස සාගරයට පුළුල් ප්‍රවේශයක් ඇති බැවින් මෙම දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මෙම අරමුණ සඳහා සුදුසු යැයි සැලකේ. කුරෝ සිට වෙරළ තීරයේ කෙටි දුරකින් පිහිටා ඇති ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය, වෙරෝනික් රොකට් දියත් කිරීමේ සිට සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වර්ධනය වී ඇත. එය දැන් යුරෝපීය අභ්‍යවකාශ කර්මාන්තයේ කොටසක් වන අතර ජේම්ස් වෙබ් අභ්‍යවකාශ දුරේක්ෂය අභ්‍යවකාශයට දියත් කළ Ariane 4, Ariane 5 සහ Ariane ගුවන් යානය VA256 වැනි දියත් කිරීම් සමඟ වාණිජමය වශයෙන් සාර්ථක වී ඇත. 2010 දී ගයනියානු මහා මණ්ඩලය නිල වශයෙන් දෙපාර්තමේන්තු ධජයක් සම්මත කළේය.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2010 |title=The General Council adopts the Guyanese flag |url=https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531072933/https://www.97320.com/Le-Conseil-general-adopte-le-drapeau-guyanais_a3504.html |archive-date=31 May 2017 |website=97320.com |publisher=OuebTV |language=fr}}</ref> එම වසරේම පැවති ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඡන්දදායකයින්ගෙන් 70% ක් පමණ ස්වාධීන විදේශීය සාමූහිකයක් බවට පත්වීමට එරෙහිව ඡන්දය දුන්හ.<ref name="bbcnewsreferendum">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|title=French Guiana and Martinique reject increased autonomy|date=11 January 2010|work=BBC|access-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223103809/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8451095.stm|archive-date=23 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-11 |title=French Guiana, Martinique vote against more autonomy |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521202019/https://www.france24.com/en/20100111-french-guiana-martinique-vote-against-more-autonomy |archive-date=21 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> දෙවන ජනමත විචාරණයකදී, ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 73 වන වගන්තිය යටතේ "තනි භෞමික සාමූහිකත්වයක්" වෙත මාරුවීම අනුමත කරන ලදී. ප්‍රංශය තුළ, එම කෝර්සිකාවට සමාන "සුයි ජෙනරිස්" ලෙස හඳුන්වන වැඩි ස්වයං පාලනයක් පිළිබඳ සාකච්ඡා දිගටම පවතී.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|title=As Macron visits French Guiana, local officials call for autonomy|date=2024-03-25|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604181530/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2024/03/25/as-macron-visits-french-guiana-local-officials-call-for-autonomy_6652066_7.html#:~:text=In%20French%20Guiana,%20however,%20a%20congress%20of,discussion%20with%20Paris%20on%20a%20text%20to|archive-date=4 June 2025|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> 2017 මාර්තු 20 වන දින, ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු කම්කරුවන් වැඩ වර්ජනයක නිරත වී වැඩි සම්පත් සහ යටිතල පහසුකම් සඳහා නිරූපණය කිරීමට පටන් ගත්හ.<ref name="lemondelaguyanemarot">{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|title=La Guyane paralysée par les mouvements sociaux|last1=Marot|first1=Laurent|date=27 March 2017|work=Le Monde|access-date=3 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010193415/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/03/27/paralysee-par-les-mouvements-sociaux-la-guyane-attend-l-arrivee-de-ministres-pour-negocier_5101334_3224.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2017 මාර්තු 28 වන දින ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පැවති විශාලතම විරෝධතාවයේ දිනය විය.<ref name="lepointmanifestationshistoriques">{{cite news|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|title=Guyane : manifestations historiques pour la "journée morte"|date=28 March 2017|work=Le Point|access-date=4 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191706/http://www.lepoint.fr/societe/guyane-manifestations-historiques-pour-la-journee-morte-28-03-2017-2115486_23.php|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> 2023 දී පැරිස් තදාසන්න ප්‍රදේශයක නහෙල් එම් මිය යාමෙන් පසු කැරලි ඇති වූ අතර එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඔහුගේ බැල්කනියේ සිටි මදුරු මර්දන කාර්යාලයේ රජයේ සේවකයෙකු මිය ගියේය.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|title=Man dies in French Guiana during riots over death of Nahel M.|date=2023-07-01|access-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121806/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/07/01/man-dies-in-french-guiana-amid-riots-in-french-caribbean-territories-over-death-of-nahel-m_6040433_4.html|archive-date=2 July 2023|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> ජනාධිපති මැක්‍රොන් 2024 දී මාරිපසෝලා හි නීති විරෝධී රන් කැණීම්වලට එරෙහි මෙහෙයුමකදී මියගිය ප්‍රංශ විශේෂ බලකායේ මේජර් ආර්නෝඩ් බ්ලැන්ක් අනුස්මරණය කිරීම සඳහා එම ප්‍රදේශයට ගියේය.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/frances-macron-looks-regulate-illegal-gold-mining-french-guiana-2024-03-26/|title=France's Macron looks to regulate illegal gold mining in French Guiana|last1=Morland|first1=Sarah|date=2024-03-26|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-05-20|language=en}}</ref> මැක්‍රොන් ඇමසන් ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා බ්‍රසීලය සමඟ ඒකාබද්ධ උත්සාහයන් සඳහා අරමුදල් ප්‍රකාශ කළ අතර වැසි වනාන්තර සංරක්ෂණය කිරීමේ උත්සාහයන් සඳහා බ්‍රසීලියානු ස්වදේශික නායිකා රාඕනි මෙටුක්ටියර්ට ලෙජියන් ඔෆ් ඔනර් පදක්කම පිරිනමන ලදී.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Savarese |first1=Mauricio |last2=Corbet |first2=Sylvie |date=26 March 2024 |title=The presidents of France and Brazil meet and announce a $1.1 billion investment plan for the Amazon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/emmanuel-macron-ap-luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva-brazil-amazon-b2519195.html |website=Independent}}</ref> මැක්‍රොන් ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ගොස් නගරාධිපතිවරුන්, පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් සහ ගයානා ජනාධිපතිවරයා හමුවී නීති විරෝධී කැණීම් අඩු කිරීම සඳහා ඒකාබද්ධ උත්සාහයන් සාකච්ඡා කිරීම සඳහා බ්‍රසීලයට ගියේය.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> 2025 දී කුරෝ සිට නව යුරෝපීය ඒරියන් 6 රොකට්ටුවක් සාර්ථකව දියත් කරන ලද අතර යුරෝපයට ස්වාධීන අභ්‍යවකාශයට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඉඩ සලසයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Europe's new Ariane 6 rocket successfully puts French spy satellite into orbit |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250306-%F0%9F%94%B4european-rocket-ariane-6-launches-on-first-commercial-mission |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-06 |title=Vega-C launch marks milestone for Europe's space programme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523005812/https://www.rfi.fr/en/science-and-technology/20241206-vega-c-launch-marks-milestone-for-europe-s-space-programme-esa-french-guiana |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> 2025 දී ප්‍රංශ අධිකරණ අමාත්‍යාංශය ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි බන්ධනාගාරයක් ඉදිකිරීමේ සැලසුම් නිවේදනය කළේය.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=France to build supermax prison to isolate drug lords and Islamists in Amazon |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520142643/https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20250520-france-to-build-supermax-prison-to-isolate-drug-lords-and-islamists-in-amazon |archive-date=20 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == epo0c83agnxfswhgunyv63w1sv6s8sc 0 182393 750676 2025-06-24T09:56:55Z BuddhikaW88 37808 ' == Geography == {{Main|Geography of French Guiana}} [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international [[:en:Oyapock_River_Bridge|Oyapock River Bridge]] which connects [[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock]] (France) and [[:en:Oiapoque|Oiapoque]] (Brazil) and has been op...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750676 wikitext text/x-wiki == Geography == {{Main|Geography of French Guiana}} [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|Geographic map of French Guiana in 2009. Note: this map does not show the international [[:en:Oyapock_River_Bridge|Oyapock River Bridge]] which connects [[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock]] (France) and [[:en:Oiapoque|Oiapoque]] (Brazil) and has been open to car traffic since March 2017. The new asphalted road between [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] and [[:en:Apatou|Apatou]], which was completed in 2010, does not appear on the map either.]] French Guiana lies between latitudes [[:en:2nd_parallel_north|2°]] and [[:en:6th_parallel_north|6°]] N, and longitudes [[:en:51st_meridian_west|51°]] and [[:en:55th_meridian_west|55°]] W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible [[:en:Rainforest|rainforest]] which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the [[:en:Tumuk_Humak_Mountains|Tumuc-Humac mountains]] along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is [[:en:Bellevue_de_l'Inini|Bellevue de l'Inini]] in [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] ({{convert|851|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Other mountains include [[:en:Mont_Itoupé|Mont Itoupé]] ({{convert|826|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Cottica_Mountain|Cottica Mountain]] ({{convert|744|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Pic_Coudreau|Pic Coudreau]] ({{convert|711|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), and [[:en:Kaw_Mountain|Kaw Mountain]] ({{convert|337|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Several small islands are found off the coast: the three [[:en:Salvation's_Islands|Salvation's Islands]] which include [[:en:Devil's_Island_(Kourou)|Devil's Island]], and the isolated [[:en:Îles_du_Connétable|Îles du Connétable]] bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]], a [[:en:Dam#Power_generation_plant|hydroelectric dam]] in the north of French Guiana forms an [[:en:Reservoir|artificial lake]] and provides [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]]. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the [[:en:Waki_(river)|Waki River]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[:en:Amazonian_forest|Amazonian forest]], located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], one of the ten [[:en:National_parks_of_France|national parks of France]]. The territory of the park covers some {{convert|33900|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} upon the [[:en:Communes_of_the_Guyane_department|communes]] of [[:en:Camopi|Camopi]], [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]], [[:en:Papaïchton|Papaïchton]], [[:en:Saint-Élie|Saint-Élie]] and [[:en:Saül|Saül]]. === Climate === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen climate classification]] of French Guiana]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'').{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[Cayenne]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> }} === Environment === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Ile_du_Diable|Ile du Diable]] seen from [[:en:Salvation_Islands#Islands|Ile Royale]]]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas.<ref name="UICN" /> Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Grey-winged_trumpeter|grey-winged trumpeter]], a [[:en:Species|species]] of bird commonly found in the region]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === Agriculture === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. == Economy == {{Main|Economy of French Guiana}} h1o672617ksaajutr33ngq5korv30f5 750677 750676 2025-06-24T09:59:45Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] French Guiana lies between latitudes [[:en:2nd_parallel_north|2°]] and [[:en:6th_parallel_north|6°]] N, and longitudes [[:en:51st_meridian_west|51°]] and [[:en:55th_meridian_west|55°]] W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible [[:en:Rainforest|rainforest]] which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the [[:en:Tumuk_Humak_Mountains|Tumuc-Humac mountains]] along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is [[:en:Bellevue_de_l'Inini|Bellevue de l'Inini]] in [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] ({{convert|851|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Other mountains include [[:en:Mont_Itoupé|Mont Itoupé]] ({{convert|826|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Cottica_Mountain|Cottica Mountain]] ({{convert|744|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Pic_Coudreau|Pic Coudreau]] ({{convert|711|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), and [[:en:Kaw_Mountain|Kaw Mountain]] ({{convert|337|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Several small islands are found off the coast: the three [[:en:Salvation's_Islands|Salvation's Islands]] which include [[:en:Devil's_Island_(Kourou)|Devil's Island]], and the isolated [[:en:Îles_du_Connétable|Îles du Connétable]] bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]], a [[:en:Dam#Power_generation_plant|hydroelectric dam]] in the north of French Guiana forms an [[:en:Reservoir|artificial lake]] and provides [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]]. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the [[:en:Waki_(river)|Waki River]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[:en:Amazonian_forest|Amazonian forest]], located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], one of the ten [[:en:National_parks_of_France|national parks of France]]. The territory of the park covers some {{convert|33900|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} upon the [[:en:Communes_of_the_Guyane_department|communes]] of [[:en:Camopi|Camopi]], [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]], [[:en:Papaïchton|Papaïchton]], [[:en:Saint-Élie|Saint-Élie]] and [[:en:Saül|Saül]]. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'').{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[Cayenne]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas.<ref name="UICN" /> Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. == යොමු කිරීම් == semcin1vndx3ak1ietsa57crzjnnvox 750678 750677 2025-06-24T10:01:17Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසරය */ 750678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] French Guiana lies between latitudes [[:en:2nd_parallel_north|2°]] and [[:en:6th_parallel_north|6°]] N, and longitudes [[:en:51st_meridian_west|51°]] and [[:en:55th_meridian_west|55°]] W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible [[:en:Rainforest|rainforest]] which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the [[:en:Tumuk_Humak_Mountains|Tumuc-Humac mountains]] along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is [[:en:Bellevue_de_l'Inini|Bellevue de l'Inini]] in [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] ({{convert|851|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Other mountains include [[:en:Mont_Itoupé|Mont Itoupé]] ({{convert|826|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Cottica_Mountain|Cottica Mountain]] ({{convert|744|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Pic_Coudreau|Pic Coudreau]] ({{convert|711|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), and [[:en:Kaw_Mountain|Kaw Mountain]] ({{convert|337|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Several small islands are found off the coast: the three [[:en:Salvation's_Islands|Salvation's Islands]] which include [[:en:Devil's_Island_(Kourou)|Devil's Island]], and the isolated [[:en:Îles_du_Connétable|Îles du Connétable]] bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]], a [[:en:Dam#Power_generation_plant|hydroelectric dam]] in the north of French Guiana forms an [[:en:Reservoir|artificial lake]] and provides [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]]. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the [[:en:Waki_(river)|Waki River]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[:en:Amazonian_forest|Amazonian forest]], located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], one of the ten [[:en:National_parks_of_France|national parks of France]]. The territory of the park covers some {{convert|33900|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} upon the [[:en:Communes_of_the_Guyane_department|communes]] of [[:en:Camopi|Camopi]], [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]], [[:en:Papaïchton|Papaïchton]], [[:en:Saint-Élie|Saint-Élie]] and [[:en:Saül|Saül]]. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'').{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[Cayenne]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]]. French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites. The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN" /> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == 3fsadfirv5wjfwd9t32jupligddfyys 750679 750678 2025-06-24T10:02:43Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750679 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] French Guiana lies between latitudes [[:en:2nd_parallel_north|2°]] and [[:en:6th_parallel_north|6°]] N, and longitudes [[:en:51st_meridian_west|51°]] and [[:en:55th_meridian_west|55°]] W. It consists of two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and dense, near-inaccessible [[:en:Rainforest|rainforest]] which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the [[:en:Tumuk_Humak_Mountains|Tumuc-Humac mountains]] along the Brazilian frontier. French Guiana's highest peak is [[:en:Bellevue_de_l'Inini|Bellevue de l'Inini]] in [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] ({{convert|851|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). Other mountains include [[:en:Mont_Itoupé|Mont Itoupé]] ({{convert|826|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Cottica_Mountain|Cottica Mountain]] ({{convert|744|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), [[:en:Pic_Coudreau|Pic Coudreau]] ({{convert|711|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}), and [[:en:Kaw_Mountain|Kaw Mountain]] ({{convert|337|m|abbr=on|disp=comma}}). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. Several small islands are found off the coast: the three [[:en:Salvation's_Islands|Salvation's Islands]] which include [[:en:Devil's_Island_(Kourou)|Devil's Island]], and the isolated [[:en:Îles_du_Connétable|Îles du Connétable]] bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]], a [[:en:Dam#Power_generation_plant|hydroelectric dam]] in the north of French Guiana forms an [[:en:Reservoir|artificial lake]] and provides [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]]. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the [[:en:Waki_(river)|Waki River]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[:en:Amazonian_forest|Amazonian forest]], located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], one of the ten [[:en:National_parks_of_France|national parks of France]]. The territory of the park covers some {{convert|33900|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} upon the [[:en:Communes_of_the_Guyane_department|communes]] of [[:en:Camopi|Camopi]], [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]], [[:en:Papaïchton|Papaïchton]], [[:en:Saint-Élie|Saint-Élie]] and [[:en:Saül|Saül]]. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant. Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af''). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]]. French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites. The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN" /> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == rvnn1ne3ltxriof88ozez3p2gxgfnra 750680 750679 2025-06-24T10:02:58Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. Several small islands are found off the coast: the three [[:en:Salvation's_Islands|Salvation's Islands]] which include [[:en:Devil's_Island_(Kourou)|Devil's Island]], and the isolated [[:en:Îles_du_Connétable|Îles du Connétable]] bird sanctuary further along the coast towards Brazil. The [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]], a [[:en:Dam#Power_generation_plant|hydroelectric dam]] in the north of French Guiana forms an [[:en:Reservoir|artificial lake]] and provides [[:en:Hydroelectricity|hydroelectricity]]. There are many rivers in French Guiana, including the [[:en:Waki_(river)|Waki River]]. {{As of|2007}}, the [[:en:Amazonian_forest|Amazonian forest]], located in the most remote part of the department, is protected as the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]], one of the ten [[:en:National_parks_of_France|national parks of France]]. The territory of the park covers some {{convert|33900|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} upon the [[:en:Communes_of_the_Guyane_department|communes]] of [[:en:Camopi|Camopi]], [[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]], [[:en:Papaïchton|Papaïchton]], [[:en:Saint-Élie|Saint-Élie]] and [[:en:Saül|Saül]]. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant. Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af''). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]]. French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites. The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN" /> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == eiedwyorf7i9ti68z5l8mln0gsjwup1 750681 750680 2025-06-24T10:03:24Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] French Guiana has an [[:en:Equatorial_climate|equatorial climate]] predominant. Located within six degrees of the [[:en:Equator|Equator]] and rising only to modest elevations, French Guiana is hot and oppressively humid all year round. During most of the year, rainfall across the country is heavy due to the presence of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Intertropical Convergence Zone]] and its powerful thunderstorm cells. In most parts of French Guiana, rainfall is always heavy especially from December to July – typically over {{convert|330|mm|in|0|disp=or}} can be expected each month during this period throughout the department. Between August and November, the eastern half experiences a warm [[:en:Dry_season|dry season]] with rainfall below {{convert|100|mm|in|2|disp=or}} and average high temperatures above {{convert|30|C|F}} occurring in September and October, causing eastern French Guiana to be classified as a [[:en:Tropical_monsoon_climate|tropical monsoon climate]] ([[:en:Köppen_climate_classification|Köppen]] ''Am''); Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni in the west has a [[:en:Tropical_rainforest_climate|tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af''). ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]]. French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites. The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN" /> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == mt8e3chy7vnm3058pua53ffr5bydeit 750682 750681 2025-06-24T10:03:35Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* දේශගුණය */ 750682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] French Guiana is home to many different [[:en:Ecosystem|ecosystems]]: [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|tropical rainforests]], coastal [[:en:Mangroves|mangroves]], [[:en:Savannahs|savannahs]], [[:en:Inselberg|inselbergs]] and many types of [[:en:Wetlands|wetlands]]. It lies within three ecoregions: [[:en:Guayanan_Highlands_moist_forests|Guayanan Highlands moist forests]], [[:en:Guianan_moist_forests|Guianan moist forests]], and [[:en:Guianan_mangroves|Guianan mangroves]]. French Guiana has a high level of [[:en:Biodiversity|biodiversity]] of both [[:en:Flora|flora]] and [[:en:Fauna|fauna]]. This is due to the presence of [[:en:Primary_forest|old-growth forests]] (i.e., ancient/primary forests), which are [[:en:Biodiversity_hotspot|biodiversity hotspots]]. The [[:en:Rainforest|rainforests]] of French Guiana provide shelter for many species during dry periods and terrestrial glaciation.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> These forests are protected by a national park (the [[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|Guiana Amazonian Park]]), seven additional [[:en:Nature_reserve|nature reserves]], and 17 [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_French_Guiana|protected]] sites. The [[:en:International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature|International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) and the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] (EU) have recommended special efforts to protect these areas. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN" /> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == jps48itshux81vutafi2744vo5vtlwi 750683 750682 2025-06-24T10:03:58Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසරය */ 750683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> කෘෂිකර්මය Following the [[:en:Grenelle_Environnement|Grenelle Environment Round Table]] of 2007, the Grenelle Law II was proposed in 2009, under law number 2010–788. Article 49 of the law proposed the creation of a single organization responsible for environmental conservation in French Guiana. Article 64 proposes a "departmental plan of mining orientation" for French Guiana, which would promote mining (specifically of gold) that is compatible with requirements for environmental protection. The coastal environment along the [[:en:Route_nationale_1_(French_Guiana)|RN1]] has historically experienced the most changes, but development is occurring locally along the [[:en:Route_nationale_2_(French_Guiana)|RN2]], and also in western French Guiana due to gold mining. 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == eziqu4b5f0wwk0yv42a6gnwd5jm0r90 750684 750683 2025-06-24T10:04:11Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසරය */ 750684 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] 5,500 plant species have been recorded, including more than a thousand trees, along with 700 species of birds, 177 species of mammals, over 500 species of fish including 45% of which are [[:en:Endemism|endemic]] and 109 species of [[:en:Amphibian|amphibians]]. French Guiana's high biodiversity is similar to that of other regions with tropical rainforests, such as the Brazilian Amazon, [[:en:Borneo|Borneo]] and [[:en:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. Environmental threats include [[:en:Habitat_fragmentation|habitat fragmentation]] from roads, which remains very limited compared to other forests of South America; immediate and deferred impacts of [[:en:Electricite_de_France|EDF]]'s [[:en:Petit-Saut_Dam|Petit-Saut Dam]]; [[:en:Gold_mining|gold mining]]; poor control of hunting and [[:en:Poaching|poaching]], facilitated by the creation of many tracks; and the introduction of [[:en:All-terrain_vehicle|all-terrain vehicles]]. Logging remains moderate due to the lack of roads, difficult climate, and difficult terrain. The Forest Code of French Guiana was modified by ordinance on 28 July 2005. Logging concessions or free transfers are sometimes granted by local authorities to persons traditionally deriving their livelihood from the forest. The beaches of the [[:en:Amana_Nature_Reserve|Amana Nature Reserve]] are an exceptional marine turtle nesting site. This is one of the largest worldwide for the [[:en:Leatherback_turtle|leatherback turtle]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == 8fkiqtvlmoa98c4p8ovbeckcegmch2p 750685 750684 2025-06-24T10:04:23Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* පරිසරය */ 750685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === French Guiana has some of the poorest soils in the world. The soil is low in nutrients (e.g., [[:en:Nitrogen|nitrogen]], [[:en:Potassium|potassium]]) and [[:en:Organic_matter|organic matter]]. [[:en:Soil_acidity|Soil acidity]] is another cause of the poor soils, and it requires farmers to [[:en:Liming_(soil)|add lime]] to their fields. The soil characteristics have led to the use of [[:en:Slash_and_burn|slash and burn]] agriculture. The resulting ashes elevate soil [[:en:PH|pH]] (i.e., lower soil acidity), and contribute [[:en:Minerals|minerals]] and other nutrients to the soil. Sites of [[:en:Terra_preta|Terra preta]] ([[:en:Human_impact_on_the_environment|anthropogenic]] soils) have been discovered in French Guiana, particularly near the border with Brazil. Research is being actively pursued in multiple fields to determine how these enriched soils were historically created, and how this can be done in modern times. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == d8lpir3s2b5i672kz4ibyce75uc9slm 750686 750685 2025-06-24T10:04:39Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* කෘෂිකර්මය */ 750686 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guyane_map-en.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_map-en.svg|thumb|2009 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ භූගෝලීය සිතියම. සටහන: මෙම සිතියමේ ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-ඔයපොක් (ප්‍රංශය) සහ ඔයියාපොක් (බ්‍රසීලය) සම්බන්ධ කරන ජාත්‍යන්තර ඔයියාපොක් ගංගා පාලම නොපෙන්වන අතර 2017 මාර්තු මාසයේ සිට මෝටර් රථ ගමනාගමනය සඳහා විවෘතව පවතී. 2010 දී නිම කරන ලද ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ ඇපටෝ අතර නව තාර දැමූ මාර්ගය සිතියමෙහි ද නොපෙන්වයි.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව 2° සහ 6° උතුරු අක්ෂාංශ සහ 51° සහ 55° බටහිර දේශාංශ අතර පිහිටා ඇත. එය ප්‍රධාන භූගෝලීය කලාප දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ: බහුතරයක් ජනතාව ජීවත් වන වෙරළබඩ තීරුවක් සහ බ්‍රසීලියානු දේශසීමාව දිගේ ටුමුක්-හුමාක් කඳුකරයේ නිහතමානී කඳු මුදුන් දක්වා ක්‍රමයෙන් ඉහළ යන ඝන, ප්‍රවේශ විය නොහැකි වැසි වනාන්තරයකි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි උසම කඳු මුදුන වන්නේ මාරිපසෝලා හි බෙල්වියු ඩි එල් ඉනිනි (මීටර් 851, අඩි 2,792) ය. අනෙකුත් කඳු අතර මොන්ට් ඉටූපේ (මීටර් 826, අඩි 2,710), කොටිකා කන්ද (මීටර් 744, අඩි 2,441), පික් කූඩ්‍රෝ (මීටර් 711, අඩි 2,333) සහ කව් කන්ද (මීටර් 337, අඩි 1,106) ඇතුළත් වේ. වෙරළට ඔබ්බෙන් කුඩා දූපත් කිහිපයක් දක්නට ලැබේ: යක්ෂයාගේ දූපත ඇතුළත් ගැලවීමේ දූපත් තුන සහ බ්‍රසීලය දෙසට වෙරළ දිගේ හුදකලා වූ අයිල්ස් ඩු කොනෙටබල් කුරුළු අභයභූමිය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උතුරේ පිහිටි ජල විදුලි වේල්ලක් වන පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ල කෘතිම විලක් සාදමින් ජල විදුලිය සපයයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වාකි ගඟ ඇතුළු ගංගා රාශියක් ඇත. 2007 වන විට, දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ වඩාත්ම දුරස්ථ කොටසේ පිහිටා ඇති ඇමසෝනියානු වනාන්තරය, ප්‍රංශයේ ජාතික වනෝද්‍යාන දහයෙන් එකක් වන ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය ලෙස ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත. කැමෝපි, මරිපසෝලා, පැපයිච්ටන්, සෙන්ට්-එලි සහ සෝල් යන කොමියුනිස්ට් මත උද්‍යානයේ භූමි ප්‍රදේශය කිලෝමීටර් 33,900 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 13,090) ක් පමණ ආවරණය කරයි. === දේශගුණය === [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GUF_present.svg|වම|thumb|ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කොප්පෙන් දේශගුණික වර්ගීකරණය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සමක දේශගුණයක් ප්‍රමුඛ වේ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Climate, Average Weather, Temperatures, Rainfall, Sunshine, Humidity, Graphs |url=http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201080435/http://www.french-guiana.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=1 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=www.french-guiana.climatemps.com}}</ref> සමකයේ අංශක හයක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇති අතර මධ්‍යස්ථ උන්නතාංශයකට පමණක් ඉහළ යන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වසර පුරා උණුසුම් හා පීඩාකාරී ලෙස තෙතමනය පවතී. වසරේ වැඩි කාලයක් පුරා, අන්තර් නිවර්තන අභිසාරී කලාපය සහ එහි බලගතු ගිගුරුම් සහිත වැසි සෛල පැවතීම හේතුවෙන් රට පුරා වර්ෂාපතනය අධික වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල, විශේෂයෙන් දෙසැම්බර් සිට ජූලි දක්වා සෑම විටම අධික වර්ෂාපතනයක් පවතී - සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මෙම කාලය තුළ දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව පුරා සෑම මසකම මිලිමීටර් 330 ක් හෝ අටල් 13 ක් අපේක්ෂා කළ හැකිය. අගෝස්තු සහ නොවැම්බර් අතර, නැගෙනහිර අර්ධයේ උණුසුම් වියළි සමයක් අත්විඳින අතර වර්ෂාපතනය මිලිමීටර් 100 ට අඩු හෝ අටල් 3.94 ක් වන අතර සාමාන්‍ය ඉහළ උෂ්ණත්වය සැප්තැම්බර් සහ ඔක්තෝබර් මාසවලදී 30 °C (86 °F) ට වඩා වැඩි වන අතර එමඟින් නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව නිවර්තන මෝසම් දේශගුණයක් (කොප්පන් ඇම්) ලෙස වර්ගීකරණය කර ඇත; බටහිරින් පිහිටි ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි හි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර දේශගුණයක් (Af) ඇත.{{Weather box | width = auto | location = [[කේයින්]] (Köppen Am/Af) | collapsed = Y | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan record high C = 32.5 | Feb record high C = 32.3 | Mar record high C = 32.2 | Apr record high C = 33.0 | May record high C = 33.2 | Jun record high C = 33.7 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.0 | Sep record high C = 35.2 | Oct record high C = 35.1 | Nov record high C = 34.6 | Dec record high C = 34.1 | Jan high C = 29.1 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 29.6 | Apr high C = 29.9 | May high C = 29.9 | Jun high C = 30.2 | Jul high C = 30.8 | Aug high C = 31.6 | Sep high C = 32.1 | Oct high C = 32.2 | Nov high C = 31.5 | Dec high C = 30.1 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 26.2 | Feb mean C = 26.3 | Mar mean C = 26.5 | Apr mean C = 26.8 | May mean C = 26.7 | Jun mean C = 26.6 | Jul mean C = 26.6 | Aug mean C = 27.0 | Sep mean C = 27.2 | Oct mean C = 27.3 | Nov mean C = 27.0 | Dec mean C = 26.6 | year mean C = 26.7 | Jan low C = 23.3 | Feb low C = 23.4 | Mar low C = 23.5 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 23.5 | Jun low C = 22.9 | Jul low C = 22.4 | Aug low C = 22.4 | Sep low C = 22.2 | Oct low C = 22.3 | Nov low C = 22.5 | Dec low C = 23.1 | year low C = 22.9 | Jan record low C = 17.4 | Feb record low C = 18.9 | Mar record low C = 18.5 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 18.8 | Jun record low C = 18.9 | Jul record low C = 19.0 | Aug record low C = 19.0 | Sep record low C = 18.7 | Oct record low C = 18.6 | Nov record low C = 17.2 | Dec record low C = 18.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 451.2 | Feb rain mm = 309.4 | Mar rain mm = 334.3 | Apr rain mm = 448.4 | May rain mm = 579.4 | Jun rain mm = 411.4 | Jul rain mm = 245.7 | Aug rain mm = 143.6 | Sep rain mm = 55.7 | Oct rain mm = 63.3 | Nov rain mm = 133.4 | Dec rain mm = 340.5 | year rain mm = 3516.3 | unit rain days = 1.0 mm | Jan rain days = 23.6 | Feb rain days = 20.0 | Mar rain days = 20.7 | Apr rain days = 22.2 | May rain days = 26.4 | Jun rain days = 25.2 | Jul rain days = 20.6 | Aug rain days = 14.2 | Sep rain days = 7.1 | Oct rain days = 7.6 | Nov rain days = 11.9 | Dec rain days = 21.6 | year rain days = 221.1 | Jan humidity = 82 | Feb humidity = 80 | Mar humidity = 82 | Apr humidity = 84 | May humidity = 85 | Jun humidity = 82 | Jul humidity = 78 | Aug humidity = 74 | Sep humidity = 71 | Oct humidity = 71 | Nov humidity = 76 | Dec humidity = 81 | Jan sun = 95.1 | Feb sun = 92.4 | Mar sun = 120.0 | Apr sun = 123.5 | May sun = 122.4 | Jun sun = 150.4 | Jul sun = 200.5 | Aug sun = 234.4 | Sep sun = 253.4 | Oct sun = 256.4 | Nov sun = 211.5 | Dec sun = 143.3 | year sun = 2003.0 | source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|title=Climatological Information for Cayenne, France|publisher=Meteo France|date=7 August 2019|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183826/http://www.meteofrance.com/climat/france/cayenne/97307001/normales|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | title = CAYENNE–MATOURY (973) | work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records | publisher = Meteo France | language = fr | access-date = 7 August 2019 | archive-date = 23 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923041924/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_97307001.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> | source = }} === පරිසරය === [[File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_île_Royale.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ile_du_Diable_depuis_%C3%AEle_Royale.jpg|thumb|ඉලේ රෝයල් වෙතින් දුටු ඉලේ ඩු ඩයබල්]] [[File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_à_Saül.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_amazonien_de_Guyane,_une_balade_%C3%A0_Sa%C3%BCl.jpg|වම|thumb|[[:en:Guiana_Amazonian_Park|ගයනා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය]]]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව විවිධ පරිසර පද්ධති රැසකට නිවහන වේ: නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර, වෙරළබඩ කඩොලාන, සැවානා, ඉන්සෙල්බර්ග් සහ බොහෝ වර්ගවල තෙත්බිම්. එය පරිසර කලාප තුනක් තුළ පිහිටා ඇත: ගුවානාන් කඳුකර තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර, ගුවානාන් තෙතමනය සහිත වනාන්තර සහ ගුවානාන් කඩොලාන.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|year=2017|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|issn=0006-3568|pmc=5451287|pmid=28608869|doi-access=free|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි ශාක හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ දෙකෙහිම ජෛව විවිධත්වය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතී. මෙයට හේතුව ජෛව විවිධත්ව උණුසුම් ස්ථාන වන පැරණි-වර්ධන වනාන්තර (එනම්, පුරාණ/ප්‍රාථමික වනාන්තර) පැවතීමයි. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි වැසි වනාන්තර වියළි කාලවලදී සහ භූමිෂ්ඨ ග්ලැසියරකරණයේදී බොහෝ විශේෂ සඳහා නවාතැන් සපයයි.<ref name="UICN">{{cite web |author=Comité français de l’Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature (French Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature) |year=2003 |title=Guyane (Guyana) |url=http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180009/http://www.uicn.fr/IMG/pdf/03_UICN_2003_Biodiv_OM_-_Guyane.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Biodiversité et conservation en outre-mer (Biodiversity and conservation overseas) |publisher=Comité français de l’UICN (French Committee of the IUCN)}}</ref> මෙම වනාන්තර ජාතික වනෝද්‍යානයක් (ගුවානා ඇමසෝනියානු උද්‍යානය), අතිරේක ස්වභාවික රක්ෂිත හතක් සහ ආරක්ෂිත ස්ථාන 17ක් මගින් ආරක්ෂා කර ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism en Guyane |url=https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415090553/https://www.guyane-amazonie.fr/sites/ctguyane/files/chiffres_cles_du_tourisme_2016.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Guyane Amazonie |language=fr}}</ref> ස්වභාවධර්ම සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වූ ජාත්‍යන්තර සංගමය (IUCN) සහ යුරෝපීය සංගමය (EU) මෙම ප්‍රදේශ ආරක්ෂා කිරීම සඳහා විශේෂ උත්සාහයන් නිර්දේශ කර ඇත.<ref name="UICN" /> 2007 ග්‍රෙනෙල් පරිසර වටමේසයෙන් පසුව, 2009 දී ග්‍රෙනෙල් නීතිය II යෝජනා කරන ලදී, නීතිය අංක 2010–788 යටතේ. නීතියේ 49 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පාරිසරික සංරක්ෂණය සඳහා වගකිව යුතු තනි සංවිධානයක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමට යෝජනා කළේය. 64 වන වගන්තිය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා "පතල් කැණීමේ දිශානතියේ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සැලැස්මක්" යෝජනා කරයි, එය පාරිසරික ආරක්ෂාව සඳහා වන අවශ්‍යතා සමඟ අනුකූල වන කැණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් රන්) ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරනු ඇත.<ref name="senat">{{cite web |author=Borloo, Jean-Louis |date=12 January 2009 |title=Portant engagement national pour l'environnement (on national commitment to the environment) |url=http://www.senat.fr/leg/pjl08-155.html |access-date=3 January 2010 |work=Loi n° 2010-788 (law number 2010-788) |publisher=Sénat français (French Senate)}}</ref> RN1 දිගේ වෙරළබඩ පරිසරය ඓතිහාසිකව වඩාත්ම වෙනස්කම් අත්විඳ ඇත, නමුත් RN2 දිගේ දේශීයව සහ රන් කැණීම් හේතුවෙන් බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සංවර්ධනය සිදුවෙමින් පවතී. [[File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psophia_crepitansPCCA20051227-1968B.jpg|thumb|අළු පැහැති පියාපත් සහිත හොරණෑකරු, කලාපයේ බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන පක්ෂි විශේෂයකි.]] ශාක විශේෂ 5,500 ක් වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර, ගස් දහසකට වඩා, පක්ෂි විශේෂ 700 ක්, ක්ෂීරපායින් විශේෂ 177 ක්, මත්ස්‍ය විශේෂ 500 කට වඩා වාර්තා වී ඇති අතර ඉන් 45% ක් ආවේණික වන අතර උභයජීවී විශේෂ 109 ක් ඇත. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉහළ ජෛව විවිධත්වය බ්‍රසීලියානු ඇමසන්, බෝර්නියෝ සහ සුමාත්‍රා වැනි නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර සහිත අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශවලට සමාන වේ. පාරිසරික තර්ජන අතරට දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ අනෙකුත් වනාන්තර හා සසඳන විට ඉතා සීමිතව පවතින මාර්ග වලින් වාසස්ථාන ඛණ්ඩනය වීම; EDF හි පෙටිට්-සෝට් වේල්ලේ ක්ෂණික සහ කල් දැමූ බලපෑම්; රන් කැණීම; බොහෝ ධාවන පථ නිර්මාණය කිරීමෙන් පහසුකම් සපයන ලද දඩයම් කිරීම සහ දඩයම් කිරීම දුර්වල ලෙස පාලනය කිරීම; සහ සියලු භූමි වාහන හඳුන්වාදීම ඇතුළත් වේ. මාර්ග නොමැතිකම, දුෂ්කර දේශගුණය සහ දුෂ්කර භූමි ප්‍රදේශය හේතුවෙන් දැව කැපීම මධ්‍යස්ථව පවතී. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වනාන්තර සංග්‍රහය 2005 ජූලි 28 වන දින ආඥාපනත මගින් සංශෝධනය කරන ලදී. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව වනාන්තරයෙන් තම ජීවනෝපාය ලබා ගන්නා පුද්ගලයින්ට දේශීය බලධාරීන් විසින් දැව කැපීමේ සහන හෝ නොමිලේ මාරුවීම් සමහර විට ලබා දෙනු ලැබේ. අමානා ස්වභාව රක්ෂිතයේ වෙරළ තීරයන් සුවිශේෂී සමුද්‍ර කැස්බෑ කැදලි ස්ථානයකි. මෙය සම් කැස්බෑවා සඳහා ලොව පුරා විශාලතම එකකි.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mana, précurseurse depuis toujours |url=https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604080759/https://www.lejourduseigneur.com/mana-precurseurse-depuis-toujours/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=Le Jour du Seigneur |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Sabrina Fossettea|year=2008|title=The world's largest leatherback rookeries: A review of conservation-oriented research in French Guiana/Suriname and Gabon|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|url-status=live|journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology|volume=356|issue=1–2|pages=69–82|bibcode=2008JEMBE.356...69F|doi=10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.024|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709175230/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098107005928|archive-date=9 July 2023|access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> === කෘෂිකර්මය === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ලෝකයේ දුප්පත්ම පස් කිහිපයක් තිබේ. පසෙහි පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ (උදා: නයිට්‍රජන්, පොටෑසියම්) සහ කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය අඩුය. පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය දුර්වල වීමට තවත් හේතුවක් වන අතර, ගොවීන් තම කෙත්වලට දෙහි එකතු කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය වේ. පසෙහි ලක්ෂණ කප්පාදු කර පුළුස්සා දැමීමේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය භාවිතා කිරීමට හේතු වී ඇත. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ලැබෙන අළු පසෙහි pH අගය (එනම්, පසෙහි ආම්ලිකතාවය අඩු) වැඩි කරන අතර පසට ඛනිජ සහ අනෙකුත් පෝෂ්‍ය පදාර්ථ දායක වේ. විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයේ මායිම අසල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ටෙරා ප්‍රෙටා (මානව විද්‍යාත්මක පස්) ඇති ස්ථාන සොයාගෙන ඇත. මෙම පොහොසත් පස් ඓතිහාසිකව නිර්මාණය වූයේ කෙසේද සහ නූතන කාලයේ මෙය කළ හැක්කේ කෙසේද යන්න තීරණය කිරීම සඳහා බහු ක්ෂේත්‍රවල පර්යේෂණ ක්‍රියාකාරීව සිදු කෙරේ. == යොමු කිරීම් == 9cgt7jfn71k5k5n6bu22gomxh2awmaa 0 182394 750687 2025-06-24T10:05:21Z BuddhikaW88 37808 ' == Economy == {{Main|Economy of French Guiana}} [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|An [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] rocket being processed at the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]]; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDP]] As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the :en:European_Union|Europea...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750687 wikitext text/x-wiki == Economy == {{Main|Economy of French Guiana}} [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|An [[:en:Ariane_5|Ariane 5]] rocket being processed at the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]]; the launch site is estimated to account for as much as 16% of French Guiana's GDP]] As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] and the [[:en:Eurozone|Eurozone]]; its currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is [[:en:.gf|.gf]], but [[:en:.fr|.fr]] is generally used instead.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> In 2019, the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.93&nbsp;billion (€4.41&nbsp;billion),<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ranking as the 2nd largest economy in the [[:en:The_Guianas|Guianas]] after [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]] (which discovered large oil fields in 2015 and 2018), and the 12th largest in South America.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the [[:en:2008_financial_crisis|2008 financial crisis]]: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in [[:en:Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)|real terms]] from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living.<ref name="GDP" /> The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.<ref name="GDP" /> Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana experienced a [[:en:Recession|recession]] of −0.8% in 2014, and [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.<ref name="GDP" /> As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|GDP per capita]] of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]], was US$17,375 (€15,521),<ref name="GDP" /> only 42.3% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the [[:en:Île-de-France|Paris Region]].<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana was affected by the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, leading to a recession of −2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]] in metropolitan France (−7.9% in 2020).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>Regional GDP of French Guiana</big>''' <small>(in euros, current prices)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == mu7p863q3ooviv0v2ttswfpzurc23th 750688 750687 2025-06-24T10:06:38Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750688 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] As a part of France, French Guiana is part of the [[:en:European_Union|European Union]] and the [[:en:Eurozone|Eurozone]]; its currency is the [[:en:Euro|euro]]. The country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana is [[:en:.gf|.gf]], but [[:en:.fr|.fr]] is generally used instead.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> In 2019, the GDP of French Guiana at market exchange rates was US$4.93&nbsp;billion (€4.41&nbsp;billion),<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ranking as the 2nd largest economy in the [[:en:The_Guianas|Guianas]] after [[:en:Guyana|Guyana]] (which discovered large oil fields in 2015 and 2018), and the 12th largest in South America.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the [[:en:2008_financial_crisis|2008 financial crisis]]: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in [[:en:Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)|real terms]] from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living.<ref name="GDP" /> The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.<ref name="GDP" /> Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana experienced a [[:en:Recession|recession]] of −0.8% in 2014, and [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.<ref name="GDP" /> As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|GDP per capita]] of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]], was US$17,375 (€15,521),<ref name="GDP" /> only 42.3% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the [[:en:Île-de-France|Paris Region]].<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana was affected by the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, leading to a recession of −2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]] in metropolitan France (−7.9% in 2020).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == ql1okly96fqa9t49wyc22p03tzov8g3 750689 750688 2025-06-24T10:08:04Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the [[:en:2008_financial_crisis|2008 financial crisis]]: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in [[:en:Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)|real terms]] from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living.<ref name="GDP" /> The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.<ref name="GDP" /> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana experienced a [[:en:Recession|recession]] of −0.8% in 2014, and [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.<ref name="GDP" /> As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|GDP per capita]] of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]], was US$17,375 (€15,521),<ref name="GDP" /> only 42.3% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the [[:en:Île-de-France|Paris Region]].<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana was affected by the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, leading to a recession of −2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]] in metropolitan France (−7.9% in 2020). කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == l6gbvpq8jnpn1kt81l23zb93f5y0e7t 750690 750689 2025-06-24T10:08:25Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* යොමු කිරීම් */ 750690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> From the 1960s to the 2000s, French Guiana experienced strong economic growth, fueled by the development of France's [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] (established in French Guiana in 1964 as the independence of [[:en:Algeria|Algeria]] in 1962 led to the closure of France's space center in the Algerian Sahara) and by high population growth which stimulated domestic consumption. French Guiana's economy did not suffer from the [[:en:2008_financial_crisis|2008 financial crisis]]: the GDP grew by an average of +3.4% per year in [[:en:Real_versus_nominal_value_(economics)|real terms]] from 2002 to 2012, slightly faster than the rapidly growing population, which allowed French Guiana to catch up marginally with the rest of France in terms of standards of living.<ref name="GDP" /> The GDP per capita rose from 48.0% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s level in 2000 to 48.5% of metropolitan France in 2012.<ref name="GDP" /> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana experienced a [[:en:Recession|recession]] of −0.8% in 2014, and [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.<ref name="GDP" /> As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|GDP per capita]] of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]], was US$17,375 (€15,521),<ref name="GDP" /> only 42.3% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the [[:en:Île-de-France|Paris Region]].<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana was affected by the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, leading to a recession of −2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]] in metropolitan France (−7.9% in 2020). කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> සහනාධාර, වෙළඳාම සහ භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය මත ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] ප්‍රධාන සාම්ප්‍රදායික කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 5% ක්), රන් කැණීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 32% ක්) සහ දැව (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 1% ක්) ය.[4] ඊට අමතරව, ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1964 දී කුරෝ හි ස්ථාපිත කළ දා සිට දේශීය ආර්ථිකයේ සැලකිය යුතු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත: එය 2002 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් සෘජුව සහ වක්‍රව ලබා දුන්නේය (1994 දී 26% සිට පහත වැටුණි, ප්‍රංශ ගයන ආර්ථිකය වඩ වඩාත් විවිධාංගීකරණය වෙමින් පවතී).[5] ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 2012 දී පුද්ගලයින් 1,659 ක් සේවයේ යොදවා ඇත.[6] නිෂ්පාදනය ඉතා අල්පය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය බොහෝ දුරට නොදියුණු වන අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ ආසන්නයේ සහ මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ප්‍රදේශයට සීමා වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සීනි සහ කෙසෙල් අපනයනය සඳහා වගා කරන ප්‍රධාන මුදල් බෝග දෙකක් වූ නමුත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. අද වන විට ඒවා කේයින් සහ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මැරෝනි අතර වෙරළබඩ සැවානා වල පශු සම්පත් ඇති කිරීම (අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම හරක් මස් ගවයන් සහ ඌරන්) සහ 1970 ගණන්වල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචි වූ හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද වෙළඳපොළ ගෙවතු වගාව (පළතුරු සහ එළවළු) මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වී ඇති අතර, දෙකම දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට නියම කර ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2000 ගණන්වල අග භාගය දක්වා මානා අසල පොල්ඩර් මත සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සමෘද්ධිමත් සහල් නිෂ්පාදනයක්, සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය සහ බොහෝ පළිබෝධනාශක සහ පොහොර භාවිතය තහනම් කරන නව EU ශාක සෞඛ්‍ය නීති හේතුවෙන් 2011 සිට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර හිතකාමී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ විරැකියාව අඛණ්ඩව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර එය 17% සහ 24% අතර පවතී.[7] මෑත වසරවලදී, විරැකියා අනුපාතය 2016 දී 23.0% ක උපරිමයක සිට 2019 දී 19.3% දක්වා අඩු වී ඇත.[8] == යොමු කිරීම් == dj4ctkiw0025asy7v83zowm9cmzqnqq 750691 750690 2025-06-24T10:08:39Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> Since 2013, however, French Guiana's economic growth has been uneven, and more subdued. From 2013 to 2019, the economy grew by an average of only +1.2% per year in real terms.<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana experienced a [[:en:Recession|recession]] of −0.8% in 2014, and [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] led to almost no economic growth that year. Economic growth recovered at +3.0% in 2018, but was again almost null (+0.2%) in 2019.<ref name="GDP" /> As a result, the GDP per capita has remained stagnant in nominal terms since 2013, and has declined relative to metropolitan France's. In 2019, the [[:en:List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita|GDP per capita]] of French Guiana at market exchange rates, not at [[:en:Purchasing_power_parity|PPP]], was US$17,375 (€15,521),<ref name="GDP" /> only 42.3% of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]]'s average GDP per capita that year, and 50.3% of the metropolitan French regions outside the [[:en:Île-de-France|Paris Region]].<ref name="GDP" /> French Guiana was affected by the [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]] in 2020, leading to a recession of −2.7% that year according to provisional estimates, moderate compared to the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]] in metropolitan France (−7.9% in 2020). කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> සහනාධාර, වෙළඳාම සහ භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය මත ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] ප්‍රධාන සාම්ප්‍රදායික කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 5% ක්), රන් කැණීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 32% ක්) සහ දැව (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 1% ක්) ය.[4] ඊට අමතරව, ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1964 දී කුරෝ හි ස්ථාපිත කළ දා සිට දේශීය ආර්ථිකයේ සැලකිය යුතු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත: එය 2002 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් සෘජුව සහ වක්‍රව ලබා දුන්නේය (1994 දී 26% සිට පහත වැටුණි, ප්‍රංශ ගයන ආර්ථිකය වඩ වඩාත් විවිධාංගීකරණය වෙමින් පවතී).[5] ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 2012 දී පුද්ගලයින් 1,659 ක් සේවයේ යොදවා ඇත.[6] නිෂ්පාදනය ඉතා අල්පය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය බොහෝ දුරට නොදියුණු වන අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ ආසන්නයේ සහ මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ප්‍රදේශයට සීමා වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සීනි සහ කෙසෙල් අපනයනය සඳහා වගා කරන ප්‍රධාන මුදල් බෝග දෙකක් වූ නමුත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. අද වන විට ඒවා කේයින් සහ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මැරෝනි අතර වෙරළබඩ සැවානා වල පශු සම්පත් ඇති කිරීම (අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම හරක් මස් ගවයන් සහ ඌරන්) සහ 1970 ගණන්වල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචි වූ හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද වෙළඳපොළ ගෙවතු වගාව (පළතුරු සහ එළවළු) මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වී ඇති අතර, දෙකම දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට නියම කර ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2000 ගණන්වල අග භාගය දක්වා මානා අසල පොල්ඩර් මත සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සමෘද්ධිමත් සහල් නිෂ්පාදනයක්, සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය සහ බොහෝ පළිබෝධනාශක සහ පොහොර භාවිතය තහනම් කරන නව EU ශාක සෞඛ්‍ය නීති හේතුවෙන් 2011 සිට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර හිතකාමී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ විරැකියාව අඛණ්ඩව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර එය 17% සහ 24% අතර පවතී.[7] මෑත වසරවලදී, විරැකියා අනුපාතය 2016 දී 23.0% ක උපරිමයක සිට 2019 දී 19.3% දක්වා අඩු වී ඇත.[8] == යොමු කිරීම් == 4kk8argxb3b2kkldeo0u968170p9svd 750692 750691 2025-06-24T10:08:50Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} French Guiana is heavily dependent on mainland France for subsidies, trade, and goods.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The main traditional industries are fishing (accounting for 5% of exports in 2012), gold mining (accounting for 32% of exports in 2012) and timber (accounting for 1% of exports in 2012).<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> In addition, the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] in 1964: it accounted directly and indirectly for 16% of French Guiana's GDP in 2002 (down from 26% in 1994, as the French Guianese economy is becoming increasingly diversified).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The Guiana Space Centre employed 1,659 people in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> There is very little manufacturing. Agriculture is largely undeveloped and is mainly confined to the area near the coast and along the [[:en:Maroni_(river)|Maroni River]]. Sugar and bananas were traditionally two of the main [[:en:Cash_crop|cash crops]] grown for export but have almost completely disappeared. Today they have been replaced by livestock raising (essentially beef cattle and pigs) in the coastal savannas between [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] and the second-largest town, [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], and [[:en:Market_gardening|market gardening]] (fruits and vegetables) developed by the [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] communities settled in French Guiana in the 1970s, both destined to the local market. A thriving rice production, developed on [[:en:Polder|polders]] near [[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] from the early 1980s to the late 2000s, has almost completely disappeared since 2011 due to marine erosion and new [[:en:Directorate-General_for_Health_and_Consumers|EU plant health rules]] which forbid the use of many pesticides and fertilizers. Tourism, especially [[:en:Ecotourism|eco-tourism]], is growing.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}} Unemployment has been persistently high in the last few decades, standing between 17% and 24%.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> In recent years, the unemployment rate has declined from a peak of 23.0% in 2016 to 19.3% in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> සහනාධාර, වෙළඳාම සහ භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය මත ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] ප්‍රධාන සාම්ප්‍රදායික කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 5% ක්), රන් කැණීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 32% ක්) සහ දැව (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 1% ක්) ය.[4] ඊට අමතරව, ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1964 දී කුරෝ හි ස්ථාපිත කළ දා සිට දේශීය ආර්ථිකයේ සැලකිය යුතු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත: එය 2002 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් සෘජුව සහ වක්‍රව ලබා දුන්නේය (1994 දී 26% සිට පහත වැටුණි, ප්‍රංශ ගයන ආර්ථිකය වඩ වඩාත් විවිධාංගීකරණය වෙමින් පවතී).[5] ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 2012 දී පුද්ගලයින් 1,659 ක් සේවයේ යොදවා ඇත.[6] නිෂ්පාදනය ඉතා අල්පය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය බොහෝ දුරට නොදියුණු වන අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ ආසන්නයේ සහ මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ප්‍රදේශයට සීමා වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සීනි සහ කෙසෙල් අපනයනය සඳහා වගා කරන ප්‍රධාන මුදල් බෝග දෙකක් වූ නමුත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. අද වන විට ඒවා කේයින් සහ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මැරෝනි අතර වෙරළබඩ සැවානා වල පශු සම්පත් ඇති කිරීම (අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම හරක් මස් ගවයන් සහ ඌරන්) සහ 1970 ගණන්වල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචි වූ හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද වෙළඳපොළ ගෙවතු වගාව (පළතුරු සහ එළවළු) මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වී ඇති අතර, දෙකම දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට නියම කර ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2000 ගණන්වල අග භාගය දක්වා මානා අසල පොල්ඩර් මත සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සමෘද්ධිමත් සහල් නිෂ්පාදනයක්, සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය සහ බොහෝ පළිබෝධනාශක සහ පොහොර භාවිතය තහනම් කරන නව EU ශාක සෞඛ්‍ය නීති හේතුවෙන් 2011 සිට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර හිතකාමී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ විරැකියාව අඛණ්ඩව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර එය 17% සහ 24% අතර පවතී.[7] මෑත වසරවලදී, විරැකියා අනුපාතය 2016 දී 23.0% ක උපරිමයක සිට 2019 දී 19.3% දක්වා අඩු වී ඇත.[8] == යොමු කිරීම් == khve62njyes9fo7y82xt1mther7lfl0 750693 750692 2025-06-24T10:09:41Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750693 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |'''Nominal GDP''' <small>'''(€ bn)'''</small> | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita''' <small>'''(euros)'''</small> | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |'''GDP per capita as a %''' '''of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]'s''' | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} සහනාධාර, වෙළඳාම සහ භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය මත ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] ප්‍රධාන සාම්ප්‍රදායික කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 5% ක්), රන් කැණීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 32% ක්) සහ දැව (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 1% ක්) ය.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1964 දී කුරෝ හි ස්ථාපිත කළ දා සිට දේශීය ආර්ථිකයේ සැලකිය යුතු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත: එය 2002 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් සෘජුව සහ වක්‍රව ලබා දුන්නේය (1994 දී 26% සිට පහත වැටුණි, ප්‍රංශ ගයන ආර්ථිකය වඩ වඩාත් විවිධාංගීකරණය වෙමින් පවතී).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 2012 දී පුද්ගලයින් 1,659 ක් සේවයේ යොදවා ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> නිෂ්පාදනය ඉතා අල්පය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය බොහෝ දුරට නොදියුණු වන අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ ආසන්නයේ සහ මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ප්‍රදේශයට සීමා වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සීනි සහ කෙසෙල් අපනයනය සඳහා වගා කරන ප්‍රධාන මුදල් බෝග දෙකක් වූ නමුත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. අද වන විට ඒවා කේයින් සහ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මැරෝනි අතර වෙරළබඩ සැවානා වල පශු සම්පත් ඇති කිරීම (අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම හරක් මස් ගවයන් සහ ඌරන්) සහ 1970 ගණන්වල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචි වූ හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද වෙළඳපොළ ගෙවතු වගාව (පළතුරු සහ එළවළු) මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වී ඇති අතර, දෙකම දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට නියම කර ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2000 ගණන්වල අග භාගය දක්වා මානා අසල පොල්ඩර් මත සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සමෘද්ධිමත් සහල් නිෂ්පාදනයක්, සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය සහ බොහෝ පළිබෝධනාශක සහ පොහොර භාවිතය තහනම් කරන නව EU ශාක සෞඛ්‍ය නීති හේතුවෙන් 2011 සිට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර හිතකාමී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතී. පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ විරැකියාව අඛණ්ඩව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර එය 17% සහ 24% අතර පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, විරැකියා අනුපාතය 2016 දී 23.0% ක උපරිමයක සිට 2019 දී 19.3% දක්වා අඩු වී ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == 6adqme6sog3vpdtrzvsn5fwbflvb1pl 750694 750693 2025-06-24T10:10:30Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_5ES_rolls_out.jpg|thumb|ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ සැකසෙන ඒරියන් 5 රොකට්ටුවක්; දියත් කිරීමේ ස්ථානය ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් පමණ වන බවට ගණන් බලා ඇත.]] ප්‍රංශයේ කොටසක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව යුරෝපීය සංගමයේ සහ යුරෝ කලාපයේ කොටසකි; එහි මුදල් ඒකකය යුරෝ වේ. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සඳහා ඉහළම මට්ටමේ රට කේත වසම (ccTLD) .gf වේ, නමුත් ඒ වෙනුවට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් .fr භාවිතා වේ.<ref>[[wikisource:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/French Guiana|French Guiana]]. CIA World Factbook (2004)</ref> 2019 දී, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාත අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් බිලියන 4.93 (යුරෝ බිලියන 4.41) වූ අතර,<ref name="GDP">{{cite web |title=Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 2000 à 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313044930/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5020211 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-25 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ගයනාවට පසු 2 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී (එය 2015 සහ 2018 දී විශාල තෙල් නිධි සොයා ගත්තේය), සහ දකුණු ඇමරිකාවේ 12 වන විශාලතම ආර්ථිකය ලෙස ශ්‍රේණිගත කරන ලදී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[International Monetary Fund]] |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021 – Gross domestic product, current prices, U.S. dollars |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325154047/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=311,213,314,313,316,339,218,223,228,233,238,321,243,248,253,328,258,336,263,268,343,273,278,283,288,293,361,362,364,366,369,298,299,&s=NGDPD,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> 1960 ගණන්වල සිට 2000 ගණන් දක්වා, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව ශක්තිමත් ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් අත්විඳි අතර, ප්‍රංශයේ ගයනාව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය (1962 දී ඇල්ජීරියාවේ නිදහස ලැබීමත් සමඟ 1964 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවෙහි පිහිටුවන ලදී) සංවර්ධනය කිරීමෙන් සහ ඉහළ ජනගහන වර්ධනයක් මගින් එය ශක්තිමත් විය. ඇල්ජීරියානු සහරාවේ ප්‍රංශ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය වසා දැමීමට හේතු විය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථිකය 2008 මූල්‍ය අර්බුදයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් නොවීය: 2002 සිට 2012 දක්වා සැබෑ වශයෙන් දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +3.4% කින් වර්ධනය වූ අතර එය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන ජනගහනයට වඩා තරමක් වේගවත් වූ අතර එමඟින් ජීවන තත්වයන් අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනයට ප්‍රංශයේ සෙසු ප්‍රදේශ සමඟ සුළු වශයෙන් ළඟා වීමට හැකි විය.<ref name="GDP" /> ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය 2000 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ මට්ටමෙන් 48.0% සිට 2012 දී මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ 48.5% දක්වා ඉහළ ගියේය.<ref name="GDP" /> කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2013 සිට ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනය අසමාන වන අතර වඩාත් මන්දගාමී වී ඇත. 2013 සිට 2019 දක්වා, ආර්ථිකය සැබෑ වශයෙන් වසරකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් +1.2% කින් පමණක් වර්ධනය විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2014 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ −0.8% ක අවපාතයක් අත්විඳින ලද අතර 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව එම වසරේ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයක් පාහේ සිදු නොවීය. 2018 දී ආර්ථික වර්ධනය +3.0% කින් යථා තත්ත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් 2019 දී නැවතත් ශුන්‍ය විය (+0.2%).<ref name="GDP" /> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, 2013 සිට ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය නාමික වශයෙන් එකතැන පල් වී ඇති අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට සාපේක්ෂව පහත වැටී ඇත. 2019 දී, PPP හි නොව, වෙළඳපල විනිමය අනුපාතවලට අනුව ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය ඇමරිකානු ඩොලර් 17,375 (€15,521) විය,<ref name="GDP" /> එම වසරේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ සාමාන්‍ය ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 42.3% ක් පමණක් වූ අතර, පැරිස් කලාපයෙන් පිටත මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශ කලාපවලින් 50.3% ක් විය.<ref name="GDP" /> 2020 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව COVID-19 වසංගතයෙන් පීඩාවට පත් වූ අතර, තාවකාලික ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව එම වසරේ −2.7% ක අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් අතර, මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ COVID-19 අවපාතයට සාපේක්ෂව මධ්‍යස්ථ විය (2020 දී −7.9%).<ref name="GDP" /> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ style="margin-bottom: 0.5em" |'''<big>ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කලාපීය දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය</big>''' <small>(යුරෝ වලින්, වත්මන් මිල ගණන්)</small> ! !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; !&nbsp;2019&nbsp; !&nbsp;2020&nbsp; !&nbsp;2021&nbsp; |- | align="center" |නාමික දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය (€ බිලියන) | align="center" |1.95 | align="center" |2.91 | align="center" |3.91 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |3.96 | align="center" |4.00 | align="center" |4.12 | align="center" |3.98 | align="center" |3.92 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.84 | align="center" |3.97 |- | align="center" |ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය (යුරෝ) | align="center" |11,814 | align="center" |13,874 | align="center" |15,638 | align="center" |15,534 | align="center" |15,480 | align="center" |15,091 | align="center" |15,356 | align="center" |15,151 | align="center" |15,607 | align="center" |15,633 | align="center" |15,367 | align="center" |15,611 |- | align="center" |ප්‍රංශයේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් හි % ක් ලෙස ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතය | align="center" |48.0% | align="center" |47.1% | align="center" |48.5% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |47.8% | align="center" |45.7% | align="center" |45.9% | align="center" |44.1% | align="center" |44.4% | align="center" |43.2% | align="center" |45.0% | align="center" |42.3% |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center" |<small>Sources: [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]].<ref name="GDP" /></small> |} සහනාධාර, වෙළඳාම සහ භාණ්ඩ සඳහා ප්‍රංශ ප්‍රධාන භූමිය මත ප්‍රංශය දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පවතී.[තහවුරු කර නැත] ප්‍රධාන සාම්ප්‍රදායික කර්මාන්ත වන්නේ මසුන් ඇල්ලීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 5% ක්), රන් කැණීම (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 32% ක්) සහ දැව (2012 දී අපනයනවලින් 1% ක්) ය.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=46}}</ref> ඊට අමතරව, ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 1964 දී කුරෝ හි ස්ථාපිත කළ දා සිට දේශීය ආර්ථිකයේ සැලකිය යුතු කාර්යභාරයක් ඉටු කර ඇත: එය 2002 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදිතයෙන් 16% ක් සෘජුව සහ වක්‍රව ලබා දුන්නේය (1994 දී 26% සිට පහත වැටුණි, ප්‍රංශ ගයන ආර්ථිකය වඩ වඩාත් විවිධාංගීකරණය වෙමින් පවතී).<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Le poids du spatial diminue, l'économie de la Guyane se diversifie |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814192418/http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/guyane/themes/antiane_echos/aechos01/aechos_01.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2014 |access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය 2012 දී පුද්ගලයින් 1,659 ක් සේවයේ යොදවා ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |author=IEDOM |title=Guyane – Rapport annuel 2012 |url=http://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408025423/https://www.iedom.fr/IMG/pdf/ra2012_guyane.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=4 March 2014 |page=136}}</ref> නිෂ්පාදනය ඉතා අල්පය. කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය බොහෝ දුරට නොදියුණු වන අතර එය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෙරළ ආසන්නයේ සහ මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ප්‍රදේශයට සීමා වේ. සාම්ප්‍රදායිකව සීනි සහ කෙසෙල් අපනයනය සඳහා වගා කරන ප්‍රධාන මුදල් බෝග දෙකක් වූ නමුත් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. අද වන විට ඒවා කේයින් සහ දෙවන විශාලතම නගරය වන ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මැරෝනි අතර වෙරළබඩ සැවානා වල පශු සම්පත් ඇති කිරීම (අත්‍යවශ්‍යයෙන්ම හරක් මස් ගවයන් සහ ඌරන්) සහ 1970 ගණන්වල ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචි වූ හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාවන් විසින් සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද වෙළඳපොළ ගෙවතු වගාව (පළතුරු සහ එළවළු) මගින් ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය වී ඇති අතර, දෙකම දේශීය වෙළඳපොළට නියම කර ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල මුල් භාගයේ සිට 2000 ගණන්වල අග භාගය දක්වා මානා අසල පොල්ඩර් මත සංවර්ධනය කරන ලද සමෘද්ධිමත් සහල් නිෂ්පාදනයක්, සමුද්‍ර ඛාදනය සහ බොහෝ පළිබෝධනාශක සහ පොහොර භාවිතය තහනම් කරන නව EU ශාක සෞඛ්‍ය නීති හේතුවෙන් 2011 සිට සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම පාහේ අතුරුදහන් වී ඇත. සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, විශේෂයෙන් පරිසර හිතකාමී සංචාරක ව්‍යාපාරය, වර්ධනය වෙමින් පවතී. පසුගිය දශක කිහිපය තුළ විරැකියාව අඛණ්ඩව ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර එය 17% සහ 24% අතර පවතී.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=T401 : Taux de chômage localisé au 2e trimestre par département d'outre-mer |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160117/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1409940/irsoceds2013_T401.xls |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> මෑත වසරවලදී, විරැකියා අනුපාතය 2016 දී 23.0% ක උපරිමයක සිට 2019 දී 19.3% දක්වා අඩු වී ඇත.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Taux de chômage au sens du BIT (moyenne annuelle) – Ensemble – Guyane |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402160115/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/001787735 |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref> == යොමු කිරීම් == froevpnagufo2yw2gdsmx8qxra15067 0 182395 750695 2025-06-24T10:11:13Z BuddhikaW88 37808 ' == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of French Guiana}} [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|Carnival of [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]]]] === Historical population === French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the [[:en:Devil's_Island|Cayenne]] and :en:Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Mar...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750695 wikitext text/x-wiki == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of French Guiana}} [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|Carnival of [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]]]] === Historical population === French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the [[:en:Devil's_Island|Cayenne]] and [[:en:Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] [[:en:Penal_colony|penal colonies]] (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief [[:en:Gold_rush|gold rush]] in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions ([[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]] and [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] in particular). Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lepelletier|first1=L.|last2=Gay|first2=F.|display-authors=1|date=July 1989|title=Le paludisme en Guyane : I. Situation générale de l'endémie|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique|volume=82|issue=3|pages=385–392|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195218/https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref> and the establishment of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]]). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Interior War]],<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access.<ref name=":2" /> The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === Major metropolitan areas and settlements === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]),<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === Ethnic groups === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|Fresh market of Hmong in [[:en:Cacao,_French_Guiana|Cacao village]]]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|Daily life in the Wayana village of [[:en:Antécume-Pata|Antécume-Pata]]]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]).<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. === Immigration === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected.<ref name=":3" /> For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === Religion === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Cayenne_Cathedral|Cayenne Cathedral]]. Most inhabitants of French Guiana are Catholic.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. === Fertility === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == jxkuq89j4jvon4q4wbqp6yt31iofza3 750696 750695 2025-06-24T10:15:48Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the [[:en:Devil's_Island|Cayenne]] and [[:en:Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] [[:en:Penal_colony|penal colonies]] (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief [[:en:Gold_rush|gold rush]] in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions ([[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]] and [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] in particular). Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lepelletier|first1=L.|last2=Gay|first2=F.|display-authors=1|date=July 1989|title=Le paludisme en Guyane : I. Situation générale de l'endémie|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique|volume=82|issue=3|pages=385–392|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195218/https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref> and the establishment of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]]). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Interior War]],<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access.<ref name=":2" /> The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]),<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]).<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected.<ref name=":3" /> For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == 1f1w1d9quoak2g8vg1vdgn2hmw6b5q3 750697 750696 2025-06-24T10:17:46Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය */ 750697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the [[:en:Devil's_Island|Cayenne]] and [[:en:Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] [[:en:Penal_colony|penal colonies]] (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief [[:en:Gold_rush|gold rush]] in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions ([[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]] and [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] in particular). Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lepelletier|first1=L.|last2=Gay|first2=F.|display-authors=1|date=July 1989|title=Le paludisme en Guyane : I. Situation générale de l'endémie|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique|volume=82|issue=3|pages=385–392|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195218/https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref> and the establishment of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]]). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Interior War]],<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year). කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර, [2] එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access. The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration. 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2" /> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]),<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]).<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected.<ref name=":3" /> For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == 206ytppj6oc6ubfriuc79q7u9jqsim9 750698 750697 2025-06-24T10:18:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස */ 750698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === French Guiana experienced a long period of demographic stagnation during the days of the [[:en:Devil's_Island|Cayenne]] and [[:en:Prison_of_St-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] [[:en:Penal_colony|penal colonies]] (19th century and first half of the 20th century), when, with the exception of a brief [[:en:Gold_rush|gold rush]] in the 1900s and 1910s, it suffered from a bad reputation due to its association with penal colonies and bad sanitary conditions ([[:en:Yellow_fever|yellow fever]] and [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] in particular). Population started to grow tremendously from the 1950s onwards with the improvement of sanitary conditions (yellow fever and malaria eradication campaigns started in 1949)<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lepelletier|first1=L.|last2=Gay|first2=F.|display-authors=1|date=July 1989|title=Le paludisme en Guyane : I. Situation générale de l'endémie|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique|volume=82|issue=3|pages=385–392|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828195218/https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_39-40/43380.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2022|access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref> and the establishment of the [[:en:Guiana_Space_Centre|Guiana Space Centre]] in 1964. Population growth has been fueled both by high birth rates and large arrivals of immigrants (from [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], to man the public administrations and the space center, as well as from neighboring countries, in particular [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]] and [[:en:Brazil|Brazil]]). Arrivals of Surinamese refugees reached record levels in the 1980s during the [[:en:Surinamese_Interior_War|Surinamese Interior War]],<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> resulting in the highest population growth rate in French Guiana's history, recorded between the 1982 and 1990 censuses (+5.8% per year). කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර, [2] එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access. The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration. 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2" /> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]),<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,[11] නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.[12] 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:[13] {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:[1] {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]).<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.[1] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019.<ref name=":3" /> Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected.<ref name=":3" /> For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == 9i822072dptrmpahsw6a9zr419ztj64 750699 750698 2025-06-24T10:21:49Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආගම */ 750699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access. The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration. 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2" /> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]), [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]). The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following: ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census: මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]). Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == kge72iiw3bqq2x5uy6vc9hm1cclg52c 750700 750699 2025-06-24T10:22:43Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආගම */ 750700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). In the 21st century, the birth rate has remained high, and new arrivals of migrants seeking asylum (in particular from [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]], and more recently from [[:en:Syria|Syria]] and [[:en:Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]) kept population growth above 2% per year until the middle of the 2010s. Since the middle of the 2010s, however, population growth has slowed markedly, due to lower economic growth and social unrest, in particular the [[:en:2017_social_unrest_in_French_Guiana|social unrest in 2017]] which led to a [[:en:Recession|recession]] in 2018, and then the effects of the [[:en:COVID-19_recession|COVID-19 recession]], which have all pushed many young people to leave to [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]]. In Jan. 2025, [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]] estimate French Guiana's population reached 292,354, more than 10 times the population in 1954, but far short of the population forecasts that were published in the 2010s. Half of French Guiana's 300,000 residents are under the age of 25, a result of both a high birth rate and significant emigration.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> A 2021 report by the French statistics agency [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|Insee]] found that 37% of individuals aged 21 to 29 leave the region to pursue education or employment opportunities abroad.<ref name=":2" /> At the same time, around one-third of young people between 15 and 29 are not working or in school, especially in remote areas with poor road access. The population of French Guiana, currently around 300,000 people, is projected to grow quickly due to a combination of the highest fertility rate in Latin America (27.3 births per 1,000 people and an average of 3.63 children per woman in 2019) and steady immigration, which offsets emigration. 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2" /> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=Historical population|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=Local population estimates and censuses up to 1946.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> Last INSEE 2025 estimate.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]), [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]). The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following: ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census: මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]). Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == s7uqv4af5ss4jg2zb3udbdj3atbrowr 750701 750700 2025-06-24T10:24:17Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය */ 750701 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === There are three [[:en:Functional_area_(France)|metropolitan areas]] (as defined by [[:en:INSEE|INSEE]]) in French Guiana. These are [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]], which covers 6 communes (Cayenne, [[:en:Remire-Montjoly|Remire-Montjoly]], [[:en:Matoury|Matoury]], [[:en:Macouria|Macouria]], [[:en:Montsinéry-Tonnegrande|Montsinéry-Tonnegrande]], and [[:en:Roura|Roura]]), [[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]], made up of the namesake commune, and [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]], which covers 2 communes (Kourou and [[:en:Sinnamary|Sinnamary]]). The population of these three metropolitan areas at the 2021 census was the following: ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Functional_area_(France)|Metropolitan area]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |[[:en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |[[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} Beyond these three metropolitan areas, the most populated [[:en:Communes_of_France|communes]] (municipalities), which are not populated enough to form a metropolitan area, were the following at the 2021 census: මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ![[:en:Communes_of_France|Commune]] !Population (2021) |- |[[:en:Mana,_French_Guiana|Mana]] | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |[[:en:Apatou|Apatou]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |[[:en:Maripasoula|Maripasoula]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |[[:en:Grand-Santi|Grand-Santi]] | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |[[:en:Papaichton|Papaichton]] | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |[[:en:Saint-Georges,_French_Guiana|Saint-Georges]] | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]). Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == 5zwhy2vesc9q5gd232cd9k0th0pd2nu 750702 750701 2025-06-24T10:37:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] French Guiana's population, most of whom live along the coast, is substantially ethnically diverse. At the 2019 census, 56.5% of the inhabitants of French Guiana were born in French Guiana, 8.9% were born in [[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]], 2.8% were born in the French [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] [[:en:Departments_of_France|departments]] and [[:en:Overseas_collectivity|collectivities]] ([[:en:Guadeloupe|Guadeloupe]] and [[:en:Martinique|Martinique]] etc.), and 31.5% were born in foreign countries (primarily [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]], Brazil, and [[:en:Haiti|Haiti]]). Estimates of the percentages of French Guiana ethnic composition are difficult to produce due to the presence of a large proportion of immigrants. People of African descent are the largest ethnic group, though estimates vary as to the exact percentage, depending upon whether the large [[:en:Haitians|Haitian]] community is included as well. Generally, the Creole population is judged to be about 60–70% of the total population if Haitians (comprising roughly one-third of Creoles) are included, and 30–50% otherwise. There are also smaller groups from various [[:en:Caribbean|Caribbean]] islands, mainly Martinique, Guadeloupe, and [[:en:Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == ts2unwxmya1g1gf2vxq25o86f0eceog 750703 750702 2025-06-24T10:38:05Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */ 750703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. Approximately 41,000 people or 14% of the population is of European ancestry. The vast majority of these are of French ancestry, though there are also people of Spanish and [[:en:Portuguese_people|Portuguese]] ancestry. The main Asian communities are the [[:en:Overseas_Chinese|Chinese]] (about 3–4%, primarily from [[:en:Zhejiang|Zhejiang]] and [[:en:Guangdong|Guangdong]] in [[:en:Mainland_China|mainland China]]) and [[:en:Hmong_people|Hmong]] from [[:en:Laos|Laos]] (1–2%). Other groups from Asia include [[:en:Indians_in_French_Guiana|Indians]], [[:en:Lebanese_people|Lebanese]] and [[:en:Vietnamese_people|Vietnamese]]. The main groups living in the interior are the [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroons]], who are of African and [[:en:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas|indigenous]] descent. The Maroons, descendants of escaped African slaves, live primarily along the [[:en:Maroni_River|Maroni River]]. The main Maroon groups are the Saramaca, Aucan (both of whom also live in [[:en:Suriname|Suriname]]), and Boni ([[:en:Aluku|Aluku]]). The main indigenous groups (forming about 3–4% of the population) are the [[:en:Arawaks|Arawak]], [[:en:Kalina_people|Carib]], [[:en:Teko_people|Teko]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Emerillon_people|Emerillon]]), [[:en:Kaliña|Kaliña]] (formerly known as the [[:en:Galibi|Galibi]]), [[:en:Palikur_people|Palikur]], [[:en:Wayampi|Wayampi]] and [[:en:Wayana|Wayana]]. As of the late 1990s, there was evidence of an [[:en:Uncontacted_peoples|uncontacted group]] of Wayampi. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == incsq142edvkvbieskfef8t0xvj7qkm 750704 750703 2025-06-24T10:38:35Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් */ 750704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} More than one third of the population and nearly half adults are of foreign origin.<ref name=":3" /> Seven of ten people born in French Guiana were within one or two generations descendants of immigrants.<ref name=":3" /> About 12% of French Guiana’s population are French nationals from mainland France. Foreign nationals make up 37% of the population, half of whom are adults, well above national averages. Surinamese are the largest foreign group (1 in 8 people), followed by Haitians (9.3%) and Brazilians (9.2%).<ref name=":3" /> Other immigrant groups include people from Guyana (6%), Saint Lucia (3%), China (3%), and Laos (2%). A significant portion of these communities are undocumented: 52% of Brazilians, 49% of Surinamese, and 23% of Haitians, with 15–18% of the total population lacking legal status.<ref name=":3" /> Immigration has shaped French Guiana since 1634, with the slave trade, penal colony, and gold rush drawing people from the Caribbean, China, and Lebanon.<ref name=":3" /> The 1902 Montagne Pelée eruption brought migrants from Martinique. The creation of the Guiana Space Center in Kourou further accelerated immigration, especially from Brazil. Surinamese migration surged during the 1982–1990 civil war, while Haitian arrivals grew during the Duvalier regime and increased through family reunification in the 1990s. In 1977, Hmong refugees from Laos arrived to support agricultural development. ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == jn908uzsznbs6wry96t7se28znp2wt4 750705 750704 2025-06-24T10:39:18Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සංක්‍රමණ */ 750705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> Until the mid-2000s, most immigrants were from Suriname, Brazil, and Haiti. Today, origins are more diverse, including Spanish-speaking countries (e.g., Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic) and the Middle East (notably Syrians and Palestinians). This shift has led to rising numbers of undocumented immigrants eligible for state medical aid (AME), which rose from 17,000 in 2015 to over 33,000 in 2019. Between 2005 and 2014, 7,934 asylum seekers (excluding minors) were recorded. Applications surged after, reaching 2,765 in 2020, mostly from Haitians (63.6%), followed by Syrians/Palestinians (16.9%), Cubans (9.9%), and Dominicans (3.8%). However, over 95% of these requests, primarily from Haitians, were rejected. For some, French Guiana's status as French territory makes it a "gateway" to Europe. Many live in crowded [[:en:Refugee_camps|refugee camps]] with poor conditions and little protection from the elements. Neither local authorities nor the French government have made significant efforts to help the situation. 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == tsy2fbjowzkjw09b3btkerhxz6yjhxl 750706 750705 2025-06-24T10:40:19Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සංක්‍රමණ */ 750706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Place of birth of residents of French Guiana <small>(at the 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)</small> | align="center" |'''Census''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''French&nbsp;Guiana''' | align="center" |'''Born in''' '''[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''[[:en:French_West_Indies|French&nbsp;West&nbsp;Indies]]''' | align="center" |'''Born in the''' '''rest&nbsp;of&nbsp;[[:en:Overseas_France|Overseas&nbsp;France]]''' | align="center" |'''Born&nbsp;in&nbsp;foreign''' '''countries&nbsp;with&nbsp;French''' '''citizenship&nbsp;at&nbsp;birth¹''' | align="center" |'''Immigrants²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>Persons born abroad of French parents, such as [[:en:Pieds-Noirs|Pieds-Noirs]] and children of French [[:en:Expatriate|expatriates]].</small> ²<small>An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == hujlpa0cgpeklay8jdy7et4oetlwgzi 750707 750706 2025-06-24T10:43:45Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* සංක්‍රමණ */ 750707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ උපන් ස්ථානය (1990, 1999, 2008, 2013 සහ 2019 සංගණනවලදී) | align="center" |සංගණනය | align="center" |ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |ප්‍රංශයේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් හි උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |ප්‍රංශ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත්වල උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |විදේශීය ප්‍රංශයේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශවල උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |උපතේදී ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය ඇති විදේශ රටවල උපත ලැබූ'''¹''' | align="center" |'''සංක්‍රමණිකයින්²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>පයිඩ්ස්-නොයර්ස් වැනි ප්‍රංශ දෙමව්පියන්ගෙන් සහ ප්‍රංශ විදේශිකයන්ගේ දරුවන්ගෙන් විදේශයන්හි උපන් පුද්ගලයින්.</small> ²<small>සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු යනු ප්‍රංශ අර්ථ දැක්වීමට අනුව විදේශ රටක උපත ලැබූ සහ උපතේදී ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය නොතිබූ පුද්ගලයෙකි. සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු ප්‍රංශයට ගිය දා සිට ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය ලබාගෙන ඇති නමුත් ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛනවල තවමත් සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇති බව සලකන්න. අනෙක් අතට, විදේශීය පුරවැසිභාවය ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ උපන් පුද්ගලයින් (සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දරුවන්) සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර නොමැත.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] The dominant religion of French Guiana is [[:en:Roman_Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]; the Maroons and some Amerindian peoples maintain their own religions. The Hmong people are also largely Catholic owing to the influence of missionaries who helped bring them to French Guiana. [[:en:Catholic_Church_in_French_Guiana|Guianan Catholics]] are part of the [[:en:Diocese_of_Cayenne|Diocese of Cayenne]]. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. සාරවත් බව === සාරවත් බව === The [[:en:Total_fertility_rate|total fertility rate]] in French Guiana has remained high and is today considerably higher than that of [[:en:Metropolitan_France|metropolitan France]], as well as most of the other [[:en:Overseas_department|French overseas departments]]. It is largely responsible for the rapid population growth of French Guiana. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |Total fertility rate ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |French Guiana | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |[[:en:Overseas_department|4 overseas departments^A]] | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |[[:en:Metropolitan_France|Metropolitan France]] | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A Data for the four overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Réunion, not including the new overseas department of Mayotte.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == ouzht9we7xwmt590w8t5jcbby9i3zsk 750708 750707 2025-06-24T10:45:15Z BuddhikaW88 37808 /* ආගම */ 750708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Carnaval_à_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnaval_%C3%A0_Kourou_Danseuses_en_rose.jpg|thumb|කුරෝ කානිවල්]] === ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය === කයියන් සහ සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි දණ්ඩන ජනපද පැවති සමයේදී (19 වන සියවස සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගය) ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව දිගු ජන විකාශන එකතැන පල්වීමකට මුහුණ දුන්නේය. 1900 සහ 1910 ගණන්වල කෙටි රන් රෂ් එකක් හැරුණු විට, දණ්ඩන ජනපද සමඟ ඇති සම්බන්ධය සහ නරක සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් (විශේෂයෙන් කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියාව) හේතුවෙන් එය නරක කීර්තියකින් පීඩා වින්දේය. සනීපාරක්ෂක තත්වයන් වැඩිදියුණු වීම (කහ උණ ​​සහ මැලේරියා තුරන් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර 1949 දී ආරම්භ විය) [1] සහ 1964 දී ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය පිහිටුවීමත් සමඟ 1950 ගණන්වල සිට ජනගහනය විශාල ලෙස වර්ධනය වීමට පටන් ගත්තේය. ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාත සහ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ විශාල පැමිණීම් (ප්‍රංශයේ අගනගරයේ සිට රාජ්‍ය පරිපාලනය සහ අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීම සඳහා මෙන්ම අසල්වැසි රටවලින්, විශේෂයෙන් සුරිනාම් සහ බ්‍රසීලයෙන්) ජනගහන වර්ධනයට හේතු වී ඇත. 1980 ගණන්වල සුරිනාම් අභ්‍යන්තර යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සරණාගතයින්ගේ පැමිණීම වාර්තාගත මට්ටම් කරා ළඟා වූ අතර,<ref name="immigration">{{cite web |title=Panorama de la population immigrée en Guyane |url=https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030510/https://www.blada.com/data/File/2012pdf/panoimmigr102012.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=2 February 2019 |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]}}</ref> එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ඉතිහාසයේ ඉහළම ජනගහන වර්ධන අනුපාතය 1982 සහ 1990 සංගණන අතර වාර්තා විය (වසරකට +5.8%). 21 වන සියවසේදී, උපත් අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර, සරණාගතභාවය සොයන සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ නව පැමිණීම් (විශේෂයෙන් හයිටියෙන් සහ මෑතකදී සිරියාවෙන් සහ ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයෙන්) 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගය වන තෙක් ජනගහන වර්ධනය වසරකට 2% ට වඩා වැඩි මට්ටමක පවත්වා ගෙන ගියේය. කෙසේ වෙතත්, 2010 ගණන්වල මැද භාගයේ සිට, අඩු ආර්ථික වර්ධනය සහ සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව, විශේෂයෙන් 2018 දී අවපාතයකට තුඩු දුන් 2017 දී සමාජ නොසන්සුන්තාව සහ පසුව COVID-19 අවපාතයේ බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් බොහෝ තරුණයින් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට යාමට පෙළඹී ඇත. 2025 ජනවාරි මාසයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය 292,354 දක්වා ළඟා වූ බව INSEE ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇති අතර එය 1954 දී ජනගහනය මෙන් 10 ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය, නමුත් 2010 ගණන්වල ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලද ජනගහන අනාවැකිවලට වඩා බෙහෙවින් අඩුය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන් 300,000 න් අඩක් වයස අවුරුදු 25 ට අඩු අය වන අතර එය ඉහළ උපත් අනුපාතයක් සහ සැලකිය යුතු සංක්‍රමණයක් යන දෙකෙහිම ප්‍රතිඵලයකි.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-25 |title=Macron returns to French Guiana for thorny talks on autonomy and illegal mining |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523031811/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240325-macron-returns-to-french-guiana-for-thorny-talks-on-autonomy-and-illegal-mining |archive-date=23 May 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=RFI |language=en}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛන ඒජන්සියක් වන Insee විසින් 2021 දී නිකුත් කරන ලද වාර්තාවකින් හෙළි වූයේ වයස අවුරුදු 21 සිට 29 දක්වා පුද්ගලයින්ගෙන් 37% ක් අධ්‍යාපනය හෝ රැකියා අවස්ථා සඳහා විදේශයන්හි කලාපය හැර යන බවයි.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossier complet − Département de la Guyane (973) {{!}} Insee |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210185450/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/2011101?geo=DEP-973 |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> ඒ අතරම, වයස අවුරුදු 15 ත් 29 ත් අතර තරුණයින්ගෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් පමණ රැකියා කරන්නේ හෝ පාසල් යන්නේ නැත, විශේෂයෙන් දුර්වල මාර්ග ප්‍රවේශයක් සහිත දුරස්ථ ප්‍රදේශවල.<ref name=":2" /> ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම සරු භාවය අනුපාතය (පුද්ගලයින් 1,000 කට උපත් 27.3 ක් සහ 2019 දී කාන්තාවකට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් දරුවන් 3.63 ක්) සහ සංක්‍රමණයට වන්දි ගෙවන ස්ථාවර සංක්‍රමණ හේතුවෙන්, දැනට 300,000 ක් පමණ වන ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වනු ඇතැයි පුරෝකථනය කර ඇත.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{Historical populations|1807|15483|1814|14463|1827|22416|1832|22531|1837|21221|1842|20365|1850|20100|1855|20198|1860|25687|1868|25151|1872|24171|1876|27082|1880|27333|1887|25796|1891|29650|1895|30310|1901|32908|1906|39117|1911|48810|1921|44202|1936|36975|1946|28506|1954.49863|27863|1961.77260274|33505|1967.791780822|44392|1974.791780822|55125|1982.18630137|73022|1990.202739726|114678|1999.183561644|157213|2006|205954|2011|237549|2016|269352|2022|288382|2025|292354|title=ඓතිහාසික ජනගහනය|percentages=pagr|align=none|cols=3|graph-pos=bottom|footnote=1946 දක්වා දේශීය ජනගහන ඇස්තමේන්තු සහ සංගණන.<ref>{{cite book |title=Recherches statistiques sur l'esclavage colonial et les moyens de le supprimer|author=Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|publisher=Imprimerie de Bourgogne et Martinet|date=1842|page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpRRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=32 |chapter=Chapitre 2 : Le système esclavagiste |chapter-url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33227909/f42.item.texteImage }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Histoire de la société guyanaise : les années cruciales, 1848–1946|author=Serge Mam-Lam-Fouck|publisher=Éditions Caribéennes|date=1987|page=167 |chapter=Chapitre 6 : Elite et masses populaires |isbn=9782402040815|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222 }}</ref> INSEE censuses between 1954 and 2021.<ref name=1954-1982>{{cite book |date=1983 |title=World Population 1983. Recent Demographic Estimates for the Countries and Regions of the World.|publisher=[[United States Department of Commerce|US Department of Commerce]], [[United States Census Bureau|Bureau of the Census]] |page=360 |chapter=French Guiana |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XA42PtWFuVAC&pg=PA360 }}</ref><ref name=pop /> අවසාන INSEE 2025 ඇස්තමේන්තුව.<ref name=pop />}} === ප්‍රධාන නාගරික ප්‍රදේශ සහ ජනාවාස === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ (INSEE විසින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති පරිදි) අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනක් ඇත. මේවා නම්, කොමියුන 6ක් (කේයින්, රෙමියර්-මොන්ට්ජොලි, මැටූරි, මැකූරියා, මොන්ට්සිනරි-ටොනෙග්‍රැන්ඩේ සහ රූරා) ආවරණය කරන කේයින්,<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/geographie/aire-attraction-des-villes-2020/9C1-cayenne Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Cayenne], INSEE</ref> නම් කරන ලද කොමියුනයෙන් සැදුම්ලත් සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි සහ කොමියුන 2ක් (කෞරෝ සහ සින්නමරි) ආවරණය කරන කෝරූ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Base des aires d'attraction des villes 2020 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130510/https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/4803954 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> 2021 සංගණනයේදී මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙහි ජනගහනය පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiques locales: Aire d'attraction des villes 2020, population municipale 2021 |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-401583,5301310,485465,267358&c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo=9C1&t=A01&view=map13 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |access-date=2024-09-24 |publisher=[[INSEE]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රදේශය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |කේයින් | style="text-align: center;" |151,103 |- |ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට්-ඩු-මරෝනි | style="text-align: center;" |50,250 |- |කුරූ | style="text-align: center;" |27,442 |} මෙම අගනගර ප්‍රදේශ තුනෙන් ඔබ්බට, අගනගර ප්‍රදේශයක් සෑදීමට ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් ජනාකීර්ණ නොවන වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ කොමියුන (මහ නගර සභා) 2021 සංගණනයේදී පහත පරිදි විය:<ref>{{cite web |author=INSEE |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2021 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=2024-09-24 |language=fr}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !කොමියුනය !ජනගහනය (2021) |- |මන | style="text-align: center;" |11,764 |- |අපටෝ | style="text-align: center;" |9,818 |- |මරිපසූලා | style="text-align: center;" |9,177 |- |ග්‍රෑන්ඩ්-සන්ටි | style="text-align: center;" |9,120 |- |පැපිච්ටන් | style="text-align: center;" |5,606 |- |ශාන්ත ජෝර්ජස් | style="text-align: center;" |4,505 |} === ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම් === [[File:Marché_de_cacao.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_cacao.jpg|thumb|කොකෝවා ගම්මානයේ හ්මොන්ග්හි නැවුම් වෙළඳපොළ]] [[File:Guyane_0037.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guyane_0037.jpg|thumb|ඇන්ටිකුමේ-පාටා හි වයනා ගම්මානයේ දෛනික ජීවිතය]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනය, ඔවුන්ගෙන් වැඩි දෙනෙක් වෙරළ තීරයේ ජීවත් වන අතර, සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස වාර්ගික වශයෙන් විවිධ වේ. 2019 සංගණනයේදී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වැසියන්ගෙන් 56.5% ක් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 8.9% ක් මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයේ උපත ලැබූ අතර, 2.8% ක් ප්‍රංශ කැරිබියානු දෙපාර්තමේන්තු සහ සාමූහිකත්වයන්හි (ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් ආදිය) උපත ලැබූ අතර, 31.5% ක් විදේශ රටවල (ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටි) උපත ලැබූහ.<ref name="immig_2">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Individus localisés à la région en 2019 – Recensement de la population – Fichiers détail |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210005632/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6456040?sommaire=6456104 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-09 |language=fr}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනවාර්ගික සංයුතියේ ප්‍රතිශතයන් ඇස්තමේන්තු කිරීම දුෂ්කර වන්නේ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයක් සිටීම නිසාය. අප්‍රිකානු සම්භවයක් ඇති පුද්ගලයින් විශාලතම ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම වන අතර, ඇස්තමේන්තු නිශ්චිත ප්‍රතිශතය අනුව වෙනස් වේ, විශාල හයිටි ප්‍රජාව ද ඇතුළත් වේද යන්න මත රඳා පවතී. සාමාන්‍යයෙන්, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (ක්‍රියෝල්වරුන්ගෙන් දළ වශයෙන් තුනෙන් එකක් ඇතුළත්) ඇතුළත් වුවහොත් ක්‍රියෝල් ජනගහනය මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 60-70% ක් පමණ වන අතර එසේ නොමැති නම් 30-50% ක් පමණ වේ. විවිධ කැරිබියානු දූපත් වලින්, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ ශාන්ත ලුසියා වලින් කුඩා කණ්ඩායම් ද සිටිති. ආසන්න වශයෙන් 41,000 ක් හෙවත් ජනගහනයෙන් 14% ක් යුරෝපීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති. මොවුන්ගෙන් අතිමහත් බහුතරය ප්‍රංශ සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වන අතර, ස්පාඤ්ඤ සහ පෘතුගීසි සම්භවයක් ඇති අය ද සිටිති. ප්‍රධාන ආසියානු ප්‍රජාවන් වන්නේ චීන ජාතිකයන් (3–4% ක් පමණ, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් චීනයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ ෂෙජියැං සහ ගුවැන්ඩොං වලින්) සහ ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් (1–2%) ය. ආසියාවේ අනෙකුත් කණ්ඩායම් අතර ඉන්දියානුවන්, ලෙබනන් සහ වියට්නාම ජාතිකයන් ඇතුළත් වේ. අභ්‍යන්තරයේ ජීවත් වන ප්‍රධාන කණ්ඩායම් අතර අප්‍රිකානු සහ ස්වදේශික සම්භවයක් ඇති මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වේ. පලාගිය අප්‍රිකානු වහලුන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ ජීවත් වෙති. ප්‍රධාන මැරූන් ජාතිකයන් වන්නේ සරමාකා, අවුකන් (දෙදෙනාම සුරිනාම් හි ද ජීවත් වෙති) සහ බොනි (අලුකු) ය. ප්‍රධාන ආදිවාසී කණ්ඩායම් (ජනගහනයෙන් 3–4% ක් පමණ වන) වන්නේ අරවාක්, කැරිබ්, ටෙකෝ (කලින් එමරිලන් ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), කලිනා (කලින් ගලිබි ලෙස හැඳින්විණි), පලිකුර්, වයම්පි සහ වයනා ය. 1990 දශකයේ අග භාගය වන විට, වයම්පි හි සම්බන්ධ නොවූ කණ්ඩායමක් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබුණි. === සංක්‍රමණ === {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="720" style="border: 2px solid #999" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ පදිංචිකරුවන්ගේ උපන් ස්ථානය (1990, 1999, 2008, 2013 සහ 2019 සංගණනවලදී) | align="center" |සංගණනය | align="center" |ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |ප්‍රංශයේ මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් හි උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |ප්‍රංශ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව් දූපත්වල උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |විදේශීය ප්‍රංශයේ ඉතිරි ප්‍රදේශවල උපත ලැබූ | align="center" |උපතේදී ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය ඇති විදේශ රටවල උපත ලැබූ'''¹''' | align="center" |'''සංක්‍රමණිකයින්²''' |- | align="center" |2019 | align="center" |56.5% | align="center" |8.9% | align="center" |2.8% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.0% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |2013 | align="center" |57.0% | align="center" |9.4% | align="center" |2.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.2% | align="center" |29.2% |- | align="center" |2008 | align="center" |55.4% | align="center" |9.6% | align="center" |3.0% | align="center" |0.2% | align="center" |1.3% | align="center" |30.5% |- | align="center" |1999 | align="center" |54.4% | align="center" |11.8% | align="center" |4.9% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |2.0% | align="center" |26.6% |- | align="center" |1990 | align="center" |50.5% | align="center" |11.7% | align="center" |5.2% | align="center" |0.3% | align="center" |1.9% | align="center" |30.4% |- | colspan="7" align="left" |¹<small>පයිඩ්ස්-නොයර්ස් වැනි ප්‍රංශ දෙමව්පියන්ගෙන් සහ ප්‍රංශ විදේශිකයන්ගේ දරුවන්ගෙන් විදේශයන්හි උපන් පුද්ගලයින්.</small> ²<small>සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු යනු ප්‍රංශ අර්ථ දැක්වීමට අනුව විදේශ රටක උපත ලැබූ සහ උපතේදී ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය නොතිබූ පුද්ගලයෙකි. සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු ප්‍රංශයට ගිය දා සිට ප්‍රංශ පුරවැසිභාවය ලබාගෙන ඇති නමුත් ප්‍රංශ සංඛ්‍යාලේඛනවල තවමත් සංක්‍රමණිකයෙකු ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇති බව සලකන්න. අනෙක් අතට, විදේශීය පුරවැසිභාවය ඇති ප්‍රංශයේ උපන් පුද්ගලයින් (සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගේ දරුවන්) සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ලෙස ලැයිස්තුගත කර නොමැත.</small> |- | colspan="7" align="center" |Source: [[:en:Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_études_économiques|INSEE]]<ref name="immig_1">{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]] |title=Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968–2018 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204104939/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6023301?sommaire=2414232 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-11 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="immig_2" /> |} ජනගහනයෙන් තුනෙන් එකකට වඩා සහ වැඩිහිටියන්ගෙන් අඩක් පමණ විදේශීය සම්භවයක් ඇති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ උපත ලැබූ දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් හත් දෙනෙක්ම පරම්පරා එකක් හෝ දෙකක් තුළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන්ගෙන් පැවත එන්නන් වූහ.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් 12% ක් පමණ ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියෙන් පැමිණි ප්‍රංශ ජාතිකයන් ය. ජනගහනයෙන් 37% ක් විදේශිකයන් වන අතර, ඔවුන්ගෙන් අඩක් වැඩිහිටියන් වන අතර එය ජාතික සාමාන්‍යයට වඩා බෙහෙවින් වැඩි ය. සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන් විශාලතම විදේශීය කණ්ඩායම (පුද්ගලයින් 8 දෙනෙකුගෙන් 1 දෙනෙකු), පසුව හයිටි ජාතිකයන් (9.3%) සහ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් (9.2%) වේ.<ref name=":3" /> අනෙකුත් සංක්‍රමණික කණ්ඩායම් අතරට ගයනා (6%), ශාන්ත ලුසියා (3%), චීනය (3%) සහ ලාඕසය (2%) යන රටවලින් පැමිණි අය ඇතුළත් වේ. මෙම ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ලේඛනගත කර නොමැත: බ්‍රසීල ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 52% ක්, සුරිනාමි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 49% ක් සහ හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් 23% ක්, මුළු ජනගහනයෙන් 15–18% ක් නීතිමය තත්ත්වය නොමැති අය වෙති.<ref name=":3" /> 1634 සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව හැඩගස්වා ඇති අතර, වහල් වෙළඳාම, දණ්ඩන ජනපදය සහ රන් රශ්මිය කැරිබියන්, චීනය සහ ලෙබනනය යන රටවලින් මිනිසුන් ආකර්ෂණය කර ගෙන ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 1902 මොන්ටැග්නේ පෙලී පිපිරීම මාර්ටිනික් සිට සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ගෙන ආවේය. කුරෝ හි ගයනා අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය නිර්මාණය කිරීම විශේෂයෙන් බ්‍රසීලයෙන් සංක්‍රමණ තවදුරටත් වේගවත් කළේය. 1982-1990 සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර සුරිනාම් සංක්‍රමණය ඉහළ ගිය අතර, ඩුවාලියර් පාලන සමයේදී හයිටි පැමිණීම් වර්ධනය වූ අතර 1990 ගණන්වල පවුල් නැවත එක්වීම හරහා වැඩි විය. 1977 දී, කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනයට සහාය වීම සඳහා ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් සරණාගතයින් පැමිණියේය.<ref name=":3" /> 2000 දශකයේ මැද භාගය වන තෙක්, බොහෝ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් සුරිනාම්, බ්‍රසීලය සහ හයිටියෙන් පැමිණි අයයි. අද වන විට, සම්භවය වඩාත් විවිධාකාර වේ, ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව කතා කරන රටවල් (උදා: කොලොම්බියාව, වෙනිසියුලාව, පේරු, කියුබාව සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය) සහ මැද පෙරදිග (විශේෂයෙන් සිරියානුවන් සහ පලස්තීනුවන්) ඇතුළුව. මෙම මාරුව රාජ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය ආධාර (AME) සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලබන ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ සංඛ්‍යාව ඉහළ යාමට හේතු වී ඇති අතර, එය 2015 දී 17,000 සිට 2019 දී 33,000 දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් ඇත.<ref name=":3" /> 2005 සහ 2014 අතර, සරණාගතයින් 7,934 ක් (බාලවයස්කරුවන් හැර) වාර්තා විය. පසුව අයදුම්පත් ඉහළ ගිය අතර, 2020 දී එය 2,765 ක් වූ අතර, බොහෝ දුරට හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (63.6%), පසුව සිරියානුවන්/පලස්තීන ජාතිකයන්ගෙන් (16.9%), කියුබානුවන් (9.9%) සහ ඩොමිනිකන්වරුන් (3.8%). කෙසේ වෙතත්, මෙම ඉල්ලීම්වලින් 95% කට වඩා, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හයිටි ජාතිකයන්ගෙන්, ප්‍රතික්ෂේප කරන ලදී.<ref name=":3" /> සමහරුන්ට, ප්‍රංශ භූමියක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව තත්ත්වය යුරෝපයට "දොරටුවක්" බවට පත් කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-30 |title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure |url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure |archive-date=28 December 2021 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=InfoMigrants |language=en}}</ref> බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ජනාකීර්ණ සරණාගත කඳවුරුවල ජීවත් වන්නේ දුර්වල තත්වයන් සහ මූලද්‍රව්‍යවලින් අඩු ආරක්ෂාවක් සහිතවය. පළාත් පාලන ආයතන හෝ ප්‍රංශ රජය තත්වයට උදව් කිරීමට සැලකිය යුතු උත්සාහයක් ගෙන නොමැත.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://syriadirect.org/the-unexpected-journey-of-syrian-refugees-in-french-guiana/|title=The unexpected journey of Syrian refugees in French Guiana|last=Medina|first=Alicia|date=12 November 2020|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|title=French Guiana: A new migrant gateway to France buckles under pressure|last=Oberti|first=Charlotte|date=30 October 2020|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180939/https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/28188/french-guiana-a-new-migrant-gateway-to-france-buckles-under-pressure|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|title=In a French outpost in South America, no secret EU gateway for fleeing Cubans|last=Thebia|first=Boris|date=3 February 2021|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228180935/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/photo-feature/2021/2/3/french-guiana-cuba-migrants-EU-asylum-life-in-limbo|archive-date=28 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> === ආගම === [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9dralestsauveur.jpg|thumb|කේයින් ආසන දෙව්මැදුර. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බොහෝ වැසියන් කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.]] ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ප්‍රමුඛ ආගම රෝමානු කතෝලික ධර්මයයි; මැරූන්වරු සහ සමහර ඇමරින්ඩියන් ජනයා තමන්ගේම ආගම් පවත්වාගෙන යති. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවට ඔවුන් ගෙන ඒමට උදව් කළ මිෂනාරිවරුන්ගේ බලපෑම හේතුවෙන් හ්මොං ජනයා ද බොහෝ දුරට කතෝලිකයෝ වෙති.<ref>{{cite book |author=Palmerlee, Danny |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUwp50DR9EC&pg=PA746 |title=South America |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74104-443-0}}</ref> ගුවානියානු කතෝලිකයන් කේයින් රදගුරු පදවියේ කොටසකි. === සාරවත් බව === ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ මුළු සශ්‍රීකත්ව අනුපාතය ඉහළ මට්ටමක පවතින අතර අද වන විට එය මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශයට මෙන්ම අනෙකුත් බොහෝ ප්‍රංශ විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු වලට වඩා සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස ඉහළ ය. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ වේගවත් ජනගහන වර්ධනයට එය බොහෝ දුරට වගකිව යුතුය. {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 0.9em; width:50%" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" |මුළු සරු භාවය අනුපාතය ! !&nbsp;1999&nbsp; !&nbsp;2000&nbsp; !&nbsp;2001&nbsp; !&nbsp;2002&nbsp; !&nbsp;2003&nbsp; !&nbsp;2004&nbsp; !&nbsp;2005&nbsp; !&nbsp;2006&nbsp; !&nbsp;2007&nbsp; !&nbsp;2008&nbsp; !&nbsp;2009&nbsp; !&nbsp;2010&nbsp; !&nbsp;2011&nbsp; !&nbsp;2012&nbsp; !&nbsp;2013&nbsp; !&nbsp;2014&nbsp; !&nbsp;2015&nbsp; !&nbsp;2016&nbsp; !&nbsp;2017&nbsp; !&nbsp;2018&nbsp; |- | align="center" |ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව | align="center" |3.87 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.77 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.79 | align="center" |3.80 | align="center" |3.73 | align="center" |3.57 | align="center" |3.49 | align="center" |3.37 | align="center" |3.42 | align="center" |3.60 | align="center" |3.47 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.44 | align="center" |3.61 | align="center" |3.93 | align="center" |3.82 |- | align="center" |විදේශ දෙපාර්තමේන්තු 4^A | align="center" |2.32 | align="center" |2.45 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.35 | align="center" |2.38 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.46 | align="center" |2.42 | align="center" |2.39 | align="center" |2.40 | align="center" |2.48 | align="center" |2.44 | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A | align="center" |N/A |- | align="center" |මෙට්‍රොපොලිටන් ප්‍රංශය | align="center" |1.79 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.88 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.87 | align="center" |1.90 | align="center" |1.92 | align="center" |1.98 | align="center" |1.96 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |2.02 | align="center" |2.00 | align="center" |1.99 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.97 | align="center" |1.93 | align="center" |1.89 | align="center" |1.86 | align="center" |1.84 |- | colspan="21" align="center" |<small>Source: INSEE<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)|INSEE]] |title=P3D – Indicateurs généraux de la population par département et région – Séries depuis 1990 |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623041331/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/4503161/p3d.xlsx |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 June 2020 |language=fr}}</ref></small> <small>^A ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, මාටිනික්, ග්වාඩලූප් සහ රියුනියන් යන විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තු හතර සඳහා දත්ත, මයෝට් හි නව විදේශීය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව ඇතුළත් නොවේ.</small> |} == යොමු කිරීම් == gvi8j30qgb03wc6iwpdafgbokl00epk 1 182396 750710 2025-06-24T10:56:27Z 2402:4000:2140:5D09:F87C:7403:2C19:49A0 /* sinhala */ නව ඡේදය 750710 wikitext text/x-wiki == sinhala == unna [[විශේෂ:දායකත්ව/2402:4000:2140:5D09:F87C:7403:2C19:49A0|2402:4000:2140:5D09:F87C:7403:2C19:49A0]] 10:56, 24 ජූනි 2025 (යූටීසී) q7546l8i18h6ivqsc3a60e0y6reu614 0 182397 750711 2025-06-24T10:59:35Z BuddhikaW88 37808 ' == Languages == The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202504...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750711 wikitext text/x-wiki == Languages == The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> Regional languages include [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]] (not to be confused with [[:en:Guyanese_Creole|Guyanese Creole]]), six [[:en:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas|Amerindian languages]] ([[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawak]], [[:en:Palikur_language|Palijur]], [[:en:Carib_language|Kali'na]], [[:en:Wayana_language|Wayana]], [[:en:Wayampi_language|Wayampi]], [[:en:Emerillon_language|Emerillon]]), four [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroon]] creole languages ([[:en:Saramaka_language|Saramaka]], [[:en:Paramaccan_language|Paramaccan]], [[:en:Aluku_language|Aluku]], [[:en:Ndyuka_language|Ndyuka]]), as well as [[:en:Hmong_Njua|Hmong Njua]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> Guianese Creole (Kreol Gwiyanè), a French-based creole is spoken by about 50,000 people in French Guiana in 2006 and 3,000 in Brazil, where it is known as Patwua, Crioulo, or Caripuna.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> It serves as a lingua franca for diverse communities, including Amerindians, Maroons, Chinese, Brazilians, and Haitians, especially in coastal and Lower Oyapock regions. Dialects vary slightly between the western (Saint-Laurent) and eastern areas. However, in western French Guiana, Maroon languages like Sranan Tongo have become more dominant.<ref name=":9" /> Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers<ref name=":9" /> * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> A significant portion of French Guiana’s population speaks French-based Creole languages.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, around 7,000 Antillean Creole speakers, originally from Guadeloupe and Martinique, reside in coastal regions near major cities.<ref name=":9" /> This Creole variety boasts a rich literary tradition, with works in both Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. Additionally, approximately 30,000 Haitians in 2006, primarily living in Cayenne’s neighborhoods, speak Haitian Creole.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, Portuguese was spoken by around 15,000 Brazilians in French Guiana, though estimates suggest the number of speakers could be as high as 30,000.<ref name=":9" /> Since 2002, Spanish has become more common due to a growing population of South American immigrants, particularly from Peru and the Dominican Republic. Among Asian languages, in 2006 numbers, Chinese is spoken by approximately 3,000 people in French Guiana and 6,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> This community, originally from southeastern and eastern China, settled in both urban and rural areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=":9" /> Lao is spoken by about 150 to 200 individuals, mainly in the commune of Roura and in Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> The Hmong community, originally from Laos, also uses the Lao language. Other Asian languages spoken in the region include Javanese and Vietnamese.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == ei70ya4rmju71manhu5kl8ua979f7j8 750712 750711 2025-06-24T10:59:49Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750712 wikitext text/x-wiki The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> Regional languages include [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]] (not to be confused with [[:en:Guyanese_Creole|Guyanese Creole]]), six [[:en:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas|Amerindian languages]] ([[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawak]], [[:en:Palikur_language|Palijur]], [[:en:Carib_language|Kali'na]], [[:en:Wayana_language|Wayana]], [[:en:Wayampi_language|Wayampi]], [[:en:Emerillon_language|Emerillon]]), four [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroon]] creole languages ([[:en:Saramaka_language|Saramaka]], [[:en:Paramaccan_language|Paramaccan]], [[:en:Aluku_language|Aluku]], [[:en:Ndyuka_language|Ndyuka]]), as well as [[:en:Hmong_Njua|Hmong Njua]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> Guianese Creole (Kreol Gwiyanè), a French-based creole is spoken by about 50,000 people in French Guiana in 2006 and 3,000 in Brazil, where it is known as Patwua, Crioulo, or Caripuna.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> It serves as a lingua franca for diverse communities, including Amerindians, Maroons, Chinese, Brazilians, and Haitians, especially in coastal and Lower Oyapock regions. Dialects vary slightly between the western (Saint-Laurent) and eastern areas. However, in western French Guiana, Maroon languages like Sranan Tongo have become more dominant.<ref name=":9" /> Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers<ref name=":9" /> * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> A significant portion of French Guiana’s population speaks French-based Creole languages.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, around 7,000 Antillean Creole speakers, originally from Guadeloupe and Martinique, reside in coastal regions near major cities.<ref name=":9" /> This Creole variety boasts a rich literary tradition, with works in both Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. Additionally, approximately 30,000 Haitians in 2006, primarily living in Cayenne’s neighborhoods, speak Haitian Creole.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, Portuguese was spoken by around 15,000 Brazilians in French Guiana, though estimates suggest the number of speakers could be as high as 30,000.<ref name=":9" /> Since 2002, Spanish has become more common due to a growing population of South American immigrants, particularly from Peru and the Dominican Republic. Among Asian languages, in 2006 numbers, Chinese is spoken by approximately 3,000 people in French Guiana and 6,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> This community, originally from southeastern and eastern China, settled in both urban and rural areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=":9" /> Lao is spoken by about 150 to 200 individuals, mainly in the commune of Roura and in Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> The Hmong community, originally from Laos, also uses the Lao language. Other Asian languages spoken in the region include Javanese and Vietnamese.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == rpv2lfxecab8mp1q5hnxd8frrnvavux 750713 750712 2025-06-24T11:01:00Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750713 wikitext text/x-wiki The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> Regional languages include [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]] (not to be confused with [[:en:Guyanese_Creole|Guyanese Creole]]), six [[:en:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas|Amerindian languages]] ([[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawak]], [[:en:Palikur_language|Palijur]], [[:en:Carib_language|Kali'na]], [[:en:Wayana_language|Wayana]], [[:en:Wayampi_language|Wayampi]], [[:en:Emerillon_language|Emerillon]]), four [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroon]] creole languages ([[:en:Saramaka_language|Saramaka]], [[:en:Paramaccan_language|Paramaccan]], [[:en:Aluku_language|Aluku]], [[:en:Ndyuka_language|Ndyuka]]), as well as [[:en:Hmong_Njua|Hmong Njua]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> Guianese Creole (Kreol Gwiyanè), a French-based creole is spoken by about 50,000 people in French Guiana in 2006 and 3,000 in Brazil, where it is known as Patwua, Crioulo, or Caripuna.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> It serves as a lingua franca for diverse communities, including Amerindians, Maroons, Chinese, Brazilians, and Haitians, especially in coastal and Lower Oyapock regions. Dialects vary slightly between the western (Saint-Laurent) and eastern areas. However, in western French Guiana, Maroon languages like Sranan Tongo have become more dominant.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි. [1] කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ. [2] ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. [3] එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.[3] Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.[3] අලුකු (බෝනි): ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.[3] පරමක්කන් (පැමකා): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.[3] න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.[3] සරමක්කන් (සමකා): ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.[3] '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers<ref name=":9" /> * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ): කථිකයන් ~600 ක් පලිකුර්: කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්[3] කැරිබන් පවුල: ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල: එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.[3] A significant portion of French Guiana’s population speaks French-based Creole languages.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, around 7,000 Antillean Creole speakers, originally from Guadeloupe and Martinique, reside in coastal regions near major cities.<ref name=":9" /> This Creole variety boasts a rich literary tradition, with works in both Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. Additionally, approximately 30,000 Haitians in 2006, primarily living in Cayenne’s neighborhoods, speak Haitian Creole.<ref name=":9" /> In 2006, Portuguese was spoken by around 15,000 Brazilians in French Guiana, though estimates suggest the number of speakers could be as high as 30,000.<ref name=":9" /> Since 2002, Spanish has become more common due to a growing population of South American immigrants, particularly from Peru and the Dominican Republic. Among Asian languages, in 2006 numbers, Chinese is spoken by approximately 3,000 people in French Guiana and 6,000 in Suriname.<ref name=":9" /> This community, originally from southeastern and eastern China, settled in both urban and rural areas during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref name=":9" /> Lao is spoken by about 150 to 200 individuals, mainly in the commune of Roura and in Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> The Hmong community, originally from Laos, also uses the Lao language. Other Asian languages spoken in the region include Javanese and Vietnamese.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.[3] 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.[3] මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.[3] 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.[3] 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.[3] ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.[3] ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.[3] මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.[3] == යොමු කිරීම් == efmix67f8c8kax9j8rhutaz53q1hi1y 750714 750713 2025-06-24T11:02:34Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750714 wikitext text/x-wiki The official language of French Guiana is French, and it is the predominant language of the department, spoken by most residents as a first or second language. Regional languages include [[:en:French_Guianese_Creole|French Guianese Creole]] (not to be confused with [[:en:Guyanese_Creole|Guyanese Creole]]), six [[:en:Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas|Amerindian languages]] ([[:en:Arawakan_languages|Arawak]], [[:en:Palikur_language|Palijur]], [[:en:Carib_language|Kali'na]], [[:en:Wayana_language|Wayana]], [[:en:Wayampi_language|Wayampi]], [[:en:Emerillon_language|Emerillon]]), four [[:en:Maroon_(people)|Maroon]] creole languages ([[:en:Saramaka_language|Saramaka]], [[:en:Paramaccan_language|Paramaccan]], [[:en:Aluku_language|Aluku]], [[:en:Ndyuka_language|Ndyuka]]), as well as [[:en:Hmong_Njua|Hmong Njua]]. Guianese Creole (Kreol Gwiyanè), a French-based creole is spoken by about 50,000 people in French Guiana in 2006 and 3,000 in Brazil, where it is known as Patwua, Crioulo, or Caripuna.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> It serves as a lingua franca for diverse communities, including Amerindians, Maroons, Chinese, Brazilians, and Haitians, especially in coastal and Lower Oyapock regions. Dialects vary slightly between the western (Saint-Laurent) and eastern areas. However, in western French Guiana, Maroon languages like Sranan Tongo have become more dominant. ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.<ref name=":9" /> එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.<ref name=":9" /> Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland. * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname. ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.<ref name=":9" /> අලුකු (බෝනි): ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> පරමක්කන් (පැමකා): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name=":9" /> න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name=":9" /> සරමක්කන් (සමකා): ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ): කථිකයන් ~600 ක් පලිකුර්: කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්<ref name=":9" /> කැරිබන් පවුල: ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල: එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.<ref name=":9" /> 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.'''<ref name=":9" />''' 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.<ref name=":9" /> 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 657issnfh99ba6pm0wh6vp32rmmm50q 750715 750714 2025-06-24T11:02:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750715 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.<ref name=":9" /> Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland. * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname. ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.<ref name=":9" /> අලුකු (බෝනි): ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> පරමක්කන් (පැමකා): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name=":9" /> න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි): ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name=":9" /> සරමක්කන් (සමකා): ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ): කථිකයන් ~600 ක් පලිකුර්: කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්<ref name=":9" /> කැරිබන් පවුල: ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල: එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.<ref name=":9" /> 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.'''<ref name=":9" />''' 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.<ref name=":9" /> 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == a4sua86u7dc61m41sapnnjja8tuxqmu 750716 750715 2025-06-24T11:03:36Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750716 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.<ref name=":9" /> Maroon languages are spoken mainly along the French Guiana–Suriname border. On the coast, there are about 29,800 Maroon language speakers, with 7,400 more inland. * '''Aluku (Boni):''' 5,900 speakers, mainly along the Middle Maroni River and in cities like Cayenne and Kourou.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Paramaccan (Pamaka):''' 2,800 speakers in both French Guiana and Suriname, living near the Maroni River.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Ndyuka (Aukan, Okanisi):''' 14,000 speakers in French Guiana, 32,000 in Suriname; spoken by multiple Maroon groups.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Saramaccan (Samaka):''' The most distinct Maroon language, with strong Portuguese influence; 14,500 speakers in French Guiana and 32,000 in Suriname. ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''අලුකු (බෝනි):''' ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> * '''පරමක්කන් (පැමකා):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name=":9" /> * '''සරමක්කන් (සමකා)''': ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: * '''අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ):''' කථිකයන් ~600 ක් * '''පලිකුර්:''' කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්<ref name=":9" /> * '''කැරිබන් පවුල:''' ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් * '''ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල:''' එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.<ref name=":9" /> 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.'''<ref name=":9" />''' 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.<ref name=":9" /> 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == tr8nach84tmesssvraxuclmo7lzyvl6 750717 750716 2025-06-24T11:04:14Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750717 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''අලුකු (බෝනි):''' ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> * '''පරමක්කන් (පැමකා):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name=":9" /> * '''සරමක්කන් (සමකා)''': ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> '''Amerindian Languages:''' * '''Arawak (Lokono):''' ~600 speakers * '''Palikur:''' ~1,100 speakers * '''Cariban family:''' 30 Apalai, 2,700 Kali'na, and 800 Wayana speakers * '''Tupi-Guarani family:''' 400 Emerillon (Teko) and 1,270 Wayampi speakers, mostly in Trois Sauts and Camopi.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: * '''අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ):''' කථිකයන් ~600 ක් * '''පලිකුර්:''' කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්<ref name=":9" /> * '''කැරිබන් පවුල:''' ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් * '''ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල:''' එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.<ref name=":9" /> 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.'''<ref name=":9" />''' 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.<ref name=":9" /> 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 6nfx69cjzr7oxi2tliuq77n24jvwz6z 750718 750717 2025-06-24T11:04:47Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750718 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ නිල භාෂාව ප්‍රංශ වන අතර, එය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රමුඛ භාෂාව වන අතර, බොහෝ පදිංචිකරුවන් පළමු හෝ දෙවන භාෂාවක් ලෙස කතා කරයි.<ref>{{Cite web |title=French Guiana Languages, Literacy, Maps, Endangered Languages, Population, Official Use (GF) {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422122736/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/GF/ |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> කලාපීය භාෂාවන්ට ප්‍රංශ ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් සමඟ පටලවා නොගත යුතුය), ඇමරින්ඩියානු භාෂා හයක් (අරාවක්, පලිජුර්, කලීනා, වයනා, වයම්පි, එමරිලන්), මැරූන් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා හතරක් (සරමකා, පරාමක්කන්, අළුකු, න්ඩියුකා) මෙන්ම හ්මොන්ග් න්ජුවා ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Ethnologue report for French Guiana |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016051240/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=GF |archive-date=16 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2009 |work=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=16th}}</ref> ප්‍රංශ පදනම් කරගත් ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාවක් වන ගයනියානු ක්‍රෙයෝල් (ක්‍රියෝල් ග්වියානේ), 2006 දී ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ 50,000 ක් පමණ සහ බ්‍රසීලයේ 3,000 ක් පමණ කතා කරයි, එහිදී එය පැට්වා, ක්‍රියෝලෝ හෝ කැරිපුනා ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=French Guiana - an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/french-guiana#chapters-articles |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> එය ඇමරින්ඩියානුවන්, මැරූන්වරුන්, චීන, බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් සහ හයිටියන්වරුන් ඇතුළු විවිධ ප්‍රජාවන් සඳහා, විශේෂයෙන් වෙරළබඩ සහ පහළ ඔයපොක් ප්‍රදේශවල, භාෂා ප්‍රංශයක් ලෙස සේවය කරයි. බටහිර (සෙන්ට්-ලෝරන්ට්) සහ නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ අතර උපභාෂා තරමක් වෙනස් වේ. කෙසේ වෙතත්, බටහිර ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ, ස්රානන් ටොන්ගෝ වැනි මෙරූන් භාෂා වඩාත් ප්‍රමුඛ වී ඇත.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයන-සුරිනාම් දේශසීමාව දිගේ මෙරූන් භාෂා ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කතා කෙරේ. වෙරළ තීරයේ, මෙරූන් භාෂා කතා කරන්නන් 29,800 ක් පමණ සිටින අතර, තවත් 7,400 ක් රට අභ්‍යන්තරයේ සිටිති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''අලුකු (බෝනි):''' ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් මැද මැරෝනි ගඟ දිගේ සහ කේයින් සහ කුරෝ වැනි නගරවල කථිකයන් 5,900 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> * '''පරමක්කන් (පැමකා):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ සහ සුරිනාම් යන දෙකෙහිම කථිකයන් 2,800 ක්, මැරෝනි ගඟ අසල ජීවත් වෙති.<ref name=":9" /> * '''න්ඩියුකා (අවුකන්, ඔකානිසි):''' ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,000 ක්, සුරිනාම්හි 32,000 ක්; මෙරූන් කණ්ඩායම් කිහිපයක් විසින් කතා කරනු ලැබේ.<ref name=":9" /> * '''සරමක්කන් (සමකා)''': ශක්තිමත් පෘතුගීසි බලපෑම සහිත වඩාත් සුවිශේෂී මෙරූන් භාෂාව; ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ කථිකයන් 14,500 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 32,000 ක්.<ref name=":9" /> ඇමරින්දියානු භාෂා: * '''අරාවක් (ලොකොනෝ):''' කථිකයන් ~600 ක් * '''පලිකුර්:''' කථිකයන් ~1,100 ක්<ref name=":9" /> * '''කැරිබන් පවුල:''' ඇපලයි 30 ක්, කලීනා 2,700 ක් සහ වයනා කථිකයන් 800 ක් * '''ටුපි-ගුවාරානි පවුල:''' එමරිලන් (ටෙකෝ) 400 ක් සහ වයම්පි කථිකයන් 1,270 ක්, බොහෝ දුරට ට්‍රොයිස් සෝට්ස් සහ කැමෝපි හි.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ජනගහනයෙන් සැලකිය යුතු කොටසක් ප්‍රංශ පාදක ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂා කතා කරයි.<ref name=":9" /> 2006 දී, ඇන්ටිලියන් ක්‍රියෝල් කථිකයන් 7,000 ක් පමණ, මුලින් ග්වාඩලූප් සහ මාටිනික් වලින් පැමිණි, ප්‍රධාන නගර අසල වෙරළබඩ ප්‍රදේශවල වාසය කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මෙම ක්‍රියෝල් ප්‍රභේදය පොහොසත් සාහිත්‍ය සම්ප්‍රදායක් ගැන පුරසාරම් දොඩයි, ග්වාඩලූපියන් සහ මාටිනිකන් ක්‍රියෝල් යන දෙකෙහිම කෘති ඇත. මීට අමතරව, 2006 දී, ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් කේයින්ගේ අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශවල ජීවත් වන, හයිටි ජාතිකයන් 30,000 ක් පමණ හයිටි ක්‍රියෝල් භාෂාව කතා කරති.'''<ref name=":9" />''' 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ බ්‍රසීලියානුවන් 15,000 ක් පමණ පෘතුගීසි භාෂාව කතා කළ නමුත්, ඇස්තමේන්තු වලට අනුව, කථිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව 30,000 ක් තරම් ඉහළ විය හැකිය.<ref name=":9" /> 2002 සිට, දකුණු ඇමරිකානු සංක්‍රමණිකයින්ගේ, විශේෂයෙන් පේරු සහ ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජයේ සිට වැඩිවන ජනගහනය හේතුවෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ භාෂාව වඩාත් සුලභ වී ඇත. ආසියානු භාෂා අතර, 2006 දී, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාවේ ආසන්න වශයෙන් 3,000 ක් සහ සුරිනාම් හි 6,000 ක් පමණ චීන භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> ගිනිකොනදිග සහ නැගෙනහිර චීනයේ සිට පැමිණි මෙම ප්‍රජාව, 19 වන සියවසේ අගභාගයේ සහ 20 වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේදී නාගරික සහ ග්‍රාමීය ප්‍රදේශ දෙකෙහිම පදිංචි විය.<ref name=":9" /> ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රූරා සහ කුරෝ හි කොමියුනයේ පුද්ගලයින් 150 ත් 200 ත් අතර සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලාඕ භාෂාව කතා කරති.<ref name=":9" /> මුලින් ලාඕසයෙන් පැමිණි හ්මොන්ග් ප්‍රජාව, ලාඕ භාෂාව ද භාවිතා කරයි. මෙම කලාපයේ කතා කරන අනෙකුත් ආසියානු භාෂා අතර ජාවානි සහ වියට්නාම ඇතුළත් වේ.<ref name=":9" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 1vc99kupu3bwhanmzsfj5wdlo9dq9s2 0 182398 750719 2025-06-24T11:05:44Z BuddhikaW88 37808 'French Guiana, as an overseas territory of France, benefits from a comprehensive and modern [[:en:Health_care_in_France|universal healthcare]] system, with the highest per capita health spending in Latin America (double that of Chile) despite having a much younger median age of 22.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=F...' යොදමින් නව පිටුවක් තනන ලදි 750719 wikitext text/x-wiki French Guiana, as an overseas territory of France, benefits from a comprehensive and modern [[:en:Health_care_in_France|universal healthcare]] system, with the highest per capita health spending in Latin America (double that of Chile) despite having a much younger median age of 22.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''Major Hospitals''' * [[:en:Andrée-Rosemon_Hospital|Andrée-Rosemon Hospital]], [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]]<ref name="ch-cayenne.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier Cayenne Andrée Roseman |url=http://www.ch-cayenne.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515005551/http://ch-cayenne.fr/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Cayenne |language=fr}}</ref> (full service hospital)<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Information on French Guyana |url=https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123134355/https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2025 |website=US Embassy |accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> '''Regional Health Care''' * Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, [[:en:Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock|Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock]]<ref name="list_guyane2">{{cite web |title=Centres hospitaliers - Guyane Française (973) |url=https://www.sanitaire-social.com/annuaire/centres-hospitaliers/guyane-francaise-973 |access-date=10 May 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> * Centre Hospitalier de Kourou, [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]]<ref name="ch-kourou.fr">{{Cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de Kourou : établissement hospitalier de la Guyane |url=https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416091643/https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Kourou |language=fr}}</ref> * Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni<ref name="gcsguyasis.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais |url=https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213940/https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=GCS Guyasis |language=fr}}</ref> * Private Hospital Saint-Paul, Cayenne<ref name="Hôpital privé Saint Paul">{{cite web |title=Hôpital privé Saint Paul |url=http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515210042/http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Hopital-Prive-Saint-Paul |language=fr}}</ref> Remote interior villages, largely home to Maroon and Amerindian communities and only reachable by air or river, also host around 10,000 to 15,000 undocumented Brazilian gold miners working under harsh conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Healthcare in these areas is free and accessible to everyone, including undocumented migrants, through a network of 17 centers staffed by professionals trained in mainland France. The region reflects a complex interplay of migration, inequality, and public services, where both chronic and infectious diseases remain major health challenges.<ref name=":3" /> The [[:en:French_Development_Agency|Agence Française de Développement]] (AFD) and the Hospital Center of Western Guiana (HCWG) have partnered to enhance cross-border healthcare between French Guiana and Suriname.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Between French Guiana and Suriname, Healthcare Has No Borders |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114043749/https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> This collaboration includes the opening of two new hospitals, one in Saint-Laurent du Maroni and another in Albina.<ref name=":4" /> The agreement is aimed at providing essential medical services for residents on both sides of the border, permitting cross-border patient transfers and enabling Surinamese residents to receive treatments like dialysis and chemotherapy closer to home, thereby reducing the need for long journeys to Paramaribo.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, a dedicated team, including coordinators, a social worker, and an interpreter, has been established to facilitate these cross-border healthcare services.<ref name=":4" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 8m33ih9e7juj4adnijecjpriay2pcc3 750720 750719 2025-06-24T11:07:48Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750720 wikitext text/x-wiki French Guiana, as an overseas territory of France, benefits from a comprehensive and modern [[:en:Health_care_in_France|universal healthcare]] system, with the highest per capita health spending in Latin America (double that of Chile) despite having a much younger median age of 22. '''Major Hospitals''' * [[:en:Andrée-Rosemon_Hospital|Andrée-Rosemon Hospital]], [[:en:Cayenne|Cayenne]] (full service hospital) '''Regional Health Care''' * Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, [[:en:Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock|Saint-Georges-de-l'Oyapock]] * Centre Hospitalier de Kourou, [[:en:Kourou|Kourou]] * Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni * Private Hospital Saint-Paul, Cayenne ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, පුළුල් හා නවීන විශ්වීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා පද්ධතියකින් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන අතර, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම ඒක පුද්ගල සෞඛ්‍ය වියදම් (චිලී මෙන් දෙගුණයක්) ඇති අතර, එහි මධ්‍යන්‍ය වයස අවුරුදු 22 ක් වුවද.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''ප්‍රධාන රෝහල්''' ඇන්ඩ්‍රි-රෝස්මන් රෝහල, කේයින්<ref name="ch-cayenne.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier Cayenne Andrée Roseman |url=http://www.ch-cayenne.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515005551/http://ch-cayenne.fr/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Cayenne |language=fr}}</ref> (පූර්ණ සේවා රෝහල)<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Information on French Guyana |url=https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123134355/https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2025 |website=US Embassy |accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> '''ප්‍රාදේශීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා''' මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කේයින්, ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-එල්'ඔයපොක්<ref name="list_guyane2">{{cite web |title=Centres hospitaliers - Guyane Française (973) |url=https://www.sanitaire-social.com/annuaire/centres-hospitaliers/guyane-francaise-973 |access-date=10 May 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කුරෝ, කුරෝ<ref name="ch-kourou.fr">{{Cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de Kourou : établissement hospitalier de la Guyane |url=https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416091643/https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Kourou |language=fr}}</ref> මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද එල්'ඕස්ට් ගයනයිස්, ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි<ref name="gcsguyasis.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais |url=https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213940/https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=GCS Guyasis |language=fr}}</ref> පෞද්ගලික රෝහල ශාන්ත-පෝල්, කේයින්<ref name="Hôpital privé Saint Paul">{{cite web |title=Hôpital privé Saint Paul |url=http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515210042/http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Hopital-Prive-Saint-Paul |language=fr}}</ref> Remote interior villages, largely home to Maroon and Amerindian communities and only reachable by air or river, also host around 10,000 to 15,000 undocumented Brazilian gold miners working under harsh conditions. Healthcare in these areas is free and accessible to everyone, including undocumented migrants, through a network of 17 centers staffed by professionals trained in mainland France. The region reflects a complex interplay of migration, inequality, and public services, where both chronic and infectious diseases remain major health challenges.<ref name=":3" /> The [[:en:French_Development_Agency|Agence Française de Développement]] (AFD) and the Hospital Center of Western Guiana (HCWG) have partnered to enhance cross-border healthcare between French Guiana and Suriname.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Between French Guiana and Suriname, Healthcare Has No Borders |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114043749/https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> This collaboration includes the opening of two new hospitals, one in Saint-Laurent du Maroni and another in Albina.<ref name=":4" /> The agreement is aimed at providing essential medical services for residents on both sides of the border, permitting cross-border patient transfers and enabling Surinamese residents to receive treatments like dialysis and chemotherapy closer to home, thereby reducing the need for long journeys to Paramaribo.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, a dedicated team, including coordinators, a social worker, and an interpreter, has been established to facilitate these cross-border healthcare services. මැරූන් සහ ඇමරින්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවන්ට බොහෝ දුරට නිවහන වන අතර ගුවනින් හෝ ගංගාවෙන් පමණක් ළඟා විය හැකි දුරස්ථ අභ්‍යන්තර ගම්මාන, දැඩි කොන්දේසි යටතේ වැඩ කරන ලේඛනගත නොකළ බ්‍රසීලියානු රන් පතල් කම්කරුවන් 10,000 සිට 15,000 දක්වා පමණ සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පුහුණුව ලත් වෘත්තිකයන් විසින් සේවය කරන මධ්‍යස්ථාන 17 ක ජාලයක් හරහා මෙම ප්‍රදේශවල සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා නොමිලේ සහ ප්‍රවේශ විය හැකිය, ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ඇතුළුව. මෙම කලාපය සංක්‍රමණ, අසමානතාවය සහ පොදු සේවාවන්හි සංකීර්ණ අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයක් පිළිබිඹු කරන අතර, එහිදී නිදන්ගත සහ බෝවන රෝග ප්‍රධාන සෞඛ්‍ය අභියෝග ලෙස පවතී.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ සුරිනේම් අතර දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඒජන්ස් ෆ්‍රැන්චයිස් ඩි ඩිවෙලොප්මන්ට් (AFD) සහ බටහිර ගයනා රෝහල් මධ්‍යස්ථානය (HCWG) හවුල් වී ඇත.<ref name=":4" /> මෙම සහයෝගීතාවයට නව රෝහල් දෙකක් විවෘත කිරීම ඇතුළත් වේ, එකක් ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි හි සහ තවත් එකක් ඇල්බිනා හි.<ref name=":4" /> මෙම ගිවිසුමේ අරමුණ වන්නේ දේශසීමා දෙපස පදිංචිකරුවන්ට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය සේවා සැපයීම, දේශසීමා රෝගීන් මාරු කිරීමට අවසර දීම සහ සුරිනේම් පදිංචිකරුවන්ට ඩයලිසිස් සහ රසායනික චිකිත්සාව වැනි ප්‍රතිකාර නිවසට සමීපව ලබා ගැනීමට හැකිවීම, එමඟින් පැරමරිබෝ වෙත දිගු ගමන් සඳහා අවශ්‍යතාවය අඩු කිරීමයි.<ref name=":4" /> ඊට අමතරව, සම්බන්ධීකාරකවරුන්, සමාජ සේවකයෙකු සහ පරිවර්තකයෙකු ඇතුළු කැපවූ කණ්ඩායමක් මෙම දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා සඳහා පහසුකම් සැලසීම සඳහා ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත.<ref name=":4" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 94xyk4mjwsu7n1mmgitsr6p590d37j7 750721 750720 2025-06-24T11:08:20Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750721 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, පුළුල් හා නවීන විශ්වීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා පද්ධතියකින් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන අතර, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම ඒක පුද්ගල සෞඛ්‍ය වියදම් (චිලී මෙන් දෙගුණයක්) ඇති අතර, එහි මධ්‍යන්‍ය වයස අවුරුදු 22 ක් වුවද.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''ප්‍රධාන රෝහල්''' * ඇන්ඩ්‍රි-රෝස්මන් රෝහල, කේයින්<ref name="ch-cayenne.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier Cayenne Andrée Roseman |url=http://www.ch-cayenne.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515005551/http://ch-cayenne.fr/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Cayenne |language=fr}}</ref> (පූර්ණ සේවා රෝහල)<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Information on French Guyana |url=https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123134355/https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2025 |website=US Embassy |accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> '''ප්‍රාදේශීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා''' * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කේයින්, ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-එල්'ඔයපොක්<ref name="list_guyane2">{{cite web |title=Centres hospitaliers - Guyane Française (973) |url=https://www.sanitaire-social.com/annuaire/centres-hospitaliers/guyane-francaise-973 |access-date=10 May 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කුරෝ, කුරෝ<ref name="ch-kourou.fr">{{Cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de Kourou : établissement hospitalier de la Guyane |url=https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416091643/https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Kourou |language=fr}}</ref> * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද එල්'ඕස්ට් ගයනයිස්, ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි<ref name="gcsguyasis.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais |url=https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213940/https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=GCS Guyasis |language=fr}}</ref> * පෞද්ගලික රෝහල ශාන්ත-පෝල්, කේයින්<ref name="Hôpital privé Saint Paul">{{cite web |title=Hôpital privé Saint Paul |url=http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515210042/http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Hopital-Prive-Saint-Paul |language=fr}}</ref> Remote interior villages, largely home to Maroon and Amerindian communities and only reachable by air or river, also host around 10,000 to 15,000 undocumented Brazilian gold miners working under harsh conditions. Healthcare in these areas is free and accessible to everyone, including undocumented migrants, through a network of 17 centers staffed by professionals trained in mainland France. The region reflects a complex interplay of migration, inequality, and public services, where both chronic and infectious diseases remain major health challenges.<ref name=":3" /> The [[:en:French_Development_Agency|Agence Française de Développement]] (AFD) and the Hospital Center of Western Guiana (HCWG) have partnered to enhance cross-border healthcare between French Guiana and Suriname.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Between French Guiana and Suriname, Healthcare Has No Borders |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114043749/https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> This collaboration includes the opening of two new hospitals, one in Saint-Laurent du Maroni and another in Albina.<ref name=":4" /> The agreement is aimed at providing essential medical services for residents on both sides of the border, permitting cross-border patient transfers and enabling Surinamese residents to receive treatments like dialysis and chemotherapy closer to home, thereby reducing the need for long journeys to Paramaribo.<ref name=":4" /> Additionally, a dedicated team, including coordinators, a social worker, and an interpreter, has been established to facilitate these cross-border healthcare services. මැරූන් සහ ඇමරින්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවන්ට බොහෝ දුරට නිවහන වන අතර ගුවනින් හෝ ගංගාවෙන් පමණක් ළඟා විය හැකි දුරස්ථ අභ්‍යන්තර ගම්මාන, දැඩි කොන්දේසි යටතේ වැඩ කරන ලේඛනගත නොකළ බ්‍රසීලියානු රන් පතල් කම්කරුවන් 10,000 සිට 15,000 දක්වා පමණ සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පුහුණුව ලත් වෘත්තිකයන් විසින් සේවය කරන මධ්‍යස්ථාන 17 ක ජාලයක් හරහා මෙම ප්‍රදේශවල සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා නොමිලේ සහ ප්‍රවේශ විය හැකිය, ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ඇතුළුව. මෙම කලාපය සංක්‍රමණ, අසමානතාවය සහ පොදු සේවාවන්හි සංකීර්ණ අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයක් පිළිබිඹු කරන අතර, එහිදී නිදන්ගත සහ බෝවන රෝග ප්‍රධාන සෞඛ්‍ය අභියෝග ලෙස පවතී.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ සුරිනේම් අතර දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඒජන්ස් ෆ්‍රැන්චයිස් ඩි ඩිවෙලොප්මන්ට් (AFD) සහ බටහිර ගයනා රෝහල් මධ්‍යස්ථානය (HCWG) හවුල් වී ඇත.<ref name=":4" /> මෙම සහයෝගීතාවයට නව රෝහල් දෙකක් විවෘත කිරීම ඇතුළත් වේ, එකක් ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි හි සහ තවත් එකක් ඇල්බිනා හි.<ref name=":4" /> මෙම ගිවිසුමේ අරමුණ වන්නේ දේශසීමා දෙපස පදිංචිකරුවන්ට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය සේවා සැපයීම, දේශසීමා රෝගීන් මාරු කිරීමට අවසර දීම සහ සුරිනේම් පදිංචිකරුවන්ට ඩයලිසිස් සහ රසායනික චිකිත්සාව වැනි ප්‍රතිකාර නිවසට සමීපව ලබා ගැනීමට හැකිවීම, එමඟින් පැරමරිබෝ වෙත දිගු ගමන් සඳහා අවශ්‍යතාවය අඩු කිරීමයි.<ref name=":4" /> ඊට අමතරව, සම්බන්ධීකාරකවරුන්, සමාජ සේවකයෙකු සහ පරිවර්තකයෙකු ඇතුළු කැපවූ කණ්ඩායමක් මෙම දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා සඳහා පහසුකම් සැලසීම සඳහා ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත.<ref name=":4" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 1hmgzpm0d7zujvsa613bkmbajn4qxfw 750722 750721 2025-06-24T11:08:37Z BuddhikaW88 37808 750722 wikitext text/x-wiki ප්‍රංශයේ විදේශීය ප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස, ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව, පුළුල් හා නවීන විශ්වීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා පද්ධතියකින් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබන අතර, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවේ ඉහළම ඒක පුද්ගල සෞඛ්‍ය වියදම් (චිලී මෙන් දෙගුණයක්) ඇති අතර, එහි මධ්‍යන්‍ය වයස අවුරුදු 22 ක් වුවද.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Nacher|first1=Mathieu|last2=Epelboin|first2=Loïc|last3=Bonifay|first3=Timothée|last4=Djossou|first4=Félix|last5=Blaizot|first5=Romain|last6=Couppié|first6=Pierre|last7=Adenis|first7=Antoine|last8=Lucarelli|first8=Aude|last9=Lambert|first9=Yann|last10=Schaub|first10=Roxane|last11=Douine|first11=Maylis|date=2024-01-01|title=Migration in French Guiana: Implications in health and infectious diseases|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893923001370|journal=Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease|volume=57|pages=102677|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102677|issn=1477-8939|pmid=38049022|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''ප්‍රධාන රෝහල්''' * ඇන්ඩ්‍රි-රෝස්මන් රෝහල, කේයින්<ref name="ch-cayenne.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier Cayenne Andrée Roseman |url=http://www.ch-cayenne.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515005551/http://ch-cayenne.fr/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Cayenne |language=fr}}</ref> (පූර්ණ සේවා රෝහල)<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Information on French Guyana |url=https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123134355/https://sr.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/115/2016/07/2016-05-18-Medical-information-French-Guyana-2.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2025 |website=US Embassy |accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> '''ප්‍රාදේශීය සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා''' * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කේයින්, ශාන්ත-ජෝර්ජස්-ඩි-එල්'ඔයපොක්<ref name="list_guyane2">{{cite web |title=Centres hospitaliers - Guyane Française (973) |url=https://www.sanitaire-social.com/annuaire/centres-hospitaliers/guyane-francaise-973 |access-date=10 May 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද කුරෝ, කුරෝ<ref name="ch-kourou.fr">{{Cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de Kourou : établissement hospitalier de la Guyane |url=https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416091643/https://www.ch-kourou.fr/ |archive-date=16 April 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=CH-Kourou |language=fr}}</ref> * මධ්‍යස්ථාන හොස්පිට්ලියර් ද එල්'ඕස්ට් ගයනයිස්, ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි<ref name="gcsguyasis.fr">{{cite web |title=Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais |url=https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213940/https://gcsguyasis.fr/membres-gcs/centre-hospitalier-de-louest-guyanais/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=GCS Guyasis |language=fr}}</ref> * පෞද්ගලික රෝහල ශාන්ත-පෝල්, කේයින්<ref name="Hôpital privé Saint Paul">{{cite web |title=Hôpital privé Saint Paul |url=http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515210042/http://www.hopital-prive-saint-paul.com/ |archive-date=15 May 2020 |access-date=10 May 2020 |website=Hopital-Prive-Saint-Paul |language=fr}}</ref> මැරූන් සහ ඇමරින්ඩියන් ප්‍රජාවන්ට බොහෝ දුරට නිවහන වන අතර ගුවනින් හෝ ගංගාවෙන් පමණක් ළඟා විය හැකි දුරස්ථ අභ්‍යන්තර ගම්මාන, දැඩි කොන්දේසි යටතේ වැඩ කරන ලේඛනගත නොකළ බ්‍රසීලියානු රන් පතල් කම්කරුවන් 10,000 සිට 15,000 දක්වා පමණ සත්කාරකත්වය සපයයි.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශයේ ප්‍රධාන භූමියේ පුහුණුව ලත් වෘත්තිකයන් විසින් සේවය කරන මධ්‍යස්ථාන 17 ක ජාලයක් හරහා මෙම ප්‍රදේශවල සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා නොමිලේ සහ ප්‍රවේශ විය හැකිය, ලේඛනගත නොකළ සංක්‍රමණිකයන් ඇතුළුව. මෙම කලාපය සංක්‍රමණ, අසමානතාවය සහ පොදු සේවාවන්හි සංකීර්ණ අන්තර් ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයක් පිළිබිඹු කරන අතර, එහිදී නිදන්ගත සහ බෝවන රෝග ප්‍රධාන සෞඛ්‍ය අභියෝග ලෙස පවතී.<ref name=":3" /> ප්‍රංශ ගයනාව සහ සුරිනේම් අතර දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා වැඩිදියුණු කිරීම සඳහා ඒජන්ස් ෆ්‍රැන්චයිස් ඩි ඩිවෙලොප්මන්ට් (AFD) සහ බටහිර ගයනා රෝහල් මධ්‍යස්ථානය (HCWG) හවුල් වී ඇත.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Between French Guiana and Suriname, Healthcare Has No Borders |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114043749/https://www.afd.fr/en/actualites/between-french-guiana-and-suriname-healthcare-has-no-borders |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}</ref> මෙම සහයෝගීතාවයට නව රෝහල් දෙකක් විවෘත කිරීම ඇතුළත් වේ, එකක් ශාන්ත-ලෝරන්ට් ඩු මැරෝනි හි සහ තවත් එකක් ඇල්බිනා හි.<ref name=":4" /> මෙම ගිවිසුමේ අරමුණ වන්නේ දේශසීමා දෙපස පදිංචිකරුවන්ට අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වෛද්‍ය සේවා සැපයීම, දේශසීමා රෝගීන් මාරු කිරීමට අවසර දීම සහ සුරිනේම් පදිංචිකරුවන්ට ඩයලිසිස් සහ රසායනික චිකිත්සාව වැනි ප්‍රතිකාර නිවසට සමීපව ලබා ගැනීමට හැකිවීම, එමඟින් පැරමරිබෝ වෙත දිගු ගමන් සඳහා අවශ්‍යතාවය අඩු කිරීමයි.<ref name=":4" /> ඊට අමතරව, සම්බන්ධීකාරකවරුන්, සමාජ සේවකයෙකු සහ පරිවර්තකයෙකු ඇතුළු කැපවූ කණ්ඩායමක් මෙම දේශසීමා සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා සඳහා පහසුකම් සැලසීම සඳහා ස්ථාපිත කර ඇත.<ref name=":4" /> == යොමු කිරීම් == 08n685cgqb5r1b1hgf3qfvhocd4us78